(L) Lingaliro lakuti kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi n'kofunika kwambiri kusiyana ndi zakudya zowononga kunenepa kwambiri zatsutsana ndi kufufuza kwatsopano. (2012)

Hunter amasonkhanitsa chitsimikizo cha kunenepa kwambiri

Ndibungwe la BBC News Helen. 25 July 2012 

Hadza amakhala moyo wosaka nyama yemwe wasintha pang'ono m'zaka za 10,000

Lingaliro lakuti kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi n'kofunika kwambiri kusiyana ndi zakudya zomwe zimalimbana ndi kunenepa kwambiri zatsutsana ndi kufufuza kwatsopano.

Kafukufuku wa fuko la Hadza, amene adakalipo monga osonkhanitsa otsutsa, amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero zomwe timafunikira ndi khalidwe lokhazikika la umunthu.

Izi zikusonyeza kuti azungu akukula kwambiri kupyolera mu kudya kuposa kukhala ndi moyo wosachita zinthu, asayansi.

Mmodzi mwa anthu 10 adzakhala olemera ndi 2015.

Ndipo, pafupifupi anthu mmodzi mwa anthu atatu alionse padziko lonse akuyembekezeka kuti azilemera kwambiri, malinga ndi ziwerengero za World Health Organization.

Moyo wakumadzulo umaganiziridwa kuti ndiomwe umayambitsa "mliri" wa kunenepa kwambiri.

"Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi tsiku ndi tsiku kutha kukhala kusinthika komwe kwapangidwa chifukwa cha kusinthika komanso kofala pakati pa anthu onse osati kuwonetsa pang'ono chabe za moyo wathu wosiyanasiyana"

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimaphatikizidwapo, kuphatikizapo zakudya zowonongeka kwambiri mu shuga ndi mafuta, kukula kwake kwa magawo akuluakulu, ndi moyo wokhala ndi moyo wokhazikika komwe magalimoto ndi makina amachita ntchito yambiri ya tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kulimbitsa malire kwa kudya mopitirira muyeso ndi nkhani yotsutsana, komabe.

Akatswiri ena adanena kuti zosowa zathu zamakono zatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mafakitale, ndipo izi ndizoopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri kuposa kusintha kwa zakudya.

Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu magazini ya PLoS ONE anayesera chiphunzitsocho, pakuyang'ana ntchito zowonjezera mphamvu mu fuko la Hadza la Tanzania.

Anthu a Hadza, omwe akukhalabe monga osonkhanitsa otsutsa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chitsanzo cha moyo wakale waumunthu.

Mamembala a anthu okwana 1,000 amasaka nyama ndikudya fungo la zipatso, mizu ndi zipatso pansi, pogwiritsa ntchito mauta, nkhwangwa zazing'ono, ndi kukumba timitengo. Sagwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono kapena mfuti.

Zamoyo zosiyanasiyana

Gulu la asayansi ochokera ku US, Tanzania ndi UK, linayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi amuna ndi akazi a 30 Hadza omwe ali pakati pa 18 ndi 75.

Iwo anapeza zochitika zolimbitsa thupi zinali zazikulu kwambiri mwa amuna ndi akazi a Hadza, koma pamene anakonzedwa kuti awone kukula ndi kulemera kwawo, mlingo wawo wamagetsi unali wosiyana ndi wa azungu.

Dokotala Herman Pontzer wa Dipatimenti ya Athropology ku Hunter College, New York, adanena kuti aliyense akuganiza kuti oyendetsa osuta adzawotcha mazana ambiri oposa tsiku kuposa akuluakulu a ku America ndi Europe.

Detayi inadabwitsa, adanena, akutsindika kuvuta kwa magetsi.

Koma adatsindika kuti kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi kofunika kwambiri kuti tikhale ndi thanzi labwino.

"Izi kwa ine zikuti chifukwa chachikulu chomwe anthu akumadzulo akudya mafuta ndi chifukwa chakuti timadya mopitirira muyeso - sikuti timachita masewera olimbitsa thupi pang'ono," adatero Dr Pontzer.

“Kukhala wachangu ndikofunika kwambiri paumoyo wako koma sikungakupangitse kukhala wowonda - timayenera kudya pang'ono kuti tichite izi.

"Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi tsiku ndi tsiku kutha kukhala kusinthika komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha chisinthiko ndipo ndikofala pakati pa anthu onse osati kuwonetsa pang'ono chabe za moyo wathu wosiyanasiyana."

KAFUKUFUKU

Hunter-Gatherer Energetics ndi Kulemera Kwaumunthu.

Herman Pontzer, David A. Raichlen, Brian M. Wood, Audax ZP Mabulla, Susan B. Racette, Frank W. Marlowe. 

PLoS ONE, 2012; 7 (7): e40503 DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503

Kudalirika Top

Miyambo ya kumadzulo imasiyana mosiyana ndi ya abambo athu otha msinkhu, ndipo kusiyana kumeneku pa zakudya ndi ntchito zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi mliri wakula kwambiri. Komabe, ziwerengero zochepa zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka. Phunziroli, tinagwiritsa ntchito njira ya madzi yomwe idalembedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti muyese kuchuluka kwa magetsi a tsiku ndi tsiku (kCal / tsiku) mumsaka wa Hadza kuti aone ngati akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri tsiku lililonse kusiyana ndi anzawo a kumadzulo. Monga tikuyembekezeredwa, msinkhu wa zochitika, PAL, unali wamkulu pakati pa anthu a Hadza kusiyana ndi anthu a kumadzulo. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi tsiku ndi tsiku kwa a Hadza anali osiyana ndi a azungu atatha kulamulira kukula kwa thupi. Ndalama zamagetsi zoyendayenda (kcal kg-1 m-1) ndi kupumula (kcal kg-1 s-1) zinali zofanananso pakati pa Hadza ndi magulu a azungu. Kufanana kwa ziŵerengero zamagetsi ku miyambo yosiyanasiyana kumatsutsa zitsanzo zamakono za kunenepa kwambiri zoganiza kuti miyambo ya kumadzulo imayambitsa kuchepa kwa magetsi. Timaganiza kuti ndalama zomwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku zikhoza kusintha mkhalidwe waumwini makamaka osagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe.

