Chipatala cha Neuroimage. 2015; 8: 1-31.
Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2015 Mar 24. do: 10.1016 / j.nicl.2015.03.016
PMCID: PMC4473270
D. Val-Laillet,a,⁎ E. Aarts,b B. Weber,c M. Ferrari,d V. Zowonongeka,d LE Stoeckel,e M. Alonso-Alonso,f M. Audette,g CH Malbert,h ndi E. Sticei
Kudalirika
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito, maselo ndi ma genetic neuroimaging zatsindika kuti pali vuto la ubongo ndi zinthu zosautsika za neural zokhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda monga kudya mowa kapena anorexia nervosa. Makamaka, kuchepa kwa mitsempha ya basal poti prefrontal cortex ndi striatum komanso kusintha kwa dopaminergic kwatchulidwa mu nkhani zowonjezereka, mofanana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mphoto za malo a ubongo poyankha chakudya chokoma. Kupatsidwa mphoto kwa madera amtunduwu kungayambitse chilakolako cha zakudya ndikudziwitse kulemera kwa m'tsogolo. Izi zimatsegula njira yopewera kafukufuku pogwiritsira ntchito zogwira ntchito komanso zozizwitsa zamatenda kuti apange ma diagnudenti oyambirira ndi masoka a phenotype omwe ali pangozi pofufuza njira zosiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa zakudya komanso njira zolimbikitsa. Gawo loyambirira la ndemangayi, ubwino ndi zoperewera za njira zamaganizo, monga kugwiritsira ntchito magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), mapuloteni osakanikirana ndi tomography (SPECT), pharmogogenetic fMRI ndi ntchito zochepetsera maso ( FNIRS) idzakambidwanso mmaganizo a ntchito yapitayi yokhudzana ndi khalidwe la kudya, ndi cholinga chachikulu cha kunenepa kwambiri. Gawo lachiwiri la ndondomekoyi, njira zowonongeka zogwiritsa ntchito ubongo ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi zakudya zidzafotokozedwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zopanda ubongo zaumtima ndi nthawi yeniyeni fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, yomwe ndi chida champhamvu chothandizira kumvetsetsa zovuta za ubale wa ubongo wa umunthu. rtfMRI, yokha kapena yogwirizana ndi njira zina monga zida za EEG ndi mankhwala ozindikira, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusintha khungu la pulasitiki la neural ndi khalidwe lophunzirira kuti athe kukonzanso bwino kapena kubwezeretsa chidziwitso chabwino ndi khalidwe lodya. Zoonjezeranso zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zimayambira kuti zifufuzidwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza zokhudzana ndi maginito (rTMS) ndi kusintha kwachangu komwe kumakhalako (tDCS). Kutembenuza mfundo za umboni phindu la njira zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi matendawa kuti aphunzire njira zofunikira zomwe zimayambitsa khalidwe la kudya komanso kuthana ndi zovuta zake. Njira ziwirizi zikhoza kufanana ndi ntchito yapitayi, ndikukambirana mafunso abwino komanso othandiza. Gawo lachitatu la ndondomekoyi lidzapatulira njira zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi matendawa, monga vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) komanso kukula kwa ubongo (DBS). Mogwirizana ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito, njirazi zimalimbikitsa zipangizo zowonetsera kuti asamvetsetse mgwirizano wovuta pakati pa homeostatic ndi hedonic cir cirits. Zomwe angathe kuchita monga zida zowonjezera zothandizira kulimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe ali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo kapena matenda ovuta kudya, zidzakambidwa, potsata zovuta zaumisiri, zoyenera komanso zoyenera. Mwa kukambirana kwakukulu, tidzaika ubongo pachimake pa kufufuza kwakukulu, chitetezo ndi chithandizo pa nkhani ya kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda odwala. Choyamba, tikambirana za kuthekera kozindikira zatsopano zomwe zimagwira ntchito za ubongo. Chachiwiri, tidzakambirana za kuthekera kwa ubongo ndi njira zothandizira anthu payekha. Chachitatu, tikuwonetsa mafunso okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amagwirizana ndi kutuluka kwa mankhwala atsopano a neuromodulation.
1. Mau oyamba
Kafukufuku waposachedwa waganiza kuti chiwerengero cha anthu olemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi pafupifupi 2.1 biliyoni mu 2013 (Ng et al., 2014). Ku United States kokha, anthu olemera amakhala ndi 42% zapamwamba zothandizira zaumoyo kuposa omwe ali ndi kulemera kwabwino (Finkelstein et al., 2009). Kunenepa kwambiri kukuwonjezeka, ndipo kunenepa kwakukulu kukukwera pa mlingo woopsa kwambiri (Flegal et al., 2010; Finkelstein et al., 2012). Chifukwa kunenepa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chosiyanasiyana ndi zovuta zamaliseche, ndipo chifukwa kupambana kwa njira kumakhudzidwa ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa anthu ena, palibe njira yowonjezereka kapena mankhwala amodzi oyenerera chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri. Opaleshoni ya Bariatric (BS) ndi chithandizo chosankha kwambiri kunenepa kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu yake poyerekeza ndi njira zamakhalidwe ndi zamagetsi (Buchwald ndi Oien, 2013). Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kupambana bwino ndizovomerezeka. Komabe, 20-40% mwa iwo omwe amatsatira BS amalephera kulemera (Christou et al., 2006; Livhits et al., 2012) kapena kubwezeretsanso kulemera kwakukulu pambuyo chithandizo (Magro et al., 2008; DiGiorgi et al., 2010; Adams et al., 2012), ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi mavuto angapo panthawi yomwe atatha opaleshoni kapena mankhwala opatsirana mankhwala (psychiatric comorbidities)Shah et al., 2006; Karlsson et al., 2007; DiGiorgi et al., 2010; Bolen et al., 2012; Chang et al., 2014). Kuwonjezera pa njira zomwe zilipo monga BS, zomwe zimathandiza anthu ambiri pa dziko lonse pachaka, pali chidziwitso chodziwikiratu cha njira zamakono zokhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri ndi chithandizo, kuphatikizapo chitukuko cha njira zatsopano zoganizira komanso phenotyping, komanso njira zochiritsira zomwe zingayambitse zotsatira zabwino za mankhwala kwa odwala omwe angafunike njira zosokoneza monga BS. Poyerekeza ndi nthendayi yowonjezera kunenepa, vuto la kudya (ED) ndi losowa kwambiri koma limadodometsedwa komanso likuwonjezeka kudziko lochititsa mantha (Makino et al., 2004). Ku United States, anthu okwana 24 mibadwo yonse ndi amuna amatha kudwala ED (anorexia - AN, bulimia - BN ndi matenda oledzera - BED) (Renfrew Center Foundation Yokonza Zakudya, 2003), ndipo 1 yokha mu 10 anthu omwe ali ndi ED amalandira chithandizo (Noordenbox, 2002) Ngakhale kuti ED ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha matenda a m'maganizo (Sullivan, 1995). Epidemiology ya ED inafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane (kuphatikizapo ziwopsezo, chiwerewere, kufalikira, ndi kuwonongeka) mu ndemanga zaposachedwa (onani Smink et al., 2012; Mitchison ndi Hay, 2014).
Polimbana ndi kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda odwala, kumvetsetsa bwino za njira zochizira matenda ndi matenda omwe amachititsa matendawa ndizofunika kuti tipewe khalidwe loopsya, kupeza, ndi kuchiza odwala, ndi kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano zothandizira odwala aliyense. Monga taonera Schmidt ndi Campbell (2013), chithandizo cha matenda osadya sangathe kukhala 'osaganizira', komanso zimakhala zovuta kwambiri tikamaganizira za kuchuluka kwa mabuku omwe amasonyeza kuti khalidwe ndi kusintha kwa ubongo / kapangidwe ka poizoni chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri (Wang et al., 2009b; Burger ndi Berner, 2014), opaleshoni yolumikizidwa bwino (Geliebter, 2013; Scholtz et al., 2014), ndi njira zowonongeka (McClelland et al., 2013a; Gorgulho et al., 2014) mu zitsanzo za nyama ndi nkhani zaumunthu.
Ngakhale mapepala angapo olembera bwino pa nkhaniyi alipo (onani McClelland et al., 2013a; Sizonenko et al., 2013; Burger ndi Berner, 2014; Gorgulho et al., 2014), ntchito yowonjezereka kuyerekezera njira zambiri zofufuza ndi zothandizira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono ndi njira zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, potsata ubwino ndi zoperewera, chiwerengero cha kukhumudwa, ndi kuyanjanitsa ndi mankhwala omwe amadziwika payekha kuchokera kuchipatala akusowa ndipo zingathandize kupereka mapu a msewu kafukufuku wamtsogolo ndi ntchito. Maphunziro okhudzana ndi chidziwitso komanso kupewa njira zomwe zimapindula ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi matendawa zimayamika ku zizindikiro za matendawa omwe amawonjezera chiopsezo cha kulemera kwa thupi ndi makhalidwe odyetsa. Gawo loyambirira la phunziro lathu lidzapatulidwa ku funso ili, komanso kuntchito yogwira ntchito, nyukiliya, ndi maumwini okhudzana ndi majeremusi pazinthu zopindulitsa komanso zopewera. Chofunika kwambiri chidzaikidwa pa kunenepa kwambiri, chifukwa nambala yoyamba ikukhudzidwa, ngakhale kuti mafotokozedwe a ED ndiwo adzaphatikizidwe. Mu gawo loyambalo tidzakambiranso nthawi yoyamba zopereka zachitsulo chosawonongeka komanso chosavuta chogwiritsira ntchito (ie FNIRS) pofufuza kachitidwe ka kudya. Gawo lachiwiri la ndemanga yathu lidzafotokoza mwachidule njira zosagwiritsira ntchito njira zothetsera mavuto ndi ED, kuphatikizapo kupereka nthawi yeniyeni fMRI neurofeedback kuphatikizapo chithandizo chamaganizo, komanso kuyerekezera pakati pa transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) ndi transcranial zowonongeka zamakono (tDCS). Gawo lachitatu lidzapatulira njira zowonongeka zowonongeka kuti zithetse njira za homeostatic ndi hedonic pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya vagus kapena zozama za ubongo. Pomalizira, tidzakambirana za deta zonse zokhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri / ED EDP ndi mtundu wina wa mankhwala, pamene tikukambirana mafunso omwe amatsatira ndi njira zatsopano zothandizira ndi malonjezano awo.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogwiritsira ntchito matendawa pofuna kufufuza njira zoyenera kudya ndi kuchepetsa mavuto ndi zosungirako zinthu zolemetsa ndi zovuta kudya: kutsogolera zatsopano ndi njira zothandizira
2.1. Kulosera za kulemera kwa m'tsogolo ndi kukonzekera pa maziko a ntchito ya neural ndi ntchito
Kumvetsetsa bwino za ngozi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu lolemera liziyenda bwino, liyenera kutsogolera mapulani a mapulogalamu othandiza komanso ochizira, omwe ndi ofunikira chifukwa opaleshoni yomwe ilipo, kuphatikizapo opaleshoni yokhayo, ilibe mphamvu. Theorists akuganizira za madera oyendetsera mphoto chifukwa chakudya chopatsa thanzi chimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi madalitso m'madera omwe amapatsidwa mphoto kwa anthu ndi nyama zina, kuphatikizapo ventral ndi dorsal striatum, midbrain, amygdala, ndi orbitofrontal cortex (OFC: Small et al., 2001; Avena et al., 2006; Berridge, 2009; Stice et al., 2013) ndipo amachititsa kuti dopamine (DA) amasulidwe mu dorsal striatum, ndi ndalama zomwe zimatulutsidwa mogwirizana ndi zakudya zokoma (Small et al., 2003) ndi caloric mlingo wa chakudya (Ferreira et al., 2012) mwa anthu. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa zakudya (zokondweretsa) ndi kulumikiza mwachangu chakudya chambiri cha calorie chimapangitsa kuti DA atuluke mu mphoto za maphunziro a anthu ndi nyama.Avena et al., 2006; Tellez et al., 2013).
2.1.1. Mphoto imapweteketsa komanso imalimbikitsa kulimbikitsa kunenepa kwambiri
Mphoto yomwe imapereka mphoto imasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi gawo lopatsidwa mphotho ku chakudya chokwanira ali pa chiopsezo chachikulu chodyera (Stice et al., 2008b). Zomwe zimalimbikitsa anthu kuti azidya zakudya zolimbitsa thupi zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi mphotho yokwanira yomwe amadya zakudya zomwe zimadyetsa kudya,Berridge et al., 2010). Malingana ndi kafukufuku wa nyama, kuwombera kwa nthenda ya pallidum DA yovulazira ndi yochokera pachiyambi kumapezeka poyambira kulandira chakudya chokoma, koma pambuyo pobwereza mobwerezabwereza chakudya chopatsa thanzi chokwanira ndikumvetsera chizindikiro chomwe chikupezeka pakudya, DA neurons ayamba kuwombera poyankha ndondomeko yowonjezera mphoto ndipo palibe moto wowonjezera kuyankha kwa chakudya (Schultz et al., 1997; Tobler et al., 2005). Mayankho okhudzana ndi malipiro okhudzidwa ndi chakudya chokwanira ndi zakudya zimapangitsa kuti pulogalamuyo ikhale yovuta kwambiri pokhapokha ngati imakhala yovuta kwambiri.
Kuwongolera kwapano kumayang'ana pazokambirana zomwe zidzachitike chifukwa deta yopanda malire sangathe kusiyanitsa zowonongeka kuchokera ku zotsatira za kudya, poganizira za maphunziro aumunthu pokhapokha ngati zitaperekedwa. Kusamalidwa bwino kwa madera a mphotho (striatum, amygdala, OFC) kuti zikhale zokopa zabwino (Demos et al., 2012), malonda owonetsa chakudya cha televizioni (Yokum et al., 2014), zilembo zamakono zomwe zimapereka chizindikiro chowonetseratu chachakudya chamakono (Yokum et al., 2011), zopsereza zonunkhira zomwe zimalosera kuti padzakhala chakudya chokwanira chopatsa chakudya (Chouinard-Decorte et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2013), ndi zojambula zomwe zikuwonetseratu kuti patsiku loperekera chakudya (Stice et al., 2015) analosera phindu lolemera la m'tsogolo. Anthu omwe amasonyeza kuti apamwamba kwambiri amajambula zithunzi zowonongeka amasonyeza kulemera kwakukulu kwa m'tsogolomu, koma ngati ali ndi chiopsezo cha majini kuti apange mphamvu yowonetsera DA chifukwa chokhala ndi kachilombo ka A2 / A2 ya TaqIA polymorphism kapena 6-kubwereza kapena yaifupi ya 48 -sankhulidwe awiri a exon 3 nambala yowonjezera yowonjezera (VNTR) yopanga mapuloteni a DRD4 gene (Stice et al., 2010b), zomwe zonsezi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi DA kuzindikiritsa komanso kupereka mphoto kugawo lachigawo (Jonsson et al., 1999; Bowirrat ndi Oscar-Berman, 2005). Umboni wochokera ku mabungwe odziimira okha omwe unapatsa mphoto ku madera osiyanasiyana a chakudya, kuphatikizapo omwe akulosera kuti patsiku loperekera chakudya chodabwitsa, adzalandira chithandizo chokwanira chamtsogolo chimapereka chithandizo chothandizira chiphunzitso cholimbikitsa mphamvu.
Mitundu yapamwamba ya midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, ndi ventral striatum zomwe zimayenderana ndi mkaka zimagwedezeka komanso zimaneneratu za kulemera kwa m'tsogolo (Geha et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2013). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, anthu omwe amasonyezeratu kuti amatha kudya chakudya chokwanira kwambiri amasonyeza kulemera kwakukulu kwa m'tsogolo, koma ngati ali ndi chiopsezo cha chibadwa cha mphamvu ya DA yozindikiritsa chifukwa cha kukhala ndi kachilombo ka A2 / A2 ya TaqIA polymorphism (Stice et al., 2008a; Stice et al., 2015). Umboni wakuti anthu omwe amasonyeza mphoto yokhala ndi gawo lokhala ndi chakudya chokoma kwambiri amatha kutenga nthawi yaitali ya mphamvu yowonjezera komanso kulemera kwake kumapereka chidziwitso chothandizira pothandizira mphoto yowonjezera.
Ngakhale deta yomwe ilipo imapereka chithandizo cholimbikitsana cholimbikitsana ndi mphoto zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala olemera kwambiri, zomwe sizingagwirizanitse pokhapokha, maphunziro a m'tsogolomu amayenera kufufuza mosiyana kusiyana pakati pa maonekedwe a neural ndi zakudya zabwino zokoma, zomwe zimasonyeza chizindikiro chokoma chopatsa chakudya, ndi zithunzi zabwino zodyera Kufufuza kafukufuku wochuluka wa nthendayi yomwe imalongosola za kulemera kwa mtsogolo. Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti mapulogalamu oletsa kupewa kuchepetsa zakudya zamakono aziyenera kuchepetseratu njira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphotho yapamwamba yopereka chakudya, zomwe zingachepetse kulemera kwa m'tsogolo. Komabe, kuti mapulogalamu othandizira kulemera kwa thupi amachititsa kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa zakudya zapamwamba, koma sizimapangitsa kuti kulemera kwake kukhale kovuta kumatsimikizira kuti ndi kovuta kuchepetsa mphotho yowonjezereka kwa zakudya zomwe zatuluka kale. Phunziro losalamulirika linapereka kuti anthu omwe atha kulemera kwa nthawi yaitali amaletsa kudya zakudya zamakono, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi tsiku ndi tsiku,Wing ndi Phelan, 2005). Izi zikusonyeza kuti zingakhale zothandiza kuyesa ngati mapulojekiti omwe amachititsa kuti olamulira apitirize kulamulira, kaya kusintha kotheratu kachitidwe ka ubongo kapena mwachindunji mwa kusintha kwa chilengedwe (zomwe zingathe kuchepetsa chiopsezo kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha mphotho zapadera) zimabweretsa kulemera kwambiri kutaya.
2.1.2. Mphotho ya mphotho ya kunenepa kwambiri
Zopanda malipiro zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala wochuluka kwambiri zimapangitsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa za madera a DA omwe amadyetsa mphotho kuti athetsere vutoli (Wang et al., 2002). Pakhala pali angapo omwe akuyembekezera maphunziro a FMRI omwe angakhale otsimikiza ngati kuchepetsa mphoto kumalo a dera kumapangitsa kuti phindu likhale lopindulitsa, ndipo sipanakhalepo maphunziro apadera omwe anayesedwa ndi DA ogwira ntchito (mwachitsanzo poyesedwa ndi PET) analosera kusintha kwa kulemera kwa m'tsogolo. Kuchokera pa maphunziro asanu ndi limodzi omwe akufufuza zomwe zinayang'ana mgwirizano wa BOLD kwa mafano odyetsa zakudya, zimakhala ndi chizindikiro chokwera chokwanira cha chakudya, komanso chiphaso chokoma chokwanira chomwe chidzabweretsedwe pamwambapa (Chouinard-Decorte et al., 2010; Yokum et al., 2011; Demos et al., 2012; Geha et al., 2013; Yokum et al., 2014; Stice et al., 2015), palibe wina amene adapeza ubale pakati pa gawo la mphotho zomwe zimapereka mphoto kuzinthu zowonjezera zakudya komanso kupindula kwakukulu kwa mtsogolo. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kafukufuku amene anapeza kuti anapeza kuti achinyamata omwe amasonyeza malo ochepa omwe amawatenga m'madera oterewa akuyang'anira mkaka wogwiritsira ntchito mkaka (Stice et al., 2008b, 2015) komanso zithunzi zabwino (Stice et al., 2010b) anawonetsa phindu lolemera la m'tsogolomu ngati anali ndi chibadwa chokhala ndi mphamvu yowonetsera DA. Zotsatira zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zimatanthauza kuti pangakhale mphotho yapamwamba yoperekera malipiro ndi mphotho yoperewera kwa kunenepa kwambiri, zomwe ziyenera kufufuzidwa mopitirira.
Achikulire omwe akutsutsana kwambiri akuwonetsa kupezeka kwa DA D2 kuchepa kwapadera (Volkow et al., 2008; de Weijer et al., 2011; Kessler et al., 2014) ndi kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa zakumwa zakumwa zakumwa kwambiri (Stice et al., 2008b). Chochititsa chidwi, Guo et al. (2014) Ananenanso kuti anthu olemera amakhala ndi kusintha kwa DA neurocircuitry zomwe zingapangitse kukhudzidwa kwawo ndi kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi panthawi imodzimodziyo kuti chakudya chisamakhale chopindulitsa, chochepa chomwe chimaperekedwa komanso chochita zambiri. Ngakhale kuti mapulogalamu a neurocircuitry asanakhaleko kapena amapezeka chifukwa cha kunenepa kwamtundu wautali amatsutsanabe, koma umboni wochuluka umasonyeza kuti kudyetsa kudya kumapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zowonongeka za madera a DA-based reward. Otsatira ochepa omwe ali pangozi ya kunenepa kwam'tsogolo chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri kwa makolo kumasonyeza bwino kwambiri kuposa kuchepetsa kudzichepetsa kwa mphotho kumadera okondweretsa chakudya chokwanira (Stice et al., 2011). Akazi omwe analemera kwambiri pa miyezi ya 6 anawonetsa kuchepetsa kutengapo mbali kwa chakudya chokoma chokwanira chokhudzana ndi chiyambi komanso kwa amayi omwe adakhalabe olimba (Stice et al., 2010a). Ziphuphu zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zikhale ndi zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu likhale lopambana ndi zinthu zowonongeka zimasonyeza kuchepetsa mphamvu zothandizira D2, komanso kuchepetsa mphamvu ya D2, madontho a DA owonjezera pa nucleus accumbens ndi kuwonjezeka kwa DA, komanso kuchepa kwa madalitso a DA (circuit)Kelley et al., 2003; Davis et al., 2008; Geiger et al., 2009; Johnson ndi Kenny, 2010). Mitundu ya minipigs yomwe imapangidwira pang'onopang'ono kuti ikhale yowonjezera, imakhala yochepetsetsa, imakhala yochepetsetsa, yomwe imapangidwira, komanso mkati mwake imakhala yosakanikirana.Val-Laillet et al., 2011). Mphamvu yochepetsera mphamvu ya DA ikuwonekera chifukwa zimachitika chifukwa cha kudya zakudya zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepetsa kaphatikizidwe ka oleoylethanolamine, m'mimba m'mimba mthenga (Tellez et al., 2013). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti anthu omwe amanena kuti kudya chakudya chokwanira chacheperapo chakudya chochepa, amadalira BMI (Burger ndi Stice, 2012; Mdima ndi Murphy, 2012; Rudenga ndi Small, 2012).
Geiger et al. (2009) akuganiza kuti zakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madokotala awonongeke ndi zakudya zowonjezereka, zingayambitse kudya kwambiri kuti adziwe kuwonjezeka kwa DA. Komabe, mbewa zomwe zinachepetsera kuwonetsa kwa DA kuchokera ku chakudya chinayesedwa chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa mafuta kosagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kwa mafuta osagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso komanso kutaya makoswe ochepa chow ad lib kusiyana ndi makoswe olamulira (Tellez et al., 2013). Kuwonjezera apo, mbewa zopanda mphamvu za DA zomwe zimapangidwa ndi majeremusi zimatha kusamalitsa zakudya zoyenera (Sotak et al., 2005). Deta iyi ikuwoneka kuti ikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti chiwonongeko chotsitsimula cha madera oyang'anira madalitso a DA chimatsogolera ku chakudya chokwanira chokwanira. The Tellez et al. (2013) kuphunzira kunaperekanso umboni wina wakuti kudya kwa mafuta kungawononge kuchepetsa kuyankha kwa DA ku chakudya, popanda kudzipindulitsa payekha.
2.1.3. Kuletsa kuletsa
Zowonongeka pa mphotho zokhudzidwa, chizoloŵezi, ndi kuletsa kutetezedwa zimawoneka kuti zimagwirizanitsa kuti zipange zakudya zowonjezereka zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitukuko ndi kusungunuka kwa kunenepa kwambiri (Appelhans et al., 2011). Kuwonjezera apo, kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa malo a ubongo opereal-parietal omwe amachititsa kuti asatetezedwe, kungachititse kuti zikhale zogwira mtima kwambiri ku zotsatira zabwino za zakudya zokoma kwambiri komanso zowonjezereka ndi kuyesedwa kwakukulu kwa zakudya zokhala bwino m'deralo, zomwe zimawonjezera kudya mopanda kukumana ndi zosowa za energyostatic energy (Nederkoorn et al., 2006). Ndipotu, khalidweli limakhala ngati limakhala ndi zochepa zokha kuti pulogalamu ya homeostatic ikhale yovuta kwambiri.Hall et al., 2014). Ntchito yowonongeka yosavomerezeka kapena yosalephereka ingapangitse chiopsezo cha kunenepa kwambiri muunyamata panthaŵi yomwe chitukuko chofulumira chimachitika mu machitidwe a ubongo omwe amathandizira mphotho ndi zoletsa (onani Reinert et al., 2013; Miller et al., 2015 kwa ndemanga zatsopano). Kuonjezera apo, kusintha kwokhudzana ndi kunenepa kwamtundu wa adipokines, kutupa kwa cytokines, ndi mahomoni amtundu angayambitse kusokonezeka kwina, makamaka mu mphotho ndi ntchito zowononga, zomwe zingapangitse chiopsezo kuti anthu asamaphunzire bwino komanso kuti pakhale vuto laumphaŵi (Miller et al., 2015). Mwachitsanzo, achinyamata omwe ali ovuta kwambiri komanso okhwima amasonyeza kuti sagwiritsanso ntchito malo opresal (dorPatal prefrontal cortex [dlPFC], ventral latal prefrontal cortex [vlPFC]) poyesa kulepheretsa mayankho a zithunzi zamakono komanso umboni wa khalidwe lochepetsedwa (Batterink et al., 2010) ndi anthu akuluakulu omwe anali ndi dPPC yowonjezera pamene adalangizidwa kuti "asaganizidwe ndi kukonda" pamene kuyang'ana zithunzithunzi za chakudya kunali kupambana bwino kwa kuperewera kwazitsulo pambuyo pochita opaleshoni yowonongeka (Goldman et al., 2013). Kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti anthu omwe sanawononge malo ochepetsera chitetezo (otsika, apakati, ndi apamwamba kwambiri a gyri) panthawi yovuta kuphatikizapo zosankha zosavuta pa ntchito yochepetsera nthawi yowonongeka,Kishinevsky et al., 2012; r = 0.71); Komabe, kusiyana komwe kumachitika chifukwa chachedwa kuchotsera machitidwe sikunafotokozere zotsatira zakulemera (Stoeckel et al., 2013b). Zotsatira izi zimasinthidwa ndi umboni wakuti olemera ndi okhudzidwa akuluakulu amasonyeza kuchepetsedwa kwa voliyumu yapamwamba mu prefrontal cortex (Pannacciulli et al., 2006), dera lomwe limayambitsa kayendedwe ka chilema, ndipo limakhala ndi chikhalidwe chocheperachepera chakumutu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono chitetezo chidziwitse kulemera kwa zaka zapakati pa chaka cha 1 (Yokum et al., 2011). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, anthu ovuta kwambiri komanso osowa manja sanawonetsere kuchepa kwa malo oletsedwa (ventral medial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC] poyankha zithunzi zamakono (Silvers et al., 2014) ndi malonda apamwamba a malonda a TV pa TV.Gearhardt et al., 2014). Kuphatikiza apo, kuyankha kotsika kwa dlPFC pazithunzi zamafuta okwera kwambiri kunaneneratu zakudya kwambiri m'masiku atatu otsatira (Cornier et al., 2010). Zotsatirazi ndi zochititsa chidwi chifukwa zonse koma zotsatira zochokera ku Batterink, Kishinevsky, ndi Stoeckel kafukufuku zinayambira pazithunzi zosasowa mbali za khalidwe. Nthawi zina (Kishinevsky et al., 2012; Stoeckel et al., 2013b), deta ya neuroimaging inali njira yabwino yowonjezera zolemera kuposa khalidwe la khalidwe. Chitsanzo ichi chikutsindika za tsogolo la "ogwira ntchito" kuti athe kukwaniritsa zotsatila zam'tsogolo ndikudziwikiratu njira zothandizira kuti zikhazikike bwino (Gabrieli et al., 2015). Pomalizira pake, zingakhale zotheka kuwongolera mwachindunji ndi kuimiritsa machitidwewa a ubongo pogwiritsa ntchito zida ndi njira zamakono zofotokozera zomwe zikufotokozedwa m'nkhani ino, monga kusakanikirana, kusintha zotsatira za mankhwala (Alonso-Alonso ndi Pascual Leone, 2007).
2.1.4. Malingaliro ofotokozera ndi kutsogolera kafukufuku wamtsogolo
Choncho, maphunziro ambiri omwe akuyembekezera ndi kuyesera sanapereke thandizo lopanda malipiro okhutira kwambiri, ndipo pamene deta yomwe ilipo ikuwonetsa kuti kuchepa kwa mphamvu za DA zochepetsera mphoto kungayambitsenso chifukwa cha kudya, deta yake sichithandizira kuti lingaliroli zimathandiza kuti munthu azidya mopitirira malire. Komabe, pali umboni wosonyeza kuti pangakhale mphotho yabwino yomwe imapereka mphotho yomwe imakhalapo chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa magulu omwe amachititsa kuti zizindikiro za DA zisonyezedwe ndikupatsidwa mphoto kwa chigawo cha chakudya chomwe chimakhala chokoma, zomwe zikutitsimikizira kuti zingakhale zothandiza kuyeretsa Njira yogwirira ntchito yokhudzana ndi nthendayi yomwe imayambitsa kunenepa kwambiri. Malinga ndi zomwe zingatchulidwe njira yachiwiri ya kunenepa kwambiri, timayankha anthu omwe ali mphotho yapadera Poyamba ndikuwonetseratu kuti madera a mphotho, zokometsera, ndi zovomerezeka zimakhala zosavuta kudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azidya zakudya zowonjezera. Mphotho yopitilira malire ikhoza kukhala yowonjezereka kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo cha chibadwa chifukwa cha mphamvu yowonjezera DA. Kuzoloŵera kudya zakudya zokondweretsa kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti chitukuko chikhale chonchi.Berridge, 2009), yomwe imapitiriza kudya kwambiri chifukwa chodziwika ndi chakudya chodziwika bwino chimabweretsa chilakolako chomwe chimayambitsa kudya. Deta imasonyeza kuti kutengapo mbali kwa mphotho za m'madera odyetsera chakudya kumapangitsa kuti pakhale maphunziro owonjezera, omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale kulemera kwa m'tsogolo (Burger ndi Stice, 2014). Tikuonjezeranso kuti kudyetsa zotsatira zazomwe zimaperekedwa ku madera a mphotho za DA, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azidya zakudya zowonjezera, koma izi sizikhoza kuwonjezeka pakudya. Timadziwikiranso kuti kuchepa kwachangu kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha kudya kwambiri, komanso kuti kudya kwakukulu kumapangitsa kuti kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kuyanjana kwa zakudya kukhale kovuta, zomwe zingathandizenso kuwonjezeka kwa zakudya m'tsogolo. Kulosera uku kumachokera pa umboni wakuti anthu amasonyeza kuchepa kochepetsetsa koyendetsa polojekiti poyang'ana mphotho zowonjezereka zopezekapo; Anthu ochepa kwambiri omwe amatsitsimula amapereka mphoto yowonjezereka yomwe imakhalapo chifukwa cha chakudya koma osati malipiro a ndalama (Rasmussen et al., 2010). Mosiyana, anthu mu mphotho yopanda mphotho, zomwe zingakhale zowonjezera kwa omwe ali ndi chibadwa chokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa za DA, akhoza kudya zopatsa mphamvu zambiri panthawi yomwe akudya chifukwa chofooka DA-chizindikiro chikhoza kuchepetsa kukhumudwa, monga gawo la mphoto kwa hypothalamus. N'zotheka kuti zofooka za DA zowonetsera mphoto zikhoza kuchepetsa zotsatira za matenda a mapepti omwe amachititsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino. N'kuthekanso kuti dera la DA lowisonyeza ndikupereka mphoto kwa dera lomwelo limagwira ntchito mosiyana, monga kuchepetsa kuchita masewero olimbitsa thupi chifukwa anthuwa akhoza kupeza zochepa zolimbitsa thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zowonjezera. Zowonjezereka kwambiri, deta imatanthauza kuti mphotho yochuluka kwambiri kapena yochepa kwambiri yautumiki wadera, yomwe imatchedwa kuti Goldilocks Mfundo, zimasokoneza njira zotchedwa homeostatic zomwe zasintha kuti zikhale zokwanira, koma osati kudya kwambiri. Lingaliro limeneli likanakhala logwirizana ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino.
