Neurobiology yodyera chakudya m'malo owonera (2012)

Kukula kwa Nutrition Society

November 2012, pp. 478-487

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665112000602

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti: 17 July 2012

Kudalirika

Cholinga cha ndondomekoyi yosasinthika ya zolembazo ndi kuwonetsa zina mwa njira zamakono ndi njira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zakudya zamakono komanso kuyang'ana njira zomwe zingagwirizane pakati pa machitidwe monga hypothalamus ndi ubongo makamaka kulandira zizindikiro zamkati za kupezeka kwa mafuta ndi malo otsogolera monga cortex, amygdala ndi maso-corticolimbic system dopamine, makamaka kupanga zizindikiro kunja. Moyo wamakono ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa momwe timadyera ndi kusunthira kumapangitsa kuti pulogalamu ya homoeostatic ikhale yowonjezereka chifukwa cha kulemera kwa thupi, zomwe zachititsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kunenepa kwambiri ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Mphamvu ya chakudya chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu azivutika maganizo komanso kuganizira za ubongo, makamaka ana ndi achinyamata, akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi zipangizo zamakono zamakono. Kuwonjezeka kwa zakudya zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera mafuta komanso shuga sikumangowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezereka, komabe zingasokonezenso ntchito za ubongo za ubongo zomwe zimawathandiza kukhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa hedonic, mothandizidwa ndi chidziwitso. Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti maphunziro okhawo a nthawi yayitali pa nkhani zaumunthu ndi zinyama zokhazokha zowonetsera kudyetsa kudya ndi kupititsa patsogolo kunenepa kwambiri ndikofunikira kuti azindikire zinthu zovuta komanso zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudzidwa. Malingaliro ochokera ku maphunzirowa komanso kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamakono a neuromarketing ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo kudya zakudya zathanzi.

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amadya, ndizodabwitsa kuti ambiri a ife, kulemera kwa thupi kumakhazikika panthawi yonse ya munthu wamkulu. Kulemera kwa kulemera kumeneku kumaphatikizapo njira yowonongeka ya homoeostatic mu hypothalamus yomwe imapangitsa kuti thupi likhale ndi thanzi labwino komanso lamadzimadzi komanso limayendetsa mphamvu zowonjezera komanso zowonjezera mphamvu. Komabe, chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha anthu, kuphatikizapo ana ndi achinyamata ambiri amayamba kunenepa kwambiri komanso amakhala ndi matenda ena opweteka kwambiri. Mchitidwe wambiri wa kunenepa kwambiri poyang'anizana ndi homoeostatic energy balance regulation yatsogolera kukangana kwakukulu kwa sayansi ndipo zosachepera zitatu zosiyana zinawonekera. Choyamba ndicho kuti thupi likhale lopangidwa mosiyana ndi losafunika) kuti lichepetse kuchokera pachizolowezi, payenera kukhala chinachake cholakwika ndi homoeostatic regulator yomwe ili mu hypothalamus⁽¹⁾. Chinthu china chimene chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi maganizo amenewa ndi "kuikapo" kwa thupi. Maganizo amenewa amatsimikiziridwa kuti ngati pali chinachake cholakwika ndi homoeostatic regulator, mwachitsanzo, zolakwika leptin ndi / kapena melanocortin-chizindikiro, kunenepa kwambiri sikungapeweke⁽²⁾. Komabe, chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha kunenepa kwambiri chingaperekedwe ku zolakwika m'magetsi odziwika bwino a homoeostatic regulator⁽³⁾. Ambiri mwa anthu olemera kwambiri samawoneka kuti ali ndi majeremusi olakwika omwe tsopano akugwirizanitsa ndi kunenepa kwambiri.

Njira yachiwiri ndi yakuti homoeostatic regulator imayesetsa kuteteza mthupi mwawo koma osati mopitirira muyeso wa zakudya zokha, zomwe zimapangidwanso kuti zikhale zovuta kuti zikhale ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana za mkati ndi kunja, monga mimba ndi zosiyana siyana, komanso kuti palibe kulemera kwa thupi 'ndondomeko'⁽⁴^-⁷⁾. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti kusungunula kulemera kwa thupi sikuyenera nthawizonse kukhala ndi matenda, koma kungakhale kusintha kwa thupi pazochitika zinazake.

Njira yachitatu ndiyo kuwonjezera, kuphatikizapo hypothalamus, madera ena a ubongo monga brainstem, basal ganglia ndi cortico-limbic systems m'madera akuluakulu a homoeostatic regulator⁽⁸^-¹²⁾. Maganizo amenewa amathandizidwa ndi kuwona zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kudya ndi mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito malo owonjezerawa. Zingakhale bwinoko kufotokozera momwe kunenepa kumatha kukhalira kumalo osintha mofulumira komwe kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi ubongo wamaganizo ndi maganizo.