Ndemanga: Pontzer H, DA Raichlen, Wood BM, Mabulla AZP, Racette SB, et al. (2012) Hunter-Gatherer Energetics ndi Kulemera kwa Anthu. PLoS ONE 7 (7): e40503. yani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503

Editor: Farid F. Chehab, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America

 

Zilandiridwa: January 23, 2012; Zavomerezedwa: June 12, 2012; Lofalitsidwa: July 25, 2012

Copyright: © 2012 Pontzer ndi al. Ichi ndi nkhani yotseguka yosindikizidwa pansi pa lamulo la Creative Commons Attribution License, lomwe limalola ntchito, kusabala, ndi kubwezeretsa mwakuya kulikonse, pokhapokha wolemba woyambirira ndi chitsimikizo akuyamikiridwa.

Ngongole: Ndalama zinalandiridwa kuchokera ku National Science Foundation, Washington University, ndi University of Arizona. Ogulitsawo analibe gawo pa kupanga maphunzilo, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula, chisankho chofalitsa, kapena kukonzekera malembawo.

Zofuna zokakamiza: Olembawo adanena kuti palibe zotsutsana.

* Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

Introduction Top

Ndi 2015, pafupifupi mmodzi mwa anthu atatu alionse padziko lapansi akuyembekezeredwa kukhala olemera kwambiri, ndipo mmodzi pa khumi ayenera kukhala olemera kwambiri [1]. Mphaka wathanzi wa kukhala woposa kunenepa kapena wochuluka, kuphatikizapo mtundu wa 2 shuga, matenda a mtima, ndi khansa zina, zimadziwika bwino [1]. Zomwe zimachititsa kuti phindu likhale lopanda mphamvu, chakudya chokwanira cha chakudya (kCal / tsiku) kupitirira ndalama zonse (kCal / tsiku), koma zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a kunenepa kwambiri padziko lonse zimakhalabe zokambirana [1]-[7]. Kawirikawiri, kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri kumaganiziridwa chifukwa cha moyo watsopano wa kumadzulo, momwe machitidwe ndi zakudya zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi momwe zikhalidwe zathu zamagetsi zimagwirira ntchito [2]-[6]. Ena amaganiza kuti zamakono zamakono ndi makina amachititsa kuchepetsa ntchito zolimbitsa thupi ndikuchepetsa kuchepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi m'madera otukuka [1]-[3]. Ena amaganiza kuti kusintha kwa chakudya ndi mphamvu kumakhala koyenera, ponena za kuwonjezeka kwaposachedwa kwa zakudya zowonjezera mphamvu, makamaka zakudya zowonongeka kwambiri mu fructose ndi zina zotsekemera zomwe zingathe kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi kuonjezera njala ndi zovuta [4]-[7].

Kuzindikira mbali zina za moyo wa kumadzulo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kwa mitundu yathu ya zamoyo ndipo zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri zokhuthala ndi zovuta ndi chidziwitso chotsutsana ndi chochepa pa zakudya ndi kagayidwe kagayidwe ka anthu omwe si a ku Western. Mwachitsanzo, pamene zakudya zakumadzulo zimakhala zowonjezera shuga komanso zamphamvu kwambiri kuposa zakudya zambiri zachilengedwe komanso zakudya zakutchire [4], [8], [9], ambiri osuta-nyengo amawononga nthawi yambiri yamakono awo monga uchi [10], [11] (Chithunzi cha S2), omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga ndi fructose [12]. Mofananamo, ngakhale kuti ntchito zapamwamba zakhala zikudziwika m'madera ena omwe amalima ulimi [13]-[15], kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kwa anthu osiyanasiyana a 98 padziko lonse lapansi sikupeza zotsatira za chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu - chiwerengero cha makina ndi zakudya - pazinthu zamagetsi tsiku lililonse [16]. Zowonjezereka, miyeso yamagetsi imasowa kwa anthu osaka nyama, omwe chakudya chawo ndi moyo wawo amapereka zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za maphunziro a kusintha kwaumunthu [10].

Phunziroli, tinayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi tsiku ndi tsiku komanso zochitika zathunthu pazomwe timagwiritsa ntchito ku Hadza kuti tiyese kuganiza kuti ozilonda-osonkhanitsa amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu tsiku lililonse kusiyana ndi zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamsika ndi ulimi. A Hadza ndi anthu osaka nyama omwe amakhala mumzinda wa Northern Tanzania. miyambo yawo yokhudzana ndi moyo yakhala ikulembedwa kwambiri mu ntchito yapitayi [17]. Ngakhale kuti palibe anthu okhalamo ndiwo chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha zamoyo zathu zam'mbuyomu, moyo wa Hadza ndi wofanana ndi njira zovuta kwa makolo athu okalamba. A Hadza amasaka ndi kusonkhanitsa pamapazi ndi uta, zingwe zazing'ono, ndi nkhumba, popanda thandizo la zipangizo zamakono kapena zipangizo (mwachitsanzo, magalimoto kapena mfuti). Monga m'madera ena ambiri ovuta [10], pali kugonana pakati pa kuyesayesa; Amuna a Hadza amasaka nyama ndi kusonkhanitsa uchi, pamene akazi a Hadza amasonkhanitsa zakudya zamasamba. Amuna amathawa nthawi zambiri kuposa azimayi, monga momwe amasonyezera m'madera akutali oyendayenda tsiku lililonse (onani m'munsimu). Azimayi nthawi zambiri amafukula m'magulu, pamene amuna amakonda kusaka okha [17]. Monga momwe zimakhalira pakati pa miyambo ya Hadza, peresenti ya 95% ya zopatsa mafuta panthawi yophunzirayi inachokera ku zakudya zakutchire, kuphatikizapo tubers, zipatso, masewera ndi aang'ono, zipatso za baobab, ndi uchi [17] (Chithunzi cha S2).