Ponena za kafukufuku wamtsogolo, zina zowonjezera zomwe zimachitika mu ubongo zowunikira maphunziro ziyenera kufufuza kuti zizindikiritse zoopsa za neural zomwe zidzakwaniritsire kulemera kwa m'tsogolo. Chachiwiri, zinthu zachilengedwe, zachikhalidwe, ndi zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo genotype, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha zovutazi pazomwe zidzatetezedwe m'tsogolo ziyenera kufufuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane. Chachitatu, kuwonjezereka koyesa kafukufuku-kayendedwe kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri, kuwonjezerapo kafukufuku wotsatizana ayenera kuyesa kulandira mapepala a mphotho yopereka mphoto kwa mafano a chakudya / cues ndi zakudya zopezera chakudya, zomwe zikuwonekera chifukwa chodya kwambiri Zofufuza zowonongeka zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsera mafunso awa a kafufuzidwe, kulola kutsutsana kwakukulu kwambiri pokhudzana ndi njira zoterezi. Zidzakhalanso zofunika kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku m'zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi ubongo (mwachitsanzo, chikumbumtima, kugwira ntchito, kukumbukira, kugwirizanitsa, kugwirizanitsa ntchito, machitidwe a neural omwe amagwirizanitsa ntchito izi, kugwirizana kwawo ndi mphoto ndi homeostatic (ie hypothalamic, brainstem) ubongo machitidwe, ndi momwe kusagwira ntchito pazinthu za neural ndi ntchito zamaganizidwe zingakhudzire mphoto ndi ntchito za homeostatic kuti akhale ndi ubongo wochuluka-chitsanzo cha khalidwe la kudya zakudya (Berthoud, 2012; Hall et al., 2014). Mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa chitetezo ndi machitidwe a ubongo a fronto-parietal omwe amatsutsana nawo ntchitoyi awerengedwa; Komabe, palinso mbali zina za ntchito yogwirira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kusinthidwa kwa maganizo, kuwonetseratu zamatsenga ndi kuwunika; Miyake et al., 2000) zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi dissociable, koma zigawo zogwirizanitsa za intaneti "executive" ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazokambirana zawo ndi khalidwe la kudya. Potsirizira pake, ofufuzira ayenera kupitiliza kutanthauzira zofukufuku kuchokera ku masewero okulingalira ubongo kuti athandize kwambiri kupewera kunenepa ndi njira zothandizira.
2.2. Zithunzi zapopaminergic
Monga momwe taonera pamwambapa, dopamine (DA) amathandiza kwambiri pakudya makhalidwe. Kumvetsetsa njira zamaganizo zomwe DA amachititsa kuti anthu azidya zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri kuti awonetsere, kupewa ndi mankhwala (mankhwala) ochepetsa kunenepa. Pofuna kuti dopaminergic ikhale yogwirizana, nkofunika kuti muyese kuyesa kukonza DA. Zotsatira za kuchulukana kwa kagayidwe ka magazi kapena kuthamanga kwa magazi mu dera la dopaminergic dera sizitanthauza kuti DA akugwira ntchito mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo, kutsegulira mu statum kungasonyeze kutchulidwa kwa hedonic 'kukonda' mmalo mwa dopaminergic 'kufuna' (Berridge, 2007). Pano, tipeza zambiri za zotsatira za maphunziro omwe akufufuza za DA.
2.2.1. Kujambula zithunzi za nyukiliya
Njira zamaganizo zogwiritsira ntchito nyukiliya monga positron emission tomography (PET) ndi mtundu wina wa photon wotchedwa tomography (SPECT) amagwiritsira ntchito tracers zamagetsi komanso kuyang'ana maginito a gamma kuti afotokoze mitsempha yamakono ofunika kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, DA receptors). PET ndi SPECT ali ndi chidziwitso chotsika kwambiri (masabata makumi awiri mpaka mphindi), kawirikawiri amafunikanso gawo limodzi lachinsinsi, ndikuletsa mafunso ofufukira omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi njira izi.
Gulu 1 amapereka mwachidule za maphunziro a PET ndi SPECT omwe amachititsa kusiyana kwa BMI kwa anthu. Malingana ndi kuchepetsa kupweteka kwa dopamine ndi kunenepa kwambiri ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mphamvu yochepa yophatikizapo mphamvu ya dopamine mu doral striatum ndi BMI (Wilcox et al., 2010; Wallace et al., 2014) ndi kuchepa kwa DA D2 / D3 receptor kumanga anthu omwe ali ovuta kwambiri komanso oonda (Wang et al., 2001; Haltia et al., 2007; Volkow et al., 2008; de Weijer et al., 2011; Kessler et al., 2014; van de Giessen et al., 2014). Komabe, ena apeza mayanjano abwino pakati pa D2 / D3 obvomerezeka kulandira ndi BMI (Dunn et al., 2012; Caravaggio et al., 2015), kapena palibe mgwirizano (Eisenstein et al., 2013). Kuchokera pa maphunziro omwe tatchulidwa pamwambawa sikudziwikiratu ngati kusiyana kwa DA processing kumasonyeza chifukwa kapena kuwonjezeka kwa BMI. Ena agwira pa funsoli poyesa kusintha kwa DA D2 / D3 receptor kumanga pambuyo opaleshoni ya bariatric ndi kutaya kwakukulu kolemetsa. Pamene phunziro limodzi linapeza kuwonjezeka ndipo lina linapepetsedwa mu receptor kumanga pambuyo pa opaleshoni (Dunn et al., 2010; Steele et al., 2010), kuphunzira ndi chitsanzo chachikulu sanapeze kusintha kwakukulu (de Weijer et al., 2014).
Njira yina yofufuzira kuti DA ikukhudzidwa ndi kunenepa kwambiri ndiko kuyesa kusintha kwa magulu a DA a extracellular opangidwa ndi psychostimulant kapena vuto la chakudya (onani Gulu 1). Potsata zovuta zotero, kuchepetsedwa kwapansi kotereku kumatanthauzidwa kuti ndikutulutsidwa kwakukulu kwa DA wolepheretsa kutsogolo kwakukulu ndi radioligand pa receptors. Zovuta zafukufuku zakhala zikuwonetsa kuti chakudya-kapena psychostimulant-chomwe chinapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha DA chophatikizidwe chiwonjezereke chikugwirizanitsidwa ndi m'munsi mwa BMI (Wang et al., 2014), wapamwamba BMI (Kessler et al., 2014), kapena simunapeze kusiyana pakati pa magulu a BMI (Haltia et al., 2007).
Mwachidule, kafukufuku wofukufuku wa nyukiliya wakufufuzira kafukufuku wofufuza za kusiyana kwa machitidwe a DA akugwira ntchito ya BMI sagwirizana kwambiri. Poyesera kuti agwirizane pa chiphunzitso chimodzi cha dopaminergic chinyengo pochita kunenepa, olemba osiyana agwiritsa ntchito kufotokoza kosiyana kwa zotsatira zawo. Mwachitsanzo, kulumikizidwa kwa DA D2 / D3 kulandirira kutanthauziridwa kuti kuwonetsere kupezeka kwa DA (mwachitsanzo, Wang et al., 2001; Haltia et al., 2007; Volkow et al., 2008; de Weijer et al., 2011; van de Giessen et al., 2014), Mgwirizano wa DA wothandizira (Caravaggio et al., 2015), kapena mpikisano ndi DA wodalirika (Dunn et al., 2010; Dunn et al., 2012). Malingana ndi deta, nthawi zambiri sadziwa ngati kusiyana kotereku kutanthauzira. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa Karlsson ndi anzake anasonyezera kuchepa kwapadera kwa μ-opioid receptor poyerekeza ndi akazi olemera, popanda kusintha kwa D2-receptor kupezeka, yomwe ingakhale njira yowonjezera yomwe ingafotokoze zotsatira zosagwirizana maphunziro ena ambiri (Karlsson et al., 2015).
2.2.2. Genetic fMRI
Pofufuzira zotsatira za kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa majeremusi a DA zomwe zimachitika kuti chiopsezo chisanafike chikhoza kudziwika. Mpaka pano, pangokhala maphunziro owerengeka omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi ma genetic pogwiritsa ntchito mphotho ya chakudya. Ambiri a iwo ndi mapulogalamu opanga maginito opanga mafilimu (fMRI).
Mitundu yambiri ya ma frimu yopenda chakudya cha mphotho imayang'ana kusiyana kwakukulu (ie polymorphism) yotchedwa TaqIA, yomwe A1 allele yakhala ikugwirizana ndi BMI m'mabuku angapo oyambirira.Noble et al., 1994; Jenkinson et al., 2000; Spitz et al., 2000; Thomas et al., 2001; Southon et al., 2003). The TaqIA polymorphism ili mu ANKK1 jini, ~ 10 kb kumunsi kwa mtundu wa DRD2 (Neville et al., 2004). Otsatira a A1 omwe amanyamula ma Taymia polymorphism amasonyeza kuchepetsa kutanthauzira kwa D2R kufotokoza (Laruelle et al., 1998; Pohjalainen et al., 1998; Jonsson et al., 1999). Kafukufuku wa fMRI waonetsa kuti odwala A1 amasonyeza kuchepa kwa mayankho okhudzana ndi mpweya wa oxygen-level (BOLD) m'madera olemera a DA mu ubongo (dorsal striatum, midbrain, thalamus, orbitofrontal cortex) pamene akudya mkaka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodetsa nkhaŵa zosiyana ndi osakhala zonyamulira (Stice et al., 2008a; Felsted et al., 2010). Chofunika kwambiri, izi zimachepetsa mayankho okhudzana ndi chakudya, komanso kuganizira zakudya zogulira chakudya, kudaliratu kulemera kwa m'tsogolo mwazitsulo za A1 (Stice et al., 2008a; Stice et al., 2010b). Izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti DA akuyendetsa yankho lophwanyika kwa chakudya cholipira mu kunenepa kwambiri. Mosiyana, pamene akuyembekezera mkaka kugwedezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera vuto, A1-ogwira ntchito atsimikizira kuwonjezeka Mayankho a BOLD mkatikatikatikati (Stice et al., 2012). Pali mitundu yambiri ya dopaminergic genotypes - kuphatikizapo ANKK1 ndi ena anai - sadaneneratu kuti adzalandira mayankho okhudzidwa chifukwa chodya chakudya, koma kuti alandire mphotho ya ndalama (Stice et al., 2012).
Motero, majeremusi a fMRI amasonyeza kuti kusiyana pakati pa majeremusi a dopaminergic kumathandizira mu ubongo kuyankha kwa mphotho ya chakudya, koma zotsatira zake sizinayengedwe nthawi zonse ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zimadalira kuyembekezera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphotho ya chakudya.
2.2.3. Zotsatira zamtsogolo za kujambula kwa dopaminergic
Palimodzi, SPECT, PET, ndi ma genetic fMRI maphunziro amasonyeza kuti ubongo DA umakhudzidwa ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Komabe, zofukufukuzi sizitanthauzidwa mosavuta ngati chinyengo chokhachokha cha deta ya DA mu kunenepa kwambiri. Komanso, pali kuchuluka kwa zosapindulitsa ndi zosapeza zosatheka, mwinamwake chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwazing'ono. Kuti agwiritse ntchito kujambula kwa dopaminergic monga njira ya phenotyping yomwe imasonyeza kufooka kwa kunenepa kwambiri kapena kukaneneratu za chithandizo chamankhwala, kudalirika kuyenera kuwonjezeka. Njira yowonjezereka yowunika (mwachitsanzo Bralten et al., 2013) kapena maphunziro ambiri a gulu la genome (mwachitsanzo El-Sayed Moustafa ndi Froguel, 2013; Stergiakouli et al., 2014) atha kukhala achidwi kwambiri komanso achindunji poulula udindo wa DA pakunenepa kwambiri. Potengera zamankhwala mwakukonda kwanu, maphunziro a DA geni fMRI atha kuphatikizidwa ndi pharmacology (onani Kirsch et al., 2006; Cohen et al., 2007; Aarts et al., 2015) kuti awulule njira zotsutsana ndi kunenepa kwambiri kwa mankhwala komanso kusiyana kwa munthu payekha.
Chifukwa china cha kusagwirizana kosamveka kungakhale kuti kunenepa (ie BMI) ndi kovuta kwambiri komanso kosagwirizana ndi phenotype (onaninso Ziauddeen et al., 2012), zomwe zikuwonekeranso poyera kuti maphunziro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu oopsa a polygen amangotenga mayina ang'onoang'ono ndi kunenepa kwambiri kwa phenotypes (mwachitsanzo, Domingue et al., 2014). Maphunziro a Neuroimaging angasonyeze bwino kwambiri dopaminergic zotsatira pogwiritsa ntchito ziganizo zamaganizo zomwe zimayambitsa zokakamiza chakudya (kupyolera mwa khama) kapena kuphunzira kwa mayanjano a mphotho, monga DA akudziwika bwino chifukwa cha ntchito yakeRobbins ndi Everitt, 1992; Schultz et al., 1997; Berridge ndi Robinson, 1998). Kuwunika mayankho okhudzana ndi ntchito, komabe, ndizovuta pa PET ndi SPECT chifukwa cha kusamvana kwawo kochepa. Komabe, zizindikiro za PET / SPECT zingagwirizane ndi khalidwe la ntchito (onani, mwachitsanzo Wallace et al., 2014). Komanso, njira zofananirana monga PET ndi FMRI zimakhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera maphunziro (onani, mwachitsanzo Sander et al., 2013 m'mabambo osakhala aumunthu), kugwiritsira ntchito bwino momwe PET ikuyendera komanso kuthetsa nyengo ndi malo a fMRI.
2.3. Chothandizira cha fNIRS chapafupi kwambiri.
Mosiyana ndi njira zina zopangira ma neuroimaging, monga PET ndi fMRI, fNIRS sichifuna kuti anthu azikhala apamwamba ndipo sizimalepheretsa kuyenda kwamutu, motero kuloleza ntchito zingapo zoyeserera zoyenera kufufuza bwino zovuta zakudya ndi kudya / zoyambitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, fNIRS imagwiritsa ntchito chida chotsika mtengo (chokhala ndi nthawi yoyeserera mwa dongosolo la ms ndikusintha kwakanthawi kwa pafupifupi 1 cm). Kumbali inayi, ngakhale EEG ndi njira yothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi, kusanja kwake kotsika kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzindikira madera omwe ali ndi ubongo, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso ena ofufuza okhudzana ndi zovuta zakudya (Jauregui-Lobera, 2012). Posachedwapa, kuthana ndi vutoli EEG yakhala ikugwirizana bwino ndi fMRI kuti iwononge kuchepa kwa malo a EEG ndi kuchepa kwa nthawi ya FMRI, pogwiritsa ntchito zoonjezera zawo (Jorge et al., 2014). Kufanana kapena kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa EEG ndi fMRI mu maphunziro okhudzana ndi zakudya kungapereke zidziwitso zina zowonjezera mausitomala. Komabe, kuphatikiza zofufuza za EEG-fMRI zokhudzana ndi chakudya sizinachitirenso pano. Pomalizira, zopindulitsa zonse zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa pogwiritsira ntchito fNIRS ndi EEG zimapereka lonjezo lalikulu lofufuza ubwino wopitilira ubongo wogwira ntchito, zomwe zimafuna kugwira ntchito kuphatikizapo kuyamwa kwa zakudya / zakumwa pansi pa zochitika zina zakuthupi.
2.3.1. Kufotokozera mwachidule mfundo, ubwino ndi zoperewera za FNIRS
Mfundo, ubwino, ndi zoperewera za fNIRS kapena zojambula zojambula bwino kapena zojambula zapakatikati (infrared) (NIR) zafotokozedwa mwachidule mu ndemanga zaposachedwapa (Hoshi, 2011; Cutini et al., 2012; Ferrari ndi Quaresima, 2012; Scholkmann et al., 2014). FNIRS ndiyo njira yamakono yopangidwa ndi makina osokoneza ubongo omwe amachititsa kusintha kwa mavitamini otchedwa oxygenated-hemoglobin (O2Hb) ndi deoxygenated-hemoglobin (HHb) m'mitsuko ya mitsempha ya cortical microcirculation. FNIRS imadalira kugwirizana kwa mitsempha ya mitsempha kuti iwonetse kusintha kwa ntchito za neural zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa magazi m'magazi amtunduwu (mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa O2Hb ndi kuchepa kwa HHb). Mosiyana ndi chizindikiro cha BOLD cha fMRI, chomwe chimasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku paramagnetic ya HHb, chizindikiro cha fNIRS chimadalira kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a mkati mwa HHb ndi O2Hb (Steinbrink et al., 2006). Maofesi a fNIRs amasiyana mosiyana ndi njira ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Njira zogwiritsira ntchito / kusanthula deta zimapereka chidziwitso chokhazikika cha kusintha kwa nthawi yeniyeni yowonongeka. Komabe, chisankho chochepa cha malo a FNIRS chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kufotokozera momveka bwino madera omwe amaloledwa. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, miyeso ya fNIRs, yokhala pamtunda, sitingathe kuyang'ana malo oyambirira ndi apamwamba a kukoma mtima, omwe ali mkatikati mwa ubongo (Okamoto ndi Dan, 2007). Choncho, malo ozama a ubongo, monga ventral striatum ndi hypothalamus, omwe angakhale ofunikira kufufuza khalidwe la kudya, akhoza kufufuza ndi FMRI ndi / kapena PET.
2.3.2. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa fNIRS popanga mapemphero a anthu okhudzana ndi zakudya zokhudzana ndi zakudya zomwe zimakhudza zakudya / kudya ndi matenda
Kugwiritsa ntchito fNIRS munthawi ya maphunziro okhudzana ndi zakudya / kudya ndi kusowa kwa kudya kumaimira kugwiritsa ntchito bukuli, monga zikuwonera ndi zofalitsa zochepa: 39 pazaka 10 zapitazi. Gulu 2 mwachidule maphunziro awa. FNIRS zokhudzana ndi zotsatirazi zimaphatikizansopo: 1) kutsegulira kwapakati pambali pazidziwitso zosiyana siyana / kusokoneza odwala omwe ali ndi ED, ndi 2) njira zosiyana zotsatilira pazigawo zam'mbali komanso zam'mbali zosiyana siyana (mwachitsanzo, zakudya zokoma, zakudya zokoma , zonunkhira chakudya, zipangizo zodyera, zakudya zakudya). Pakalipano, mitundu yochepa ya ED yafufuzidwa ndi FNIRS. Kafukufuku mmodzi yekha wanena kuti PFC ikuyankhira zolaula mwa odwala (Nagamitsu et al., 2010). Zotsatira zina zokhudzana ndi 4 ED zanenedwa Gulu 2, ndi mabuku ambiri a fMRI (onani García-García et al., 2013 Kufotokozera mwachidule mafukufuku a 86) kumasonyeza kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa nyerere pakati pa khalidwe labwino ndi losazolowereka popereka chakudya. Posachedwa, Bartholdy et al. (2013) awonanso maphunziro omwe neurofeedback anali nawo pamodzi ndi njira zamaganizo, kutsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito fNIRS pofufuza njira za ED. Komabe, kutanthauzira kwa zotsatira za FNIRS kungakhale kovuta ndi kutalika kwa khungu kwa khungu kwa odwala omwe ali ndi HIV oopsa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ubongo wawo pambuyo pa kulemera kwa mphamvu ya kuchepa ndi / kapena kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha madzi.Bartholdy et al., 2013; Ehlis et al., 2014). Choncho, kufufuza kwa momwe cortical atrophy ndi scalp perfusion zingakhudze kukhudzidwa kwa FNIRS ndizofunikira pofufuza ubwino wa njirayi poyamba ngati chida chofufuzira kwa odwala omwe ali ndi HIV.
Zaka makumi atatu mphambu zinayi kuchokera pa maphunziro a 39 zakhala zikuchitika muzochitika zathanzi (Gulu 2). Maphunziro makumi awiri a iwo awonetsa momwe fNIRS ingapereke chithandizo chothandizira kupangira mapulogalamu a mapu makamaka omwe amapezeka m'malo ovomerezeka apamwamba (lPFC). Maphunziro khumi ndi anayi ali okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito fNIRS mu maphunziro opatsirana zakudya mu ma paradigms omwe amawopsa komanso osatha (Jackson ndi Kennedy, 2013; Sizonenko et al., 2013 kwa ndemanga). Maphunzirowa asonyeza kuti fNIRS ikhoza kuzindikira zotsatira za zakudya ndi zakudya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa PFC.
Mwamwayi, maphunziro ambiri amalembedwa Gulu 2 zakhala zikuchitidwa pang'onopang'ono kukula kwake, ndipo kuyerekezera pakati pa odwala ndi maulendo kawirikawiri sikunali kokwanira. Kuonjezera apo, pokhapokha pali fNIRS yophunzira imodzi, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamtengo wapatali za fNIRS pogwiritsa ntchito zowonetseratu zowonongeka kwa nthawi, zakhala zikuwonetsa zofunikira zenizeni za O2Hb ndi HHb.
Pazinthu zochuluka zomwe zafotokozedwa, mapuloteni a fNIRS amangozungulira malo okhawo a ubongo. Chifukwa chake, mbali zina za malo amtundu monga parietal, fronto-temporal, ndi occipital zigawo, zomwe zingagwirizanitsidwe ndi visuospatial processing, chidwi, ndi zina zamaganizo, sanafufuze. Kuonjezera, maphunziro ambiri awonetsa kusintha kwa O2Hb kuyerekeza ndi zotsatira za fMRI zovuta.
Maphunziro oyambirirawa amasonyeza kuti, ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito pa maphunziro opangidwa bwino, fNIRS imagwiritsa ntchito pothandiza kuthana ndi zotsatira za kudya / supplementation. Kuonjezera apo, fNIRS ikhoza kusinthidwa mosavuta kwa: 1) poyesa momwe ntchito ya ED imathandizira ndi mapulogalamu ophunzitsira khalidwe, ndi 2) kufufuza zowonongeka kwa dlPFC kuti ziwonetsedwe zowonongeka pazochitika zabwino komanso odwala ED.
3. Zomwe sizowonongeka zowonjezereka zikuyandikira: zochitika zamakono komanso zovuta zamakono
3.1. Nthawi yeniyeni fMRI neurofeedback ndi chithandizo chamaganizo
3.1.1. Mau oyambirira a neurofeedback mu kuyambiranso kuganiziranso
Kuyanjanitsa ndi kulingalira ndi njira yowonongeka yotsutsana ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro kuti asinthe ndondomeko ndi / kapena kukula kwa momwe akumvera (Ochsner et al., 2012). Njira za ubongo zomwe zimapanga ndikugwiritsira ntchito njira zowonjezeredwanso zimaphatikizapo zoyendetsa bwino, zowonongeka zowonongeka (dACC), ndi ma cortices otsika kwambiri (Ochsner et al., 2012). Zigawozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kusintha maganizo pa amygdala, ventral striatum (VS), insula, ndi ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) (Ochsner et al., 2012; Chith. 1). Pomalizira, ndondomeko zowonongeka zamaganizo zimasonyezedwa kuti zithetsedwe kuti zikhale zokhutira ndi zakudya zokoma kwambiri kudzera m'mayendedwe omwewo (Kober et al., 2010; Hollmann et al., 2012; Siep et al., 2012; Yokum ndi Stice, 2013).
Dongosolo la Neurofeedback pogwiritsira ntchito maginito opanga maginito (fmRI) deta ndi njira yophunzitsira yosagwira ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mapulasitiki a neural ndi makhalidwe ophunzirira popereka anthu omwe ali ndi zenizeni zenizeni zokhudza ntchito zawo za ubongo kuti athandizire kudzidzimvera kwadzidzidzi kwa ntchitoyi yachisudzo (Sulzer et al., 2013; Stoeckel et al., 2014; Chith. 2). Kuphatikizira nthawi yeniyeni fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback ndi njira zamakono zoyanjanitsa ndi njira yopangira njira zatsopano zokhudzana ndi sayansi, zamaganizo, ndi teknoloji kukhala chida chothandizira kuphunzira (Birbaumer et al., 2013), neuroplasticity (Sagi et al., 2012), ndi zotsatira zachipatala (deCharms et al., 2005). Njirayi ikukwaniritsa njira zamakono zamagetsi, kuphatikizapo ubongo wakuthupi ndi zokopa zapakati, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda ubongo za matenda a ubongo ndipo zingapangitse mtengo wapamwamba kuposa mankhwala a psychotherapy okha, kuphatikizapo maganizo okhudza khalidwe labwino, popereka chidziwitso chokhudza momwe zidziwitso zimasinthira kuchititsa kusintha mu ubongo (Adcock et al., 2005).
Zikuwoneka kuti ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamaganizidwe zowonongeka ndi ubongo zomwe zimawatsatira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asakhale ndi makhalidwe oipa, kuphatikizapo AN, BN, BED, kunenepa kwambiri, ndi kuledzeretsa (Kelley et al., 2005b; Aldao ndi Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010; Kaye et al., 2013). Kulimbana ndi matendawa, kawirikawiri zimakhala zovuta kugwira ntchito m'magulu awiri akuluakulu a ubongo omwe ali ndi maudindo ofunika kumvetsetsa: chimodzi chokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito hypersensitivity pofuna kupereka mphoto (monga VS, amygdala, insula ya mkati, vmPFC, kuphatikizapo orbitofrontal cortex). pa zakudya kapena mankhwala ena (mwachitsanzo, chotsatira, chowongolera, - pPPC, kuphatikizapo dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - dlPFC). Mapulogalamu atsopano omwe athandizidwa kutsogolera njira zowonongeka zowonongeka maganizo komanso njira zowonongeka zazitsulo zingapereke njira yatsopano ndi chiyembekezo cha matenda ovutawa.
3.1.2. Kuzindikiranso zamaganizo, kunenepa kwambiri, ndi matenda ovutika
Kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda amodzi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kufotokoza momwe bukuli, njira yopewera njira zokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo zingayendetsere. Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana amasonyeza kuti anthu olemera ndi oonda kwambiri amasonyeza mphoto yokhala ndi mphoto kwa mafano a zakudya zamtengo wapatali / shuga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulemera (cf. Gawo 2.1). Mwamwayi, zidziwitso zamaganizo, monga kuganizira zotsatira za thanzi lakale poyang'ana mafano a zakudya zoterozo, kumawonjezereka dera (dlPFC, vlPFC, vmPFC, yotsatira ya OFC, yowonongeka ndi yoperewera). (ventral striatum, amygdala, aCC, VTA, posterior insula) ndi chisamaliro cha dera (precuneus, kuika patsogolo kwa kactex - PCC) poyerekeza ndi zosiyana (Kober et al., 2010; Hollmann et al., 2012; Siep et al., 2012; Yokum ndi Stice, 2013). Deta izi zimasonyeza kuti zidziwitso zowonongeka zingachepetse kuteteza kwa mphotho ku madera a chakudya komanso kuonjezera kuwonetsetsa kuti dera lanu liwonongeke, zomwe zimakhala zofunikira chifukwa malo athu ali ndi zifanizo ndi zakudya (monga malonda pa TV) zomwe zimathandiza kuti adye chakudya. Choncho, Stice et al. (2015) Pulogalamuyi imapangitsa kuti anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino azigwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka pozindikira kuti ali ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi, poganiza kuti ngati ophunzirawo akuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito izi mobwerezabwereza, adzawonetsa mphotho komanso kuchepetsa chidwi cha dera komanso kuwonjezereka kwa chiwerengero cha chakudya chazomwe akudya. -fat / shuga wambiri, omwe ayenera kuchepetsa kudya kwa caloric. Achinyamata omwe ali pachiopsezo chotenga kulemera chifukwa cha kulemera (N = 148) zidasinthidwa kukhala zatsopanozi Kukhala ndi Thanzi Labwino pulogalamu yothandizira, pulogalamu yothandizira kuti pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa zakudya zowonongeka komanso kuwonjezera masewera olimbitsa thupi (a Kulemera Kwambiri kulowetsa), kapena kulemera kwa vidiyo ya mavidiyo ovuta kwambiri (Stice et al., 2015). Chiwonetsero cha Kukhala ndi Thanzi Labwino ndipo olamulira ayamaliza kujambulira frimu yoyamba ndi yotsatila kuti aone mayankho a neural ku zithunzi za mafuta apamwamba / shuga. Kukhala ndi Thanzi Labwino Ophunzirawo anawonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu mu mafuta a thupi kusiyana ndi maulamuliro ndi kuchuluka kwa kudya kwa caloriki kuchokera ku mafuta ndi shuga kuposa Kulemera Kwambiri otsogolera, ngakhale kuti zotsatirazi zidalepheretsedwe ndi kutsatiridwa kwa mwezi wa 6. Komanso, Kukhala ndi Thanzi Labwino Otsogolera akuwonetseratu kuti chigawo choyendetsa chitetezo cha m'midzi chimawongolera (kuchepa kwachangu) komanso kuchepetsa kutsegulira dera / madera omwe akuyang'anapo. Ngakhale Kukhala ndi Thanzi Labwino Kupititsa patsogolo kunapangitsa zina mwa zotsatirazi, zomwe zinakhudza zotsatira zina komanso zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa.
N'zotheka kuti Kuwonjezera kwa maphunziro a rtfMRI neurofeedback kwa Kukhala ndi Thanzi Labwino kuthandizira kungapangitse zotsatira zowonjezereka ndi zotsatira zabwino za mankhwala. Chifukwa chogogomezera kugwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso choyambiranako Kukhala ndi Thanzi Labwino Kupititsa patsogolo, froRI-based neurofeedback inali yoyerekeza ndi zina, makina ophatikizira monga electroencephalography (EEG) chifukwa cha kukonza malo apamwamba a fMRI, kuphatikizapo kuthekera kwa malingaliro a ubongo wosagwirizana kwambiri kuti athetse khalidwe la kudya kwa neurofeedback. Phunziro loyamba likuwonetsa mankhwala Mphamvu ya rtfMRI neurofeedback inalembedwa mu 2005 (deCharms et al., 2005). Pakhala pali maphunziro angapo omwe akusonyeza kuti rtfMRI neurofeedback-inachititsa kusintha kwa ubongo kumagwira ntchito mmagulu osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kusokonezeka kwa khalidwe lachiwerewere, kuphatikizapo amygdala (Zotev et al., 2011; Zotev et al., 2013; Bruhl et al., 2014), insula (Caria et al., 2007; Caria et al., 2010; Frank et al., 2012), aCC (deCharms et al., 2005; Chapin ndi al., 2012; Li et al., 2013), ndi PFC (Rota et al., 2009; Sitaram et al., 2011). Magulu angapo amavomereza kuti agwiritse ntchito rtfMRI kuti asinthe malingaliro ndi makhalidwe omwe angapangitse kuti athe kuchipatala (pofuna kubwereza maphunzirowa deCharms, 2007; Weiskopf et al., 2007; deCharms, 2008; Birbaumer et al., 2009; Caria et al., 2012; Chapin ndi al., 2012; Weiskopf, 2012; Sulzer et al., 2013), kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito m'dera la kunenepa kwambiri (Frank et al., 2012). Kuti muwone momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito rtfMRI neurofeedback chifukwa cha vuto la khalidwe losasangalatsa, onani Bartholdy et al. (2013).
3.1.3. Umboni wokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa rtfMRI neurofeedback ndi chidziwitso choyambirananso pofuna kukhazikitsa khalidwe la kudya
Monga chitsimikiziro cha umboni, Stoeckel et al. (2013a) adamaliza kafukufuku wophatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikiranso mozama (zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa) ndi rtfMRI neurofeedback mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo kulemera kwa 16 (BMI <25) wopanda mbiri yakudya kosasokonezeka omwe adasala kudya kwambiri. Pakafukufuku woyendetsa ndege, zitsanzo zodziyimira pawokha za omwe atenga nawo gawo 5 adatha kuwongolera zovuta zokhudzana ndi zoletsa (zotsogola zapambuyo pake), koma osati zokhudzana ndi mphoto (ventral striatum), kuyambitsa ubongo pogwiritsa ntchito rtfMRI neurofeedback (Stoeckel et al., 2011). Chifukwa chake, kotekisi wotsatira wotsika wakumbuyo adasankhidwa ngati gawo laubongo lomwe lingasangalatse neurofeedback. Ophunzira adamaliza maulendo awiri a neurofeedback, sabata la 1 padera. Paulendo uliwonse, ophunzirawo adagwira ntchito yolembedwa, yoyimitsa, yomwe ndiyeso lodziwika bwino lodziletsa (Logan et al., 1984) yomwe imayambitsa kotheratu yamtundu wotsika kwambiri yamtundu wa makoswe (Xue et al., 2008). Ophunzirawo adayesanso kudziwongolera pawokha momwe ubongo umagwirira ntchito m'chigawochi chochita chidwi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zanzeru pakuwona zithunzi zokoma. Poyang'ana zithunzi za chakudya, ophunzirawo adafunsidwa kuti azilingalira zomwe akufuna kudya (kulakalaka kapena 'kuwongolera') kapena kulingalira zamtsogolo zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chodya mopitirira muyeso chakudyacho (kuwunikiranso mozama kapena 'kupondereza'). Pamapeto pamayeso aliwonse a maphunziro a neurofeedback, ophunzira adalandira mayankho ochokera kudera laubongo omwe amadziwika ndi scanizer pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apanyumba opangidwa ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology (kuti mumve zambiri, onani Hinds et al., 2011). Ophunzirawo adalemba zofuna zawo poyang'ana mafano a chakudya panthawi yonseyi. Poyerekeza ndi mayesero okhudzidwa, ophunzira adakhala ndi mphoto yochepa yozungulira (ventral tegmental area (VTA), VS, amygdala, hypothalamus, ndi vmPFC) ndi kuchepetsa chilakolako pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonjezera (ps <0.01). Kuphatikiza apo, kusiyana kwa zochitika mu VTA ndi hypothalamus panthawi yolembetsa vs. Kuyambiranso kunayanjanitsidwa ndi chikhumbo (rs = 0.59 ndi 0.62, ps <0.05). Maphunziro a Neurofeedback adapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwongolera kwapambuyo pake; Komabe, izi sizinali zokhudzana ndi mphotho ya mesolimbic yoyambitsa dera kapena kulakalaka. rtfMRI maphunziro a neurofeedback adatsogolera pakuwongolera zochitika zaubongo mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali athanzi; Komabe, ma neurofeedback sanalimbitse mphamvu zamalamulo ozindikira pamalipiro oyeserera kapena kulakalaka pambuyo magawo awiri (Stoeckel et al., 2013a).