M'nkhani yotsatilayi yosagwirizana ndi ndondomekoyi, ndidzakambirana momwe mwayendedwe opangidwa ndi neural kwambiri, omwe amalingaliridwa ndi ndemanga yachitatu yomwe yanenedwa kale, akhoza kuthandizira kuthetsa mphamvu zowonongeka za machitidwe a inter-and-extero-sensory pakulamulira chakudya, mphamvu kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi malamulo olemera.

Malo amasiku ano: mayesero oti adye ndikupewa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi

Momwe timakhalira, makamaka, nthawi ndi momwe timadyera ndi ntchito zakhala zikusintha kwambiri ndi kusintha kosintha kuchokera ku ulimi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu ogulitsa pa zaka zapitazo za 50. Zakudya zimapezeka mosavuta kwa anthu ambiri, pamene mwayi wogwira ntchito ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zatsika. Ndikumakwera kwa kulankhulana kwa magetsi, ubongo umakhala nawo gawo lapadera kwambiri pazogula ndi kugula zakudya komanso poyang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku. Pali chiwonongeko cha tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chakudya ndi zithunzi za chakudya⁽¹³^, ¹⁴⁾. Zotsatsa malonda ndi mafakitale a zakudya zimadalira zowonjezereka pa luso la asayansi ndi akatswiri a maganizo, ndipo neuromarketing ndi buzzword yatsopano. Neuromarketing kwa ana ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri, chifukwa imapanga ogulitsa okhulupirika amtsogolo mankhwala ogulitsa mankhwala. Kufufuza kosasanthuledwa kwapadera pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti 'chakudya chogulitsa' ndi 'ana' kunapereka mapepala a 756, 600 mwa iwo omwe atulutsidwa pambuyo pa chaka 2000. Poganizira maola ambiri a tsiku ndi tsiku kwa ana komanso achinyamata omwe amaonera zinthu zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi⁽¹⁵^-¹⁷⁾ ndi njira zokopa zogwiritsidwa ntchito⁽¹⁸^-²¹⁾, mawu akuti 'kutsukidwa ubongo' si olakwika. Inde, njira zamphamvu zomwezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popangitsa ana kudya zakudya zathanzi⁽²²^, ²³⁾, koma mwayi umenewu sungaphunzire pang'ono. Ngakhale kuti zipangizo zamakono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale kuti azipeza zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi zakudya zokhudzana ndi zakudya ndikufuna, zambiri mwazidziwitso mwatsoka sizingagwirizane ndi anthu ofufuza.

Anayambitsa chakudya chokwanira popanda kusowa kwa kagayidwe kachakudya

Pamene tikudziwika kuti tikumbukira zojambula ndi zithunzi za zakudya tsiku lonse, izi zimachitika mobwerezabwereza pamene takhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Sizidziwikiratu kuti njala imatha bwanji ngati palibe mphamvu yowonongeka ya thupi kapenanso nthawi ya postpandial pamene pali mphamvu zambiri zowonjezera m'matumbo. Nchifukwa chiyani sitikunyalanyaza mfundo zoterezi ndi zokakamiza? Zambiri zingatheke.

Chitsanzo cha kudya zakudya zopangidwira, kudya zakudya zoyenera kudya mu makoswe osakanizidwa chinapangidwa ndi Weingarten⁽²⁴⁾. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono phokoso kapena kuwala (zozizwitsa zowonjezera, CS⁺) ndi kuwonetsa chikho cha chakudya chokhazikitsidwa ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kudya, makoswe adaphunzira mwamsanga kuti apite ku chikho cha chakudya nthawi zonse.⁺ analipo. Pambuyo pa makoswe anabwezeredwa ad libitum kudyetsa komanso kudetsedwa, CS⁺ Anapitirizabe kuyambitsa chikho cha zakudya ndi zakudya zazing'ono⁽²⁴⁾, akutsanzira kwambiri zakudya zomwe zimadyetsedwa kudzera m'mabuku a anthu. Phunziro labwino kwambiri, Petrovich adasonyeza kufunika kwa maukonde a neural kuphatikizapo amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex ndi phokoso la hypothalamus la zochitika izi kuti zidzachitike⁽²⁵^-²⁷⁾. Zikuwoneka kuti zotsatira za hypothalamus za amygdala ndi mediex prefreal cortex (onani Chith. 1) ndizofunikira kulumikiza zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisachitike. Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kufufuza ntchito yothandizana ndi olexin neurons ndi mapulojekiti awo a masolimbic dopamine system, monga ma neuroniwa athandizidwa mu kudya chakudya cha μ-opioid⁽²⁸⁾, kudya mchere wochotsa mchere⁽²⁹⁾ ndi kubwezeretsanso kwa kufunafuna mankhwala⁽³⁰⁾. Monga retal hypothalamus ndizochitika zazikulu komanso zoyendetsera malo ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya mediobasal hypothalamic integrative energy sensor, izi zowonongeka kuchokera ku amygdala ndi makina operekera amtunduwu zimapereka maziko othandizira malamulo a homoeostatic ndi zizindikiro zakunja. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti ngakhale Weingarten⁽²⁴⁾ kapena Petrovich amaphunzira⁽²⁵⁾ kuyesa ngati kubwereza kwa nthawi yaitali kwa CS⁺ Kuwonetsetsa kunachititsa kuti kudya kwambiri kunenepa komanso kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri komanso ngati chitetezo cha amygdala-hypothalamic chiwonongeko chinalepheretsa.