Tikayerekezera mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso mphamvu za thupi pakati pa Hadza, tinayesa kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya madzi yotchulidwa kawiri [18], ku deta yofanana ndi anthu ena otengedwa kuchokera ku maphunziro apitalo [19]-[26] ndi miyeso yatsopano ya akuluakulu a US (Njira). Chifukwa cha moyo wawo wamakhalidwe, timayembekezera kuti Hadza akhale ndi mafuta ochepa kusiyana ndi anthu a kumadzulo. Kuwonjezera apo, ngati zitsanzo zamakono zokhupa kunenepa ndizolondola, Hadza, ndi zakudya zawo zachilengedwe komanso kusowa kwa magetsi, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kuposa anthu omwe akukhala mumsika wamsika ndi moyo wokhala ndi moyo wokhazikika komanso zakudya zowonjezera shuga.

Tinayesanso kutalika maulendo a tsiku ndi tsiku (km / tsiku) pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za GPS, komanso mtengo woyenda (kCal kg-1 m-1) ndi kupumitsa mlingo wamagetsi (RMR, kCal kg-1 s-1) pogwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu a respirometry (Malembo S1). Chifukwa chakuti sizinatheke kuyeza mlingo wamagetsi (BMR, kCal / tsiku), tinawerengera masewera olimbitsa thupi (PAL) monga TEE / estimation BMR (Njira). Chivomerezo cha boma ndi chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa chinapezedwa musanayambe kusonkhanitsa deta.

Njira Top

Ophunzira

Tinayesa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zonse zapakati pa tsiku (TEE, kCal / tsiku) pa tsiku la 11 akuluakulu a 30 Hadza (13 amuna a zaka 18-65, akazi a 17 a zaka 18-75; Malembo S1). Mibadwo, zolemera zathupi, ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ena amaperekedwa Gulu 1.

 

thumbnail UtsogoleriGulu 1. Makhalidwe a anthu, ndalama zowonjezera mphamvu, ndi maonekedwe a thupi.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503.t001

 

Chikhalidwe

Kuvomerezeka kwa boma, kuphatikizapo yunivesite (Washington University Institutional Review Board) ndi mabungwe onse a boma omwe akudziwika (kuphatikizapo National Institute of Medical Research and Commission for Science and Technology), adapezeka asanayambe phunziroli. Ophunzira onse adapereka chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa ndi mawu awo asanayambe nawo mbali. Chivomerezo chovomerezeka chidaonedwa kuti ndi choyenera kuperekedwa kwa anthu odziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga kwa Hadza, ndipo adavomerezedwa ndi yunivesite IRB ndi mabungwe a Tanzania. Tsiku la phunziro lililonse ndi nthawi yobvomerezeka, ndipo wofufuzira amene akulandira chilolezo, analembedwera muzolemba za polojekiti ya polojekiti.

Kuyeza TEE pogwiritsira ntchito Doubly Labeled Water

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za tsiku ndi tsiku (TEE, kCal / tsiku), unayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa madzi (DLW) yomwe inalembedwa kawiri, yomwe ikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kwinakwake [18]. Mwachidule, nkhani zinkaperekedwa mlingo wa DLW (120 g; 10% H218O, 6% 2H2O); Mankhwalawa amatsukidwa ndi madzi omwe ali ndi botolo katatu kuti atsimikizire kuti mlingo wonse udayedwa. Musanayambe kutsogoloza, kenako ku 12-24 hr, 4 d, 8 d, ndi 11 d pambuyo poyendetsa madokotala, zitsanzo za mkodzo zinasonkhanitsidwa mumapopu apulasitiki owuma, osungunuka kupita ku zitsamba za 2 ml (Sarstedt), ozizira mu nayitrogeni yamadzi munda wa masiku a 1-5, ndikutumizidwa ku friji -5 ° C kwa yosungirako nthawi yaitali. Masiku osonkhanitsa amtundu amitundu osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito. Zitsanzo za mitsempha zidasanthuledwa 18O ndi 2Kuwonjezeka kwa Baylor College of Medicine pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa isotope chiŵerengero cha misala. Kutsetsereka-kulumikiza njira kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera malo osungunula ndi mafuta ochepa (FFM); Mpweya wa carbon dioxide unayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri [18]. Mpweya wa carbon dioxide unatembenuzidwa kukhala TEE [18] pogwiritsa ntchito kupuma kwa quotient (RQ) ya 0.85, kutsatira ma RQ olembedwa pamayeso a RMR (Malembo S1).

Mbali yogwira ntchito (PAL) inkawerengedwa ngati TEE / estimation BMR pa phunziro lirilonse motsatira maphunziro apitalo [13]-[16]. Poyerekeza BMR kwa nkhani za Hadza, tinalowetsa mitu yathunthu mthupi ndi kutalika kwa zaka zenizeni zomwe zanenedwa zogwirizana ndi chitsanzo chachikulu (n = 10,552) kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akuphatikizapo anthu akummwera kwa Sahara Africa [27].