3.1.4. Kuwunika kwa rtfMRI neurofeedback kuyesa komwe kumayambitsa matenda a khalidwe losasangalatsa
Musanayese ndondomekoyi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la khalidwe loipa, kuphatikizapo kunenepa kwambiri, zidzakhala zofunikira kulingalira kuti malo kapena ubongo ndi ziti zomwe zimapangitsa kuti rtfMRI ikhale yophunzitsidwa ndi ubongo komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ntchito ya neuropsychological pa neural systems level level. Mwachitsanzo, hypothalamus ili ndi udindo wapadera pa kayendedwe ka khalidwe lopweteka; Komabe, ndiloling'ono kakang'ono kamene kali ndi subnuclei zingapo zomwe zimagwira ntchito zothandizira kuthetsa njala, satiety, ndi kagayidwe kabwino ka thupi, komanso ntchito zochepa monga kugona. Chifukwa cha lingaliro la rtfMRI, n'zotheka kuti chizindikiro cha neurofeedback kuchokera ku hypothalamus chingaphatikizepo chidziwitso kuchokera ku kuphatikiza kwa subnuclei, zomwe zingakhudze mphamvu ya kuyesayesa kutsata ndondomeko yodzipereka (monga njala). Ndifunikanso kulingalira kuti zowonjezereka zitha kugwira ntchito yophunzitsira. Mwachitsanzo, nkutheka kuti kuyang'aniridwa ndi homeostatic control ya kudya yomwe imayimiridwa mu hypothalamus ndi ubongo zingayambitse njira zowonetsera kuti zikhale zotetezera kulemera kwake kwa thupi kuti izi ndizopakati, maulendo a neural omwe amasunga mphamvu zowonongeka zowonongeka. Komabe, zingakhale zotheka kulongosola za hedonic, chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa, kapena njira zina zomwe si "homeostatic" (ndi magwirizano awo a neural) omwe angathandize anthu kuti athe kusintha mofanana ndi chilengedwe pomwe kuchepetsanso makhalidwe omwe angapangitse kuwonjezera kunenepa kwambiri. Sindikudziwikanso ngati zotsatira zabwino zingatheke kuchokera ku neurofeedback kuchokera kumalo a ubongo omwe ali ovomerezeka ndi anatomically kapena malo amtundu wa ubongo kapena ngati njira yogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta yogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro othandizira othandizira kapena magulu osiyanasiyana a ma voxel (MVPA) angakhale abwino kupatsidwa lamulo Khalidwe lachiwerewere limaphatikizapo njira za homeostatic komanso zopanda pakhomo zomwe zimayimilidwa m'magulu a ubongo (neural circuitry) mu ubongo (Kelley et al., 2005a). Njira yokhazikika ya ROI ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kulumikiza dera lina la ubongo (mwachitsanzo, vmPFC pakukhazikitsa malamulo ofunika kwambiri a chakudya chokoma kwambiri). Njira ina ndiyomwe imalepheretsa kugwirizanitsa ntchito pakati pa malo a ubongo omwe amasonyeza ntchito yabwino (mwachitsanzo, yonse ya mesocorticolimbic mphoto yomwe ili ndi VTA-amygdala-VS-vmPFC). MVPA ikhoza kukhala yabwino ngati pali magawo ambirimbiri a ubongo omwe amachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta zokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo. Zingakhalenso zofunikira kuwonjezera maphunziro a rtfMRI neurofeedback mwa kuphatikizapo maphunziro othandizira m'maganizo, kapena kumvetsetsa, monga Kukhala ndi Thanzi Labwino, musanakhale neurofeedback. Pomalizira pake, pangakhale kofunika kuwonjezera maphunziro a maganizo kapena chidziwitso ndi adjunctive pharmacotherapy kapena chipangizo-based neuromodulation monga TMS kupititsa patsogolo ntchito neurofeedback maphunziro. Kuti mumve zambiri zokhudza izi ndi zina zomwe zikukhudzana ndi mapangidwe a rtfMRI neurofeedback maphunziro a mavuto a khalidwe loipa, onani Stoeckel et al. (2014).
3.2. Kusintha kwa maginito maginito (TMS) ndi kusintha kwachangu komwe kumakopeka (tDCS)
3.2.1. Kuyamba kwa TMS ndi TDCS
Njira zopanda mphamvu zokhudzana ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zimalola kuti kugwiritsidwa kwa kunja kwa ubongo waumunthu kukhala kotetezeka, popanda chizoloŵezi cha njira yothandizira. Kwa zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, anthu akhala akukhudzidwa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kuti anthu asamagwiritse ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Njira zambiri zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito maginito (TMS) ndi transcranial yeniyeni yeniyeni yomasulira (tDCS). TMS imadalira kugwiritsa ntchito mwamsanga kusintha maginito masamba omwe amaperekedwa ndi coil atakonzedwa mu pulasitiki yomwe imayikidwa pa scalp ya phunzirolo (Chith. 3A). Maginitowa amitundu yosiyanasiyana amachititsa kuti phokosolo likhale lopangidwa ndi mphepo yam'mbali yomwe ili pafupi ndi cortex yomwe imatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti izi zitheke.Barker, 1991; Pascual Leone ndi al., 2002; Hallett, 2007; Ridding ndi Rothwell, 2007). TMS itha kuperekedwa m'matumba amodzi kapena angapo, omwe amatchedwanso kubwereza TMS (rTMS). Pankhani ya tDCS, mafunde ofatsa a DC (makamaka mu dongosolo la 1-2 mA) amagwiritsidwa ntchito molunjika pamutu kudzera papayipi yama elekitirodi yothira mchere wokhudzana ndi batire ngati (Chith. 3B). Pafupifupi 50% ya zamakono zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi tDCS zimalowa mkati mwazitsulo ndipo zimatha kukweza kapena kuchepetsa kapangidwe kamene kamene kamakhala ndi ma neuroni m'madera ochepa (kusakaniza kapena cathodal tDCS kukondweretsa, motsatira)Nitsche et al., 2008). TTS ndi tDCS zingapangitse kusintha kosasintha / kosatha komwe amakhulupirira kuti akugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu ya synaptic. Kufotokozera mwachidwi za njirazi ndi njira zawo zogwirira ntchito zili kutali kwambiri ndi gawo lino ndipo zingapezeke kwina kulikonse (Pascual Leone ndi al., 2002; Wassermann et al., 2008; Stagg ndi Nitsche, 2011). Gulu 3 akupereka chidule cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa TMS ndi TDCS. Ngakhale kuti TMS ndi tDCS zakhala ziribe njira zogwirira ntchito m'mundawu, machitidwe ena atsopano kapena osinthidwa omwe asokonezedwa ndi zaka zatsopano ndipo akhala akufufuza mozama, monga TMS yakuya (dTMS) (Zangen et al., 2005), tanthauzo lapamwamba tDCS (HD-tDCS) (Datta et al., 2009), mawonekedwe osinthika omwe alipo tsopano (TACS) (Kanai et al., 2008), kapena kusintha kwa phokoso kopanda phokoso (tRNS) (Terney et al., 2008). Njira zowonjezereka za neuromodulation ndizo zopanda pake (cf. Gawo 4), monga kukula kwa ubongo (DBS), kapena zomwe zimayambitsa mitsempha ya m'mimba, monga vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).
Zaka makumi awiri zapitazi zakhala zikupita patsogolo kwambiri mukumvetsetsa kwathu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kudya, kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda. Kafukufuku wambiri ndi kafukufuku wamaganizo apeza kuti chotsutsana pakati pa mphotho ndi kuvomerezedwa ndizofunikira kwambiri pa lamulo la kudya ndi kulemera kwa thupi mwa anthu (Alonso-Alonso ndi Pascual Leone, 2007; Wang et al., 2009a; Kober et al., 2010; Hollmann et al., 2012; Siep et al., 2012; Vainik et al., 2013; Yokum ndi Stice, 2013). Monga momwe kafukufuku akupitilira mu gawo lino, chidziwitso chomwe chilipo chimapangitsa kuti ayambe kufufuza njira zomwe zimasintha kuchokera ku khalidwe kupita ku chidziwitso monga chofunikira kwambiri. Zonsezi, njira zowonongeka zimatha kubweretsa nzeru komanso kutsegulira njira zochiritsira zatsopano m'malingaliro atsopanowa omwe amachititsa kuti chidziwitso chikhale chigawo chachikulu cha khalidwe lodya anthu.
3.2.2. Chidule cha maphunziro a kachipatala kuti musinthe khalidwe la kudya ndi matenda odwala
Khalidwe lodyera ndilo ntchito yowonongeka pamtunda wosasokoneza, ndi phunziro loyambirira lomwe likupezeka ku 2005 (Uher et al., 2005). TMS ndi tDCS ndizo njira zokha zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhaniyi. Gulu 4 imapereka chidule cha kafukufuku wosasinthika, wowongoleredwa, wotsimikizira-lingaliro. Mpaka pano, kafukufukuyu adayesa zovuta zokhazokha, gawo limodzi lokha, kupatula ziwiri: kafukufuku m'modzi ndi rTMS mwa odwala bulimic (masabata 3), ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa ndi tDCS mwa amuna athanzi (masiku 8). Dera lolunjika, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), ndi gawo lovuta laubongo lokhudzana ndi ntchito yayikulu yomwe imathandizira kuwongolera kuzindikira kwa kudya. Ponseponse, lingaliro loyambira ndikuti kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya dlPFC itha kusintha mphotho yolandirira mphotho pakuthandizira kuwongolera kuzindikira komanso mwina kupondereza njira zokhudzana ndi mphotho zomwe zimayendetsa kukhumba chakudya ndi kudya mopitirira muyeso. Njira zodziwikiratu za dlPFC zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi rTMS kapena tDCS ndikuwunikira zomwe zakhala zikuchitika sizikudziwika kwenikweni. Zotheka ndi monga kusintha kwa njira zowerengera mphotho (Camus et al., 2009), kunyalanyaza (Fregni et al., 2008), kapena mphamvu zoletsa (Lapenta et al., 2014). Kafukufuku wa rTMS adalunjika kumanzere kwa dlPFC kokha, kudzera pamawonekedwe osangalatsa (10 ndi 20 Hz). Kafukufuku wa tDCS adalunjika kumanja kumanzere ndi kumanzere dlPFC, ndimayendedwe / montage osiyana pang'ono. Kafukufuku wambiri - onse omwe ali ndi ma TDCS ndi amodzi omwe ali ndi rTMS - awunika momwe zimakhudzira kulakalaka chakudya, kulakalaka kudya komanso kudya. Ponseponse, akhala akupeza kuponderezana kwakukulu pazambiri zomwe adaneneratu zakulakalaka ndi chilakolako choyesedwa ndi masanjidwe kapena masikelo owonera analogue (VAS). Pali chisonyezero china chakuti zotsatira zake ndi ma tDCS atha kukhala achindunji pakulakalaka maswiti. Zosintha pakudya sizikhala zosemphana ndi gawo limodzi la rTMS kapena tDCS. Pakafukufuku wakale kwambiri mpaka pano ndi tDCS (masiku 8), olembawo adapeza kutsika kwa 14% kwama calories?Jauch-Chara et al., 2014). Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro ena ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamankhwala popanda kutsogolo komwe kumakhala koyendetsa, mmalo mochititsa manyazi kumalo omwe sali oyenera kudya chakudya mwachitsanzo. Popeza kuti nthawi zina kukondweretsa kumawoneka ndi wodwalayo, sitingathe kupatula mpweya wa placebo nthawi zina.
Kafukufuku wodwala matenda odwala mpaka pano adagwiritsa ntchito ma ARV. Malipoti angapo (Kamolz et al., 2008; McClelland et al., 2013b) ndi phunziro lachidziwitso (Van den Eynde et al., 2013) (osaphatikizidwira patebulo) akuwonetseratu kuti angathe kukhala ndi matenda ochepetsa matenda a anthexia nervosa, koma zofufuzira ziyenera kuyanjanitsidwa m'mayesero olamulidwa ndi placebo. Pa mlandu wa BN, lipoti la oyambirira lija linapereka mwayi wopindulitsa ndi rTMS (Hausmann et al., 2004), koma izi sizinatsimikizidwe pakuyesedwa kwachipatala komwe kunagwiritsa ntchito njirayi pamasabata atatu (Walpoth et al., 2008). Kafukufuku waposachedwa adawonetsa zopindulitsa pogwiritsa ntchito 10 Hz rTMS yogwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, wodwala wotsutsa yemwe ali ndi BN (magawo 20, masabata 4) (Downar et al., 2012). Chigawo ichi cha ubongo chimaimira cholinga chenicheni chimene chimapangitsa kuti pakhale chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa, makamaka kusankhidwa ndikusankha zochita (Bush ndi al., 2000; Krug ndi Carter, 2012), ndi kulumikizana kwake ndi chipatala cha AN ndi BN (McCormick et al., 2008; Goddard et al., 2013; Lee ndi al., 2014).
3.2.3. Zofunikira za m'tsogolomu: kuchokera ku maphunziro omwe amachititsa anthu kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino
Zotsatira za maphunziro oyambirirawa zimapereka chitsimikizo chokwanira cha kutembenuzidwa kwa mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika m'munda wa khalidwe la kudya. Ntchito zomwe zingakhale zofunikira zingakhale zowonjezereka kuonetsetsa kuti zidziwitso ndi zochitika zapakati pa ubongo zimathandizira kuperewera kwa zolemera zowonongeka.DelParigi et al., 2007; McCaffery et al., 2009; Hassenstab et al., 2012), kapena kugwirizanitsa zochitika za ubongo zong'onong'ono ndi zowonongeka mu AN ndi BN (Kaye et al., 2010). Ngakhale malingaliro onsewa ndi omveka bwino, zenizeni zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osagwirizana ndi vuto la kunenepa kwambiri ndi zovuta zodyera pakalipano zikufufuzidwa ndipo njira zabwino ndi ndondomeko zikutanthauzidwa. Kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwe ntchito kosagwiritsidwe ntchito kungagwiritsidwe ntchito payekha kapena kuphatikizapo njira zina monga chithandizo cha khalidwe, chidziwitso cha thupi, thupi labwino ndi zakudya, kuti zithetse mavuto. Kuwonjezera pa njira zothandizira, njira zamagetsi zogwiritsira ntchito matendawa zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwitsa njira zothandizira matenda, mwachitsanzo kuyesa kugwirizanitsa kwa dera linalake mumalingaliro opatsirana kapena khalidwe lawonetsera (Robertson et al., 2003). Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wafufuza kuthekera kwa TMS kuti awerengere mayankho a mphotho (Robertson et al., 2003) ndipo zotsatira za ntchitoyi zingathe kutsogolera zitukuko zomwe zingathandize kuti pakhale phenotypes.
Ngakhale pali kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa neuromodulation m'munda wa khalidwe la kudya, palinso zambiri zoperewera ndi mafunso otseguka. Kupuntha ndi nkhani yaikulu, yofunsidwa ndi phunziro limodzi la ma CRM kulakalaka chakudya ndi phunziro la TDCS kumene maphunziro adatha kulingalira momwe adalandira ndi 79% molondola (Barth et al., 2011; Goldman et al., 2011). Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kulingalira mofanana ndi momwe angagonjetse vutoli, kapena kuti athetseretu kuthetsa khungu pamene zojambulazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chinthu chinanso chokhazikitsira maphunziro m'tsogolo ndi Kuwonjezera pa zotsatira zowonjezera zachipatala. TTMS ndi tDCS zasintha zowonongeka ndi zovomerezeka mu malo oyesera, mwachitsanzo, zithunzi za analogue ziwerengero, koma chidziwitso chawo cha kuchipatala sichikutsimikizika.
Maphunziro onse mpaka pano adalimbikitsa DLPFC, monga mwa ntchito zina za tDCS ndi rTMS mu neuropsychiatry. Palifunika kufufuza zolinga zina; Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex / dorsal anterior cingulate kaloti (daCC), malo okhala parietal ndi anterior insular cortex akudalira kwambiri. Ma ARV ndi tDCS amakonzedweratu kuti akwaniritse zigawo za ubongo zomwe zili pamwambapa. Kufika kumalo ozama a ubongo kungakhale kosavuta ndi HD-tDCS, kapena ndi dTMS pa malo ozama kwambiri monga insular cortex (Zangen et al., 2005). Njira yotsatiridwa posachedwapa ya rTMS imaphatikizapo kutsogolera zowonjezereka pogwiritsa ntchito zowonongeka zogwira ntchito zotsatiridwa ndi mpumulo-boma fMRI (Fox et al., 2012a; Fox et al., 2012b). Kuwonjezera pa kulunjika m'madera a ubongo okha, zovuta zowonjezereka zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndizomwe zingaperekedwe ndi maphunziro omwe amodziwa nthawi imodzi. Njira imeneyi ingabweretse mavuto ambiri (Martin et al., 2013; Martin et al., 2014) ndipo amadziwika bwino ndi matenda okhudzana ndi kudya ndi kunenepa kwambiri, kumene kuli zovuta m'madera ena okhudza ubongo, monga ntchito zoyang'anira, ngakhale kuti chithunzichi ndi chovuta (Alonso-Alonso, 2013; Balodis et al., 2013). Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kulingalira komanso / kapena njira zowunikira ntchito za ubongo zingathandizenso kutsata ndondomeko yowunikira ndikuthandizira kuti pakhale njira yothetsera vutoli. Kafukufuku watsopano wa TDCS akuwonekera m "njirayi, ndi kuphatikiza zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika za EEG zokhudzana ndi zochitika ndi zochitika za chilakolako cha zakudya ndi kudya (Lapenta et al., 2014).
Ntchito yowonjezereka ikufunika kuti mudziwe zomwe zingakhale zosiyana pakuyankha kwa neuromodulation. Ambiri mwa ophunzira mu maphunzirowa a RTMS / TDCS akhala atsikana, omwe ali ndi kusintha kwa BMI. Zotsatira za kugonana sizikhala zosasunthika, popanda kulinganirana kwachindunji pakati pa amai ndi abambo, koma kusiyana kumakhala kochokera pa chikhalidwe cha ubongo pa ubongo wokhudzana ndi njala (Del Parigi et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2009a). Pamene mukuphunzira njira zokhudzana ndi zakudya ndi njira, ndifunikanso kulingalira kusiyana kwakukulu mu ntchito za ubongo zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha zamagetsi. Monga tanenera Gulu 4, maphunziro amalimbikitsidwa makamaka munthawi yapakatikati, monga pafupifupi 2-4 h mutatha kudya. Sizikudziwika ngati zochitika zosiyanasiyana zitha kubweretsa zotsatira zabwino. Chosokoneza china chomwe sichingasinthidwe ndi gawo lakudya. Odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la kudya ndi kunenepa kwambiri nthawi zambiri amatsata zakudya zomwe zitha kukhala zopanikiza ndipo, koposa zonse, zimatha kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu pakusangalatsidwa kwaubongo komanso pakumverera / kuyankha kwa neuromodulation (Alonso-Alonso, 2013). Chinthu china ndi chakuti munthu adzalandira TMS kapena tDCS mu chiwerengero chochepetsetsa kapena kulemera kwake, komwe kudzakhalanso ndi zotsatira muzochitika za ubongo komanso kupempha kwabwino (Alonso-Alonso, 2013). Pomalizira pake, pamfundo yambiri, munthu amatha kusintha magetsi kapena magetsi. Magaziniyi yatchulidwa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a tDCS (Bikson et al., 2013). Chodetsa nkhaŵa makamaka pankhaniyi ndi kaya mafuta a mutu, minofu yowonongeka, ingasokoneze kupezeka kwowonjezera (Nitsche et al., 2008; Truong et al., 2013).
Ponena za zotsatira zoyipa, TMS ndi tDCS ndizovuta, zopanda ululu zomwe zimalekerera nthawi zambiri (Nitsche et al., 2008; Rossi et al., 2009). Zowonongeka kwambiri ndi rTMS ndi mutu, umene umapezeka pafupifupi 25-35% ya odwala pa dlPFC kukondweretsa, kenako ululu wa misozi (12.4%) (Machii et al., 2006). Ndi ma TDCS, anthu ambiri (> 50%) amafotokoza zakumapeto kwakanthawi pansi pa ma elekitirodi omwe amatha kutanthauzidwa ngati kulira, kuyabwa, kuyaka kapena kupweteka, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ofatsa kapena ochepa (Brunoni et al., 2011). Pakukonza phunziro ndikofunikira kuti musatuluke ophunzira omwe ali ndi zotsutsana kuti adzalandire TMS kapena tDCS, ndi kusonkhanitsa zochitika mwadongosolo. Pali mayankho ovomerezeka omwe alipo pa cholingachi (Rossi et al., 2009; Brunoni et al., 2011). Chosautsa choopsa kwambiri cha nthenda yosadziwika yosavomerezeka ndi kudulidwa kwa kugwidwa, komwe kwakhala kosawerengeka kokha ndi rTMS (Rossi et al., 2009).
Munda wa neuromodulation ukufutukula mofulumira ndipo wayamba kuwoloka malire kupyola kuchipatala ndi kafukufuku kumudzi wokonda chidwi ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zosangalatsa. Ndikofunika kuti ife, dera la asayansi tikugwira ntchito mu neuromodulation, tidzakhalabe odzipereka kuti tichite kafukufuku wosunga umphumphu ndikusunga miyezo yapamwamba yamakhalidwe pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi. Kukhoza kusokoneza ubongo wa munthu kungakhale kochititsa chidwi komanso kuyesa ngati kuyesera zakudya zatsopano kuti muchepetse chilakolako, koma nkofunika kukumbukira kuti sayansi yamakonoyi m'munda uno si yongokwanira. Ndipo, monga chofunikira, zipangizo zamagetsi sizinthunzi (Bikson et al., 2013).
4. Njira zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi matendawa: zochitika zamakono komanso zovuta
4.1. Zowona za njira zowonjezereka zokhudzana ndi nthendayi pambali ya kudya ndi kudula
4.1.1. Kusintha kwa mazenera pa nthawi ya kunenepa kwambiri
Kudyetsa kunyumbaostatic chakudya chokwanira kumaphatikizapo njira yovuta yolankhulirana pakati pa pulogalamu yoyipa ndi yapakatikati ya mitsempha yomwe yasankhidwa kwambiri (Williams ndi Elmquist, 2012). Mitsempha ya vagus, chifukwa imakhala ndi neuroni yomwe imachokera m'matumbo, makoswe ndi chiwindi, imathandizira kwambiri kuyankhulana. Kwa anthu osakhala olemera kwambiri, njira za chemosensory (njira zamadzimadzi zowonongeka ndi asidi) ndi zowonongeka za vagal zimagwiritsira ntchito posachedwa kupezeka kwa chakudya (Tsamba ndi al., 2012). Komanso, mahomoni angapo kuphatikizapo ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) ndi peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) ali ndi mphamvu zotsegula vagal afferents (Blackshaw et al., 2007).
Kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa mafuta, umboni wochuluka umasonyeza kuti kunenepa ndi / kapena kudya kwambiri mafuta kumagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa zokhudzana ndi mavitamini. Maphunziro a makoswe omwe ali ndi zakudya zamtundu wa mafuta (HFD), kapena zakudya zowononga kwambiri zimasonyeza kuti kuchepetsa kupweteka kwa zakudya za m'mimba kumadya chakudya chofanana ndi nyama (Covasa ndi Ritter, 2000; Pang'ono, 2010). Izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwa jejunal afferents (makamaka vagal) mpaka kumtunda wosiyana-siyana komanso kuchepetsa kusakanikirana kwa vaginja a jejunal m'kati mwa ganglion kwa CCK ndi 5-HT kufotokoza (Daly et al., 2011). Kuchepetsa kwapakati pa kugonana kwa mtundu wa vaginal kwa CCK, 5-HT ndi zina zotchedwa anorexic GI peptides zakhala zikufotokozedwa mu ganglion (Donovan ndi Bohland, 2009). Kuwonjezera apo, HFD inachepetsa mayankho a chapamimba cha vagal tension receptors ku distension ndipo chinawonjezereka choletsera zotsatira za ghrelin pa vagal afferents. Momwemo, pamene leptin ikhoza kugwiritsira ntchito vagal mucosal mayankho, mayankho a mucosal afferents ndi leptin anatayika pambuyo HFD (Kentish et al., 2012). Kutayika kwa vagal kufanana ndikuwonetseratu kusintha kwa zizindikiro za vaginal mkati mwazinyalala zogonana zimasonyeza kuti kukonzanso zokhudzidwa ndi matenda osokoneza bongo (VNS) kungachepetse kudya kwambiri.
4.1.2. Zotsatira za kugonana kwa vagal
Kuchokera kumodzi komwe kumachokera kumtunda kwa chiberekero kumavomerezedwa kuti asagwiritsidwe bwino ndi matenda osokoneza maganizo komanso odwala matenda a khunyu ku European Union, United States ndi Canada. Odwala matenda a khunyu amavomereza kuti kawirikawiri amasintha khalidwe la kudya ndi kusintha kwa zakudya zomwe amakonda.Abubakr ndi Wambacq, 2008). Lipotili linapanganso kufufuza, poyambira kupyolera muyeso yeniyeni, yomwe idagwiritsira ntchito zitsanzo zamtundu kuti ziwononge zotsatira za VNS pa kudya ndi zolemetsa zokhudzana ndi kulemera (kwa matebulo opangira pa maphunziro a VNS, chonde onani Val-Laillet et al., 2010; McClelland et al., 2013a). Maphunziro oyambirira mu 2001 a Roslin ndi Kurian (2001) mu agalu ndi ena kuchokera Krolczyk et al. (2001) mu makoswe amachepetsa kuchepa kwa kulemera kwa thupi kapena kulemetsa panthawi yachisokonezo chokwanira. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, ngakhale pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira opaleshoni, zotsatira zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi olemba awa zinali zofanana. Poyeneradi, Roslin ndi Kurian (2001) amagwiritsira ntchito chikhomo chamtundu umodzi m'kati mwa thorax (motero amachititsa kuti zigoba zonse zowonongeka ndi zowoneka bwino) zikhale Krolczyk et al. (2001) amagwiritsira ntchito kachipatala pamtunda wokhawokha kuti akhale ofanana ndi kachipatala kowopsa kwa khunyu. Kuyambira pamene maphunzirowa akuchita upainiya, magulu angapo ofufuza, kuphatikizapo ife, atulutsa zotsatira zabwino pogwiritsa ntchito malo osiyanasiyana a electrode, electrodes akhazikitsa ndi zosangalatsa. Kuyesa koyambirira kwa malo oyenera a electrode pofuna kuyendetsa chakudya kudakonzedwa ndi Laskiewicz et al. (2003). Awonetsa kuti VNS yapadziko lonse ndi yogwira mtima kusiyana ndi kukondweretsa umodzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito chinyama chachikulu chisanachitike, tinagwiritsa ntchito juxta-m'mimba mwakachetechete kumtunda kwapakati pa phunziro lalitali kwambiri lomwe lapangidwa mpaka lero. Timasonyeza kuti kugwilitsika kwa nthendayi kwapakati pafupipafupi kunachepetsetsa kulemera, kudya ndi chisomo chokoma pakati pa akuluakulu obisala (minipigs)Val-Laillet et al., 2010). Kuwonjezera apo, mosiyana ndi maphunziro ena omwe amachitidwa m'zinyama zing'onozing'ono, zotsatirazi zimakula m'kupita kwa nthawi mofanana ndi zomwe zakhala zikuwonetseratu odwala matenda a khunyu (Sungani ndi Shil, 2011).
Mwamwayi, zotsatira zabwino zomwe zakhala zikuchitika pafupi ndi maphunziro onse a zinyama zisanachitike sizinatsimikizidwe mwa anthu. Chifukwa cha zoletsa, maphunziro onse a anthu akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito chikhotakhotacho chotsalira pokhapokha ndi zokopa zofanana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito povutika maganizo kapena khunyu. Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, kulemera kunapezeka mu theka la nkhani (Burneo et al., 2002; Pardo et al., 2007; Verdam et al., 2012). Pakalipano, palibe tsatanetsatane yowonekera pa nkhanizi zomwe sizimvera zomwe zingaperekedwe. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa Bodenlos et al. (2014) amasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a BMI sagwirizana kwambiri ndi VNS kuposa anthu oonda. Inde, mu phunziro lawo, VNS yanyengerera kudya chakudya mwa odwala wodwala okha.
Olemba angapo afufuzira momwe thupi limakhalira la VNS ndi kutanthauzira zachitsulo chotsalira cha kervical electrode. Vijgen et al. (2013) awonetsetsa phunzilo labwino kwambiri kuphatikizapo kujambula PET kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (BAT) ndi gulu la odwala matenda a VNS omwe VNS imapanga ndalama zambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, kusintha kwa mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kunagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa ntchito ya BAT yomwe ikusonyeza kuti BAT imapangitsa kuti VAT iwonjezere kuwonjezereka kwa magetsi. VNS yasonyezedwa kuti isintha ntchito ya ubongo mu ubongo wonse (Conway et al., 2012) ndi kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka monoaminergic (Manta et al., 2013). Mwa anthu, kumanzere kwa VNS komwe kumapangitsa rCBF (dera lamaubongo ozungulira) kumachepa kumanzere kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa OFC ndikumasiya otsika kwakanthawi kochepa. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kunapezekanso m'mbali yakumanja yakunja kwamkati, mbali yakumanzere yakumapeto kwa kapisozi wamkati / medial putamen, gyrus woyenera wakanthawi kochepa. Ngakhale kufunika kwa maderawa pakuletsa kudya komanso kukhumudwa, palibe kulumikizana komwe kunapezeka pakati pa kuyambitsa ubongo ndi zotsatira zakukhumudwa patatha miyezi 12 ya chithandizo cha VNS. Chifukwa chake, zikuyenera kuwonetsedwa kuti kusintha kwa zochitika muubongo ndizomwe zimayambitsa kufotokoza zotsatira za VNS. Chiwonetsero cha makoswe omwe VNS imathandizira kukumbukira kukumbukira komwe kumakhudza kupweteka kwapadera (Zhang et al., 2013) zikhoza kuimira njira ina yomwe ingathe kufotokozera zotsatira zopindulitsa zomwe zinachitikira pafupifupi theka la odwala. Maphunziro athu oyambirira pa ubongo pambuyo pa juxta-m'mimba zogwirizanitsa VNS zimagwira nkhumba zikukula (Biraben et al., 2008) kugwiritsira ntchito photon yokha gamma scintigraphy ndiyo yoyamba kufufuza VNS zotsatira pa ubongo wosagwira ntchito. Tinasonyeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa makina awiri. Choyamba chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi babu ndi zofunikira zomwe zimayang'ana malo. Yachiŵiri imaphatikizapo malo omwe ali ofunikira kuti agwirizane ndi gastro-duodenal mechanosensory information (hippocampus, pallidum) kotero kuti apereke mtengo wa hedonic kwa izi. Zotsatira zofanana zakhala zikudziwika mu makoswe pogwiritsa ntchito PET (Dedeurwaerdere et al., 2005) kapena MRI (Reyt et al., 2010). Mosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika pakadutsa milungu ingapo kuti zizindikiridwe, kusintha kwa kagayidwe kabongo komwe kumadziwika ndi kulingalira kwa PET kunalipo sabata la 1 pokhapokha mankhwala a VNS atangoyamba kumene. M'njira yathu ya porcine ya juxta-m'mimba VNS, cingate cortex, putamen, caudate nucleus ndi substantia nigra / tegmental ventral, mwachitsanzo, mphotho yayikulu ya meso-limbic dopaminergic network, idasintha kusintha kwa kagayidwe kabongo ka ubongo (Malbert, 2013; Divoux et al., 2014) (Chith. 4). Kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa mphotho yochepetsera malipiro kumayambiriro kwa chikoka chokwanira kumasonyeza kuti kuganiza kwa ubongo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chida chothandizira kuthetsa mphamvu ya vagal.
Monga ndi njira zina zothandizira, kupambana kwabwino kwa VNS kwa anthu ovuta kwambiri kungathe kufotokozedwa ndi kumvetsetsa mokwanira za zochita za VNS m'magulu a ubongo omwe amayang'anira kudya. Kutembenuzidwa kwa zitsanzo zamtundu kuzipatala kunali (nayonso) mwamsanga popanda ndondomeko yowonetsera poyendetsa kayendedwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, maphunziro a anthu oyambirira anachitidwa ndi kusakanikirana kwa chiberekero cha chiberekero pamene zinyama zonse zimaphunzitsa kuti malo amtundu wa juxta-m'mimba chifukwa chophimbitsa chifuwa chinali choyenera. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, tidakali ndi zofunikira zoyambirira kuti tiwongolere zosangalatsa popanda kudikirira kusintha kwa thupi. Zingaganize kuti njira zoganizira ubongo pamodzi ndi machitidwe a VNS (Helmers et al., 2012) akhoza kukhala othandizira kwambiri pazomwe mukufunikira kuchipatala.