Fanizo la 1. (mtundu wa intaneti) Mayi akuluakulu a ma neural ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa khalidwe lopanda mphamvu ndi mphamvu zowonongeka kwa mphamvu ndikugogomezera kuyanjana pakati pa kachipangizo kakang'ono ka mphamvu ya homoeostatic system mu hypothalamus ndi ubongo (mabuluu a buluu ndi mivi yochepa) ndi ubongo wa maganizo / maganizo machitidwe (zofiira mabokosi ndi mivi yapamwamba). Kulongosola kozama zamaganizo ndi zochitika zamaganizo ndi zizindikiro zamagetsi ndi zotsatira zake zimapangidwa ndi (a) kutulutsa mahomoni ndi ma metabolites omwe amachita osati hypothalamus komanso ubongo wa ubongo komanso komanso njira zogwiritsira ntchito njira zamakono komanso zogwirira ntchito ( mivi ya buluu yotsekedwa ndi mizere yosweka), (b) chidziwitso cha chidziwitso cha vaginal ndi msana kuchokera mkati mwa thupi kupita kumagulu onse a neuraxis, kuphatikizapo cortex (mitsempha yonse ya buluu yomwe ili ndi mizere yolimba) ndi (c) zizindikiro za neural zopangidwa ndi kuphatikizapo hypothalamic energy sensor ndikugawidwa kumadera omwe amaphatikizidwa kupanga mphoto (mauta a buluu omwe ali ndi mizere yolimba). Pamodzi, zowonongeka zomwe zimakwera pamwambazi zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yotsitsimula ikhale yoperekedwa kwa zakudya zinazake. Kuwonetseratu kwapadera kwa chakudya ndi zakudya zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zamaganizo ndi zowonjezera zimapangidwa ndi (a) kutsogolo kwachangu (kulawa ndi kununkhiza) njira yowonjezera yowonjezera mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu (sensor yellow), (b) kuyikapo Kuchokera ku amygdala, cortex ndi mphoto yokonza njira makamaka kwa lateral hypothalamus, omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zakunja kuti azidyetsa zakudya (mizere yofiira ndi mivi), (c) zomwe zimachokera ku cortex, amygdala ndi basal gangla mpaka midbrain extrapyramidal path pathways (maganizo magalimoto ophwanyika, mizere yofiira ndi mivi yonse) ndi (d) pyramidal motokota yoyendetsera khalidwe laufulu (zowumitsa mizere yofiira kumanja). N. Accumbens, nucleus accumbens; SMA, supplemental motor malo; BLA, amygdala oyambira; CeA, chigawo chapakati cha amygdala; VTA, ventral tegmental dera; PAG, periaqueductal imvi; GLP-1, glucgon-like-peptide-1; PYY, peptide YY; AT, minofu ya adipose; SPA, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kuchokera⁽¹²⁾.

Zochitika zenizeni zenizeni zokhudzidwa⁽³¹⁾ akhoza kutsogolera chakudya choyenera kuti chikhale cholowa mudziko loti satiated. Chitsanzo cha kutsogolera uku ndiko kukondwera kwa chizoloŵezi chatsopano cha chakudya, makamaka chakudya, kumapeto kwa chakudya chodyera. Zing'onozing'ono zimadziwika ponena za njira za neural zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi zochitikazi, koma tawonetsedwa kuti kuchepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi za neuroni mu orbitofrontal cortex, mbali ya ngodya yam'mbali, ya nyamakazi ya macaque, ikhoza kusonyeza mkhalidwe wodabwitsa wachisokonezo⁽³²⁾. Zikuwoneka kuti zina mwa neuroni mu orbitofrontal cortex zimatsogolera zomwe zimapangidwira pang'onopang'ono hypothalamus ndipo zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zowononga chakudya pakati pa chakudya.