Kukhazikitsa Mphamvu Zamakono ndi Mtengo Woyenda

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi panthawi yopumula ndi kuyenda kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chovala chophimba (respirometry system) (Cosmed, K4b2) chomwe chimapanga carbon dioxide kupanga ndi oxygen pogwiritsa ntchito "kufufuza mpweya". RMR inayesedwa mu maphunziro a 19 (akazi a 11, amuna a 8) pokhala mwakachetechete kwa maminiti 15-20 (Malembo S1). Mtengo woyendayenda unayesedwa mu maphunziro a 14 (akazi a 5, amuna a 9) pamene akuyenda pansi pamsewu wamsewu womwe unakhazikitsidwa pafupi ndi msasa uliwonse pamtunda (Malembo S1). Ndalama zochepa zothandizira zotengera, COTine (kCal kg-1 m-1), yomwe kwa onse koma nkhani imodzi inkachitika pang'onopang'ono yopita mofulumira, inawerengedwera pamitu yonse. COT Yoyeneraine chifukwa chitsanzo cha Hadza chinkafanizidwa ndi njira zowonetsera m'madera a kumadzulo omwe anawonetsedwa mndandanda wa meta waposachedwapa [28].

Kuwerengera mtengo wa kuyenda tsiku ndi tsiku (kCal / tsiku) pa phunziro lirilonse, COT ya munthu aliyenseine adachulukitsidwa ndi thupi lawo ndi ulendo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Pofuna kuyesa mtunda wa tsiku ndi tsiku, Hadza amanyamula kwambiri pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono (GPS) chipangizo (GPS) chipangizo (Garmin 301 Forerunner) masana masana onse a 11 tsiku TEE. Nthawi zina, kulephera kwa batri kapena zinthu zina (mwachitsanzo, kusokoneza chipangizocho mwangozi) kungalepheretse chipangizocho kuti chilandire tsiku loyenda maulendo. Poonetsetsa kuti njira zosakwanira zoyendayenda tsiku ndi tsiku sizinapangitse mayendedwe oyendetsa pansi, miyesoyo inkangoganiziridwa kuti ikuyimira tsiku lonse loyenda ngati chipangizo cha GPS chikulanda 10 kapena maola ambiri tsiku limenelo; Zolemba zosakwanira sizinayambe kuwonedwa.

Dongosolo lofananitsa

Tinafanizira Hadza ndi anthu ena pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero awiri, omwe adafufuza kusiyana kwa TEE pakati anthu, ndi wina yemwe adafufuza kusiyana pakati pa TEE pakati anthu. Pofufuza za TEE pakati pa anthu, deta ya TEE inasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku maphunziro a DLW akale [16], [19]-[26] komanso kuchokera kuyeso yatsopano ya TEE ku akuluakulu a US (n = 68). Kwa miyeso yatsopano, TEE inayesedwa pa maphunziro omasuka aumunthu pa nthawi ya masabata a 2 pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya DLW [18]. Nkhaniyi inalembedwa m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi zakudya ndi / kapena zochita zolimbitsa thupi, koma ndondomeko yoyamba yowonjezera panthawi yolemetsa imaphatikizidwa mu kafukufuku wamakono. Dongosolo la TEE yowonjezera linatengedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosindikizidwa za maphunziro payekha m'mayiko akumadzulo (US ndi Europe) [19]-[26]; apa kachiwiri, ndondomeko yoyamba kapena yowonongeka ya gulu ikuphatikiziridwa. Dera lina lofananako linachokera ku chuma chosakhala chakumadzulo [29], [30] komanso anthu omwe ali ndi ulimi wodulirika ku alteplano wa Bolivia [13], [31]. Mitu yambiri (n = 221) yochokera kumabuku a deta anayeza data ya BMR yomwe ikupezeka, kutithandiza kuti tiwerenge PAL monga TEE / BMR. Anthu amagawidwa ndi moyo kapena chuma kuti apeze mayankho: "Wosaka-gatherer" akuphatikizapo omvera a Hadza, "Western" akuphatikizapo anthu akukhala ku Ulaya kapena US, "msika" umaphatikizapo azungu komanso anthu ena omwe akukhala m'mayiko osakhala achizungu, (mwachitsanzo, Siberia), ndi "ulimi" akuphatikizapo alimi a ku Bolivia [13], [31].

Kwa kufotokoza kwa anthu, tinkafanizira TEE kwa amuna ndi akazi a Hadza kuti azigonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera ku kafukufuku watsopano wa TEE pakati pa anthu ambiri omwe anaphatikizapo ma 198 ogonana okhaokha omwe amaimira nkhani za 4,972 [16]. Anthu adasankhidwa kukhala "wosaka-gatherere" (kutanthauza, Hadza), "chuma chachuma", kapena "ulimi" wochokera m'magulu a anthu onse m'mabuku oyambirira. Anthu omwe alimi akudziwika kuti anali ku Nigeria, Gambia, ndi Bolivia (onani kuti alimi amodzi ndi a Gambi omwe amapezeka ndi anthu amodzi okha, kotero kuti anthuwa sakuphatikizidwa pamagulu awo). FFM inalibe kupezeka kwa anthu ambiri ndipo motero thupi lonse linagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndondomeko ya kukula kwa thupi. Zotsatira zake, kugonana ndi msinkhu zinali zodziwika bwino za TEE muzofukufukuzi (Gulu la S1) chifukwa mafuta amtundu wa mavalasi amodzi ndi awiri.