4.1.3. Zotsatira za vagal blockade
Odwala ambiri pambuyo pa vagotomy akuchiritsidwa ngati chithandizo cha matenda a zilonda, amalephera kukonda kudya; kawirikawiri, kutayika kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa chilakolako ndi kuwonongeka kwa kulemera kapena kulephera kubwezeretsa kulemera kwadziwika (Gortz et al., 1990). Kugwirizanitsa ziphuphu zamagetsi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbiri monga mankhwala okhutiritsa kunenepa kwa mankhwala ena, ndipo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuperewera ndi kulemera kwa thupi (Kral et al., 2009). Malingaliro awa ndipo ngakhale kuti zakhala zikudziwika kuti zotsatira za kulemera kwa thupi zimatayika pakapita nthawi (Camilleri et al., 2008) ndipo kuti truncal vagotomy sinali yopanda mphamvu kuti achepetse chakudya cholimba (Gortz et al., 1990), mankhwala a vagal blockade adayesedwa mwa anthu ndi cholinga choyambirira chochepetsera anthu onenepa kwambiri. Vagal blockade idachitidwa mozungulira pamimba pogwiritsa ntchito mafinya aposachedwa (5 kHz) amakono. Kafukufuku wamkulu, wokhalitsa wotchedwa EMPOWER (Sarr et al., 2012) anawonetsa kuti kutaya thupi sikunali kofunika kwambiri pochiritsidwa poyerekeza ndi kulamulira. Ngakhale mankhwalawa akulephera, mankhwala a Vbloc omwe ali odwala matenda a shunumx (DM2) amachepetsa mlingo wa HbA1c ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi msangamsanga atangomangika chipangizochi (Shikora et al., 2013). Kupindula uku ndi kukhazikika kwa kusintha kwa nthawi kumatanthawuza kuti njira zothandizira zingakhale, mbali imodzi, zodziimira kulemera kwake. Popeza kuti magawowa ali okhudzana kwambiri ndi mafuta ndi truncal vagotomy amachititsa kuti kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa mafuta omwe amachititsa kuti mafuta a m'mimba asamalire (Stearns et al., 2012), ndizotheka kuti mankhwala omwe amatha kutsekedwa ndi mankhwalawa angakhale ndi omwe amachititsa kusintha kwa odwala DM2.
4.2. Chidziwitso cha ubongo kwambiri (DBS) komanso kuthekera kwa kuthetsa kunenepa ndi matenda
4.2.1. Zowonongeka pa chikhalidwe cha luso ku DBS
4.2.1.1. Ntchito zamakono zothandizira DBS
Kukondoweza kwaubongo (DBS) ndi njira yozikidwa ndi maelekitironi oyikika pochiza matenda a neuromotor monga matenda a Parkinson (PD), komanso khunyu, pomwe akuwonetsa lonjezo la zovuta zamaganizidwe monga kupsinjika kwamankhwala (TRD) ndimatenda osokoneza bongo ( OCD) (Perlmutter ndi Mink, 2006).
Pulogalamu yamtunduwu (STN) imakhala yochuluka kwa PD, pomwe phokoso lamkati la thalamus (ANT), pansipa (Cg25), ndi nucleus accumbens (Nac) zimayang'aniridwa ndi matenda a khunyu, TRD ndi OCD (Chith. 5). Kulowera kwa DBS, pafupifupi odwala 10,000 pachaka padziko lapansi, ndizochepa poyerekezera ndi kuchuluka kwa matenda osokoneza mankhwala, matenda a khunyu, ndi matenda a m'maganizo (onani allcountries.org; TRD: Fava, 2003; PD: Tanner et al., 2008; OCD: Denys et al., 2010). Gawo ili likuwunikira kuzindikira zowonjezera zamakono ndi zomwe angathe kuthetsa kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda odwala.
4.2.1.2. Kupanga opaleshoni yachibadwidwe ku DBS
Mu chikhalidwe chozama cha ubongo (DBT), chiopsezo cha ubongo cha MRI chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chimango chokhazikika chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa wodwalayo, yemwe amayamba kugwiritsira ntchito CT scan, ndipo kulembedwa kwa trajectory kumakhazikitsidwa motsatira njira zolembedwera komanso atlasi yozama ya ubongo mumasindikizidwa (Sierens et al., 2008). Cholinga ichi chimaika malire pa kusankha njira, ndipo kukonza opaleshoni kumaphatikizapo kulingalira kwakukulu kwa dokotala. Mchitidwe wamakono wa DBS umadalira zolemba za microtractrode za intra-operative (MER) kuti zitsimikizidwe zimabwera panthawi yamagwiritsidwe opitirira komanso mavuto aakulu (Lyons et al., 2004). Pamene ntchito ya MER imakhala yowonjezeka mu PD, ndemanga yowunikira kupambana sizingatheke kwa matenda ambiri omwe alibe magalimoto.
4.2.1.3. Zovuta zowopsa za DBS
Mu njira zoyendetsedwa ndi chikhalidwe ndi zojambulajambula, kumangoganizira sikumangoganizira za kusintha kwa ubongo, ndipo kunyalanyaza kumeneku kumayambitsa chiopsezo chachikulu cha mavuto. Ngakhale kusintha kwa ubongo kungakhale kosayenerera muzochitika zina (Petersen et al., 2010), Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti kusintha mpaka 4 mm kumatha kuchitika (Miyagi et al., 2007; Khan et al., 2008). Chinthu choipitsitsa kwambiri ndi vuto lopweteka kwambiri, makamaka pamene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza (Hariz, 2002). Kuwonjezera apo, chiopsezo cholowera khoma la ventricular ndi chofunika kwambiri (Gologorsky et al., 2011), lomwe limagwirizana kwambiri ndi sequelae ya ubongo. Ngakhale tatchulazi, DBS ili ndi chiwerengero chosawerengeka chochepa poyerekezera ndi opaleshoni yowonjezera (Gorgulho et al., 2014) ndipo ma DBS atsopano posachedwapa adzasintha kwambiri chitetezo ndi kulondola kwa opaleshoniyi.
4.2.2. Zatsopano zatsopano za DBS ndi njira zothandizira DBS
Njira zambiri zamakono zakhala zikufotokozedwa mu DBS zotsogoleredwa ndi zithunzi, kupititsa patsogolo ndondomeko zomwe zimagwira ntchito za kukonza opaleshoni. Magulu ambiri amatsindika kokha kagulu kakang'ono ka njirazi panthawi imodzi, kuphatikizapo 1) ma digila apamwamba a ubongo omwe amasonyeza zozama za ubongo mwa anthu (D'Haese et al., 2005; Chakravarty et al., 2006) ndi zinyama monga nkhumba (Saikali et al., 2010); 2) chojambula chapamwamba, chokhala ndi ziwerengero za mawonekedwe, polembera ma atlas kuti adziwe deta (Patenaude et al., 2011); 3) electrophysiological database yomwe ili ndi zolinga zabwino zowunikira (Guo et al., 2006); 4) chitsanzo cha zinyama ndi zowonongeka, zomwe zimadziwika kuchokera ku kuphatikiza kwa Kuganiza Kwambiri Kupangidwe Kwambiri ndi Kujambula Kwambiri (Angiographic Magnetic resonance imaging (Bériault et al., 2011); 5) MRI yambiri yosiyana kwambiri yomwe imapangitsanso zojambula zowonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo zogwirizana ndi T1, R2 * (1 / T2 *), ndi chidziwitso / kukula kwake.Xiao et al., 2012); 6) kutsimikiziridwa kwa chithandizo cha ubongo chakuya kupyolera mu mayesero a zinyama, makamaka kumangidwe kwa makoswe (Bove ndi Perier, 2012) komanso amagwiritsanso ntchito (mini) nkhumba (Sauleau et al., 2009a; Knight et al., 2013); 7) mawonekedwe a makompyuta a DBS (McNeal, 1976; Miocinovic et al., 2006), pogwiritsa ntchito njira yamagetsi yogawa mphamvu ya electrode yokondweretsa komanso chitsanzo cha anatomical cha minofu yothandizira; ndi 8) mapulani opanga opaleshoni a DBS (Henderson, 2012; Lambert et al., 2012), kumene mathirakiti amtundu woyera omwe amadziwika ndi odwala omwe amadziwika kuti amatha kufotokozera / kujambulira mafano (DTI / DSI) kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera.
Zipangizo zamakono zapamwamba zikugwirizana ndi kukonzekera koyambirira; Pakalipano, khama lalikulu lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito molondola. Chofunika kwambiri ndi MRI (ioMRI) yothandizidwa ndi DBS, yomwe inakonzedweratu Starr et al. (2010), pogwiritsa ntchito chimango cha MRI. Chitukuko china chaposachedwapa cha chithandizo chosagwira ntchito ndi kutsekula-loop kwambiri-ubongo mankhwala yobereka, pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi kapena maganizo a m'maganizo (Rosin et al., 2011; Chang et al., 2013).
Chomaliza, mankhwala ochiritsira kwambiri omwe aperekedwa kuti athe kuchiritsira matenda a khunyu, omwe amachititsa kuti majeremusi asinthidwe.Pathan et al., 2010).
Mankhwala omwe amalankhula molecular pathways to PD (LeWitt et al., 2011), ndi TRD (Alexander et al., 2010) akupangidwanso. Mu mtundu uwu wa ubongo wa ubongo, mphamvu ya magetsi imalowetsedwa ndi kulowetsedwa kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a ubongo m'midzi.
4.2.3. Kugwiritsa ntchito DBS pa nkhani ya kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda odwala
4.2.3.1. Zotsatira za DBS pa kudya ndi kulemera kwa thupi
Mwachidule, McClelland et al. (2013a) Anapereka umboni kuchokera ku maphunziro a anthu ndi zinyama pa zotsatira za kusintha kwa thupi pa khalidwe la kudya ndi kulemera kwa thupi. Maphunziro anai adawona kusintha kwa kachipatala ndi kulemera kwa odwala omwe ali ndi anorexia nervosa (AN) omwe anachitidwa ndi DBS (mu Cg25, Nac, kapena ventral capsule / striatum - VC / VS) (Israel ndi al., 2010; Lipsman et al., 2013; McLaughlin et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013); Lipoti lokhalira ndi vuto limodzi linasonyeza kuperewera kolemetsa kwa wodwalayo wodwala DBS wovutika ndi zovuta zowonongeka (Mantione et al., 2010); ndipo maphunziro khumi ndi limodzi adanena kuti amadya kwambiri komanso / kapena akuwonjezeka kulakalaka, kupindula ndi BMI akutsatira DBS wa STN ndi / kapena globus pallidus - GP (Macia et al., 2004; Tuite et al., 2005; Montaurier et al., 2007; Novakova et al., 2007; Bannier et al., 2009; Sauleau et al., 2009b; Walker et al., 2009; Strowd et al., 2010; Locke et al., 2011; Novakova et al., 2011; Zahodne et al., 2011). Odwala omwe amawachitira PD, tingaganize kuti kuchepa kwa magalimoto, ndipo motero pogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, kumatha kufotokoza mbali ya kuchuluka kwa kulemera, ngakhale Amami et al. (2014) posachedwapa akuganiza kuti kudyetsa mwamphamvu kungakhale kogwirizana kwambiri ndi zolimbikitsa za STN.
Pakati pa maphunziro a nyama a 18 (makamaka makoswe) kuyesa kudya zakudya komanso kulemera kwa DBS (McClelland et al., 2013a), ziwiri zokha zinayambitsa Nac kapena dorsal striatum, pamene enawo amaganizira kwambiri zowonjezera (LHA) kapena zowonjezera (vmH) hypothalamus. Halpern et al. (2013) Anasonyeza kuti DBS ya Nac ikhoza kuchepetsa kudya kwambiri, komabe van der Plasse et al. (2012) Mwachidwi anawulula zotsatira zosiyana pa shuga zokhudzana ndi shuga komanso chakudya chokwanira malinga ndi gawo la Nac lomwe linalimbikitsa (chigawo chachikulu, chotsatira kapena chamkati). Kulimbikitsidwa kwa LHA makamaka kunapangitsa kudya kudya ndi kupindula (Delgado ndi Anand, 1953; Mogenson, 1971; Stephan et al., 1971; Schallert, 1977; Halperin et al., 1983), ngakhale Sani et al. (2007) anawonetsa kuchepa kwalemera kwa pakhosi. Kutsitsimutsa kwa magazi kunachepetsanso kudya ndi / kapena kulemera kwa nthawi zambiri (Brown ndi al., 1984; Stenger et al., 1991; Bielajew et al., 1994; Ruffin ndi Nicolaidis, 1999; Lehmkuhle et al., 2010), koma maphunziro awiri adawonetsa chakudya chowonjezeka (Lacan et al., 2008; Torres et al., 2011).
Tomycz et al. (2012) adafalitsa maziko ndi mapangidwe a phunziro loyendetsa anthu oyendetsa ntchito kuti agwiritse ntchito DBS kuti athetse kunenepa kwambiri. Zotsatira zoyambirira kuchokera ku phunziro ili (Whiting et al., 2013) amasonyeza kuti DBS ya LHA ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosamala kwa anthu okhala ndi kunenepa kwakukulu, ndipo imapangitsa kulemera kolemetsa pansi pa makonzedwe opangidwa bwino. Mayesero awiri a chipatala pa DBS kwa AN akupitirizabe malinga ndi Gorgulho et al. (2014), zomwe zimasonyeza kuti DBS ndi nkhani yotentha komanso yowonjezera njira zothetsera kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda ovutika.
4.2.3.2. Zimene zidzachitike m'tsogolomu
Maphunziro ambiri a DBS omwe adawongolera kusintha machitidwe a kudya kapena kulemera kwa thupi m'zinyama zinachitidwa kamodzi zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, ndipo zimangoganizira kwambiri za hypothalamus, yomwe imakhala yofunikira kwambiri pa malamulo a homeostatic. Kuphulika kwa machitidwe opanga ubongo opanga ubongo ndi kufotokozera zolakwika za ubongo mu mphotho ndi ma dopaminergic madera omwe akuvutika ndi kunenepa kwambiri kapena matenda akudya amasonyeza kuti malamulo a hedonic ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti azidya zakudya zoyenera kudya.
Chithandizo chabwino kwambiri choletsa kunenepa kwambiri chimachitidwa opaleshoni ya bariatric, makamaka opaleshoni yowonongeka. Tili ndi zambiri zoti tiphunzire kuchokera ku chithandizo cha mankhwalawa pogwiritsa ntchito njira za ubongo komanso zolinga za DBS, ndipo kafukufuku waposachedwapa anatha kufotokozera kukonzanso kochitidwa opaleshoni ya kuyankha kwa ubongo ku chakudya, njala kapena satiety (Geliebter, 2013; Frank et al., 2014; Scholtz et al., 2014). Nac ndi PFC ndi mbali za ubongo zomwe zakhudzidwa. Knight et al. (2013) anawonetsera nkhumba kuti DBS ya Nac ikhoza kuyendetsa ntchito za ubongo zofunikira m'maganizo, monga PFC, zomwe zimaphatikizapo anthu ovutika kwambiri (Le et al., 2006; Volkow et al., 2008) ndi minipigs (Val-Laillet et al., 2011). Zochitika zonse za DBS zomwe zanenedwa kale zidzakuthandizira kumanga nyumba zabwino komanso kuthana ndi kusintha kwa ubongo, ndipo zinyama zazikulu monga minipig ndizofunikira pokwaniritsa njira za opaleshoni.
Basal nuclei ali ndi zovuta 'somatotopy' (Choi et al., 2012), komanso kumasulidwa kwa DA ndi malo osungira nthawi kumaphatikizapo zigawo zosiyana siyana za neural microcircuits mkati mwa magawo a nuclei (Besson et al., 2010; Bassareo et al., 2011; Saddoris et al., 2013), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zolakwika zing'onozing'ono pokhudzana ndi kulondolera zingakhale ndi zotsatira zovuta pazinthu zamagetsi a neural ndi njira zothandizira anthu kuti asokonezeke. Pomwe vutoli lidzakwaniritsidwe, njira zamakono zochiritsira za ubongo zingapangitse ntchito zina za dopaminergic monga chitsanzo, chomwe chimasinthidwa kwa odwala olemera kwambiri (Wang et al., 2002; Volkow et al., 2008) ndi zinyama zamakono monga zolakalaka kapena kusuta (Avena et al., 2006; Avena et al., 2008), ndi cholinga chokhazikitsira magwiridwe antchito a DA (monga Parkinson's pamavuto amgalimoto). Ngakhale zofufuza zokhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri komanso zovuta za DA zimawoneka zosagwirizana nthawi zina, mwina chifukwa matanthauzidwe olakwika kapena kufananitsa kwachitika. Zolakwika zambiri m'mabuku a DA zidayamba chifukwa magawo osiyanasiyana am'magazi (kunenepa kwamitundu ingapo ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana, kuchepa kwa mphotho motsutsana ndi zotengera za phenotypes), njira zamaubongo (zochitika zoyambira motsutsana ndi zomwe zimakhudza chakudya), kapena njira zamaganizidwe (kukonda vs. kufuna, kugwiritsa ntchito mwa apo ndi apo chizolowezi) adafaniziridwa. Musanapange lingaliro la DBS, pakufunika kwa phenotyping odwala potengera ma circuits a neural / ntchito zomwe zakhudzidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mphotho yaumwini ya phenotype imatha kudziwa momwe angapangire chithandizo malinga ndi kusintha kwaubongo (kutanthauza kuchuluka / kuchepa kwa madera a DA kuyankha kwachinyengo motsutsana ndi ma phenotypes, motsatana). Odwala ena omwe sangasinthe gawo la mphotho koma zovuta za neural m'malo opangira zamagetsi (monga hypothalamus), njira ya DBS itha kukhala yosiyana kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa ntchito ya LHA kapena vMH mu AN kapena odwala onenepa kuti alimbikitse kapena kuchepetsa kudya, motsatana).
Nthawi yeniyeni fMRI neurofeedback kuphatikizapo chithandizo chamaganizo (cf. Gawo 3.1) akhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pa mankhwala otsekemera a DBS. Ngakhale kuti sitinayesedwepo mu chidziwitso chathu, mphamvu yothetsera nthenda yeniyeni ya DBS ikhoza kutsimikiziridwa kudzera mu luso lake lokonzanso nthawi yeniyeni ya ubongo ndi zomveka zokhudzana ndi kudziletsa pazomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zakudya (Mantione et al., 2014). Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyang'ana bwino DBS magawo ndi malo kuti ziwone zotsatira zake pamaganizo kapena njira zina (monga kudziletsa pa zakudya zokoma).
Zonsezi, detayi imapereka gawo lalikulu la kafufuzidwe ndi zomwe zikuchitika kuti apange opaleshoni ya DBS ndikupanga njira ina yodalirika, yosinthika komanso yosinthika kwa opaleshoni yapamwamba ya opaleshoni.
5. Kukambitsirana kwakukulu ndi zoganiza: ubongo pachimake pa kafufuzidwe, chitetezo ndi mankhwala pa nkhani ya kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda ovutika
Monga momwe tafotokozera m'nkhaniyi, njira zamaganizo ndi zowonjezereka zimayandikira ndi zowonjezera zida zowonongeka zazirombo zosautsa ndi zofooka za ubongo, ndipo potsiriza kupereka njira zatsopano zothetsera kunenepa kwambiri ndi ED. Zigawo zosiyana za nkhaniyi zikhoza kufunsa mafunso angapo potsata kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizozi mu kufufuza kwakukulu, mapulogalamu oletsa komanso njira zothandizira. Kodi njira zamakono zamakono ndi zofufuzirazi zikuyendera bwanji zimapeza malo mkati mwa ntchito zamakono zamakono, kuchokera kuchipatala? Kodi ndizifukwa zotani zomwe zimayenera kuti zithetsedwe, zomwe zimapindulitsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zothetsera mavuto omwe alipo, ndipo kodi angagwiritse ntchito kuti? Kuti tiyankhe mafunsowa, timakonza zoti tiyambe ndemanga zitatu zomwe zidzasowa ntchito yambiri ndikuziganizira. Choyamba, tidzakambirana za kuthekera kozindikira zatsopano zokhudzana ndi zochitika za ubongo. Chachiwiri, tidzakambilanso ntchito yomwe ingathandize kuti munthu asamangoganizira za matendawa. Chachitatu, tidzakhazikitsa mafunso okhudza makhalidwe abwino omwe sitingagwirizane nawo kuti pakhale njira zatsopano zothandizira anthu.
5.1. Kuwona zizindikiro zatsopano zamoyo?
"Ndikofunika kwambiri kudziwa zomwe munthuyo ali nazo kusiyana ndi matenda omwe munthuyo ali nawo." Mawu awa ochokera ku Hippocrates ali ndi quintessence ya mankhwala ochizira. Inde, kukwaniritsidwa kodalirika ndi kupewa njira zabwino ndizofunika kwambiri pa umoyo wa anthu onse. Mofananamo, kufotokoza molondola, kulongosola ndi chithandizo ndilololedwa kuti mukhale ndi mankhwala abwino. Koma zonsezi sizingatheke popanda kudziŵa bwino za phenotypes wathanzi komanso wodwala (kapena pangozi), zomwe zingatheke kupyolera mwa kufotokozera ndi kutsimikiziridwa kwa zizindikiro zosagwirizana.
Maphunziro a matenda a matenda a matenda a maganizo afotokozera kwambiri za matendawa komanso zoopsa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda komanso zachilengedwe zomwe zimayambitsa ED, pamene kunenepa kwambiri kwatchulidwa kupyolera mu mapulogalamu ambiri monga matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito zamatsenga. Ngakhale zidziwitso zonsezi, zodziwika bwino zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kapena zofunikira zachipatala zikusowabe ndipo zizindikiro zosagwiritsidwa ntchito (monga BMI) zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito padziko lonse kufotokozera ndi kugawa odwala. Komabe, monga kukukumbutsidwa Denis ndi Hamilton (2013), Anthu ambiri omwe amadziwika kuti ndi onenepa kwambiri (BMI> 30) ali ndi thanzi labwino ndipo sayenera kuthandizidwa ndikuikidwa m'magulu ngati odwala. M'malo mwake, maphunziro omwe saganiziridwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo ndi njira zamankhwala zam'mbuyomu atha kuwonetsa chiwopsezo chenicheni chokhala ndi zolemba zolondola, monga tafotokozera TOFI sub-phenotype (mwachitsanzo, woonda-panja, wonenepa-mkati ).Thomas et al., 2012). Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka, nthata zosautsika zingathandize kuthana ndi chiopsezo chowonjezera kulemera kapena kukhudzidwa pokhala ndi mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi chakudya, monga momwe tafotokozera Burger ndi Stice (2014). Pazifukwa zomveka zothandiza komanso zachuma, njirayi silingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane, koma ikhoza kuperekedwa kwa maphunziro omwe ali pachiopsezo, chifukwa cha chilengedwe chosavomerezeka kapena zachilengedwe. Popeza matumbo a plasmatic-ubongo wa ubongo-ogwirizanitsidwa nawo amapezeka kuti akugwirizana ndi luso labwino (Miller et al., 2015), kuwoneka kwawo kungalimbikitse kusonkhanitsa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito opangika bwino pa ubongo ndikuthandizira kuchitapo kanthu pang'onopang'ono. Kuzindikiritsa kuti anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo, omwe ali pa chiopsezo, amatha kuwongolera njira zina (monga chithandizo chamaganizo) kuti asamakhale odwala kwambiri kapena odwala matenda. Mwachitsanzo, kupatsa mphoto kwa phenotype kungapangitse kuti chithandizo cha ubongo chikhale chosinthika (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka / kuchepa kwa madera okhudzidwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachinyengo ndi surfeit phenotypes, motsatira). Chitsanzo china ndizochitika kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda omwe ali odwala matenda osiyanasiyana komanso omwe amayenera kufufuza. Matenda ena a m'mimba amatha kufanana ndi vuto la kudya, zomwe zimapangitsa wodwalayo kuganizira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito matendawa pamene akuyesa wodwalayo kuti adye matenda odwala (Bern ndi O'Brien, 2013). Mankhwala atsopano a neuropsychiatric angapangitse kuti athandizidwe kuunika ndipo ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku batiri ya zofunikira zomwe zilipo.
Zosangalatsa zimayandikira, zokhudzana ndi njira zamakono zamakono monga ma genetics, majeremusi, ma proteomics, ndi metabolomics, zingapereke chidziwitso chochuluka chimene chiwerengerochi chingapangitse kupanga zida zatsopano kuti ziwonetsedwe ndi kusanthula (Katsareli ndi Dedoussis, 2014; Cox et al., 2015; van Dijk et al., 2015). Koma kuyanjana pakati pa makina opangidwa ndi zojambulajambula ndi mafashoni ojambula zithunzi ayenera kukhala ndi tanthawuzo la ojambulawa, kupyolera muzindikiritso za ziwalo zina (makamaka ubongo) zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi matenda (Hannukainen et al., 2014). Monga momwe tafotokozera mu gawo loyamba la ndemangayi, zifukwa zachisokonezo za neural zikhoza kuonekera musanayambike ED kapena zolemetsa, kuwonetsera kuti pangakhale kupezeka kwachinyengo komwe ubongo ukuganiza kuti ukhoza kuwulula.
Ma ARV ndi chilango chatsopano chokhudzana ndi kuchotsa ndi kusanthula zinthu zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zojambula zogwiritsira ntchito zamagetsi zogwiritsa ntchito computed tomography, PET, kapena MRI yokhazikika komanso yogwira ntchito.Kumar et al., 2012; Lambin et al., 2012). Ma ARV akuyamba kupangidwa kuti athetse chifuwa phenotypes (Aerts et al., 2014), kuphatikizapo zotupa za ubongo (Coquery et al., 2014), koma akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku madera ena azachipatala kuposa kuwonetsa, monga matenda ovutika ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Monga ndakumbutsidwa Gawo 2.2, kuphatikizapo zojambulazo zimapangitsa kuti maphunziro a m'tsogolomu athetse njira za matenda a matenda a matenda kapena matenda. Ma ARV (kapena neuromics pamene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuganiza kwa ubongo) angagwirizanitse munthu mmodziyo za zambiri zokhudza ubongo ndi zozindikira zamaganizo (kudzera mu fMRI, fNIRS, PET kapena SPECT) (onani Gawo 2.1), kupezeka kwa opaleshoni, opereka katundu kapena othandizira (kudzera pa PET kapena SPECT) (onani Gawo 2.2), kusiyana pakati pa ubongo wa ubongo (kudzera pa voxel-based based morphometry - VBM) kapena kugwirizana (kudzera mu zojambula zojambula zithunzi - DTI) (Karlsson et al., 2013; Shott et al., 2015), chikhalidwe cha kutupa kwa ubongo (kudzera pa PET kapena MRI) (Cazettes et al., 2011; Amhaoul et al., 2014), ndi zina. Pogwiritsa ntchito mauthengawa, ma neuromics angapangitse mapangidwe apangidwe a ubongo kuti athandizidwe / kumvetsetsa bwino za vuto la ubongo lomwe likuphatikizidwa ndi kutayika kwa chakudya kapena ED. Kuphatikizanso apo, kuphatikiza kwazidziwitso za ubongo kungathandize kuwunikiritsa kusagwirizana pakati pa maphunziro, kapena zooneka zosagwirizana monga zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mabuku okhudza BMI ndi chizindikiro cha DA monga chitsanzo. Zoonadi, kusagwirizana kumeneku kungadalire kutanthauzira kwa maphunziro omwe awona mbali zosiyanasiyana za chizindikiro cha dopamine, kapena kuti poyerekeza njira (zokhudzana ndi zidziwitso) zomwe sizinali zofanana.
Zida zimenezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi phenotype odwala omwe amazindikira kuti ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri komanso / kapena ED, komanso amachititsa kuti pulojekiti izi zitheke. Zingathenso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pulogalamu yothandizira kudziwa zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi zipsinjo zachisokonezo cha nthenda komanso kupereka zowonjezera kuti zisawononge kuyambika kwa mavuto ndi khalidwe labwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, ma radiomics / neuromics angagwiritsidwe ntchito musanasankhe zolinga za ubongo zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso, chifukwa mfundo zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kudzera mwa njirayi zingathandize kuthana ndi zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwadzidzidzi poyambitsa maukonde a neural kapena kusintha kwa ubongo.
5.2. Neuroimaging ndi neuromodulation mu chiwerengero cha mankhwala ochikonda
Mankhwala odzikonda (kapena odzipangira payekha) ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti azisamalidwe azisamalidwe pogwiritsira ntchito chithandizo chonse cha zachipatala, za chibadwa ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zilipo, ndi zofuna zachipatala, zizoloŵezi, ndi / kapena mankhwala omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa wodwalayo. Monga ndakumbutsidwa Cortese (2007), mankhwala odziwika paokha ndi ofunika kwambiri pa chisinthiko cha chisamaliro cha dziko lonse ndi padziko lonse m'zaka za zana la 21, ndipo izi ndizoona makamaka za matenda ndi matenda, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe ndi ndalama zomwe zimakhala zolemetsa kudziko lapansi mwachitsanzo, monga komanso zovuta ndi zosiyana za obese phenotypes (Blundell ndi Cooling, 2000; Pajunen et al., 2011). Kupita patsogolo kwamphamvu pakompyuta komanso kulingalira zamankhwala kukuyambitsa njira yothandizirana ndimankhwala yomwe imaganizira za chibadwa cha wodwalayo, mawonekedwe ake, ndi thupi lake. Kuphatikiza pa izi, miyeso yazidziwitso yokhudzana ndi kudya (onani Gibbons et al., 2014 kwa kafukufuku) ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mogwirizana ndi kulingalira kwa ubongo chifukwa kugwirizanitsa dingaliro lojambula ndi malingaliro a chidziwitso (kapena zowonongeka) zingayambitse kusanthula ndi mphamvu yosankhana.
Pomwe wodwala ndi matendawa akuwonetsedwa bwino, funso labwino kwambiri labwino liyenera kuchitika. Inde, mbiri yakale (ndipo makamaka, kupewera koyesa kusapindulitsa) n'kofunika kwambiri. Pali maphunziro omaliza pa matendawa komanso kukula kwa mankhwala omwe alipo (Chith. 6A). Mwachiwonekere, zofunika zofunika kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wathanzi (mwachitsanzo, zakudya zopatsa thanzi, zochepetsera thupi, kugona tulo ndi moyo wathanzi, ndi zina zotero) nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kukwaniritsa kwa anthu ambiri, ndipo sichikwanira kwa iwo amene anapita mopitirira muyeso pa matendawa . Ndondomeko yachipatala yopangira mankhwala imaphatikizapo njira zokhudzana ndi maganizo ndi zowonjezera, mankhwala opatsirana ndi mankhwala, komanso odwala mankhwala osokoneza bongo, njira yotsatirayi ndi opaleshoni yowopsa (chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri) kapena kuchipatala (chifukwa cha matenda aakulu). Ndondomeko zonse zokhudzana ndi ubongo ndi njira zowonongeka zomwe zimapezeka mu ndondomekoyi zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa njira zochiritsira zosiyana siyana, choncho pazigawo zosiyana siyana za matenda, kuchokera kuzindikiritsa zizindikiro za matenda omwe amachititsa kuti matendawa asapitirire.Chith. 6A). Komanso, monga momwe tafotokozera Chith. 6B, neuromodulation yonse ikuyandikira sichimangoganizira zofanana za ubongo kapena ma intaneti. Bungwe la PFC, lomwe ndilo cholinga chenicheni cha njira zowonongeka (monga TMS ndi TDCS), zimatumiza zowonongeka kwa orexigenic network koma zimakhala ndi zovuta kwambiri, kulingalira kwa chakudya, kupanga mapulani, ndi zina. Ngakhale rtfMRI neurofeedback akuwongolera mbali iliyonse ya ubongo yomwe ilipo, maphunziro omwe alipo alipo makamaka makamaka pa PFC, ventral striatum, komanso kaloti yowonongeka, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti iwonongeke. Potsirizira pake, pa zovuta za zakudya, DBS yokha ingayang'ane zozama zosiyana-siyana za ubongo, monga mphoto kapena zigawo za homeostatic (Chith. 6B). Zotsatira zake, kusankha njira yodzikongoletsera sikungakhale pamiyeso imodzi (mwachitsanzo, kuchepa pakati pa kuopsa kwa matenda - mwachitsanzo BMI yayikulu yokhala ndi comorbidities - komanso kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala), koma pamayeso angapo owunikira, omwe ena mwa iwo ndi yokhudzana kwambiri ndi phenotype ya wodwalayo ndi ena mwa kulumikizana pakati pa njira ya wodwala ndi yothandizira (Chith. 6C). Kwa odwala ena onenepa kwambiri, kulimbikitsa hypothalamus kudzera pa DBS mwachitsanzo kumatha kukhala kopanda phindu kapena kopanda phindu ngati chikhalidwe chawo chimayamba chifukwa chazovuta zapa mphotho yaubongo. Chifukwa chake pali ngozi yayikulu (kuwononga nthawi ndi ndalama, zoyipitsitsa zikuwonjezera vuto la wodwalayo) poyesa kuyerekezera magazi kwa odwala asanadziwe kuti ndi njira iti yomwe akuyenera kuwongolera - komanso ngati wodwalayo angakhazikitsidwe ndi iatrogenic neurobehaisheral anomalies yokhudzana ndi njirayi.