Zosanthula Zosati

TEE, thupi lalikulu, ndi FFM zinali zolemba10 kusinthidwa kusanayambe kusanthula (JMP®); Mlingo wofunikira wa kufufuza konse unali p = 0.05. Tinayeseratu kusiyana kwa TEE ndi PAL pakati pa magulu a moyo komanso kuyang'anira FFM, zaka, ndi zosiyana siyana pogwiritsa ntchito mafanizo osiyanasiyana (GLM), njira yomwe Tschop ndi anzake amagwiritsa ntchito [32]. Pakati pa zitsanzo zazikulu zakumadzulo (n = 239), kuyesedwa kwa kufanana kwa malo otsetsereka kunawonetsa kuti abambo ndi amai amasiyana ubale pakati pa FFM ndi TEE (F (238) = 2.68, p <0.001). Kutsetsereka kotsetsereka kumaphwanya malingaliro a ANCOVA ndi kufananiza kwina kwa GLM, chifukwa chake amuna ndi akazi amafanizidwa mosiyana pakuwunika kwa TEE. Kuyesedwa kwa kufanana kwa malo otsetsereka kudawulula kuti malo otsetsereka anali ofanana pakati pa azimayi aku Western ndi a Hadza (F (201) = 0.36, p = 0.55) komanso mwa azibambo aku Western ndi a Hadza (F (64) = 0.77, p = 0.38). Kusanthula amuna ndi akazi padera sikumakhudza kufanana kwa anthu; Zotsatira zakusanthula kwa kugonana kophatikizana zinali zofanana (onani pansipa).

Njira yofananayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kuyesedwa kofananira kwa malo otsetsereka kunawonetsa kutsetsereka kofananira pakati pa TEE ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi m'magulu amuna ndi akazi (F (162) = 0.10, p = 0.75). TEE mwa amuna anali ochulukirapo kuposa azimayi atawongolera kuchuluka kwa thupi (F (162) = 86.75, p <0.001, ANCOVA), makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamafuta amthupi mwa akazi.

Results Top

Hadza anali wolimbika kwambiri komanso wokhutitsidwa, ali ndi mafuta ochepa thupi la pansi pamapeto otsika a anthu a kumadzulo [33] (Gulu 1). KUDZIWA pakati pa akulu akulu a Hadza anali okhudzana kwambiri ndi kukula kwa thupi, makamaka mafuta a mchere (FFM) (r2 = 0.66, n = 30, p <0.001; Gulu la S1). Poyerekeza mitundu yambiri yolamulira misinkhu, kutalika, kugonana, ndi zaka, kuchuluka kwamafuta amthupi kwa akulu a Hadza kunali kotsika poyerekeza ndi anthu ochokera Kumadzulo (US ndi Europe) (F (228) = 22.72, p <0.001). Maperesenti amafuta amthupi, TEE, ndi mawonekedwe ena aanthu adalembedwa mu Gulu 1.

Mosiyana ndi zoyembekeza, miyeso ya TEE pakati pa akuluakulu a Hadza anali ofanana ndi a m'mayiko akumadzulo (US ndi Europe). Poyerekezera ndi maulendo ambiri a ma TEE a FFM ndi zaka, mphamvu za amayi za Hadza zimakhala zofanana ndi za Akumadzulo (n = 186) ndi a TEZI a amuna a Hadza anali ofanana ndi amuna akumadzulo (n = 53); moyo wawo unalibe mphamvu pa TEE (akazi: F (139) = 0.18, p = 0.67; amuna: F (49) = 0.17, p = 0.68) (Chith. 1, Gulu la S1). Zotsatira sizinasinthe pamene Hadza anafanizidwa ndi anthu onse a malonda, kapena pamene thupi lilowe m'malo mwa FFM (Gulu la S1), kapena pamene kugonana kunkaphatikizidwa kuti ziwerengedwe (moyo: F (189) = 0.25, p = 0.62). Kuphatikizapo mafuta ochuluka monga odziimira pawokha osasunthika bwino mwapang'onopang'ono kumapangitsa kuti ma multivariate azitsulo a TEE akhale oyenera koma sanakhudze chitsanzo cha zotsatira (Gulu la S1). Kusiyana kwa kusiyana kwakukulu sikuwoneka chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwazing'ono kwa Hadza. Kufufuza kwa mphamvu kunasonyeza kuti kukula kwazithunzi kunali kokwanira kuzindikira kusiyana kwa 4.2% mukutanthauza TEE (Hadza vs. Western, α = 0.05) poyerekeza ndi akazi (mphamvu 97%) ndi kusiyana kwa 7.6% pakati pa anthu (mphamvu 93%).

 

thumbnail UtsogoleriChithunzi 1. Kuyerekezera payekha kwa TEE ndi FFM.

Ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zowononga odyetsa a Hadza (mizere yofiira) zinali zofanana ndi zakumadzulo (imvi [19]-[26]). Azimayi a ku Bolivia (mabwalo otsegulira buluu [13], [31]) anali ndi TEE yapamwamba kuposa Hadza kapena amayi Akumadzulo. Mitu ya mizere ndi malo ochepa omwe amabwera kudzera mwa amuna akumadzulo (mzere wolimba) ndi amayi akumadzulo.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503.g001

 

Kufanana kwa TEE pakati pa Hadza ndi anthu ena kunkawonekeranso pamene chiwerengero cha anthu chimafanizidwa. Kufufuza kwa multivariate kuyang'anira kugonana, msinkhu, ndi thupi, TEE pakati pa asodzi-osonkhanitsa a Hadza sanasiyana (t (155) = -0.35, p = 0.73) kuchokera kwa anthu omwe ali mumsika wamsika (Chith. 2, Gulu la S1). Anthu olima okha ndiwo anali ndi TEE yaikulu kuposa momwe ananenerekera kukula kwa thupi lawo. Pofananitsa pakati pa anthu payekha, alimi achikazi a ku Bolivia [13] anali ndi ma TEE apamwamba kuposa azimayi aku Western ndi a Hadza (p <0.001 kuyerekezera konse, Gulu 1), ndi magulu a ulimi (n = 3) anali ndi TEE yochulukirapo poyerekezera ndi anthu (t = 2.76, p = 0.006, Gulu la S1) (Chith. 1, 2).

 

thumbnail UtsogoleriChithunzi 2. Kuyerekezera kwa anthu a TEE.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi pakati pa odzaza odyetsa a Hadza (magulu ofiira) anali ofanana ndi anthu omwe ali mumsika wamsika; anthu odyetserako ziweto (Nigeria, Gambia, Bolivia; mabulu a buluu) anali ndi TEE yoposa ma magulu ena. Deta yonse ya non-Hadza kuchokera [16] (Malembo S1). Chizindikiro chilichonse chimatanthauza kuchuluka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; Njira zamwamuna ndi wamkazi zimakonzedwa padera kuti azigonana mosiyanasiyana. Mizere yocheperako yazowonekera imawonetsedwa kwa amuna onse (mabwalo odzaza, mzere wolimba) ndi akazi onse (mabwalo otseguka, mzere wokhotakhota). Poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa thupi, amuna anali ndi TEE apamwamba kuposa akazi (F (162) = 86.75, p <0.001).

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503.g002

 

Mawerengedwe a masewero olimbitsa thupi (PAL, owerengedwa ngati TEE / estimation BMR), amasonyeza kuti akulu a Hadza amagwiritsa ntchito gawo laling'ono la TEE pa BMR kusiyana ndi azungu. Amuna a Hadza anali ndi PAL ya 2.26 ± 0.48, yaikulu kwambiri kuposa ya PAL yomwe inkachitika kumadzulo kwa Amuna (n = 31, PAL = 1.81 ± 0.21) (F (43) = 13.07, p = 0.001), pamene amawerengedwa kuti PAL kwa akazi a Hadza ( 1.78 ± 0.30) inali yapamwamba kwambiri kuposa ya Akumadzulo aakazi (n = 145, PAL = 1.68 ± 0.22) (F (162) = 3.80, p = 0.05) pamene akulamulira zaka (Gulu la S1). Kugonjetsa TEE pa BMR imene ikuwonetseratu kuti kusiyana kwa magulu ku PAL kunkagwirizana ndi kusiyana kwa kukula kwa thupi, monga Hadza ali ochepa kwambiri kuposa anzawo a kumadzulo (Gulu 1). Kufufuza kwa multivariate kulamulira kwa zaka ndi kugonana, mgwirizano pakati pa TEE ndi chiwerengero cha BMR sizinali kusiyana pakati pa Hadza ndi madera akumadzulo (F (239) = 0.73, p = 0.39) (Chithunzi cha S3). Komabe, chifukwa TEE imagwirizanitsidwa ndi BMR yoyerekeza ndi kutsetsereka <1.0, PAL (kuchuluka kwa TEE / BMR) kumakonda kukhala kwakukulu pakati pa anthu ang'onoang'ono; izi zikuwonekera makamaka mwa amuna mu zitsanzo zathu (Chithunzi cha S3).

Maulendo oyenda tsiku ndi tsiku azimayi a Hadza (amatanthauza 5.8, std. Dev. ± 1.7 km / tsiku) ndi amuna (11.4 ± 2.1 km / tsiku) anali osiyana kwambiri (p <0.001, t-test), mogwirizana ndi miyezo yapita posaka ndi kusaka kusonkhanitsa magulu [10]. Komabe, kusiyana kulikonse paulendo woyenda tsiku ndi tsiku sikunatanthauze kusiyana kwa TEE. Kuwonetsa ndalama zamagwiritsidwe ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku (kCal / tsiku) ziwerengero za 6.7% (± 1.9%) za TEE pakati pa akazi a Hadza ndi 11.0% (± 3.4%) pakati pa amuna a Hadza (Malembo S1), koma TEE sinali yogwirizana ndi maulendo oyendayenda tsiku ndi tsiku (F (28) = 0.75, p = 0.39) (Gulu la S1). Mofananamo, amayi a Hadza omwe anali ndi pakati kapena odyera (n = 8; 1 mimba, 7 lacting) sanali osiyana ndi akazi ena a Hadza (n = 9; F (16) = 0.96, p = 0.35) atagonjetsa FFM (Gulu la S1).

Ngakhale kuti Hadza ayenera kuchita ntchito zapadera (mwachitsanzo, kukumba miyendo yamtengo wapatali kapena yachitsulo kwa uchi) mwachangu kuposa anthu osagwira ntchito m'mayiko akumadzulo. [34], kuyerekezera zochitika zomwe zimafala m'madera osiyanasiyana sizikusonyeza kuti Hadza minofu ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito thupi ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri. Ndalama zamagetsi zoyendayenda (kCal kg-1 m-1) chifukwa akuluakulu a Hadza anali ndi mfundo zosiyana siyana zomwe zinkafotokozedwa kumadzulo akumidzi: a 20 US ndi anthu a ku Ulaya omwe anaphatikizidwa posachedwapa mndandanda wa maulendo oyendayenda [28], 14 inali ndi COT yotanthauzaine Zomwe zili pansi pa Hadza zikutanthawuza (Kusamalitsa Chidziwitso, Chithunzi cha S1). RMR kwa akuluakulu a Hadza adakhala pansi pa 11% pamwamba pa BMR [27], mkati mwa zikhalidwe zamtengo wapatali (7-35%) zomwe zinawonetsedwa kwa anthu ena [35].