M'tsogolomu, mafilimu okhudza ubongo amatha kukhala nawo mbali yaikulu pakuphatikizana, kubwezeretsa, kupanga, kulinganiza komanso kufotokoza deta yolumikiza ubongo kuchokera kumaganizo osiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku phunziro limodzi kupita kuzipatala zonse. Zitsanzo zoterezi zingaphatikizepo ntchito zothandizira kukonzanso zochitika kuchokera ku tractographic data, kuwonetsera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma neural yogwirizana ndi zochitika zenizeni, chiwerengero cha miyeso yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maganizo a ubongo waumunthu ndi mawonekedwe awo a sayansi ya 3D (mwachitsanzo Virtual Brain, Jirsa et al., 2010), motsogolerera kumapeto kwa machitidwe otsogolera ndi maulosi mu njira yokhala ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala.
5.3. Malamulo okhudzana ndi zida zamakono komanso zothandizira
Monga tafotokozera m'nyuzipepala iyi, nkhondo yolimbana ndi kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda okhudzana ndi kudya yayambitsa zochitika zambiri zatsopano zosiyana siyana. Mankhwala achilendo omwe sakhala ovuta kwambiri (poyerekeza ndi opaleshoni yachikale ya opaleshoni) amalingalira mu kafukufuku ndi zipatala. Komabe, malingaliro ofunika kwambiri pazinthu zatsopanozi ayenera kusungidwa makamaka asanayambe ntchito yawo. Monga ndakumbutsidwa Gawo 3.2, ngakhale njira zochepa zowonongeka za neuromodulation si playthings (Bikson et al., 2013), ndipo atha kukhala ndi zotsatira zamitsempha yamagazi zomwe sizili anodyne. Chifukwa cha kulephera kwathu pakali pano kumvetsetsa zovuta za kusintha kwa ubongo ndi zomwe zimabweretsa pamaganizidwe, machitidwe akudya ndi magwiridwe antchito amthupi, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuphwanya kwina kwa Hippocrates: "musavulaze". Maphunziro owonongera koyambirira kwamitundu yoyenera ya nyama (mwachitsanzo mitundu ya nkhumba, Sauleau et al., 2009a; Clouard et al., 2012; Ochoa et al., 2015) ndizovomerezeka, kuphatikizapo mapulogalamu ochuluka okhudza ubongo kuti awulule munthu wotchedwa phenotypes ndi mbiri (Chith. 6D) zomwe zingayambitse mapulojekiti ochepetsera ndipo mwinamwake zimalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogonana.
Kuti ayambe kutsata njira zothandizira anthu odwala kunenepa kwambiri komanso njira zowonongeka, njira zowonongeka ziyenera kukhala ndi maphunziro apamwamba kusiyana ndi zochitika zapadera, ndipo izi ziyenera kuphatikizapo zosiyana siyana monga kuvomereza, kukhumudwa, chikhalidwe, mtengo, zogwira mtima, zosinthika komanso potsiriza, kukwanira ndi wodwalayo (Chith. 6C). Kupindulitsa kwakukulu kwa neuromodulation kuyandikira poyerekeza ndi opaleshoni yapamwamba ya opaleshoni ndi: kuchepa kochepa (mwachitsanzo, DBS sichimafuna kuti aneshesia ikhale yodalirika ndipo imayambitsa zocheperapo kusiyana ndi mimba), high reversibility (neuromodulation ingakhoze kuimitsidwa mwamsanga ngati zovuta - ngakhale ngakhale kulembedwa kwa makina otsika kwambiri a ubongo kungapangitse zilonda zotsalira m'munsi mwake), kusinthasintha / kusinthasintha (malingaliro a ubongo ndi / kapena zokopa zikhoza kusinthidwa mosavuta). Koma ubwino uwu sikwanira. Kulipira mtengo / kupindula kwa njira iliyonse kuyenera kuphunziridwa molondola, komanso kuyendetsa bwino (mtanda pakati pa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama, mwachitsanzo, nthawi, ndalama, mphamvu) za njira yowonjezeretsa kuti moyo ukhale wopindulitsa umayenera kupikisana ndi njira zamakono. Njira zosawonongeka komanso zosawonongeka kwambiri za matenda a neuromodulation ayenera kupeza chidwi makamaka chifukwa adzalola chofunika kwambiri ndi kufalikira kulowa mu machitidwe aumoyo ndi anthu. Tinapereka chitsanzo cha fNIRS ndi tDCS monga zipangizo zamakono zopanda phokoso, zotsika mtengo, poyerekeza ndi njira zina zoganizira ndi zowonongeka zomwe zimakhala zodula, zimadalira zipangizo zamakono, ndipo sizipezeka mosavuta. Komanso, nkofunika kukumbukira kuti, pochita opaleshoni ya opaleshoni, cholinga chake sikutaya cholemetsa choposa koma kuchepetsa kufa ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Njira zina zochiritsira zingakhale zosagwira ntchito kuposa opaleshoni yapamwamba yogwiritsa ntchito masewera olimbitsa thupi mofulumira koma ingakhale yothandiza (kapena bwino) kuti ukhale ndi thanzi labwino kwa nthawi yaitali, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mayeso oyenerera a (pre) mayesero am'zipatala nthawi zina aziwongosoledwa kapena Zowonjezera ndi zoyenera zokhudzana ndi kupititsa patsogolo njira zogwiritsira ntchito matenda ndi khalidwe lodziletsa, osati kungowononga kulemera (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika).
Apanso, anthu ambiri okhwima amakhutitsidwa ndi miyoyo yawo / nthawi zina (nthawi zina molakwika) ndipo zina zowonjezera zimakhala zathanzi. Ndipotu, zochitika zamakono zamakono, makamaka ku North America, zinkakhala zitsanzo zowonjezera mafuta ovomerezeka (Kirkland, 2008). Zodabwitsazi sizongokhala zachilendo kapena zazing'ono pokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pazandale komanso machitidwe azaumoyo, chifukwa zimayang'ana pakumvetsetsa ufulu wachibadwidwe, ufulu ndi tsankho, mwachitsanzo mafunso omwe amakhudza anthu ambiri (ku USA, magawo awiri mwa atatu a anthu ndi onenepa kwambiri, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu ali onenepa kwambiri). Choyamba, anthu ena atha kuwona kuti njira zopewera matendawa ndizomwe zimawasala, zomwe zimafunikira kuti azitha kulumikizana ndi asayansi pazolinga zazikuluzikulu za njirayi, mwachitsanzo, kukonza kuwunika kwa mayankho ndi mayankho azaumoyo. Chachiwiri, zilizonse zomwe njira imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kusintha kwa ntchito yaubongo sikofunikira, chifukwa kulowererako kumatha kusintha magwiridwe antchito, kudziletsa, komanso njira zopangira zisankho, zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri ndikufuna kukonza magalimoto monga DBS ndi Matenda a Parkinson. Misonkho ya soda ndi njira zina zodzitetezera kuti muchepetse kunenepa kwambiri nthawi zambiri sizimasangalatsa komanso zimadzudzulidwa, chifukwa nthawi zina zimawoneka kuti ndizabambo komanso kudana ndi ufulu (Parmet, 2014). Koma tiyeni tiganizire zamaganizidwe am'magazi: M'malo moonjezera kuchuluka kwa ndalama za zakudya zokoma, cholinga cha kusokoneza bongo ndikuchepetsa mtengo wa hedonic womwe anthu amatengera ndi zakudya izi, mkati ubongo wawo. Tiyenera kuwoneratu kuti teknoloji yomwe ingasinthe kapena kukonza ndondomeko zamaganizo idzazengereza kukangana kwakukulu pazinthu zamagetsi, mofananamo ndi kuwonetsa, maselo osungunuka, zamoyo zomwe zasinthidwa, ndi mankhwala opatsirana. Asayansi, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu komanso akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ayenera kukhala okonzeka kuthetsa mafunsowa chifukwa zida zatsopano zofufuzira ndi mankhwala sangathe kupeza malo awo popanda kuvomerezedwa pamtundu uliwonse wa anthu, mwachitsanzo, wodwalayo, mabungwe azachipatala, ndale, ndi maganizo a anthu. Ngakhalenso ngati chisankho choyenera kuchipatala ndi cha wodwala, zosankha zawo nthawi zonse zimakhudzidwa ndi malingaliro omwe amaperekedwa kumagulu onse a anthu, ndipo akuluakulu azachipatala ayenera kuvomereza chithandizo chonse. M'mapepala atsopano, Petersen (2013) adanena kuti kupita patsogolo mwachangu kwa sayansi ya moyo ndi ukadaulo wofananira (kuphatikiza neuroimaging) kwatsimikizira kuchepa kwamalingaliro azikhalidwe ndi kulingalira poyankha mafunso omwe abwera posachedwa. Wolemba adachonderera kuti athandizire kukhala ndi chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chingapindule ndi mfundo za chilungamo, zopindulitsa ndi kusaganizira, komanso lingaliro la ufulu waumunthu (Petersen, 2013). Ngakhale ngati njira zina sizili zowonongeka, zimatha kukhala ndi maganizo komanso zamaganizo.
5.4. Kutsiliza
Zipangizo zamakono ndi malingaliro operekedwa mu pepalali zimaphatikizapo mawu ndi ziganizo za Schmidt ndi Campbell (2013), mwachitsanzo chithandizo cha matenda osokoneza bongo ndi kunenepa kwambiri sungathe kukhalabe 'maganizo'. Njira yodziwika bwino yomwe ikuphatikiza ma genetic, neuroimaging, kuzindikira zamaganizo ndi zina zowonongeka zidzakuthandizira chitukuko cha njira zoyenera zothandizira (Nyama, 2009; Insel et al., 2013), ndikuteteza kupewa ndi mankhwala. Ngakhale kuti zasayansi zaposachedwa ndi njira zamakono zatsopano zimapangidwira njira zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito zamankhwala, kudziwa kwathu njira zamaganizo zomwe zimayambitsa khalidwe la kudya ndikumayambitsa matenda akugwiritsidwabe ntchito. Kufufuza kwakukulu kwa zitsanzo za zinyama ndi njira yovuta yowonongeka kwazinthu ndizofunika kuti zikhale zogwirizana ndi sayansi yamasulidwe m'munda uno.
Kuvomereza
Nkhani yowunikirayi idakonzedwa ndi NovaBrain International Consortium yomwe idapangidwa mu 2012 ndi cholinga chofuna kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wofufuza momwe maubwenzi amagwirira ntchito ndi momwe amadyera (Wogwirizira: David Val-Laillet, INRA, France). Mamembala oyambitsa a NovaBrain Consortium anali: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA, France), INRA Transfert SA (France), Wageningen University (The Netherlands), Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA, Spain), University Hospital Bonn (Germany), Institut Européen d 'Administration des Affaires (INSEAD, France), University of Surrey (UK), Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Noldus Information Technology BV (The Netherlands), University of Queensland (Australia), Oregon Research Institute (USA), Pennington Biomedical Research Center (USA), Center National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France), Old Dominion University (USA), Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek - Food & Biobased Research, The Netherlands, Aix-Marseille University (France), i3B Innovations BV (The Netherlands), Jožef Stefan Institute (Slovenia), University of Bologna (Italy). Kukonzekera ndi misonkhano yoyambirira ya NovaBrain Consortium idathandizidwa ndi INRA ndi Brittany Region (France) potengera FP7 European Program. Dr. Alonso-Alonso ndi amene amalandila ndalama kuchokera ku Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center (BNORC), 5P30 DK046200, ndi Nutrition Obesity Research Center ku Harvard (NORCH), P30 DK040561. Dr. Eric Stice adapindula ndi ndalama izi pazofufuza zomwe zatchulidwa pano: Roadmap Supplement R1MH64560A; Zolemba mu R01 DK080760; ndi R01 DK092468. Bernd Weber adathandizidwa ndi Heisenberg Grant wa Germany Research Council (DFG; We 4427 / 3-1). Dr. Esther Aarts adathandizidwa ndi thandizo la VENI la The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) (016.135.023) ndi chiyanjano cha AXA Research Fund (Ref: 2011). Luke Stoeckel adalandira thandizo la ndalama kuchokera ku National Institutes of Health (K23DA032612; R21DA030523), Norman E. Zinberg Fsoci in Addiction Psychiatry ku Harvard Medical School, Charles A. King Trust, McGovern Institute Neurotechnology Program, ndi ndalama zapadera ku Dipatimenti Yachipatala ya Massachusetts General Hospital. Kafukufuku wina yemwe adachitika mu pepalali adachitika pang'ono ku Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging ku McGovern Institute for Brain Research ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Olemba onse akunena kuti alibe kutsutsana pazokonda zokhudzana ndi zolembedwazi.
Zothandizira
- Aarts E., Van Holstein M., Hoogman M., Onnink M., Kan C., Franke B., Buitelaar J., Cools R. Kupereka malipiro okhudzidwa ndi chidziwitso kwa anthu akuluakulu / osowa mtendere: udindo wa kubala dopamine. Behav. Pharmacol. 2015;26(1–2):227–240. 25485641 [Adasankhidwa]
- Abubakr A., Wambacq I. Nthawi yayitali ya zotsatira za vagus zotsitsimutsa mitsempha kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a khunyu. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2008;15(2):127–129. 18068991 [Adasankhidwa]
- Adams TD, Davidson LE, Litwin SE, Kolotkin RL, LaMonte MJ, Pendleton RC, Wamphamvu MB, Vinik R., Wanner NA, Hopkins PN, Gress RE, Walker JM, Cloward TV, Nuttall RT, Hammoud A., Greenwood JL, Crosby RD, McKinlay R., Simper SC, Smith SC maubwino azaumoyo opatsirana opaleshoni pambuyo pazaka 6. JAMA. 2012;308(11):1122–1131. 22990271 [Adasankhidwa]
- Adcock RA, Lutomski K., Mcleod SR, Soneji DJ, Gabrieli JD Real-time fMRI panthawi ya matenda a maganizo: Kuwona njira zowonjezerapo kupindula kwabwino, deta yabwino. 2005. Msonkhano wa Mapu a Ubongo Waumunthu.
- Aerts HJ, Velazquez ER, Leijenaar RT, Parmar C., Grossmann P., Cavalho S., J. Bussink, Monshouwer R., Haibe-Kains B., Rietveld D., Hoebers F., Rietbergen MM, Leemans CR, Dekker A., Quackenbush J., Gillies RJ, Lambin P. Chotupitsa chojambulidwa phenotype ndi chithunzi chosagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowonjezereka. Nat. Chiyanjano. 2014; 5: 4006. 24892406 [Adasankhidwa]
- Aldao A., Nolen-Hoeksema S. Makhalidwe apadera okhudzidwa ndi malingaliro okhudzidwa. Behav. Res. Ther. 2010;48(10):974–983. 20591413 [Adasankhidwa]
- Alexander B., Warner-Schmidt J., Eriksson T., Tamminga C., Arango-Lievano M., Arango-Llievano M., Ghose S., Vernov M., Stavarache M., Stavarche M., Musatov S., Flajolet M., Svenningsson P., Greengard P., Kaplitt MG Kuwongolera khalidwe lopsinjika maganizo mu mbewa ndi p11 gene generapy mu nucleus accumbens. Sci. Tanthauzirani. Med. 2010;2(54):54ra76. 20962330 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]
- Allcountries.org. Khunyu: Etiology, epidemiology ndi matenda. Ipezeka: http://www.allcountries.org/health/epilepsy_aetiogy_epidemiology_and_prognosis.html
- Alonso-Alonso M. Kutembenuza tDCS kumalo olimbitsa thupi: njira zowonongeka. Kutsogolo. Hum. Neurosci. 2013; 7: 512. 23986687 [Adasankhidwa]
- Alonso-Alonso M., Pascual Leone A. Maganizo abwino a ubongo chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri. JAMA. 2007;297(16):1819–1822. 17456824 [Adasankhidwa]
- Amami P., Dekker I., Piacentini S., Ferré F., Romito LM, Franzini A., Foncke EM, Albanese A. Zoyeserera pakulamulira kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a Parkinson pambuyo pokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ubongo: de novo milandu ndi 3-chaka londola. J. Neurol. Mitsempha. Psychiatry. 2014 25012201 [Adasankhidwa]
- Amhaoul H., Staelens S., Dedeurwaerdere S. Kujambula ubongo kutupa kwa khunyu. Neuroscience. 2014; 279: 238-252. 25200114 [Adasankhidwa]
- Appelhans BM, Woolf K., Pagoto SL, Schneider KL, Wokondedwa MC, Liebman R. Kuletsa chakudya mphotho: kuchepetsa kuchepetsa, chakudya chopatsa mphamvu, komanso chakudya chopatsa thanzi ku amayi olemera kwambiri. Kutsika Kwambiri Silver Silver. 2011;19(11):2175–2182. 21475139 [Adasankhidwa]
- YAM'MBUYO YOTSATIRA TUMIZANI LINKI SINDIKIZANI KOPERANI MITU YA NKHANI Nkhani Yophunzitsa; 2011.
- Avena NM, Rada P., Hoebel BG Makoswe ochepetsa mphamvu amathandizira kutulutsa dopamine ndi kuyankhulana kwa acetylcholine pamtundu wa nucleus accumbens pamene akudya pa sucrose. Neuroscience. 2008;156(4):865–871. 18790017 [Adasankhidwa]
- Avena NM, Rada P., Moise N., Hoebel BG Sucrose sham yomwe imadyetsa pulogalamu yochepetsera zakudya imatulutsa dopamine mobwerezabwereza ndipo imathetsa yankho la acetylcholine. Neuroscience. 2006;139(3):813–820. 16460879 [Adasankhidwa]
- Azuma K., Uchiyama I., Takano H., Tanigawa M., Azuma M., Bamba I., Yoshikawa T. Kusintha kwa ubongo wamagazi pamene akukakamiza odwala omwe ali ndi multiple chemical sensitivity: phunziro. PLOS One. 2013; 8 (11): e80567. 24278291 [Adasankhidwa]
- Balodis IM, Molina ND, Kober H., Worhunsky PD, White MA, Rajita Sinha S., Grilo CM, Potenza MN Magulu osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kuti anthu asamakhale odwala kwambiri. Kutsika Kwambiri Silver Silver. 2013;21(2):367–377. 23404820 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bannier S., Montaurier C., Derost PP, Ulla M., Lemaire JJ, Boirie Y., Morio B., Durif F. Kulemera Kwambiri pambuyo polimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi ubongo wa Parkinson matenda: kulandidwa kwa nthawi yaitali. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2009;80(5):484–488. 19060023 [Adasankhidwa]
- Barker AT Chiyambi cha mfundo zazikulu za mphamvu ya maginito yotsitsimula. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1991;8(1):26–37. 2019648 [Adasankhidwa]
- Barth KS, Rydin-Gray S., Kose S., Borckardt JJ, O'Neil PM, Shaw D., Madan A., Budak A., George MS Chakudya chazakudya komanso zovuta zakubwezeretsanso kwa maginito ogwiritsira ntchito maginito ogwiritsa ntchito bwino chikhalidwe chamanyazi. Kutsogolo. Psychiatry. 2011; 2: 9. 21556279 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bartholdy S., Musiat P., Campbell IC, Schmidt U. Mphamvu ya neurofeedback pakuchiza matenda osokoneza bongo: kubwereza mabuku. EUR. Idyani. Kusokonezeka. Chiv. 2013;21(6):456–463. 24115445 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bassareo V., Musio P., Di Chiara G. Kuyanjana kwa nucleus accumbens shell ndi phokoso la dopamine ku zakudya ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2011;214(3):687–697. 21110007 [Adasankhidwa]
- Batterink L., Yokum S., Stice E. Thupi la thupi limagwirizanitsa ndi njira zoletsa kuteteza chakudya pakati pa atsikana omwe ali achinyamata. Neuroimage. 2010;52(4):1696–1703. 20510377 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bembich S., Lanzara C., Clarici A., Demarini S., Tepper BJ, Gasparini P., Grasso DL Kusiyanasiyana kwa wina aliyense m'ntchito yoyendetsa kortex panthawi ya kukonda kulawa pogwiritsa ntchito njira za FNIRS. Chem. Zimamveka. 2010;35(9):801–812. 20801896 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bériault S., Al Subaie F., Mok K., Sadikot AF, Pike GB Mafilimu a Zamankhwala Achidwi ndi Othandizira Pakompyuta - MICCAI. Chithunzi; Toronto: 2011. Kukonzekera mwatsatanetsatane ka dongosolo la DBS matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za MRI; pp. 259-267. [Adasankhidwa]
- Bern EM, O'Brien RF Kodi ndi vuto la kudya, matenda am'mimba, kapena zonsezi? Wotchinga. Tsegulani. Masewera. 2013;25(4):463–470. 23838835 [Adasankhidwa]
- Berridge KC Mtsutso wokhudza gawo la dopamine pamalipiro: mlandu wolimbikitsira. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2007;191(3):391–431. 17072591 [Adasankhidwa]
- Berridge KC 'Liking' ndi 'kufuna' chakudya mphoto: substrates ubongo ndi maudindo matenda. Physiol. Behav. 2009;97(5):537–550. 19336238 [Adasankhidwa]
- Berridge KC, Ho CY, Richard JM, Difeliceantonio AG Anayesa ubongo kudya: zokondweretsa ndi maulendo okhumba kwambiri ndi kunenepa kwa zakudya. Resin ya ubongo. 2010; 1350: 43-64. 20388498 [Adasankhidwa]
- Berridge KC, Robinson TE Kodi udindo wa dopamine mu mphotho: zotsatira za hedonic, kuphunzira mphoto, kapena kulimbitsa mtima? Resin ya ubongo. Resin ya ubongo. Chiv. 1998;28(3):309–369. 9858756 [Adasankhidwa]
- Berthoud HR Mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito zakudya zopatsa thanzi pa malo odyera. Proc. Mankhwala. Soc. 2012;71(4):478–487. 22800810 [Adasankhidwa]
- Besson M., Belin D., Mcnamara R., Theobald DE, Castel A., Beckett VL, Crittenden BM, Newman AH, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW, Dalley JW Dissociable kulamulira kusagwirizana kwa makoswe ndi dopamine d2 / 3 receptors mu malo oyambirira ndi zipolopolo za nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35(2):560–569. 19847161 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bielajew C., Stenger J., Schindler D. Zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchepa kwa thupi kukhale kochepa chifukwa chotsitsimutsa. Behav. Resin ya ubongo. 1994;62(2):143–148. 7945964 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bikson M., Bestmann S., Edwards D. Neuroscience: zipangizo zamakono sizinasewero. Chilengedwe. 2013; 501 (7466): 167. 24025832 [Adasankhidwa]
- Biraben A., Guerin S., Bobillier E., Val-Laillet D., Malbert CH Kutsegulira pambuyo poti chidziwitso cha nthendayi chimasokonekera mu nkhumba: chopereka cha kujambula. Bull. Acad. Vet. Fr. 2008; 161
- Birbaumer N., Ramos Murguialday A., Weber C., Montoya P. Neurofeedback ndi mawonekedwe a ubongo. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2009; 86: 107-117. 19607994 [Adasankhidwa]
- Birbaumer N., Ruiz S., Sitaram R. Kuphunzira kwa ubongo metabolism. Miyambo Yogwirizana. Sci. 2013;17(6):295–302. 23664452 [Adasankhidwa]
- Blackshaw LA, Brookes SJH, Grundy D., Schemann M. Sensory kutumizira m'matumbo a m'mimba. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2007;19(1 Suppl):1–19. 17280582 [Adasankhidwa]
- Blundell JE, Cooling J. Njira zopitirira kunenepa kwambiri: phenotypes, kusankha zakudya ndi ntchito. Br. J. Nutriti. 2000;83(Suppl. 1):S33–SS38. 10889790 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bodenlos JS, Schneider KL, Oleski J., Gordon K., Rothschild AJ, Pagoto SL Magulu a mitsempha yotsitsimutsa komanso kudya zakudya: zotsatira za chiwerengero cha thupi. J. Shuga Shuga. Technol. 2014;8(3):590–595. 24876624 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bungwe la Bolen SD, Chang HY, JP Weiner, Richards TM, Shore AD, Goodwin SM, Johns RA, Magnuson TH, Clark JM Zotsatira za chipatala cha opaleshoni ya babatoni: zaka zisanu zapitazo zomwe zinagwirizanitsidwa m'madera asanu ndi awiri a US. Obes. Opaleshoni. 2012;22(5):749–763. 22271357 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bové J., Perier C. Mitundu yofananira ndi matenda a Parkinson. Sayansi. 2012; 211: 51-76. 22108613 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bowirrat A., Oscar-Berman M. Chiyanjano pakati pa dopaminergic neurotransmission, uchidakwa, ndi mphotho yoperewera matenda. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2005;132B(1):29–37. 15457501 [Adasankhidwa]
- Bralten J., Franke B., Waldman I., Rommelse N., Hartman C., Asherson P., Banaschewski T., Ebstein RP, Gill M., Miranda A., Oades RD, Roeyers H., Rothenberger A., Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J., Sonuga-Barke E., Steinhausen HC, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Arias-Vásquez A. Otsatira njira zochitira chidwi / matenda osokoneza bongo (ADHD) amasonyeza kusonkhana ndi zizindikiro zoopsa za ana ndi ADHD. J. Am. Acad. Mwana Wachichepere. Psychiatry. 2013;52(11):1204–1212. 24157394 [Adasankhidwa]
- Brown FD, Fessler RG, Rachlin JR, Mullan S. Kusintha kwa kudya ndi kugwidwa kwa magetsi kwa zowonongeka hypothalamus mu agalu. J. Neurosurg. 1984;60(6):1253–1257. 6726369 [Adasankhidwa]
- Brühl AB, Scherpiet S., Sulzer J., Stämpfli P., Seifritz E., Herwig U. Real-time neurofeedback pogwiritsira ntchito ntchito ya MRI ikhoza kuchepetsa-kuthetsa ntchito ya amygdala panthawi yogwira mtima: phunziro lachidziwitso. Topogr ya ubongo. 2014;27(1):138–148. 24241476 [Adasankhidwa]
- Brunoni AR, Amadera J., Berbel B., Volz MS, Rizzerio BG, Fregni F. A ndondomeko yowonongeka pa kulengeza ndi kuwonetsa zotsatira zovuta zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwachindunji kotere. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14(8):1133–1145. 21320389 [Adasankhidwa]
- Buchwald H., Oien DM Zamakono opaleshoni / opaleshoni padziko lonse. Obes. Opaleshoni. 2013; 2011: 427-436. [Adasankhidwa]
- Burger KS, Berner LA Kukambirana mozama za kunenepa kwambiri, mahomoni okhutitsa ndi khalidwe labwino. Physiol. Behav. 2014; 136: 121-127. 24769220 [Adasankhidwa]
- Burger KS, Stice E. Kawirikawiri timadzi timadzi tokoma timagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kuchepetsedwa kwachangu pakalandira mkaka wa milk cream. Am. J. Clin. Mankhwala. 2012;95(4):810–817. 22338036 [Adasankhidwa]
- Burger KS, Stice E. Greater striatopallidal adaptive coding pamapeto-mphoto kuphunzira ndi chakudya mphoto habituation ananeneratu za m'tsogolo kulemera kulemera. Neuroimage. 2014; 99: 122-128. 24893320 [Adasankhidwa]
- Burneo JG, Wophunzira E., Knowlton R., Morawetz R., Kuzniecky R. Kulemera kwa thupi kumagwirizanitsa ndi vagus nerve stimulation. Neurology. 2002;59(3):463–464. 12177391 [Adasankhidwa]
- Chitsamba Choyaka G., Luu P., Posner MI Chidziwitso ndi zochitika m'maganizo amtundu wa anterior cingulate kalotex. Miyambo Yogwirizana. Sci. 2000;4(6):215–222. 10827444 [Adasankhidwa]
- Camilleri M., Toouli J., Herrera MF, Kulseng B., Kow L., JP pantoja, Marvik R., Johnsen G., Billington CJ, Moody FG, Knudson MB, Tweden KS, Vollmer M., Wilson RR, Anvari Mimba ya m'mimba yamimba (VBLOC therapy): zotsatira zachipatala ndi chipangizo chatsopano cha mankhwala. Opaleshoni. 2008;143(6):723–731. 18549888 [Adasankhidwa]
- Camus M., Halelamien N., Plassmann H., Shimojo S., O'Doherty J., Camerer C., Rangel A. Kubwerezabwereza kwa maginito opitilira muyeso wolondola wam'mbali kumachepetsa kuwerengera posankha chakudya. EUR. J. Neurosci. 2009;30(10):1980–1988. 19912330 [Adasankhidwa]
- Caravaggio F., Raitsin S., Gerretsen P., Nakajima S., Wilson A., Graff-Guerrero A. Kumenyana kolimba kwa dopamine D2 / 3 receptor agonist koma osati wotsutsa akulosera chiwerengero cha thupi labwino. Ubweya. Psychiatry. 2015; 77: 196-202. 23540907 [Adasankhidwa]
- Caria A., Sitaram R., Birbaumer N. Real-time fMRI: chida cha malamulo a m'deralo. Wasayansi. 2012;18(5):487–501. 21652587 [Adasankhidwa]
- Caria A., Sitaram R., Veit R., Begliomini C., Birbaumer N. Kugonjetsa kwapadera kwa malo omwe amapezeka mkati mwa insula kumathandiza kuti munthu asamangidwe. Phunziro lachidziwitso la maginito la maginito lachithunzi. Ubweya. Psychiatry. 2010;68(5):425–432. 20570245 [Adasankhidwa]
- Caria A., Veit R., Sitaram R., Lotze M., Weiskopf N., Grodd W., Birbaumer N. Kukonzekera kwa ntchito zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yeniyeni fMRI. Neuroimage. 2007;35(3):1238–1246. 17336094 [Adasankhidwa]
- Cazettes F., Cohen JI, Yau PL, Talbot H., Convit A. Kutupa kwambiri kwa thupi kumatha kuwononga dera la ubongo lomwe limayang'anira kudya. Resin ya ubongo. 2011; 1373: 101-109. 21146506 [Adasankhidwa]
- Chakravarty MM, Bertrand G., Hodge CP, Sadikot AF, Collins DL Kulengedwa kwa ma atlas a ubongo chifukwa cha chithunzi chogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi chodziwika bwino. Neuroimage. 2006;30(2):359–376. 16406816 [Adasankhidwa]
- Chang SH, Stoll CR, Nyimbo J., Varela JE, Eagon CJ, Colditz GA Kuchita bwino ndi kuopsa kwa opaleshoni ya bariatric: ndondomeko yowonongeka ndi kuyang'ana, 2003-2012. JAMA Opaleshoni. 2014;149(3):275–287. 24352617 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]
- Chang SY, Kimble CJ, Kim I., Paek SB, Kressin KR, Boesche JB, Whitlock SV, Eaker DR, Kasasbeh A., Horne AE, Blaha CD, Bennet KE, Lee KH Kukula kwa Mayo kufufuza kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kake: ndondomeko yotsegula makina otsekemera otsekemera. J. Neurosurg. 2013;119(6):1556–1565. 24116724 [Adasankhidwa]
- Chapin H., Bagarinao E., Mackey S. Nthawi yeniyeni fMRI imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa ululu. Neurosci. Lett. 2012;520(2):174–181. 22414861 [Adasankhidwa]
- Chen PS, Yang YK, Yeh TL, Lee IH, Yao WJ, Chiu NT, Lu RB Mgwirizano pakati pa chiwerengero cha thupi la anthu ndi omwe amachititsa kuti dopamine atengeke m'thupi mwa anthu odzipereka - kuphunzira kwa SPECT. Neuroimage. 2008;40(1):275–279. 18096411 [Adasankhidwa]
- Choi EY, Yeo BT, Buckner RL Mapangidwe a striatum ya munthu amalingalira ndi kugwirizana kwabwino kwa ntchito. J. Neurophysiol. 2012;108(8):2242–2263. 22832566 [Adasankhidwa]
- Chouinard-Decorte F., Felsted J., Small DM Kuwonjezera kuyankhidwa kwa amygdala ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya m'kati mwa mayendedwe a amygdala ku chakudya poyerekeza ndi anthu olemera kwambiri. Kudya. 2010; 54 (3): 639.