Kukambirana Top

Njira za TEE pakati pa asodzi-osonkhanitsa a Hadza zimatsutsa maganizo akuti miyambo ya kumadzulo imapangitsa kuti ndalama zisawonongeke kwambiri, komanso kuti kuchepa kwa ndalama zowonjezera mphamvu ndizo chifukwa chachikulu cha kunenepa kwambiri m'mayiko otukuka. Ngakhale kuti PAL yapamwamba komanso kudalira zakudya zakutchire, Hadza TEE inali yofanana ndi ya Kumadzulo ndi ena mu chuma chamsika (Chith. 1, 2). Kuphatikiza apo, pomwe Hadza anali wosiyana ndi anthu akumadzulo kuchuluka kwamafuta amthupi (F (202) = 44.05, p <0.001), kusiyanasiyana kwa chidwi mkati ndi pakati pa anthu sikunkagwirizana ndi PAL (F (207) = 0.36, p = 0.55) (Chith. 3) komanso TEE (F (209) = 3.02, p = 0.08, β = 12.06; zindikirani kuti zotsatira za TEE zili zovuta, ngakhale kuti sizinatchulidwe, zili zothandiza mu chitsanzochi). Kuperewera kwa malembo pakati pa TEE, PAL, ndi chidziwitso mu Hadza yathu ndi zitsanzo zofanana zikugwirizana ndi maphunziro a DLW apitalo kumadzulo kwa anthu [36]-[38]. Kufananirana kwa TEE pakati pa asodzi oyendetsa anzawo a Hadza ndi a kumadzulo akuwonetsa kuti ngakhale kusiyana kwakukulu m'moyo kungakhale ndi zotsatira zosayenerera pa TEE, ndipo zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro [4]-[7], [16] Kusiyanitsa kwa kuwonjezeka kwa kunenepa kwa pakati pa anthu chifukwa chotsatira kumakhala kosiyana ndi kudya kwa mphamvu m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Kuyeza kwa TEE ndi PAL kwa anthu ena, makamaka osaka-osonkhanitsa, amafunika kuti aone ngati momwe ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya Hadza ikugwiritsire ntchito ndi anthu.

 

thumbnail UtsogoleriChithunzi 3. Mafuta amtundu wa thupi amalinganiza zochitika zolimbitsa thupi, PAL.

Hadza BMRs akuyerekezeredwa (Njira). Zojambula zomwe zimawonetsedwa padera pagulu lililonse lachiwerewere / zamoyo; Mizere yodumphadumpha ikuwonetsa magulu azimayi. Kusiyana kwamagulu amthupi ndikofunikira (p <0.001), koma malo otsetsereka a% mafuta amthupi motsutsana ndi PAL sali (Gulu la S1).

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503.g003

 

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ichi sichinali kuphunzira; tinaphunzira chizoloŵezi cha TEE, PAL, ndi thupi la anthu osaka nyama komanso azungu, koma sanaone zotsatira za kuchititsa kuti ntchito yowonjezera yowonjezereka iwonjezeke m'mayiko a kumadzulo. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikofunikira, zotsatira zabwino pa thanzi [39], ndipo ntchito yowonjezera yowonjezera yasonyezedwa kuti ikugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa kuchepa kwa kulemera kwa thupi ndi kuwonetsa zolemera [40]. Kafukufuku wina wolemba ntchito zomwe adziwonetsa yekha adanenanso kuti ntchito yachizolowezi ingathandize kupepetsa kupweteka kolemetsa, ngakhale umboni uli wosakanizidwa [40]. Ntchito yowonjezereka ikufunika kuti uphatikize zotsatira kuchokera ku maphunziro a PAL ndi TEE ndi kuyerekezera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zowonjezera.

Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti miyambo yogwira ntchito, "yachikhalidwe" silingateteze ku kunenepa kwambiri ngati zakudya zikusintha kuti zipititse patsogolo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa caloric. Choncho, kuyesetsa kuwonjezera chakudya cha anthu abwino m'madera otukuka ayenera kupewa kuvulaza anthuwa ndi zakudya zowonongeka, zowonjezera komanso zopatsa thanzi. Popeza kuti mphamvu zowonongeka kwa anthuwa sizingatheke kutentha mafuta owonjezera, kuyesetsa koteroko kungawonjezere kuwonjezereka kwa zovuta zowonjezereka komanso zovuta zokhudzana ndi kuchepetsa thupi monga insulini kukana. Zoonadi, zakudya zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera zakhala zikugwirizanitsidwa ndi insulini kukana ndi matenda a mtima pakati pa maola a Australia omwe amasamukira ku moyo wamudzi [41].

Kufanana kwa TEE pakati pa Hadza ndi anthu a kumadzulo kumakhala kosavomerezeka chifukwa cha moyo wa Hadza wa thupi komanso wapamwamba wa PAL. TIYANI pakati pa Hadza ndi a Kumadzulo anali osadziŵika bwino poyang'anira mafuta akuluakulu ndi mafuta (zovomerezeka zodziwika kuti sizinagwire ntchito zamagetsi) ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa moyo ndi PAL. Zotsatira izi, ndi kuyanjana kotheka pakati pa PAL ndi kukula kwa thupi (Chithunzi cha S3), zikuwonetseratu ntchito yambiri pa zamoyo za anthu amtundu ndizofunikira. Kuwonjezera apo, kusowa kwa makalata pakati pa TEE ndi kutalika kwa tsiku ndi tsiku (gawo lalikulu la Hadza ntchito), kapena pakati pa TEE ndi chikhalidwe cha amayi (kutenga pakati / kuyamwitsa kapena ayi), pamodzi ndi kufufuza kwina kwa zovuta za thupi, zimasonyeza kuti kugwirizana pakati pa thupi , masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndi chilengedwe ndi zovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe nthawi zambiri zimaganizira. Mwachitsanzo, ogwira ntchito pogula ndi kupha ku Paraguay awonetsa kuti ma leptin, osowa mafuta m'thupi, ndi testosterone, hormone ya anabolic, ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa momwe amaonera akuluakulu a US [42], [43]. Ndipo kafukufuku wa amayi apakati ndi otukuka m'madera a chikhalidwe amasonyeza kuti kusintha kwa makhalidwe onse awiri (monga ntchito, katundu) ndi thupi (monga BMR) zimawathandiza kuti asunge TEE pamasitepe ofanana ndi awo akumadzulo. [44], [45]. Maphunziro monga awa, komanso zotsatira pano, amasonyeza kuti zochitika zathupi zimangokhala njira imodzi yokha yogwiritsira ntchito kagwiritsidwe ntchito kowonongeka kowonjezera mphamvu ndi zofunikira. Ntchito yatsopano yomwe ikuyang'ana zovuta za thupi zomwe zimayambitsa kudya ndi kulemera [46] imathandizira malingaliro awa.