- Christou NV, Yang'anani D., Maclean LD Phindu lolemera pambuyo pafupipafupi ndi lachilendo lalitali m'mimba mwa odwala lotsatiridwa kwa zaka zoposa 10. Ann. Opaleshoni. 2006;244(5):734–740. 17060766 [Adasankhidwa]
- Clouard C., Meunier-Salaün MC, Val-Laillet D. Zakudya zokonda ndi zosokoneza mu umoyo wa anthu ndi zakudya: nguruwe zingathandize bwanji kafukufuku wamoyo? Nyama. 2012;6(1):118–136. 22436160 [Adasankhidwa]
- Cohen MX, Krohn-Grimberghe A., Elger CE, Weber B. Dopamine jini amaneneratu momwe ubongo ungayankhire mankhwala a dopaminergic. EUR. J. Neurosci. 2007;26(12):3652–3660. 18088284 [Adasankhidwa]
- Conway CR, Sheline YI, Chibnall JT, Bucholz RD, Price JL, Gangwani S., Mintun MA Ubongo wamagazi umasintha ndi kugwidwa koopsa kwa mitsempha ya mitsempha mwachitsulo chachikulu chotsutsa. Chikoka cha ubongo. 2012;5(2):163–171. 22037127 [Adasankhidwa]
- Coquery N., Francois O., Lemasson B., Debacker C., Farion R., Rémy C., Barbier EL Microvascular MRI ndi zosavomerezeka zomwe zimakhala zokolola-zofanana ndi mafano a glioma. J. Cereb. Maselo a Flow Flow. 2014;34(8):1354–1362. 24849664 [Adasankhidwa]
- Cornier MA, Salzberg AK, Endly DC, Bessesen DH, Tregellas JR zosiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana m'mayendedwe a khalidwe komanso machitidwe okhudza zakudya. Physiol. Behav. 2010;99(4):538–543. 20096712 [Adasankhidwa]
- Cortese DA A masomphenya a mankhwala odziwika payekha pa nkhani ya umoyo wadziko lonse. Kliniki. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007;82(5):491–493. 17952101 [Adasankhidwa]
- Covasa M., Ritter RC Kusintha kwa zakudya zam'mafuta kwambiri kumachepetsa kuletsa chiwopsezo chotsitsidwa ndi CCK ndi matumbo a m'mimba. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Kugwirizana. Kuphatikiza. Physiol. 2000;278(1):R166–RR170. 10644635 [Adasankhidwa]
- Cox AJ, West NP, Cripps AW Kulemera kwambiri, kutupa, ndi matumbo a microbiota. Lancet Shuga ya Endocrinol. 2015; 3: 207-215. [Adasankhidwa]
- Cutini S., Basso Moro S., Bisconti S. Ndemanga: Kugwira ntchito pafupi ndi mafano opangidwa ndi ma infrared operewera nzeru za chidziwitso: ndondomeko yoyamba. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 2012;20(1):75–92.
- D'Haese PF, Cetinkaya E., Konrad PE, Kao C., Dawant BM Kukhazikitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi makompyuta azolimbikitsa zakuya muubongo: kuchokera pakukonzekera kupita kuupangiri wothandizidwa. IEEE Trans. Med. Kujambula. 2005;24(11):1469–1478. 16279083 [Adasankhidwa]
- Daly DM, Park SJ, Valinsky WC, Beyak MJ Matenda osakwanira a m'mimba amachititsa kuti thupi likhale lopweteka kwambiri komanso kuti vagal ali ndi zakudya zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kunenepa kwambiri mu mbewa. J. Physiol. 2011;589(11):2857–2870. 21486762 [Adasankhidwa]
- Datta A., Bansal V., Diaz J., Patel J., Reato D., Bikson M. Gyri-ndondomeko yoyamba ya kusintha kwapadera pakali pano: kusintha kwapakati pamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphete yamakono motsutsana ndi penti yokhala ndi makina ozungulira. Chikoka cha ubongo. 2009;2(4):201–207. 20648973 [Adasankhidwa]
- Davis JF, Tracy AL, Schurdak JD, Tschöp MH, Lipton JW, Clegg DJ, Benoit SC Kuwonetsetsa kuti mafuta olemera amatha kuwonetsa psychostimulant mphotho ndi masolimbic dopamine kubwereka mu khola. Behav. Neurosci. 2008;122(6):1257–1263. 19045945 [Adasankhidwa]
- De Weijer BA, Van De Giessen E., Janssen I., Berends FJ, Van De Laar A., Ackermans MT, Fliers E., La Fleur SE, Booij J., Serlie MJ Striatal dopamine receptor omangidwa m'magazi ochepa kwambiri Pambuyo pa opaleshoni ya opaleshoni yapamimba komanso chiyanjano chake ndi insulini. Diabetologia. 2014;57(5):1078–1080. 24500343 [Adasankhidwa]
- De Weijer BA, Van De Giessen E., Van Amelsvoort TA, Boot E., Braak B., Janssen IM, Van De Laar A., Otchinga E., Serlie MJ, Booij J. Kupezeka kwapadera kwa D2 / 3 kulandira kwapezeka olemera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi osakhala ovuta kwambiri. EJNMMI Res. 2011; 1 (1): 37. 22214469 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]
- Kuwononga RC Kuwerenga ndi kuyang'anira ubongo waumunthu wa munthu pogwiritsira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito maginito opanga chithunzi. Miyambo Yogwirizana. Sci. 2007;11(11):473–481. 17988931 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kuwononga RC Mafunsowo a nthawi yeniyeni fMRI. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008;9(9):720–729. 18714327 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kuwononga RC, Maeda F., Glover GH, Ludlow D., Pauly JM, Soneji D., Gabrieli JD, Mackey SC Kulamulira pa ubongo ndi ululu wophunzira pogwiritsa ntchito MRI yeniyeni yeniyeni. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005;102(51):18626–18631. 16352728 [Adasankhidwa]
- Dedeurwaerdere S., Cornelissen B., Van Laere K., Vonck K., Achten E., Slegers G., Boon P. Ng'ombe zochepa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mitsempha yambiri m'magulu: Kuphunzira woyendetsa ndege. Matenda a khunyu. 2005;67(3):133–141. 16289508 [Adasankhidwa]
- Del Parigi A., Chen K., Gautier JF, Salbe AD, Pratley RE, Ravussin E., Reiman EM, Tataranni PA Kusiyana kwakugonana pamachitidwe aubongo wamunthu ku njala ndi kukhuta. Ndine. J. Chipatala. Zakudya zabwino. 2002;75(6):1017–1022. 12036808 [Adasankhidwa]
- Delgado JM, Anand BK Kuwonjezeka kwa zakudya zomwe zimakhudza magetsi a hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol. 1953;172(1):162–168. 13030733 [Adasankhidwa]
- Delparigi A., Chen K., AD Salbe, Hill JO, Mapiko a RR, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA Kuchita bwino kwachulukanso kwawonjezereka ntchito za neural m'madera okhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino. Int. J. Obes. (London) 2007;31(3):440–448. 16819526 [Adasankhidwa]
- Demos KE, Heatherton TF, Kelley WM Kusiyanitsa kwa wina aliyense mu nkhono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku chakudya ndi zithunzi zogonana zimaneneratu kulemera ndi kugonana. J. Neurosci. 2012;32(16):5549–5552. 22514316 [Adasankhidwa]
- Denis GV, Hamilton JA Anthu olemera kwambiri: Kodi angadziwike bwanji ndikupanga mbiri yokhudzana ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kachakudya? Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Mafupa a shuga. 2013;20(5):369–376. 23974763 [Adasankhidwa]
- Denys D., Mantione M., Figee M., Van Den Munckhof P., Koerselman F., Westenberg H., Bosch A., Schuurman R. Deep ubongo wokakamiza wa khunyu accumcums kwa chithandizo chopangitsa kuti munthu asamangokhalira kuchipatala. Mzere. Gen. Psychiatry. 2010;67(10):1061–1068. 20921122 [Adasankhidwa]
- Digiorgi M., Rosen DJ, Choi JJ, Milone L., Schrope B., Olivero-Rivera L., Restuccia N., Yuen S., Fisk M., Inabnet WB, Bessler M. Kukhalanso ndi matenda a shuga pambuyo pa kupweteka kwa msana kwa odwala omwe amakhala pakati pa nthawi yayitali. Opaleshoni. Obes. Relat. Dis. 2010;6(3):249–253. 20510288 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mayi, Malbert CH, Watabe K., Matono S., Ayabe M., Kiyonaga A, Mayi, Malbert CH, Watoto K., Matono S., Ayabe M., Kiyonaga A ., Anzai K., Higaki Y., Tanaka H. Poyamba kusintha mu ubongo metabolism motsatira vagal kukondweretsa. Obes. Zoonadi. 2014;7(1):26–35. [Adasankhidwa]
- Domingue BW, Belsky DW, Harris KM, Smolen A., Mcqueen MB, Boardman JD Polygenic ngozi imalimbikitsa kunenepa kwambiri kwa achinyamata oyera ndi akuda. PLOS One. 2014; 9 (7): e101596. 24992585 [Adasankhidwa]
- Donovan CM, kufufuza kwa Bohland M. Hypoglycemic pa mitsempha yotsekemera: kulibe mwa anthu kapena kuti sichidziwikiratu? Matenda a shuga. 2009;58(1):21–23. 19114726 [Adasankhidwa]
- Downar J., Sankar A., Giacobbe P., Woodside B., Colton P. Sitikuyembekezeranso kuchotseratu mwamsanga kwa bulimia nervosa, panthawi yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe imapangitsa kuti magetsi azitsitsimutsa. Kutsogolo. Psychiatry. 2012; 3: 30. 22529822 [Adasankhidwa]
- Dunn JP, Cowan RL, Volkow ND, Feurer ID, Li R., Williams DB, Kessler RM, Abumrad NN Kuchuluka kwa dopamine mtundu wa 2 kulandira kupezeka pambuyo pa opaleshoni ya bereatric: zofufuza zoyambirira. Resin ya ubongo. 2010; 1350: 123-130. 20362560 [Adasankhidwa]
- Dunn JP, Kessler RM, Feurer ID, Volkow ND, Patterson BW, Ansari MS, Li R., Marks-Shulman P., Abumrad NN Ubale wa dopamine mtundu 2 receptor amatha kukhala ndi kusala ma nehomendocrine mahomoni ndi insulin kumva mphamvu kwa anthu. Chisamaliro cha shuga. 2012;35(5):1105–1111. 22432117 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ehlis AC, Schneider S., Dresler T., Fallgatter AJ Kugwiritsa ntchito makina opanga makina opanga mafilimu omwe amagwira ntchito pafupi kwambiri. Neuroimage. 2014;85(1):478–488. 23578578 [Adasankhidwa]
- Eisenstein SA, Antenor-Dorsey JA, Gredysa DM, Koller JM, Bihun EC, Ranck SA, Arbeláez AM, Klein S., Perlmutter JS, Moerlein SM, Black KJ, Hershey T. Kuyerekeza kwa D2 receptor kumangomveka bwino kwambiri anthu olemera omwe amagwiritsa ntchito PET ndi (N - [(11) C] methyl) benperidol. Sinthasintha. 2013;67(11):748–756. 23650017 [Adasankhidwa]
- El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Froguel P. Kuchokera ku kunenepa kwambiri kwa majeremusi ndi tsogolo la chithandizo chamtundu wokonda kwambiri kunenepa. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2013;9(7):402–413. 23529041 [Adasankhidwa]
- Fava M. Kuzindikira ndi kutanthauzira kwa kupanikizika kosalekeza kwa mankhwala. Ubweya. Psychiatry. 2003;53(8):649–659. 12706951 [Adasankhidwa]
- Felsted JA, Ren X., Chouinard-Decorte F., Small DM Zomwe zimayambitsa kusiyana kwa ubongo kumbali ya chakudya choyambirira. J. Neurosci. 2010;30(7):2428–2432. 20164326 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ferrari M., Quaresima V. Kuwunika mwachidule pa mbiri ya chitukuko cha mtundu wa anthu (FNIRS) chomwe chimagwira ntchito komanso machitidwe. Neuroimage. 2012;63(2):921–935. 22510258 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ferreira JG, Tellez LA, Ren X., Yeckel CW, de Araujo IE Kukonzekera kwa mafuta okhutira pokhapokha ngati palibe kukoma kwa chizindikiro. J. Physiol. 2012;590(4):953–972. 22219333 [Adasankhidwa]
- Finkelstein EA, Khavjou OA, Thompson H., Trogdon JG, Pan L., Sherry B., Dietz W. Kulemera kwakukulu komanso kunenepa kwakukulu kudzera mu 2030. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2012;42(6):563–570. 22608371 [Adasankhidwa]
- Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zapachaka chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri. Health Aff (Millwood) 2009;28(5):w822–ww831. 19635784 [Adasankhidwa]
- Fladby T., Bryhn G., Halvorsen O., Rosé I., Wahlund M., Wiig P., Wetterberg L. Kuyankha mwachidwi pamakono a anthu okalamba akuyendera limodzi ndi mafilimu oyang'anitsitsa: kuyambira koyambirira. J. Cereb. Maselo a Flow Flow. 2004;24(6):677–680. 15181375 [Adasankhidwa]
- KM Lawyer, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR Kukula ndi zovuta zowonjezera kwambiri pakati pa akuluakulu a US, 1999-2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):235–241. 20071471 [Adasankhidwa]
- Fox MD, Buckner RL, MP White, Greicius MD, Pascual Leone. Kuchita bwino kwa maginito maginito okugwedeza malingaliro a kuvutika maganizo kumagwirizana ndi ntchito yeniyeni yogwirizanitsa ndi zenizeni zenizeni. Ubweya. Psychiatry. 2012;72(7):595–603. 22658708 [Adasankhidwa]
- Fox MD, Halko MA, Eldaief MC, Leoncual Leone A. Kuyeza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kugwirizana kwa ubongo ndi kupuma kogwiritsira ntchito maginito opanga magetsi (fcMRI) ndi kutulutsa magnetic magnetic stimulation (TMS) Neuroimage. 2012;62(4):2232–2243. 22465297 [Adasankhidwa]
- Frank S., Lee S., Preissl H., Schultes B., Birbaumer N., Veit R. Wothamanga kwambiri wa ubongo: kudzidziletsa kwa chilengedwe chakunja. PLOS One. 2012; 7 (8): e42570. 22905151 [Adasankhidwa]
- Frank S., Wilms B., Veit R., Ernst B., Thurnheer M., Kullmann S., Fritsche A., Birbaumer N., Preissl H., Schultes B. Kusintha kwa ubongo m'mabambo ovuta kwambiri amayi akhoza kubwezeretsa pambuyo pa Roux -Komwe Yakupweteka kupitirira opaleshoni. Int. J. Obes. (London) 2014;38(3):341–348. 23711773 [Adasankhidwa]
- Fregni F., Orsati F., Pedrosa W., Fecteau S., Tome FA, Nitsche MA, Mecca T., Makedoniya CE, Pascual Leone A., Boggio PS Kuthamangitsidwa kwapadera kwa kondomu yapamwamba kumapangitsa kuti zakudya. Kudya. 2008;51(1):34–41. 18243412 [Adasankhidwa]
- Gabrieli JD, Ghosh SS, Whitfield-Gabrieli S. Kulosera monga chithandizo chaumulungu ndi chongopeka kuchokera ku nzeru zaumunthu zamaganizo. Neuron. 2015;85(1):11–26. 25569345 [Adasankhidwa]
- Gagnon C., Desjardins-Crépeau L., Tournier I., Desjardins M., Lesage F., Greenwood CE, Bherer L. Zithunzi zosawerengeka za zotsatira za kugwidwa ndi shuga ndi malamulo pa ntchito yoyendetsa ntchito pazinthu ziwiri kudya anthu akuluakulu. Behav. Resin ya ubongo. 2012;232(1):137–147. 22487250 [Adasankhidwa]
- García-García I., Narberhaus A., Marqués-Iturria I., Garolera M., Rădoi A., Segura B., Pueyo R., Ariza M., Jurado MA Neural amayankha kuwona chakudya: zidziwitso zochokera ku magnetic resonance kuganiza. EUR. Idyani. Kusokonezeka. Chiv. 2013;21(2):89–98. 23348964 [Adasankhidwa]
- Gearhardt AN, Yokum S., Stice E., Harris JL, Brownell KD Chiyanjano cha kunenepa kwa neural activation pakuyankha malonda. Soc. Dziwani. Zakhudza. Neurosci. 2014;9(7):932–938. 23576811 [Adasankhidwa]
- Geha PY, Aschenbrenner K., Felsted J., O'Malley SS, Small DM Yasintha hypothalamic poyankha chakudya cha omwe amasuta. Ndine. J. Chipatala. Zakudya zabwino. 2013;97(1):15–22. 23235196 [Adasankhidwa]
- Geiger BM, Haburcak M., Avena NM, Moyer MC, Hoebel BG, Pothos EN Kuwonongeka kwa mesolimbic dopamine kutsekula m'mimba mwa nyerere kudya kwambiri kunenepa. Neuroscience. 2009;159(4):1193–1199. 19409204 [Adasankhidwa]
- Geliebter A. Neuro kuganizira za chapamimba kutalika ndi opaleshoni ya opaleshoni. Kudya. 2013; 71: 459-465. 23932915 [Adasankhidwa]
- Gibbons C., Finlayson G., Dalton M., Caudwell P., Blundell JE Metabolic ndondomeko zowonongeka: Kuphunzira khalidwe la kudya mwa anthu. J. Endocrinol. 2014;222(2):G1–G12. 25052364 [Adasankhidwa]
- Goddard E., Ashkan K., Farrimond S., Bunnage M., Chuma J. Choyambirira cha lobe glioma chimaonetsa ngati anorexia nervosa: Zowonjezereka zowonjezera zowonongeka zapadera zimakhala ngati malo osagwira ntchito. Int. J. Idyani. Kusokonezeka. 2013;46(2):189–192. 23280700 [Adasankhidwa]
- Goldman RL, Borckardt JJ, Frohman HA, O'Neil PM, Madan A., Campbell LK, Budak A., George MS Prefrontal cortex transcranial yolimbikitsa pakali pano (tDCS) imachepetsa kwakanthawi kulakalaka chakudya ndikuwonjezera kudzidziwitsa komwe kumatha kukana chakudya mwa akulu omwe amakonda kudya pafupipafupi. Kulakalaka kudya. 2011;56(3):741–746. 21352881 [Adasankhidwa]
- Goldman RL, Canterberry M., Borckardt JJ, Madan A., Byrne TK, George MS, O'Neil PM, oyang'anira oyang'anira a Hanlon CA amasiyanitsa kuchuluka kwa kuchepa kwa thupi pambuyo poti opaleshoni ya m'mimba. Kunenepa Kwambiri Silver. 2013;21(11):2189–2196. 24136926 [Adasankhidwa]
- Gologorsky Y., Ben-Haim S., Moshier EL, Godbold J., Tagliati M., Weisz D., Alterman RL Kuwongolera khoma la ventricular panthawi ya opaleshoni yozama ya ubongo kwa Parkinson matenda amachititsa ngozi ya sequelae yowopsya. Neurosurgery. 2011;69(2):294–299. 21389886 [Adasankhidwa]
- Gorgulho AA, Pereira JL, Krahl S., Lemaire JJ, De Salles A. Kusokoneza maganizo kwa matenda odwala: kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda a anorexia. Neurosurg. Kliniki. N. Am. 2014;25(1):147–157. 24262906 [Adasankhidwa]
- Gortz L., Bjorkman AC, Andersson H., Kral JG Wosakaniza vagotomy amachepetsa chakudya ndi kumwa madzi mwa munthu. Physiol. Behav. 1990;48(6):779–781. 2087506 [Adasankhidwa]
- Green E., Murphy C. Anasintha kukonza kokoma kokoma mu ubongo wa zakudya zakumwa zakumwa zakumwa. Physiol. Behav. 2012;107(4):560–567. 22583859 [Adasankhidwa]
- Guo J., Simmons WK, Herscovitch P., Martin A., KD Striatal dopamine D2-monga receptor mapangidwe amodzi ndi kulemera kwamunthu ndi khalidwe loperekera kudya. Mol. Psychiatry. 2014;19(10):1078–1084. 25199919 [Adasankhidwa]
- Guo T., Finnis KW, Parrent AG, Peters TM Kuwonetseratu ndi kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zozama za ubongo. Tumizani. Chikulire Chothandizira. 2006;11(5):231–239. 17127648 [Adasankhidwa]
- Hall KD, Hammond RA, Rahmandad H. Dynamic akugwirizana pakati pa ma homeostatic, hedonic, ndi maganizidwe othandizira kulemera kwa thupi. Am. J. Public. Thanzi. 2014;104(7):1169–1175. 24832422 [Adasankhidwa]
- Hallett M. Kutuluka maginito maginito: a primer. Neuron. 2007;55(2):187–199. 17640522 [Adasankhidwa]
- Halperin R., Gatchalian CL, Adachi TJ, Carter J., Leibowitz SF Kuyanjana kwa adrenergic ndi magetsi kukakamiza ubongo kunapangitsa mayankho odyetsa. Pharmacol. Chilengedwe. Behav. 1983;18(3):415–422. 6300936 [Adasankhidwa]
- Halpern CH, Tekriwal A., Santollo J., Keating JG, Wolf JA, Daniels D., Bale TL Kulimbikitsidwa kwa kudya mowa mwachangu ndi nucleus accumbens chipolopolo chakuya mu ubongo mkati mwa mbewa kumaphatikizapo kutengera kwa D2. J. Neurosci. 2013;33(17):7122–7129. 23616522 [Adasankhidwa]
- Haltia LT, Rinne JO, Merisaari H., Maguire RP, Savontaus E., Helin S., Någren K., Kaasinen V. Zotsatira za shuga m'kati mwa ntchito ya dopaminergic mu ubongo wa munthu mu vivo. Sinthasintha. 2007;61(9):748–756. 17568412 [Adasankhidwa]
- J. Hannukainen, Guzzardi M., Virtanen K., Sanguinetti E., Nuutila P., Iozzo P. Kujambula kwa chiwalo cha metabolism mu kunenepa kwambiri ndi shuga: malingaliro achipatala. Curr. Pharm. Zovuta. 2014 24745922 [Adasankhidwa]
- Harada H., Tanaka M., Kato T. Ubongo wosinthika umayesedwa ndi anthu omwe ali pafupi kwambiri. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2006;120(8):638–643. 16884548 [Adasankhidwa]
- Hariz MI Zovuta za ubongo wozama opangitsa opaleshoni. Mov. Kusokonezeka. 2002;17(Suppl. 3):S162–SS166. 11948772 [Adasankhidwa]
- Hasegawa Y., Tachibana Y., Sakagami J., Zhang M., Urade M., Ono T. Kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kuthamanga kwa magazi nthawi ya Gum chewing. PLOS One. 2013; 8 (6): e66313. 23840440 [Adasankhidwa]
- Hassenstab JJ, Lokoma LH, Del Parigi A., Mccaffery JM, Haley AP, Demos KE, Cohen RA, Mapiko a RR Kukonzekera kwa chidziwitso chodziletsa kwambiri ndi kuperewera kwachisamaliro chokonzekera: choyamba MRI kuphunzira. Kupuma kwa maganizo. 2012;202(1):77–79. 22595506 [Adasankhidwa]
- Hausmann A., Mang B., Walpoth M., Hoertnagel C., Kramer-Reinstadler K., Rupp CI, Hinterhuber H. Kubwereza magnetic magnetic stimulation (rTMS) pochiritsidwa mobwerezabwereza wodwala wodwala matenda a bulimia nervosa: mbiri ya mlandu. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;7(3):371–373. 15154975 [Adasankhidwa]
- Helmers SL, Begnaud J., Cowley A., Corwin HM, Edwards JC, Holder DL, Kostov H., Larsson PG, Levisohn PM, De Menezes MS, Stefan H., Labiner DM Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zokopa mitsempha ya vagus. Acta Neurol. Sewero. 2012; 126: 336-343. 22360378 [Adasankhidwa]
- Henderson JM "Opaleshoni ya Connectomic": kujambula zithunzi zojambulidwa (DTI) tractography monga njira yowunikira maulendo opangira opaleshoni. Kutsogolo. Kugwirizana. Neurosci. 2012; 6: 15. 22536176 [Adasankhidwa]
- Higashi T., Sone Y., Ogawa K., Kitamura YT, Saiki K., Sagawa S., Yanagida T., Seiyama A. Kusintha kwa chigawo chakuda kwa magazi m'magazi otsekemera panthawi yamaganizo komanso popanda kumwa khofi: pogwiritsa ntchito makina osakanikirana. J. Biomed. Sankhani. 2004;9(4):788–793. 15250767 [Adasankhidwa]
- Amamanga O., Ghosh S., Thompson TW, Yoo JJ, Whitfield-Gabrieli S., Triantafyllou C., Gabrili JD Akupanga BOLD nthawi yeniyeni kuti ayambe kugwiritsira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni ya neurofeedback. Neuroimage. 2011;54(1):361–368. 20682350 [Adasankhidwa]
- Hollmann M., Hellrung L., Pleger B., Schlögl H., Kabisch S., Stumvoll M., Villringer A., Horstmann A. Neural ogwirizana ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi chilakolako cha chakudya. Int. J. Obes. (London) 2012;36(5):648–655. 21712804 [Adasankhidwa]
- Hoshi Y. Pakati pa mbadwo wotsatira wa makina oonera zinthu zosawerengeka. Philos. Kutenga. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2011;369(1955):4425–4439. 22006899 [Adasankhidwa]
- Hosseini SM, Mano Y., Rostami M., Takahashi M., Sugiura M., Kawashima R. Kulemba zomwe munthu amakonda kapena sakonda kuchokera ku mayeso amodzi a fNIRS. Neuroreport. 2011;22(6):269–273. 21372746 [Adasankhidwa]
- Hu C., Kato Y., Luo Z. Kugwiritsa ntchito kalotex yoyendetsera anthu kukhala kukoma kosangalatsa komanso kosasangalatsa pogwiritsa ntchito makina opanga mafilimu omwe ali pafupi. FNS. 2014;5(2):236–244.
- Insel TR Kutanthauzira mwayi wa sayansi ku zotsatira za thanzi labwino: ndondomeko yamakono yofufuza pa matenda a maganizo. Mzere. Gen. Psychiatry. 2009;66(2):128–133. 19188534 [Adasankhidwa]
- Insel TR, Voon V., Nye JS, Brown VJ, Altevogt BM, Bullmore ET, Goodwin GM, Howard RJ, Kupfer DJ, Malloch G., Marston HM, DJ Nutt, Robbins TW, Stahl SM, Tricklebank MD, Williams JH, Sahakian BJ Njira zatsopano zothetsera vutoli la mankhwala m'thupi labwino. Neurosci. Biobehav. Chiv. 2013;37(10 1):2438–2444. 23563062 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ishimaru T., Yata T., Horikawa K., Hatanaka S. Pansi-infraredredroscopy ya munthu wamkulu wamkulu wa cortex. Acta Otolaryngol. Kudzera. 2004;95–98(553):95–98. 15277045 [Adasankhidwa]
- Israël M., Steiger H., Kolivakis T., Mcgregor L., Sadikot AF Deep kukakamiza ubongo mu kondomu yoyenera ya matenda ovuta kudya. Ubweya. Psychiatry. 2010;67(9):e53–ee54. 20044072 [Adasankhidwa]
- Jackson PA, Kennedy DO Kugwiritsa ntchito makina oonera zinthu zakuthambo zochepa pafupi ndi maphunziro opatsirana zakudya. Kutsogolo. Hum. Neurosci. 2013; 7: 473. 23964231 [Adasankhidwa]
- Jackson PA, Reay JL, Scholey AB, Kennedy DO Docosahexaenoic acid-olemera nsomba zamtengo wapatali amachititsa kuti munthu asamvetsetse bwino zomwe zimachitika pazinthu zachinyamata. Ubweya. Psychol. 2012;89(1):183–190. 22020134 [Adasankhidwa]
- Jauch-Chara K., Kistenmacher A., Herzog N., Schwarz M., Schweiger U., Oltmanns KM Kupititsa patsogolo magetsi kumagetsi kumachepetsa chakudya cha anthu. Am. J. Clin. Mankhwala. 2014; 100: 1003-1009. 25099550 [Adasankhidwa]
- Jáuregui-Lobera I. Electroencephalography mu matenda ovutika. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Tenga. 2012; 8: 1-11. 22275841 [Adasankhidwa]
- Jenkinson CP, Hanson R., Cray K., Wiedrich C., Knowler WC, Bogardus C., Baier L. Association ya dopamine D2 receptor polymorphisms Ser311Cys ndi TaqIA ndi kunenepa kapena mtundu wa 2 shuga m'madera a Pima. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Kusokonezeka. 2000;24(10):1233–1238. 11093282 [Adasankhidwa]
- Jirsa VK, Sporns O., Breakspear M., Deco G., Mcintosh AR Pafupifupi ubongo: kuwonetsa makina a ubongo wokhazikika komanso wowonongeka. Mzere. Ital. Ubweya. 2010;148(3):189–205. 21175008 [Adasankhidwa]
- Johnson PM, Kenny PJ Dopamine D2 receptors mu zowonongeka monga mphoto zosavomerezeka ndi kudya mokakamiza mu makoswe oposa. Nat. Neurosci. 2010;13(5):635–641. 20348917 [Adasankhidwa]
- Jönsson EG, Nöthen MM, Grünhage F., Farde L., Nakashima Y., Propping P., Sedvall GC Polymorphisms mu dopamine D2 phwando la obvomerezeka ndi maubwenzi awo ndi kuvomereza kwa dopamine kulandira mphamvu kwa odzipereka wathanzi. Mol. Psychiatry. 1999;4(3):290–296. 10395223 [Adasankhidwa]
- Jorge J., Van Der Zwaag W., mgwirizano wa Figueiredo P. EEG-fMRI pophunzira ubongo wa munthu. Neuroimage. 2014; 102: 24-34. 23732883 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kamolz S., Richter MM, Schmidtke A., Fallgatter AJ Kusintha kwa maginito maginito okonzera kukhumudwa kwa comorbid mu anorexia. Nervenarzt. 2008;79(9):1071–1073. 18661116 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kanai R., Chaieb L., Antal A., Walsh V., Paulus W. Kukhudzidwa kwa magetsi kumayendedwe kawonekedwe. Curr. Ubweya. 2008;18(23):1839–1843. 19026538 [Adasankhidwa]
- Karlsson HK, Tuominen L., Tuulari JJ, Hirvonen J., Parkkola R., Helin S., Salminen P., Nuutila P., Nummenmaa L. Obesity amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwa μ-opioid koma osasinthika dopamine D2 kupezeka mu ubongo . J. Neurosci. 2015;35(9):3959–3965. 25740524 [Adasankhidwa]
- Karlsson HK, Tuulari JJ, Hirvonen J., Lepomäki V., Parkkola R., J. Hiltunen, Jann Hannukainen JC, Soinio M., Pham T., Salminen P., Nuutila P., Nummenmaa L. Obesity amagwirizana ndi nkhani yoyera atrophy: kujambulidwa kophatikizana koganizira zojambula ndi ma voxel based based morphometric study. Kutsika Kwambiri Silver Silver. 2013;21(12):2530–2537. 23512884 [Adasankhidwa]
- Karlsson J., Taft C., Rydén A., Sjöström L., Sullivan M. Zaka khumi zomwe zimakhala zokhudzana ndi umoyo wathanzi pambuyo pochita opaleshoni ndi ochiritsira kwambiri chifukwa cha kunenepa kwakukulu: maphunziro a SOS. Int. J. Obes. (London) 2007;31(8):1248–1261. 17356530 [Adasankhidwa]
- Katsareli EA, Dedoussis GV Biomarkers m'munda wa kunenepa kwambiri ndi zowonjezera zake. Akatswiri Opin. Ther. Zolinga. 2014;18(4):385–401. 24479492 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kaye WH, Wagner A., Fudge JL, Paulus M. Neurocircuitry wa matenda odwala. Curr. Topol. Behav. Neurosci. 2010; 6: 37-57. [Adasankhidwa]
- Kaye WH, Wierenga CE, Bailer UF, Simmons AN, Wagner A., Bischoff-Grethe A. Kodi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ubongo wambiri kwa zakudya ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumapangitsa kuti zakudya zowonjezereka zikhale ndi matenda a anorexia ndi bulimia nervosa? Ubweya. Psychiatry. 2013;73(9):836–842. 23380716 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kekic M., Mcclelland J., Campbell I., Nestler S., Rubia K., David AS, Schmidt U. Zotsatira za zofuna zapamwamba zamakono zotenga thupi (tDCS) zokhudzana ndi kudya ndi kuchepetsa nthawi kwa amayi omwe amakonda kudya chakudya . Kudya. 2014; 78: 55-62. 24656950 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kelley AE, Baldo BA, Pratt WE, Will MJ Corticostriatal-hypothalamic oyang'anira madera ndi zolimbikitsa chakudya: kuphatikizidwa kwa mphamvu, ntchito ndi mphotho. Physiol. Behav. 2005;86(5):773–795. 16289609 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kelley AE, Schiltz CA, Landry CF Neural machitidwe omwe amapezedwanso ndi mankhwala ndi zakudya zokhudzana ndi zakudya: kafukufuku wopanga mavitamini m'magulu. Physiol. Behav. 2005;86(1–2):11–14. 16139315 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kelley AE, Will MJ, Steininger TL, Zhang M., Haber SN Kuletsedwa chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku (chokoleti chotsimikizirika (R)) chimasintha machitidwe okhudza kubadwa kwa enkephalin gene. EUR. J. Neurosci. 2003;18(9):2592–2598. 14622160 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kennedy DO, Haskell CF Kuyenda kwa magazi m'magazi ndi zotsatira za khalidwe la caffeine m'zozoloŵera ndi osakhala ozoloŵera ogwiritsira ntchito caffeine: kufufuza kwapadera koyang'anitsitsa. Ubweya. Psychol. 2011;86(3):298–306. 21262317 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kennedy DO, Wightman EL, Reay JL, Lietz G., Okello EJ, Wilde A., Haskell CF Zotsatira za resveratrol pazigawo zamagazi zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuganiza bwino kwa anthu: zofufuzidwa kawiri, zam'maso, zowonongeka. Am. J. Clin. Mankhwala. 2010;91(6):1590–1597. 20357044 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kentish S., Li H., Philp LK, O'Donnell TA, Isaacs NJ, Young RL, Wittert GA, Blackshaw LA, Tsamba AJ Zakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akazi azigwirizana. J. Physiol. 2012;590(1):209–221. 22063628 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kessler RM, Zald DH, Ansari MS, Li R., Cowan RL Kusintha kwa dopamine kutulutsidwa ndi dopamine D2 / 3 mmalo okhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri. Sinthasintha. 2014;68(7):317–320. 24573975 [Adasankhidwa]
- Khan MF, Mewes K., Olemera RE, Skrinjar O. Maphunziro a ubongo wosinthika okhudza ubongo wozama opaleshoni. Kusinthasintha. Funsani. Neurosurg. 2008;86(1):44–53. 17881888 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kirkland A. Ganizirani za mvuu: chidziwitso cha ufulu pa kuvomereza mafuta. Law Soc. Chiv. 2008;42(2):397–432.
- Kirsch P., Reuter M., Mier D., Lonsdorf T., Stark R., Gallhofer B., Vaitl D., Hennig J. Kugwiritsira ntchito mitundu ya mankhwala: zotsatira za DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism ndi dopamine agonist bromocriptine pa ubongo ubongo panthawi ya kuyembekezera mphotho. Neurosci. Lett. 2006;405(3):196–201. 16901644 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kishinevsky FI, Cox JE, Murdaugh DL, Stoeckel LE, Cook EW, 3rd, Weller RE fMRI reactivity pa ntchito yochepetsera kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kulemera kwa amayi ambiri. Kudya. 2012;58(2):582–592. 22166676 [Adasankhidwa]
- Knight EJ, Min HK, Hwang SC, Marsh MP, Paek S., Kim I., Felmlee JP, Abulseoud OA, Bennet KE, Frye MA, Lee KH Nucleus ikupeza ubongo wozama kwambiri chifukwa cha insula ndi kuyendera: phunziro. PLOS One. 2013; 8 (2): e56640. 23441210 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kobayashi E., Karaki M., Kusaka T., Kobayashi R., Itoh S., Mori N. Kujambula bwino kwa chilengedwe cha mtundu wa cortex wodabwitsa mu nkhani za normosmia ndi nkhani zowopsya. Acta Otolaryngol. Kudzera. 2009: 79-84. 19848246 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kobayashi E., Karaki M., Touge T., Deguchi K., Ikeda K., Mori N., Doi S. Zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito makina oonera zinthu zakuthambo. ICME. Msonkhano wa Mayiko pa Zida Zamakono Zamakono. (Kobe, Japan) 2012
- Kobayashi E., Kusaka T., Karaki M., Kobayashi R., Itoh S., Mori N. Kujambula kokongola kwa chilengedwe cha kapangidwe kake. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(3):541–546. 17334319 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kober H., Mende-Siedlecki P., Kross EF, Weber J., Mischel W., Hart CL, Ochsner KN Njira yowonongeka kwa anthu oyang'aniridwa moyang'anizana ndi chidziwitso cha chilakolako. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010;107(33):14811–14816. 20679212 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kokan N., Sakai N., Doi K., Fujio H., Hasegawa S., Tanimoto H., Nibu K. Zozizwitsa zapadera za orbitofrontal cortex panthawi yokhumudwitsa. Am. J. Rhinol. Zovuta. 2011;25(3):163–165. 21679526 [Adasankhidwa]
- Konagai, C., Watanabe, H., Abe, K., Tsuruoka, N., Koga, Y., Zotsatira za chidziwitso cha nkhuku pa ubongo woganiza bwino: 77 (1) (2013a). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, pp. 178-181 [Adasankhidwa]
10.1271 / bbb.120706] [Pubmed: 23291775]. - Konagai C., Yanagimoto K., Hayamizu K., Han L., Tsuji T., Koga Y. Zotsatira za mafuta a krill omwe ali ndi mafuta a n-3 polyunsaturated amachititsa phospholipid kupanga ubongo waumunthu ntchito: . Kliniki. Mvetserani. Kukalamba. 2013; 8: 1247-1257. 24098072 [Adasankhidwa]
- Kral JG, Paez W., Wolfe BM Vagal mitsempha yochuluka mu kunenepa kwambiri: chithandizo cha mankhwala. World J. Surg. 2009;33(10):1995–2006. 19618240 [Adasankhidwa]
- Krolczyk G., Zurowski D., Sobocki J., Słowiaczek MP, Laskiewicz J., Matyja A., Zaraska K., Zaraska W., Thor PJ Zotsatira za microchip (MC) zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lopweteka m'mimba. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2001;52(4 1):705–715. 11787768 [Adasankhidwa]
- Krug ME, Carter CS Kuthetsa kusamvana kwachidziwitso cha chidziwitso. Mu: Mangun GR, mkonzi. Neuroscience of Attention: Kudzisamalira ndi Kusankha. Oxford University Press; New York: 2012. pp. 229-249.
- Kumar V., Gu Y., Basu S., Berglund A., Eschrich SA, Schabath MB, Forster K., Aerts HJ, Dekker A., Fenstermacher D., Goldgof DB, Nyumba LO, Lambin P., Balagurunathan Y. , Gatenby RA, Gillies RJ Ma ARV: njira ndi mavuto. Amuna. Reson. Kujambula. 2012;30(9):1234–1248. 22898692 [Adasankhidwa]
- Laćan G., De Salles AA, Gorgulho AA, Krahl SE, Frighetto L., Behnke EJ, Melega WP Kusinthana kwa chakudya chokwanira pambuyo polimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi ubongo wa hypothalamus mu monkey. Kufufuza kwa Laboratory. J. Neurosurg. 2008;108(2):336–342. 18240931 [Adasankhidwa]
- Lambert C., Zrinzo L., Nagy Z., Lutti A., Hariz M., Foltynie T., Draganski B., Ashburner J., Frackowiak R. Chivomerezo cha malo ogwira ntchito mkati mwa chikhalidwe cha munthu: njira za kugwirizanitsa ndi -kulumikiza pogwiritsa ntchito kujambula kwakukulu. Neuroimage. 2012;60(1):83–94. 22173294 [Adasankhidwa]
- Lambin P., Rios-Velazquez E., Leijenaar R., Carvalho S., Van Stiphout RG, Granton P., Zegers CM, Gillies R., Boellard R., Dekker A., Aerts HJ Zamankhwala: Kutenga zambiri kuchokera kuchipatala mafano pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwapadera. EUR. J. Cancer. 2012;48(4):441–446. 22257792 [Adasankhidwa]
- Lapenta OM, Mzinda wa KD, wa Makedoniya EC, Fregni F., Boggio PS Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka zowonongeka kwa ERP-kuchepetsa kuchepetsa mphamvu komanso kuchepetsa kudya. Kudya. 2014; 83: 42-48. 25128836 [Adasankhidwa]
- Laruelle M., Gelernter J., Innis RB D2 kulandira mphamvu sizakhudzidwa ndi mtundu wa Taq1 polymorphism pa jini ya receptor ya D2. Mol. Psychiatry. 1998;3(3):261–265. 9672902 [Adasankhidwa]
- Laskiewicz J., Królczyk G., Zurowski G., Sobocki J., Matyja A., Thor PJ Zotsatira za vagal neuromodulation ndi vagotomy kulamulira chakudya chokwanira ndi kulemera kwa piritsi. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2003;54(4):603–610. 14726614 [Adasankhidwa]
- Le DS, Pannacciulli N., Chen K., Del Parigi A., AD Salbe, Reiman EM, Krakoff J. Pang'ono pomwe ntchitoyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito potsalira chakudya: chinthu chokwanira kwambiri. Am. J. Clin. Mankhwala. 2006;84(4):725–731. 17023697 [Adasankhidwa]
- Lee S., Ran Kim K., Ku J., Lee JH, Namkoong K., Jung YC Chigawo chotsitsimutsa pakati pa chinyama chokhazikika ndi chonchi chimakhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a thupi m'thupi la anorexia nervosa ndi bulimia nervosa. Kupuma kwa maganizo. 2014;221(1):43–48. 24300085 [Adasankhidwa]
- Lehmkuhle MJ, Mayes SM, Kipke DR Unilateral kuwonetseratu kwachinsinsi kwa hypothalamus yowonjezera ya phala kupyolera mu ubongo kwambiri. J. Neural Eng. 2010; 7 (3): 036006. 20460691 [Adasankhidwa]
- LeWitt PA, Rezai AR, Leehey MA, Ojemann SG, Flaherty AW, Eskandar EN, Kostyk SK, Thomas K., Sarkar A., Siddiqui MS, Tatter SB, Schwalb JM, Poston KL, Henderson JM, Kurlan RM, Richard IH, Van Meter L., Sapan CV, Pakati pa MJ, Kaplitt MG AAV2-GAD chithandizo cha majini a matenda a Parkinson: kuyesedwa kosawona, koyeserera, kosasinthika. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(4):309–319. 21419704 [Adasankhidwa]
- Li X., Hartwell KJ, Borckardt J., Prisciandaro JJ, Saladin ME, Morgan PS, Johnson KA, Lematty T., Brady KT, George MS Kuchepetsedwa kwapadera kwa kampani yamtundu wina wamakono kumatulutsa chilakolako chochepa cha kusuta fodya: choyamba -kuphunzira nthawi ya fMRI. Chiwerewere. 2013;18(4):739–748. 22458676 [Adasankhidwa]
- Lipsman N., Woodside DB, Giacobbe P., Hamani C., Carter JC, Norwood SJ, Sutandar K., Staab R., Elias G., Lyman CH, Smith GS, Lozano AM Chimake chimakhudza ubongo kwambiri anorexia nervosa: mayesero oyendera oyendetsa 1. Lancet. 2013;381(9875):1361–1370. 23473846 [Adasankhidwa]
- TJ yaying'ono, Feinle-Bisset C. Mwamwayi ndi kumverera kwa m'mimba kwa zakudya zamakono ndi kudya kwa anthu: kusintha kwa zakudya ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Kutsogolo. Neurosci. 2010; 4: 178. 21088697 [Adasankhidwa]
- Livhits M., Mercado C., Yermilov I., Parikh JA, Dutson E., Mehran A., Ko CY, Gibbons MM Zomwe zimapangidwira zolemetsa zokhudzana ndi kulemera kwazitsulo pambuyo pa opaleshoni yowonongeka: njira yowonongeka. Obes. Opaleshoni. 2012;22(1):70–89. 21833817 [Adasankhidwa]
- Locke MC, Wu SS, Foote KD, Sassi M., Jacobson CE, Rodriguez RL, Fernandez HH, Okun MS Kulemera kwa msinkhu m'maganizo a subthalamic vs globus pallidus internus kwambiri kukakamiza ubongo: zotsatira za COMPARE Parkinson matenda ozama ubongo gulu. Neurosurgery. 2011;68(5):1233–1237. 21273927 [Adasankhidwa]
- Logan GD, Cowan WB, Davis KA Pazomwe amatha kuletsa mayankho osavuta ndi osankhidwa omwe angayankhe nthawi: chitsanzo ndi njira. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Chitani. 1984;10(2):276–291. 6232345 [Adasankhidwa]
- Luu S., Chau T. Neural akuyimira chiwerengero cha zokonda mu kondomu yamkati. Neuroreport. 2009;20(18):1581–1585. 19957381 [Adasankhidwa]
- Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, J. J. Overman, Pahwa R. Zovuta ndi zopangira zipangizo zamakono zokopa: njira zingapo za 160. Neurology. 2004;63(4):612–616. 15326230 [Adasankhidwa]
- Machii K., Cohen D., Ramos-Estebanez C., Pascual Leone. Chitetezo cha ma ARV ku malo osagwira ntchito pamagulu abwino komanso odwala. Kliniki. Neurophysiol. 2006;117(2):455–471. 16387549 [Adasankhidwa]
- Macia F., Perlemoine C., Coman I., Guehl D., Burbaud P., Cuny E., Gin H., Rigalleau V., odwala matenda a Tison F. Parkinson omwe ali ndi ubongo wamagulu awiri omwe amachititsa kuti thupi likhale lolimba. Kusuntha Kusokonezeka. 2004;19(2):206–212. 14978678 [Adasankhidwa]
- Magro DO, Geloneze B., Delfini R., Pareja BC, Callejas F., Pareja JC Kulemera kwanthawi yaitali kumabwereranso pambuyo pa kupweteka kwa chifuwa: kuyang'ana kwa zaka 5. Obes. Opaleshoni. 2008;18(6):648–651. 18392907 [Adasankhidwa]
- Makino M., Tsuboi K., Dennerstein L. Kukula kwa matenda akudya: kuyerekezera maiko akumadzulo ndi osadzulo. Ndemanga. 2004; 6 (3): 49. 15520673 [Adasankhidwa]
- Malbert CH Brain imaging pa nthawi ya kudya. Fundam. Kliniki. Pharmacol. 2013; 27: 26.
- Manta S., El Mansari M., Debonnel G., Blier P. Electrophysiological ndi matenda a m'maganizo a nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito vagus mitsempha pamakono a monoaminergic machitidwe. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(2):459–470. 22717062 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mantione M., Nieman DH, Figee M., Denys D. Kuzindikira-khalidwe lachidziwitso kumayambitsa zotsatira za ubongo wozama mu vuto lopanikizika. Psychol. Med. 2014; 44: 3515-3522. 25065708 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mantione M., Van De Brink W., Schuurman PR, Denys D. Kusuta fodya ndi kuwonongeka kwa thupi pambuyo posautsa kwambiri ubongo wa nucleus accumbens: chithandizo ndi kafufuzidwe. Neurosurgery. 2010; 66 (1): E218. 20023526 [Adasankhidwa]
- Martin DM, Liu R., Alonzo A., Green M., Loo CK Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zokopa zamakono (tDCS) kuti lipititse patsogolo maphunziro a chidziwitso: zotsatira za nthawi yolimbikitsa. Exp. Resin ya ubongo. 2014; 232: 3345-3351. 24992897 [Adasankhidwa]
- Martin DM, Liu R., Alonzo A., Green M., Wothandizira MJ, Sachdev P., Loo CK Kodi kusintha kwachangu komweku kumapangitsani zotsatira kuchokera ku chidziwitso? Kuyesedwa kosasinthika mwa otsogolera wathanzi. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(9):1927–1936. 23719048 [Adasankhidwa]
- Matsumoto T., Saito K., Nakamura A., Saito T., Nammoku T., Ishikawa M., Mori K. Ziwalo zowonongeka zowonongeka zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chidwi chochita chidwi ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimayang'anitsitsa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012;60(3):805–811. 22224859 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mccaffery JM, Haley AP, Lokoma LH, Phelan S., Raynor HA, Del Parigi A., Cohen R., Wing RR Kuyanjana kwa maginito kumaganizidwe ka mafano ku zakudya zowononga kulemera kwa thupi ndi zolemera kwambiri . Am. J. Clin. Mankhwala. 2009;90(4):928–934. 19675107 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mcclelland J., Bozhilova N., Campbell I., Schmidt U. Kuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane za zotsatira zokhudzana ndi matendawa pa kudya ndi kulemera kwa thupi: umboni kuchokera ku maphunziro a anthu ndi nyama. EUR. Idyani. Disorders Rev. 2013;21(6):436–455. [Adasankhidwa]
- Mcclelland J., Bozhilova N., Nestler S., Campbell IC, Jacob S., Johnson-Sabine E., Schmidt U. Kupititsa patsogolo kwa zizindikiro pambuyo pafupipafupi zowonongeka mobwerezabwereza magnetic stimulation (rTMS) mwamphamvu ndi kupirira anorexia nervosa: zochokera kwa awiri maphunziro a phunziro. EUR. Idyani. Kusokonezeka. Chiv. 2013;21(6):500–506. 24155247 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mccormick LM, Keel PK, Brumm MC, Bowers W., Swayze V., Andersen A., Andreasen N. Mavuto a kusintha kwa njala chifukwa chotsatira ndondomeko ya nthenda yoyamba mu nthenda ya anorexia nervosa. Int. J. Idyani. Kusokonezeka. 2008;41(7):602–610. 18473337 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mclaughlin NC, Didie ER, Machado AG, Haber SN, Eskandar EN, Greenberg BD Zowonjezereka mu zizindikiro za anorexia pambuyo polimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi ubongo chifukwa chosokonezeka kwambiri. Ubweya. Psychiatry. 2013;73(9):e29–ee31. 23128051 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mcneal DR Analysis ya chitsanzo cha chisangalalo cha mitsempha ya myelinated. IEEE Trans. Zida. Eng. 1976;23(4):329–337. 1278925 [Adasankhidwa]
- Miller AL, Lee HJ, Lumeng JC Ogwiritsira ntchito zakudya zowonjezera kwambiri komanso ntchito yaikulu kwa ana. Mwana wamwamuna. Res. 2015;77(1–2):143–147. 25310758 [Adasankhidwa]
- Miocinovic S., Parent M., Butson CR, Hahn PJ, Russo GS, Vitek JL, Mcintyre CC Kufufuza kafukufuku wa chigawo cha subthalamic ndi lenticular fasciculus activation panthawi yachipatala. J. Neurophysiol. 2006;96(3):1569–1580. 16738214 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mitchison D., Hay PJ Mliri wa matenda odwala: majini, chilengedwe, ndi zachikhalidwe. Kliniki. Epidemiol. 2014; 6: 89-97. 24728136 [Adasankhidwa]
- Miyagi Y., Shima F., Sasaki T. Ubongo wosinthira: cholakwika chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa ubongo wakusokoneza magetsi. J. Neurosurg. 2007;107(5):989–997. 17977272 [Adasankhidwa]
- Miyake A., Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A., Wager TD Kugwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito zogwira ntchito komanso zopereka zawo kuntchito zovuta za "frontal lobe". Dziwani. Psychol. 2000;41(1):49–100. 10945922 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mogenson GJ Kukhazikika ndi kusinthidwa kwa zizoloŵezi zogwiritsira ntchito zomwe zimapangitsidwa ndi kukweza magetsi kwa hypothalamus. Physiol. Behav. 1971;6(3):255–260. 4942176 [Adasankhidwa]
- Montaurier C., Morio B., Bannier S., Derost P., Arnaud P., Brandolini-Bunlon M., Giraudet C., Boirie Y., Durif F. Njira zolemeretsa thupi kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a Parkinson pambuyo pakulimbikitsidwa ndi subthalamic . Ubongo. 2007;130(7):1808–1818. 17535833 [Adasankhidwa]
- Montenegro RA, Okano AH, Cunha FA, Gurgel JL, Fontes EB, Farinatti PT Prefrontal cortex transcranial zovuta zatsopano zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochita zozizwitsa zamasamba zimasintha mbali ya chilakolako chofuna kukhudzidwa ndi anthu olemera kwambiri. Kudya. 2012;58(1):333–338. 22108669 [Adasankhidwa]
- Nagamitsu S., Araki Y., Ioji T., Yamashita F., Ozono S., Kouno M., Iizuka C., Hara M., Shibuya I., Ohya T., Yamashita Y., Tsuda A., Kakuma T ., Matsuishi T. Prefberal ubongo umagwira ntchito kwa ana omwe ali ndi anorexia nervosa: kufufuza kwapakatipansi. Ubongo Dev. 2011;33(1):35–44. 20129748 [Adasankhidwa]
- Nagamitsu S., Yamashita F., Araki Y., Iizuka C., Ozono S., Komatsu H., Ohya T., Yamashita Y., Kakuma T., Tsuda A., Matsuishi T. Mtundu wa thupi, chakudya chapamwamba cha calorie, ndi chiyanjano cha mwana wamwamuna mu ubwana anorexia nervosa. Ubongo Dev. 2010;32(2):162–167. 19216042 [Adasankhidwa]
- Nakamura H., Iwamoto M., Washida K., Sekine K., Takase M., Park BJ, Morikawa T., Miyazaki Y. Mphamvu za casein hydrolyzate zowonjezera ntchito za ubongo, zozizwitsa zaumphawi, ndi nkhawa. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2010;29(3):103–108. 20558968 [Adasankhidwa]
- Nederkoorn C., Smulders FT, Havermans RC, Roefs A., Jansen A. Kutulutsa mphamvu kwa amayi oposa. Kudya. 2006;47(2):253–256. 16782231 [Adasankhidwa]
- Neville MJ, Johnstone EC, Walton RT Kuzindikiritsa ndi kufotokoza kwa ANKK1: buku lokhala ndi kinase lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi DRD2 pa gulu la chromosome 11q23.1. Hum. Mutat. 2004;23(6):540–545. 15146457 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ng M., Fleming T., Robinson M., Thomson B., Graetz N., Margono C., Mullany EC, Biryukov S., Abambo C., Abera SF, Abraham JP, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Achoki T., Albuhairan FS, Alemu ZA, Alfonso R., Ali MK, Ali R., Guzman NA, Ammar W., Anwari P., Banerjee A., Barquera S., Basu S., DA Bennett, Bhutta Z., Blore J. , Cabral N., Nonato IC, Chang JC, Chowdhury R., Courville KJ, Criqui MH, Cundiff DK, Dabhadkar KC, Dandona L., Davis A., Dayama A., Dharmaratne SD, Ding EL, Durrani AM, Esteghamati A Fira DF, Feigin VL, Flaxman A., Forouzanfar MH, Goto A., Green MA, Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hankey GJ, Harewood HC, Wachisoni R., Hay S., Hernandez L., Husseini A., Idrisov BT, Ikeda N., Islami F., Jahangir E., Jassal SK, Jee SH, Jeffreys M., Jonas JB, Kabagambe EK, Khalifa SE, Kengne AP, Khader YS, Khang YH , Kim D., Kimokoti RW, King JM, Kokubo Y., Kosen S., Kwan G., Lai T., Leinsalu M., Li Y., Liang X., Liu S., Logroscino G., Lotufo PA, Lu Y., Ma J., Mainoo NK, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, M okdad AH, Moschandreas J., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nand D., Narayan KM, Nelson EL, Neuhouser ML, Nisar MI, Ohkubo T., Oti SO, Pedroza A. Padziko lonse, m'madera onse, ndi kunenepa kwambiri kwa ana ndi akulu pa 1980-2013: kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kwa Phunziro Lonse la Kulemetsa kwa Matenda. Lancet. 2014; 384: 766-781. [Adasankhidwa]
- Nitsche MA, Cohen LG, Wassermann EM, Priori A., Lang N., Antal A., Paulus W., Hummel F., Boggio PS, F F. F., Pascual Leone. 2008. Chikoka cha ubongo. 2008;2008(3):206–223. 20633386 [Adasankhidwa]
- Aluboma EP, Noble RE, Ritchie T., Syndulko K., Bohlman MC, Noble LA, Zhang Y., Sparkes RS, Mkulu DK D2 dopamine receptor gene ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Int. J. Idyani. Kusokonezeka. 1994;15(3):205–217. 8199600 [Adasankhidwa]
- Noordenbos G., Oldenhave A., Muschter J., Terpstra N. Makhalidwe ndi chithandizo cha odwala omwe akudwala matenda aakulu. UEDI. 2002;10(1):15–29. [Adasankhidwa]
- Novakova L., Haluzik M., Jech R., Urgosik D., Ruzicka F., Ruzicka E. Hormonal owongolera kudya ndi kulemera mu matenda a Parkinson pambuyo pokhudzidwa ndi nyukiliya. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 2011;32(4):437–441. 21876505 [Adasankhidwa]
- Novakova L., Ruzicka E., Jech R., Serranova T., Dusek P., Urgosik D. Kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwa thupi ndichinthu chosakhala champhamvu pakukondoweza kwakuya kwa gawo la subthalamic mu matenda a Parkinson. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 2007;28(1):21–25. 17277730 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ochoa M., Lallès JP, Malbert CH, Val-Laillet D. Zakudya za zakudya: kudziwika kwawo ndi matumbo-ubongo ndi ubwino wawo komanso zowononga mu thanzi ndi matenda. EUR. J. Nutriti. 2015;54(1):1–24. 25296886 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ochsner KN, Silvers JA, Buhle JT Maphunziro ogwira ntchito opanga mauthenga okhudzidwa: kukambirana koyambirira komanso kusintha kwa chidziwitso chodzidzimutsa. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2012; 1251: E1-E24. 23025352 [Adasankhidwa]
- Okamoto M., Dan H., Clowney L., Yamaguchi Y., Dan I. Kugwiritsira ntchito pulojekiti yoyendetsa puloteni panthawi yachisangalalo: kufufuza kwa fNIRS. Neurosci. Lett. 2009;451(2):129–133. 19103260 [Adasankhidwa]
- Okamoto M., Dan H., Singh AK, Hayakawa F., Jurcak V., Suzuki T., Kohyama K., Dan I. Ntchito ya Prefrontal panthawi ya kusiyana kwa kuyamwa: kugwiritsa ntchito masewero olimbitsa thupi omwe ali pafupi ndi ma infraredcopysi. Kudya. 2006;47(2):220–232. 16797780 [Adasankhidwa]
- Okamoto M., Dan I. Kugwira ntchito pafupi ndi-infrared-spectroscopy kwa mapu a ubongo waumunthu wogwira ntchito. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2007;103(3):207–215. 17434422 [Adasankhidwa]
- Okamoto M., Matsunami M., Dan H., Kohata T., Kohyama K., Dan I. Chochita cha Prefrontal panthawi yopanga kukoma: kufufuza fNIRS. Neuroimage. 2006;31(2):796–806. 16473020 [Adasankhidwa]
- Okamoto M., Wada Y., Yamaguchi Y., Kyutoku Y., Clowney L., Singh AK, Dan I. Ndondomeko yowonetsera njira zowonjezeretsa zolembera ndi kuyitanitsa zokonda: kuphunzira kwa NIRS. Neuroimage. 2011;54(2):1578–1588. 20832483 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ntchito Yoyamba ya Ono Y. Prefrontal yokhudzana ndi kukoma kwa kudya. ICME. Msonkhano wa Mayiko pa Engineering Engineering Complex. (Kobe, Japan) 2012: 2012.
- Tsamba AJ, Symonds E., Peiris M., Blackshaw LA, Young RL Mipingo ya neural mukulitsa. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2012;166(5):1537–1558. 22432806 [Adasankhidwa]
- Pajunen P., Kotronen A., Korpi-Hyövälti E., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S., Oksa H., Niskanen L., Saaristo T., Saltevo JT, Sundvall J., Vanhala M., Uusitupa M., Peltonen M. Zochita zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka zowonjezereka m'thupi mwa anthu ambiri: kafukufuku wa FIN-D2D. BMC Public. Thanzi. 2011; 11: 754. 21962038 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]
- Pannacciulli N., Del Parigi A., Chen K., Le DS, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA Ubongo wosayenerera m'thupi la anthu: chiphunzitso cha voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroimage. 2006;31(4):1419–1425. 16545583 [Adasankhidwa]
- Pardo JV, Sheikh SA, Kuskowski MA, Surerus-Johnson C., Hagen MC, Lee JT, Rittberg BR, Adson DE Kufooka kwapakati pa matenda osokoneza bongo, omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azivutika kwambiri. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2007; 31: 1756-1759. 17563762 [Adasankhidwa]
- Parmet, WE (2014), Pambuyo pa chibadwidwe: kubwereranso malire a malamulo a zaumoyo. Chilamulo cha Connecticut Cholinga Kum'mawa kwa Yunivesite Yophunzitsa Chilamulo Paper No. 194-2014
- Leon A. Leone, Davey N., Rothwell J., Wassermann E., Puri B. Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Kutsitsimula. Arnold; London: 2002.
- Patenaude B., Smith SM, Kennedy DN, Jenkinson M. A Bayesian mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ndi maonekedwe a ubongo wambiri wa ubongo. Neuroimage. 2011;56(3):907–922. 21352927 [Adasankhidwa]
- Pathan SA, Jain GK, Akhter S., Vohora D., Ahmad FJ, Khar RK Zomwe amalemba m'buku lachilendo cha katatu: Odwala matenda a khunyu: mankhwala, machitidwe ndi zipangizo. Dokotala Discov. Lero. 2010;15(17–18):717–732. 20603226 [Adasankhidwa]
- Perlmutter JS, Mink JW Kuzama kwa ubongo. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2006; 29: 229-257. 16776585 [Adasankhidwa]
- Petersen A. Kuchokera kuzinthu zamakono ku zaumulungu za chidziwitso. Soc. Sci. Med. 2013; 98: 264-270. 23434118 [Adasankhidwa]
- Petersen EA, Holl EM, Martinez-Torres I., Foltynie T., Limousin P., Hariz MI, Zrinzo L. Kuchepetsera ubongo m'maganizo opangira maopaleshoni. Neurosurgery. 2010;67(3 Suppl):213–221. 20679927 [Adasankhidwa]
- Pohjalainen T., Rinne JO, Någren K., Lehikoinen P., Anttila K., Syvälahti EK, Hietala J. Chiwerengero cha A1 cha D2 dopamine receptor gene chikulosera kuchepa kwa D2 kupezeka kwa anthu odzipereka odzipereka. Mol. Psychiatry. 1998;3(3):256–260. 9672901 [Adasankhidwa]
- Rasmussen EB, Lawyer SR, Reilly W. Mafuta a thupi la thupi ndi ofanana ndi kuchepetsa ndi kuthekera kugawa chakudya kwa anthu. Behav. Zotsatira. 2010;83(1):23–30. 19744547 [Adasankhidwa]
- Reinert KR, Po'e EK, Barkin SL Chiyanjano pakati pa ntchito yayikulu ndi kunenepa kwambiri kwa ana ndi achinyamata: kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane kwa mabuku. J. Obes. 2013; 2013: 820956. 23533726 [Adasankhidwa]
- Renfrew Center Foundation Yokonza Zakudya. Kusokonezeka kwa Zakudya Guide 101: Chidule cha Mavuto, Zolemba ndi Zothandizira. Renfrew Center Foundation Yokonza Zakudya; 2003.
- Reyt S., Picq C., Sinniger V., Clarençon D., Bonaz B., David O. Mphamvu zochititsa chidwi ndi zokhudzana ndi thupi: Kufufuza kwa MRI kwa vagus nerv stimulation. NeuroImage. 2010; 52: 1456-1464. 20472074 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ridding MC, Rothwell JC Kodi pali tsogolo lachiritso pogwiritsa ntchito maginito magetsi? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007;8(7):559–567. 17565358 [Adasankhidwa]
- Robbins TW, Everitt BJ Ntchito za dopamine mu dorsal ndi ventral striatum. Masemina mu sayansi ya sayansi. 1992;4(2):119–127.
- Robertson EM, Théoret H., Leoncual Leone A. Maphunziro a kuzindikira: mavuto anakonza ndi opangidwa ndi maginito a maginito. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2003;15(7):948–960. 14614806 [Adasankhidwa]
- Rosin B., Slovik M., Mitelman R., Rivlin-Etzion M., Haber SN, Israeli Z., Vaadia E., Bergman H. Kutsekedwa kwakukulu kokopa ubongo ndikopambana kuwonetsa Parkinsonism. Neuron. 2011;72(2):370–384. 22017994 [Adasankhidwa]
- Roslin M., Kurian M. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu ya magetsi ya nthenda ya vagus kuti athetse kunenepa kwambiri. khunyu &. Makhalidwe. 2001; 2: S11-SS16.
- Rossi S., Hallett M., Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A., Chitetezo cha TMS Consensus Gulu Kutetezeka, kulingalira, ndi mfundo zogwiritsira ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito kutulutsa mphamvu zamaginito muzochita ndi kufufuza. Kliniki. Neurophysiol. 2009;120(12):2008–2039. 19833552 [Adasankhidwa]
- Rota G., Sitaram R., Veit R., Erb M., Weiskopf N., Dogil G., Birbaumer N. Kudziletsa pa ntchito zamakono pogwiritsira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni fMRI: grey yowonongeka ndi chinenero. Hum. Mapu a ubongo. 2009;30(5):1605–1614. 18661503 [Adasankhidwa]
- Rudenga KJ, Yankho laling'ono la Amygdala ku sucrose yogwiritsiridwa ntchito limagwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito yokometsera yokongoletsa. Kudya. 2012;58(2):504–507. 22178008 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ruffin M., Nicolaidis S. Kulimbikitsidwa kwa magetsi kwa zowonongeka kwa hypothalamus kumapangitsa mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafuta komanso kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimayambitsa ndi kufanana ndi kulepheretsa khalidwe la kudya. Resin ya ubongo. 1999;846(1):23–29. 10536210 [Adasankhidwa]
- Saddoris MP, Sugam JA, Cacciapaglia F., Carelli RM Mwamsanga dopamine mphamvu mu accumbens pachimake ndi chipolopolo: kuphunzira ndi kuchita. Kutsogolo. Biosci. Elite Ed. 2013; 5: 273-288. 23276989 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sagi Y., Tavor I., Hofstetter S., Tzur-Moryosef S., Blumenfeld-Katzir T., Assaf Y. Kuphunzira mu njira yofulumira: nzeru zatsopano zokhudzana ndi matendawa. Neuron. 2012;73(6):1195–1203. 22445346 [Adasankhidwa]
- Saikali S., Meurice P., Sauleau P., Eliat PA, Bellaud P., Randuineau G., Vérin M., Malbert CH Zomwe zimachitika m'magulu a nkhumba. J. Neurosci. Njira. 2010;192(1):102–109. 20692291 [Adasankhidwa]
- Saito-Iizumi K., Nakamura A., Matsumoto T., Fujiki A., Yamamoto N., Saito T., Nammoku T., Mori K. Ethylmaltol fungo limapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chidwi chokhala ndi mankhwala osakanikirana. Chem. Percept. 2013;6(2):92–100.