Deta pa hunter-gatherer TEE imapereka zowonjezera zowonjezera pa anthu a Paleolithic ndi chiyambi cha ulimi. Ngakhale kuti moyo wa asodzi oyambirira a Pleistocene mosakayika unali wokhudzidwa kwambiri monga momwe amawonera m'magetsi masiku ano, zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti zofunikira zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku sizikanakhala zosiyana ndi anthu a ku Western tsopano. Ndipo mmalo mochepetsetsa ntchito yofunikira kupeza chakudya, ulimi wam'mawa ungayesetse kuyesetsa kuti chitetezo cha zakudya chikhale chokwanira komanso chidziwikiratu, ngakhale pokhapokha ngati mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa magetsi ukufunidwa. Mphamvu zowonjezera zokhuza miyambo yachikhalidwe zikuwoneka mu phunziro lino (Chith. 1, 2) akusonyeza kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulimi kunabweretsa ntchito yowonjezereka kwa ma Neagithic foragers. Maganizo awa akugwirizana ndi Sahlins ' [47] Pulojekiti yomwe a Pleistocene hunkawo ankasangalala nayo, "amangotenga nthawi yochepa chabe pantchito yopuma tsiku lililonse, komanso kafukufuku waposachedwapa omwe amasonyeza kuti Neolithic foragers sizinapindule kwambiri kuposa alimi oyambirira kupeza chakudya [48].

Monga zovuta zina, zowonjezereka (mwachitsanzo, msinkhu), chilengedwe chingakhudze kwambiri TEE, monga momwe zikuwonetseredwa ndi ndalama zowonjezera zamagulu a alimi (Gulu 1). Ngakhale zili choncho, TEE ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi anthu ambirimbiri omwe amatha kukhala ndi chuma, nyengo, ndi moyo wambiri (Chith. 1, 2). Sikuti chiwerengero cha TEE chimadziwika bwino pakati pa anthu a Kumadzulo ndi a Hadza, koma a TEE m'mayiko a kumadzulo, anthu odyera, ndi ulimi omwe amagawikana kwambiri, onse payekha komanso anthuGulu 1, Chith. 1, 2). Timaganiza kuti TEE ikhoza kukhala yodalirika, yolepheretsa chikhalidwe cha mtundu wa anthu, chochulukirapo chochulukirapo cha umunthu wathu wochuluka kuposa machitidwe athu osiyanasiyana. Ntchito yowonjezereka yogwiritsira ntchito kagayidwe kanyama ka amamalia ikuwunikira kuti mitundu ya zinyama zamatsenga zimasonyeza mbiri yawo yosinthika, monga TEE ikuyankha nthawi yosinthika ku zovuta zachilengedwe monga kupezeka kwa chakudya ndi ngozi [49], [50]. Mwachidziwitso, ndizosangalatsa kulingalira za TEE yaumunthu monga chikhalidwe chosinthika chomwe chinapangidwa ndi kusankha kwachirengedwe. Anthu amadziwika kuti ali ndi TEE yaikulu kusiyana ndi orangutans [50], nsomba zofanana, koma ali ndi TEE yochepa poyerekeza ndi zinyama zina za eutheria [50], [51]. Deta kuchokera ku zinyama zina zimayesedwa kuti zigwirizane ndi ndondomeko ya kagwiritsidwe ntchito kamene kakugwiritsiridwa ntchito mthupi.

Kuthandiza Information Top

S1.

Ndalama zoyendayenda akuluakulu a Hadza zikuyerekeza ndi anthu ena. COT Yoyeneraine Malingaliro a Hadza (n = 14) ali pakati pa anthu makumi awiri a azungu omwe amavomerezedwa mu kafukufuku waposachedwa [28]. Zolakwitsa zitsulo zikuwonetsera zolephereka. Dziwani kuti bokosi la Hadza limaimira tanthauzo la nkhani za munthu aliyense, pamene malo akumadzulo akuimira tanthauzo la chiwerengero cha anthu a 20 [28].

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S2.

Zakudya zazikulu mu zakudya za Hadza panthawi yophunzirayi peresenti ya ndalama zonse zomwe zimabwereranso kumsasa.

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S3.

Zotsatira za kukula kwa thupi pa PAL mu dataset yamakono. A. TEE poyerekezera ndi BMR ya Hadza ndi akulu achikuda. Zizindikiro monga Chithunzi 1. B. PAL motsutsana ndi misala.

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Gulu la S1.

Zotsatira za ma analyzed multivariate.

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Malembo S1.

Limalongosola tsatanetsatane wa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa deta, komanso mfundo zina zowonjezera za anthu a Hadza.

(PDF)

Kuvomereza Top

Tikuthokoza Hadza chifukwa chotenga nawo gawo, mgwirizano, komanso kuchereza alendo. Herieth Cleophas, Fides Kirei, Lieve Lynen, Nathaniel Makoni, Carla Mallol, Ruth Mathias, Elena Mauriki, Daudi Peterson, Christopher ndi Nani Schmelling anathandiza kwambiri mmunda. Sarah Daley, Janice Wang, ndi William Wong anathandiza ku America. Tikuthokoza bungwe la National Institute for Research Research and COSTECH kuti tilolere phunziroli.

Zopereka za Wolemba Top

Zimalingalira ndikupanga zokambirana: HP DAR BMW AZPM SBR FWM. Anayesa zotsatira: HP DAR BMW SBR. Kusanthula deta: HP DAR BMW SBR. Papepalalo analemba: HP DAR BMW AZPM SBR FWM.

Zothandizira Top

  1. World Health Organization (2011) Kunenepa kwambiri komanso kunenepa kwambiri. Idapezeka 2011 January 20.
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