- Sander CY, Hooker JM, Catana C., MD Normandin, Alpert NM, Knudsen GM, Vanduffel W., Rosen BR, Mandeville JB Amagwiritsa ntchito D2 / D3 dopamine receptor ogwiritsira ntchito PET / functional MRI imodzi yomweyo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013;110(27):11169–11174. 23723346 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sani S., Jobe K., Smith A., Kordower JH, Bakay RA Kwambiri kukakamiza ubongo kuti athetse kunenepa mu makoswe. J. Neurosurg. 2007;107(4):809–813. 17937228 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sarr MG, Billington CJ, Brancatisano R., Brancatisano A., Toouli J., Kow L., Nguyen NT, Blackstone R., Maher JW, Shikora S., Reeds DN, Eagon JC, Wolfe BM, O'Rourke RW, Fujioka K., Takata M., Swain JM, Morton JM, Ikramuddin S., Schweitzer M. Phunziro la EMPOWER: kuyesedwa kosavuta, koyembekezera, kosawona, koyeserera kwa vagal blockade kuti athandize kulemera kwambiri kunenepa kwambiri. Kulemera. Opaleshoni. 2012;22(11):1771–1782. 22956251 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sauleau P., Lapouble E., Val-Laillet D., Malbert CH Nkhumba ya nkhumba m'malingaliro ndi ubongo. Nyama. 2009;3(8):1138–1151. 22444844 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sauleau P., Leray E., Rouaud T., Drapier S., Drapier D., Blanchard S., Drillet G., Péron J., Vérin M. Kuyerekeza kunenepa ndi kudya mphamvu pambuyo pa kukondweretsedwa kwa subthalamic ndi pallidal mu matenda a Parkinson. . Kusuntha Kusokonezeka. 2009;24(14):2149–2155. 19735089 [Adasankhidwa]
- Schallert T. Kuyanjanitsa ku zofukiza zakudya panthawi ya kukakamiza kumakoswekera mu makoswe omwe sanawonekere ndi kudya. Physiol. Behav. 1977;18(6):1061–1066. 928528 [Adasankhidwa]
- Schecklmann M., Schaldecker M., Aucktor S., Brast J., Kirchgässner K., Mühlberger A., Warnke A., Gerlach M., Fallgatter AJ, Romanos M. Zotsatira za methylphenidate pa kukwiya ndi ubongo wamkati ana omwe ali ndi ADHD. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2011;45(11):1463–1470. 21689828 [Adasankhidwa]
- Schecklmann M., Schenk E., Maisch A., Kreiker S., Jacob C., Warnke A., Gerlach M., Fallgatter AJ, Romanos M. Anasintha ubongo wam'tsogolo ndi wamtunduwu pakagwira ntchito molimbikitsana pakakula kwambiri / kukhudzidwa kwambiri chisokonezo. Neuropsychobiology. 2011;63(2):66–76. 21178380 [Adasankhidwa]
- Schmidt U., Campbell IC Kuchiza matenda osadya sangathe kukhalabe 'osaganizira': vuto la mankhwala otsogolera ubongo. EUR. Idyani. Kusokonezeka. Chiv. 2013;21(6):425–427. 24123463 [Adasankhidwa]
- Scholkmann F., Kleiser S., Metz AJ, Zimmermann R., J. Pavia J., Wolf U., Wolf M. Kuwunika pazowonjezereka zogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zamakono ndi zojambula zojambula. Neuroimage. 2014;85(1):6–27. 23684868 [Adasankhidwa]
- Scholtz S., Miras AD, Chhina N., Prechtl CG, Sleeth ML, Daud NM, Ismail NA, Durighel G., Ahmed AR, Olbers T., Vincent RP, Alaghband-Zadeh J., Ghatei MA, Waldman AD, Frost GS, Bell JD, Le Roux CW, Odwala Goldstone AP Obese pambuyo poti opaleshoni ya opaleshoni imakhala ndi ubwino wochepa wa ubongo-hedonic kupatula chakudya chakumimba. Kutha. 2014;63(6):891–902. 23964100 [Adasankhidwa]
- Schultz W., Dayan P., Montague PR A gawo la neural la maulosi ndi mphotho. Sayansi. 1997;275(5306):1593–1599. 9054347 [Adasankhidwa]
- Shah M., Simha V., Garg A. Kubwereza: zotsatira za nthawi yayitali za opaleshoni yowirikiza pa kulemera kwa thupi, kuwonongeka, ndi zakudya. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006;91(11):4223–4231. 16954156 [Adasankhidwa]
- Shikira S., Toouli J., Herrera MF, Kulseng B., Zulewski H., Brancatisano R., Kow L., JP pantoja, Johnsen G., Brancatisano A., Tweden KS, Knudson MB, Billington CJ Vagal amatseka bwino kuteteza komanso kuthamanga kwa magazi m'zinthu zowonjezereka ndi mtundu wa 2 shuga. J. Obes. 2013; 2013: 245683. 23984050 [Adasankhidwa]
- Shimokawa T., Misawa T., Suzuki K. Neural akuyimira maubwenzi okonda. Neuroreport. 2008;19(16):1557–1561. 18815582 [Adasankhidwa]
- Shott ME, Cornier MA, Mittal VA, Pryor TL, Orr JM, Brown MS, Frank GK Orbitofrontal cortex volume ndi ubongo mphoto poyankha kunenepa kwambiri. Int. J. Obes. (London) 2015; 39: 214-221. 25027223 [Adasankhidwa]
- Siep N., Roefs A., Roebroeck A., Havermans R., Bonte M., Jansen A. Kulimbana ndi mayesero a zakudya: kuwonetsa zotsatira za kanthawi kochepa kuyambiranso, kuponderezana ndi kutsata malamulo okhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzidwa. Neuroimage. 2012;60(1):213–220. 22230946 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sierens DK, Kutz S., Pilitsis JG, Bakay RaE Kuchita opaleshoni yopanga ma microelectrode. Mu: Bakay RaE, mkonzi. Kusintha kwa Mavuto a Movement. Zofunikira. Amayi Ochipatala a Thieme; New York: 2008. pp. 83-114.
- Silves JA, Insel C., Mphamvu A., Franz P., Weber J., Mischel W., Casey BJ, Ochsner KN Curbing chilakolako: umboni wa khalidwe ndi ubongo kuti ana amayang'anira chilakolako pamene akuuzidwa kuchita zimenezo koma ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu kuposa akulu. Psychol. Sci. 2014;25(10):1932–1942. 25193941 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sitaram R., Lee S., Ruiz S., Rana M., Veit R., Birbaumer N. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yeniyeni komanso mauthenga ambiri a ubongo. Neuroimage. 2011;56(2):753–765. 20692351 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sizonenko SV, Babiloni C., De Bruin EA, Isaacs EB, Jönsson LS, Kennedy DO, Latulippe ME, Mohajeri MH, J. J. Moreines, Pietrini P., Walhovd KB, Winwood RJ, Zithunzi za JW Brain ndi zakudya za anthu: kuti mugwiritse ntchito pophunzira? Br. J. Nutriti. 2013;110(Suppl. 1):S1–S30. 23902645 [Adasankhidwa]
- DM yaing'ono, Jones-Gotman M., Dagher A. Kudyetsa-kutulutsa dopamine kumasulidwa mu dorsal striatum kumagwirizana ndi chakudya chosangalatsa chiwerengero mwa odzipereka odzipereka. Neuroimage. 2003;19(4):1709–1715. 12948725 [Adasankhidwa]
- DM yaing'ono, Zatorre RJ, Dagher A., Evans AC, Jones-Gotman M. Kusinthika mu ubongo zokhudzana ndi kudya chokoleti: kuchokera ku zosangalatsa mpaka kutsutsa. Ubongo. 2001;124(9):1720–1733. 11522575 [Adasankhidwa]
- Smink FR, Van Hoeken D., Hoek HW Mavuto okhudzana ndi kudya: chiwerengero, chiwerengero cha kufala ndi kufa. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(4):406–414. 22644309 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sotak BN, Hnasko TS, Robinson S., Kremer EJ, Palmiter RD Kutayika kwa dopamine kuwonetsa mu dorsal striatum kumaletsa kudya. Resin ya ubongo. 2005;1061(2):88–96. 16226228 [Adasankhidwa]
- Southon A., Walder K., Sanigorski AM, Zimmet P., Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA, Collier G. Taq IA ndi Ser311 Cys mapuloteni m'matenda a dopamine D2 receptor ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Matenda a shuga. Metab. 2003;16(1):72–76. 12848308 [Adasankhidwa]
- Spitz MR, Detry MA, Pillow P., Hu Y., Amosi CI, Hong WK, Wu X. Mitundu yonse ya D2 dopamine genetic receptor ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Mankhwala. Res. 2000;20(3):371–380.
- Stagg CJ, Nitsche MA Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino. Wasayansi. 2011;17(1):37–53. 21343407 [Adasankhidwa]
- Starr PA, Martin AJ, Ostrem JL, Talke P., Levesque N., Larson PS Pulogalamu yapamwamba yopanga ubongo poyikira pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi chapamwamba chogwiritsira ntchito magnetic resonance imaging ndi chipangizo chopangidwa ndi zigaza: njira yolondola. J. Neurosurg. 2010;112(3):479–490. 19681683 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stearns AT, Balakrishnan A., Radmanesh A., Ashley SW, Rhoads DB, Tavakkolizadeh A. Zopereka zogonana za vagal fibers kuti azikaniza kudya-kunenepa kwambiri. Kukumba. Dis. Sci. 2012;57(5):1281–1290. 22138962 [Adasankhidwa]
- Steele KE, Prokopowicz GP, Schweitzer MA, Magunsuon TH, Lidor AO, Kuwabawa H., Kumar A., Brasic J., Wong DF Kusinthidwa kwa mapulogalamu akuluakulu a dopamine asanayambe ndi operekera opaleshoni. Obes. Opaleshoni. 2010;20(3):369–374. 19902317 [Adasankhidwa]
- Steinbrink J., Villringer A., Kempf F., Haux D., Boden S., Obrig H. Kuunikira chizindikiro cha BOLD: maphunziro a FMRI-fNIRs pamodzi. Amuna. Reson. Kujambula. 2006;24(4):495–505. 16677956 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stenger J., Fournier T., Bielajew C. Zotsatira za kupsinjika kwanthawi yaitali kosokoneza ubongo kulemera kwa piritsi. Physiol. Behav. 1991;50(6):1209–1213. 1798777 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stephan FK, Valenstein ES, Zucker I. Kulimbana ndi kudya pamene mphamvu ya magetsi imalimbikitsa. Physiol. Behav. 1971;7(4):587–593. 5131216 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stergiakouli E., Gaillard R., Tavaré JM, Balthasar N., Loos RJ, Taal HR, Evans DM, Rivadeneira F., St Pourcain B., Uitterlinden AG, Kemp JP, Hofman A., Ring SM, Cole TJ, Jaddoe VW, Davey Smith G., Timpson NJ Gulu-lonse gulu lophunzira za BMI kutalika mu ubwana limazindikiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana mu ADCY3. Kutsika Kwambiri Silver Silver. 2014; 22: 2252-2259. 25044758 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stice E., Burger KS, Yokum S. Kukhoza kwamtundu wa mafuta ndi shuga zokonda kuchititsa madera, mphoto, ndi zosaoneka. Am. J. Clin. Mankhwala. 2013;98(6):1377–1384. 24132980 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stice E., Spoor S., Bohon C., Small DM Chiyanjano pakati pa kunenepa kwambiri ndi kuyankhidwa kosavuta kwa chakudya chimayesedwa ndi TaqIA A1. Sayansi. 2008;322(5900):449–452. 18927395 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stice E., Spoor S., Bohon C., Veldhuizen MG, Small DM Kulandira mphotho kuchokera ku chakudya komanso kuyembekezera chakudya chokwanira: Kuphunzira kujambula kokhala ndi maginito. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2008;117(4):924–935. 19025237 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stice E., Yokum S., Blum K., Bohon C. Kulemera kwa thupi kumaphatikizidwa ndi kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa chakudya chokoma. J. Neurosci. 2010;30(39):13105–13109. 20881128 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stice E., Yokum S., Bohon C., Marti N., Smolen A. Mphotho zowonongeka kwa chakudya zimatanthawuza kuwonjezeka kwa thupi m'tsogolo: zotsatira zochepa za DRD2 ndi DRD4. Neuroimage. 2010;50(4):1618–1625. 20116437 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stice E., Yokum S., Burger K., Epstein L., Smolen A. Multilocus zojambula zamtunduwu zomwe zimasonyeza mphamvu ya chizindikiro cha dopamine imalongosola mphoto yowonongeka. J. Neurosci. 2012;32(29):10093–10100. 22815523 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stice E., Yokum S., Burger KS, Epstein LH, Achinyamata Ochepa omwe ali pangozi yowonjezera kunenepa akuwonetseratu kuwonjezereka kwa zigawo zowonongeka ndi zoperewera kuti zikhale chakudya. J. Neurosci. 2011;31(12):4360–4366. 21430137 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stice E., Yokum S., Burger KS, Rohde P., Shaw H., Gau JM Anayesedwa mwatsatanetsatane kachitidwe kowonongeka koyesa kubisala. Physiol. Behav. 2015; 138: 124-132. [Adasankhidwa]
- Stoeckel LE, Garrison KA, Ghosh S., Wighton P., Hanlon CA, Gilman JM, Greer S., Turk-Browne NB, deBettencourt MT, Scheinost D., Craddock C., Thompson T., Calderon V., Bauer CC , George M., Breiter HC, Whitfield-Gabrieli S., Gabrieli JD, LaConte SM, Hirshberg L. Kukonzekera nthawi yeniyeni fMRI neurofeedback pofuna kupeza chithandizo ndi chitukuko. Chipatala cha NeuroImage. 2014; 5: 245-255. 25161891 [Adasankhidwa]
- Stoeckel LE, Ghosh S., Hinds O., Tighe A., Coakley A., Gabrieli JDE, Whitfield-Gabrieli S., Evins A. nthawi yeniyeni fMRI neurofeedback ikuwunikira malipiro - komanso malo okhudza ubongo omwe amasuta. 2011. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Msonkhano Wapachaka wa 50th.
- Stoeckel LE, Ghosh S., Keshavan A., Stern JP, Calderon V., Curran MT, Whitfield-Gabrieli S., Gabrieli JDE, Evins AE 2013. (2013a). "Zotsatira za nthawi yeniyeni fMRI neurofeedback pa chakudya ndi ndudu ya reactivity" American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Msonkhano Wapachaka wa 52nd.
- Stoeckel LE, Murdaugh DL, Cox JE, Cook EW, 3rd, Weller RE Kuchita chidwi kwambiri kumagwirizanitsa ndi kuchepa kwa ubongo kwa amayi olemera panthawi yochepetsetsa ntchito. Kujambula Ubongo Behav. 2013;7(2):116–128. 22948956 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mkuntho RE, Cartwright MS, Passmore LV, Ellis TL, Tatter SB, kusintha kwa SS Kusintha kwa ubongo pambuyo polimbikitsa ubongo chifukwa cha matenda. J. Neurol. 2010;257(8):1293–1297. 20221769 [Adasankhidwa]
- Suda M., Uehara T., Fukuda M., Sato T., Kameyama M., Mikuni M. Kuzoloŵera kudya ndi vuto la kudya pa matenda odwala kumagwirizana ndi kutsogolo koyambirira komwe kumayambira. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2010;44(8):547–555. 19962158 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sullivan PF Kufa mu matenda a anorexia nervosa. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995;152(7):1073–1074. 7793446 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sulzer J., Haller S., Scharnowski F., Weiskopf N., Birbaumer N., Blefari ML, Bruehl AB, Cohen LG, Amawononga RC, Gassert R., Goebel R., Herwig U., Laconte S., Linden D ., Luft A., Seifritz E., Sitaram R. Real-time fMRI neurofeedback: kupita patsogolo ndi mavuto. Neuroimage. 2013; 76: 386-399. 23541800 [Adasankhidwa]
- Sun X., Veldhuizen MG, Wray A., De Araujo I., Yankho laling'ono D. Amygdala ku chakudya chosowa pokhala opanda njala likulosera kusintha kwa kulemera. Kudya. 2013;60(1):168–174. [Adasankhidwa]
- Sutoh C., Nakazato M., Matsuzawa D., Tsuru K., Niitsu T., Iye M., Shimizu E. Kusintha kwazomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndizokhazikika pazowonongeka: kuyang'ana kwapansipansiponi. PLOS One. 2013; 8 (3): e59324. 23527162 [Adasankhidwa]
- Tanner CM, Brandabur M., Dorsey ER 2008. Matenda a Parkinson: Global View. kupezeka: http://www.parkinson.org/NationalParkinsonFoundation/files/84/84233ed6-196b-4f80-85dd-77a5720c0f5a.pdf.
- Tellez LA, Medina S., Han W., Ferreira JG, Licona-Limón P., Ren X., Lam TT, Schwartz GJ, De Araujo IE Kutsekemera kumalumikiza amithenga owonjezera mafuta owonjezera kuti asakwaniritse dopamine. Sayansi. 2013;341(6147):800–802. 23950538 [Adasankhidwa]
- Terney D., Chaieb L., Moliadze V., Antal A., Paulus W. Kuwonjezeka kwa ubongo waumunthu kumakhutira ndi kusintha kwapadera kwa phokoso phokoso. J. Neurosci. 2008;28(52):14147–14155. 19109497 [Adasankhidwa]
- Thomas EL, Parkinson JR, Frost GS, Goldstone AP, Doré CJ, Mccarthy JP, Collins AL, Fitzpatrick JA, Durighel G., Taylor-Robinson SD, Bell JD Mavuto omwe akusowapo: MRI ndi MRS zowononga mazira ndi ma epipic mafuta. Kutsika Kwambiri Silver Silver. 2012;20(1):76–87. 21660078 [Adasankhidwa]
- Thomas GN, Critchley JA, Tomlinson B., Cockram CS, Chan JC Ubale pakati pa taqI polymorphism ya dopamine D2 receptor ndi kuika magazi m'magawo achi China omwe ali oopsa kwambiri. Kliniki. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 2001;55(5):605–611. 11894971 [Adasankhidwa]
- Thomsen G., Ziebell M., Jensen PS, Da Cuhna-Bang S., Knudsen GM, Pinborg LH Palibe mgwirizano pakati pa chiwerengero cha thupi la anthu ndi odwala omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azikhala odzipereka pogwiritsa ntchito SPECT ndi [123I] PE2I. Kunenepa kwambiri. 2013; 21: 1803-1806. [Adasankhidwa]
- Tobler PN, CD ya Fiorillo, Schultz W. Kulemba kwa coding kwa mtengo wapatali ndi dopamine neurons. Sayansi. 2005;307(5715):1642–1645. 15761155 [Adasankhidwa]
- Tomycz ND, Whiting DM, O MY Kulimbikitsidwa kwambiri kwa ubongo chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri - kuchokera ku maziko osinthika opanga phunziro loyendetsa anthu oyambirira. Neurosurg. Chiv. 2012;35(1):37–42. 21996938 [Adasankhidwa]
- Torres N., Chabardès S., Benabid AL Chiwerengero cha hypothalamus-zakuya kwambiri zokopa mu ubongo ndi zolemetsa. Malangizo. Chingwe. Imani. Neurosurg. 2011; 36: 17-30. 21197606 [Adasankhidwa]
- Truong DQ, Magerowski G., Blackburn GL, Bikson M., Alonso-Alonso M. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito njira zowonongeka (tDCS) pochita kunenepa kwambiri: zotsatira za mafuta a mutu ndi malangizo a mlingo. Chipatala cha Neuroimage. 2013; 2: 759-766. 24159560 [Adasankhidwa]
- Tuite PJ, Maxwell RE, Ikramuddin S., Kotz CM, Kotzd CM, Billington CJ, Billingtond CJ, Laseski MA, Thielen SD Kulemera ndi kuchuluka kwa mthupi mwa odwala a Parkinson atachita opaleshoni yolimbikitsa kwambiri muubongo. Kutengera kwa Parkinsonism. Kusokonezeka. 2005;11(4):247–252. 15878586 [Adasankhidwa]
- Uehara T., Fukuda M., Suda M., Ito M., Suto T., Kameyama M., Yamagishi Y., Mikuni M. Cerebral magazi ambiri amasintha kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la kudya panthawi yomveka bwino mawu: kanema pafupi ndi mafilimu owonetserako mafilimu. Idyani. Kusokonezeka kwa kulemera. 2007;12(4):183–190. 18227640 [Adasankhidwa]
- Uher R., Yoganathan D., Mogg A., Eranti SV, J. Treasure, Campbell IC, Mcloughlin DM, Schmidt U. Zotsatira za kumanzere komweko kumabwereza magnetic magnetic stimulation pa chilakolako cha zakudya. Ubweya. Psychiatry. 2005;58(10):840–842. 16084855 [Adasankhidwa]
- Vainik U., Dagher A., Dubé L., Abale LK Neurobehavioral amalumikizana ndi chiwerengero cha thupi ndi miyambo ya anthu akuluakulu: ndondomeko yowonongeka. Neurosci. Biobehav. Chiv. 2013;37(3):279–299. 23261403 [Adasankhidwa]
- Val-Laillet D., Biraben A., Randuineau G., Malbert CH MATENDA Osautsa a mitsempha ya mitsempha yowonjezera kulemera kwake, kuchepetsa zakudya ndi kukoma mtima kwa anthu akuluakulu omwe amawopsa kwambiri. Kudya. 2010;55(2):245–252. 20600417 [Adasankhidwa]
- Val-Laillet D., Layec S., Guérin S., Meurice P., Malbert CH Kusintha kwa ubongo pambuyo pa kunenepa kwambiri kwa zakudya. Kutsika Kwambiri Silver Silver. 2011;19(4):749–756. 21212769 [Adasankhidwa]
- Van De Giessen E., Celik F., Schweitzer DH, Van Den Brink W., Booij J. Dopamine D2 / 3 kupezeka kwapadera ndi amphetamine-amachititsa dopamine kumasulidwa mu kunenepa kwambiri. J. Psychopharmacol. 2014;28(9):866–873. 24785761 [Adasankhidwa]
- Van De Giessen E., Hesse S., Caan MW, Zientek F., Dickson JC, Tossici-Bolt L., Sera T., Asenbaum S., Guignard R., Akdemir UO, Knudsen GM, Nobili F., Pagani M ., Vander Wotayika T., Van Laere K., Varrone A., Tatsch K., Booij J., Sabri O. Palibe mgwirizano pakati pa odwala opanga dopamine omwe amamangiriza ndi thupi: Neuroimage. 2013; 64: 61-67. 22982354 [Adasankhidwa]
- Van Den Eynde F., Guillaume S., Broadbent H., Campbell IC, Schmidt U. Kubwereza maginito magnetic stimulation mu anorexia nervosa: phunziro la oyendetsa. EUR. Psychiatry. 2013;28(2):98–101. 21880470 [Adasankhidwa]
- Van Der Plasse G., Schrama R., Van Seters SP, Vanderschuren LJ, Westenberg HG Kuwongolera ubongo kwambiri kumasonyeza kusokonezeka kwa khalidwe lokhazikika komanso lolimbikitsa m'magulu omwe amatha kukhala nawo. PLOS One. 2012; 7 (3): e33455. 22428054 [Adasankhidwa]
- Van Dijk SJ, Molloy PL, Varinli H., Morrison JL, Muhlhausler BS, mamembala a EpiSCOPE Epigenetics ndi kunenepa kwamunthu. Int. J. Obes. (London) 2014; 39: 85-97. 24566855 [Adasankhidwa]
- Verdam FJ, Schouten R., Greve JW, Koek GH, Bouvy ND Ndondomeko ya njira zochepa zosawonongeka komanso zosawerengeka zomwe zimatsatila zotsatira za opaleshoni yokhayokha. J. Obes. 2012; 2012: 597871. 22957215 [Adasankhidwa]
- Vijgen GHEJ, Bouvy ND, Leenen L., Rijkers K., Cornips E., Majoie M., Brans B., Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD Kulimbikitsidwa kwa mitsempha yowonjezera mphamvu kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu: chogwirizana ndi ntchito ya Brown. PLOS One. 2013; 8 (10): e77221. 24194874 [Adasankhidwa]
- Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F., Fowler JS, Thanos PK, Logan J., Alexoff D., Ding YS, Wong C., Ma Y., Pradhan K. Mavuto ochepa a D2 omwe amatha kupwetekedwa amakhala okhudzidwa kwambiri nkhani: zotheka zowonjezera. Neuroimage. 2008;42(4):1537–1543. 18598772 [Adasankhidwa]
- Walker HC, Lyerly M., Cutter G., Hagood J., Stover NP, Guthrie SL, Guthrie BL, Watts RL Kusintha kwa thupi kumafanana ndi STN DBS ndi PD. Parkinsonism Relat. Kusokonezeka. 2009;15(9):709–711. 19272829 [Adasankhidwa]
- Wallace DL, Aarts E., Dang LC, Greer SM, Jagust WJ, D'Esposito M. Dorsal striatal dopamine, kukonda chakudya ndi malingaliro azaumoyo mwa anthu. PLOS Mmodzi. 2014; 9 (5): e96319. 24806534 [Adasankhidwa]
- Walpoth M., Hoertnagl C., Mangweth-Matzek B., Kemmler G., Hinterhölzl J., Conca A., Hausmann A. Kubwereza kwa maginito kumagetsi ku bulimia nervosa: zotsatira zoyamba zapadera, zosaoneka, ziwiri , kuyesedwa kosautsidwa ndi amayi omwe ali kunja. Sungani. Psychosom. 2008;77(1):57–60. 18087209 [Adasankhidwa]
- Wang GJ, Tomasi D., Convit A., Logan J., Wong CT, Shumay E., Fowler JS, Volkow ND BMI amachititsa kuti doriamu yodalira kansalu ikhale yosinthika. PLOS One. 2014; 9 (7): e101585. 25000285 [Adasankhidwa]
- Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS Udindo wa dopamine chifukwa cha chakudya mwa anthu: zotsatira za kunenepa kwambiri. Akatswiri Opin. Ther. Zolinga. 2002;6(5):601–609. 12387683 [Adasankhidwa]
- Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J., Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W., Netusil N., Fowler JS Brain dopamine ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Lancet. 2001;357(9253):354–357. 11210998 [Adasankhidwa]
- Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Telang F., Jayne M., Ma Y., Pradhan K., Zhu W., Wong CT, Thanos PK, Geliebter A., Biegon A., Fowler JS Umboni wa kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kulepheretsa ubongo kuchitidwa ndi chakudya cholimbikitsa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009;106(4):1249–1254. 19164587 [Adasankhidwa]
- Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS Kujambula kwa ubongo dopamine njira: zotsatira za kumvetsa kunenepa kwambiri. J. Woledzera Med. 2009;3(1):8–18. 21603099 [Adasankhidwa]
- Wassermann E., Epstein C., Ziemann U. Oxford Handbook ya Transcranial Kutsitsimula. [! (kutanthauza: dzina)!]; Onetsetsani: 2008.
- Watanabe A., Kato N., Kato T. Zotsatira za kulenga pa kutopa kwa maganizo ndi ubongo wa hemoglobin oxygenation. Neurosci. Res. 2002;42(4):279–285. 11985880 [Adasankhidwa]
- Weiskopf N. Real-time fMRI ndi ntchito yake neurofeedback. Neuroimage. 2012;62(2):682–692. 22019880 [Adasankhidwa]
- Weiskopf N., Scharnowski F., Veit R., Goebel R., Birbaumer N., Mathiak K. Kudziletsa pa ntchito za ubongo wa m'dera pogwiritsira ntchito zenizeni zogwiritsa ntchito maginito (fMRI) J. Physiol. Paris. 2004;98(4–6):357–373. 16289548 [Adasankhidwa]
- Weiskopf N., Sitaram R., Josephs O., Veit R., Scharnowski F., Goebel R., Birbaumer N., Deichmann R., Mathiak K. Zithunzi zenizeni zogwiritsira ntchito maginito: njira ndi ntchito. Amuna. Reson. Kujambula. 2007;25(6):989–1003. 17451904 [Adasankhidwa]
- Whits DM, Tomycz ND, Bailes J., De Jonge L., Lecoultre V., Wilent B., Alcindor D., Prostko ER, Cheng BC, Angle C., Cantella D., Whiting BB, Mizes JS, Finnis KW, Ravussin E., O MY YAM'MBUYO YOTSATIRA MITU YA NKHANI YAM'MBUYO YOTSATIRA MITU YA NKHANI. J. Neurosurg. 2013;119(1):56–63. 23560573 [Adasankhidwa]
- Wightman EL, Haskell CF, Forster JS, Veasey RC, Kennedy DO Epigallocatechin ndondomeko, kuperewera kwa magazi m'magawo, kusamvetsetsana kwa thupi ndi maganizo abwino kwa anthu abwino: zofufuza ziwiri zapakhomo, zopanda malo, zofufuza za crossover. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(2):177–186. 22389082 [Adasankhidwa]
- Wilcox CE, Braskie MN, Kluth JT, Jagust WJ Khalidwe loipa kwambiri komanso dopamine yoperewera ndi 6- [F] -fluoro-l-m-tyrosine PET. J. Obes. 2010; 2010 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]
- Williams KW, Elmquist JK Kuchokera ku matenda a ubongo kupita ku khalidwe: kuyanjana kwakukulu kwa zizindikiro zowonongetsa khalidwe la kudya. Nat. Neurosci. 2012;15(10):1350–1355. 23007190 [Adasankhidwa]
- Mapiko a RR, Phelan S. Kutalika kwa thupi kwa nthawi yaitali. Am. J. Clin. Mankhwala. 2005;82(1 Suppl):222S–225S. 16002825 [Adasankhidwa]
- Wu H., Van Dyck-Lippens PJ, Santegoeds R., Van Kuyck K., Gabriëls L., Lin G., Pan G., Li Y., Li D., Zhan S., Sun B., Nuttin B. Kuzama-kukakamiza ubongo kwa anorexia nervosa. World Neurosurg. 2013;80(3–4):S29.e1–S29.e10. 22743198 [Adasankhidwa]
- Xiao Y., Beriault S., Pike GB, Collins DL Multicontrast multiecho FLASH MRI pofuna kuthana ndi chigawochi. Amuna. Reson. Kujambula. 2012;30(5):627–640. 22503090 [Adasankhidwa]
- Xue G., Aron AR, Poldrack RA Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi neural masentimita kuti zisawonongeke zowonongeka komanso zoyankhidwa. Cereb. Cortex. 2008;18(8):1923–1932. 18245044 [Adasankhidwa]
- Yimit D., Hoxur P., Amat N., Uchikawa K., Yamaguchi N. Zotsatira za peyade ya soya pachitetezo cha mthupi, ubongo wa ubongo, ndi ubongo wa m'magazi mwa odzipereka odzipereka. Zakudya zabwino. 2012;28(2):154–159. 21872436 [Adasankhidwa]
- Yokum S., Gearhardt AN, Harris JL, Brownell KD, Stice E. Kusiyanasiyana kwa wina aliyense pa ntchito yogulitsa zakudya kumaneneratu kulemera kwa achinyamata. Kunenepa Kwambiri (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: 2544-2551. 25155745 [Adasankhidwa]
- Yokum S., Ng J., Stice E. Kusamala kumakhudza zithunzithunzi za zakudya zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kulemera kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwa m'tsogolo: kufufuza kwa fMRI. Kutsika Kwambiri Silver Silver. 2011;19(9):1775–1783. 21681221 [Adasankhidwa]
- Yokum S., Stice E. Kulingalira kwa chilakolako cha zakudya: zotsatira za njira zitatu zowonongeka zowonongeka pa zakudya za neural ndi zakudya zokoma. Int. J. Obes. (London) 2013;37(12):1565–1570. 23567923 [Adasankhidwa]
- Zahodne LB, Susatia F., Bowers D., Ong TL, Jacobson CET, Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, Malaty IA, Foote KD, Fernandez HH Binge akudya matenda a Parkinson: kufalikira, kulumikizana komanso kuthandizira kukondoweza kwa ubongo. Chipatala cha J. Neuropsychiatry. Matenda. 2011;23(1):56–62. 21304139 [Adasankhidwa]
- Zangen A., Roth Y., Voller B., Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions: umboni wothandiza wa H-coil. Kliniki. Neurophysiol. 2005;116(4):775–779. 15792886 [Adasankhidwa]
- Zhang X., Cao B., Yan N., Liu J., Wang J., Tung VOV, Li Y. Vagus nerve stimulation amachititsa kukumbukira zowawa zapamtima. Behav. Resin ya ubongo. 2013;236(1):8–15. 22940455 [Adasankhidwa]
- Ziauddeen H., Farooqi IS, Fletcher PC Obesity ndi ubongo: Kodi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi otani? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2012;13(4):279–286. 22414944 [Adasankhidwa]
- Zotev V., Krueger F., Phillips R., Alvarez RP, Simmons WK, Bellgowan P., Drevets WC, Bodurka J. Kudziletsa kwa amygdala ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito FMRI neurofeedback. PLOS One. 2011; 6 (9): e24522. 21931738 [Adasankhidwa]
- Zotev V., Phillips R., Young KD, Drevets WC, Bodurka J. Prefrontal kulamulira amygdala pa nthawi yeniyeni fMRI neurofeedback kuphunzitsa malamulo. PLOS One. 2013; 8 (11): e79184. 24223175 [Adasankhidwa]