N'zotheka kuti zomwe zimatchedwa cephalic mayankho kuwona ndi kununkhiza (kapena kungoganizira) chakudya chingayambitse khalidwe lachisokonezo ⁽³³^, ³⁴⁾. Mwinanso kuwonjezeka kwa mphutsi, chapamimba cha asidi, insulini ndi ghrelin secretion zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale lopweteka limapangitsa kugwedezeka kwa galimoto pochita mitsempha yeniyeni kapena mwachindunji mu ubongo ndipo motero kumapangitsa kuti neural zisokonezeke chifukwa cha zovuta. Tikhozanso kukhala ovuta kwambiri kuti tisawonongeke chakudya pamene tikuvutika. Kudya zakudya monga njira yodzipatsira mankhwala kuti athetse nkhawa zawonetsedwa⁽³⁵⁾, ngakhale sitikudziwa njira zokhudzana ndi njira za neural. Potsirizira pake, mbiri ya kusatsimikizika za chakudyacho ingathandizenso kuwonjezereka kwa zakudya zomwe sizikusowa mwachindunji.

Mwachidule, zakhala zikuwonetsedwera bwino kuti chizoloŵezi chokhazikika chingayambitse kudya zakudya mu makoswe osungunuka ndipo zina mwazitsulo zovuta za neural zadziwika. Choncho, chiwonetsero chochokera ku chilengedwe chimakhala ndi mphamvu yokhala ndi malamulo ochepa a homoeostatic. Komabe, palibe nyama kapena phunziro laumunthu lomwe likuwonetseratu kuti kuwonetsetsa kwa nthawi yayitali kuchitidwa chotsitsimutsa kumabweretsa kunenepa kwambiri.

Kukulitsa njala ya hedonic ndi zofunikira zamagetsi

Pamene chiwonetsero chokhala ngati chakudya chimachitika panthawi ya kuwonongeka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya monga posakhalitsa kapena panthawi ya chakudya, zimakhala zovuta kuti munthu ayambe kudwala kwambiri, chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa kagayidwe kanyama kumawonjezera mphamvu zawo zolimbikitsa⁽³⁶^, ³⁷⁾. Zimadziwika bwino kuti njala yamadzimadzi imatipangitsa ife kukhala omvera kuzinena za chakudya ndi mankhwala⁽³⁸^, ³⁹⁾. Njira za neural ndi njira zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugawidwa kwazomweku sizimveka bwino, koma zakhala zikupita patsogolo. Mwachidziwitso, zakhala zikuwonetseratu kuti zizindikiro zosokoneza kagwiritsidwe ntchito kowonongeka kwa mtundu wa ghrelin komanso maulendo otsika a leptin, insulini, mahomoni amtundu ndi metabolites osiyanasiyana sangachite kokha m'madera ozungulira ubongo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mphamvu yowonongeka ya homoeostasis monga hypothalamus ndi ubongo komanso komanso pambali za ubongo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita masewero, kuzindikira ndi mphotho (Chith. 1; awonenso⁽⁴⁰⁾ kuti mumve zambiri).

Zizolowezi zamadzulo zamasiku ano: kupezeka kwowonjezereka, zosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwa gawo

Ngakhale pakadalibe malonda a zakudya, tikudzipeza kuti tili ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mwayi woti tidye. Poyerekeza ndi kachitidwe kakang'ono ka chakudya cham'mbuyomu, kupezeka kwa chakudya kwakula kwambiri kunyumba, kuntchito komanso m'madera ambiri. Kuwonjezera pa mikate ya kubadwa ndi makina ogulitsa kuntchito ndi kusukulu komanso kuchuluka kwa malo odyera, firiji panyumba nthawi zonse imakhala yosakaniza ndi zokonzeka kudya zakudya. Kuonjezera apo, mbale yowonjezera ndi kukula kwake yawonjezeka kwambiri ndipo zimadzipangira zokhazokha⁽⁴¹⁾. Ngakhale pali maphunziro ochuluka omwe akuwonetsa kuti njira zopezeka, zosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwa gawo zimakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa zakudya zomwe zimadya m'mitu ya anthu⁽⁴²^-⁴⁵⁾, kafukufuku ochepa adayang'ana zotsatira za nthawi yayitali pa kudya ndi kulemera. Phunziro lina lachidziwitso la zachipatala, linatsimikizirika bwino kuti kukula kwakukulu kwa gawo kunabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa chakudya chokwanira ndi kulemera kwa panthawi ya kuunika kwa 11⁽⁴⁶⁾. Komabe, zimakhala zovuta komanso zodula kuyeza kudya chakudya mu maphunziro a anthu molondola mu maphunziro a nthawi yayitali. Choncho, umboni weniweni wakuti kupezeka, mwayi ndi zosiyanasiyana za chakudya zingachititse munthu kunenepa kwambiri sizomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri. Komanso, umboni wosadziwika kuchokera kumaphunziro osiyana-siyana akufanizira maphunziro oonda komanso ovuta kwambiri⁽⁴⁵⁾ Zili zochepa chifukwa chakuti sizingathe kusiyanitsa zotsatira ndi zotsatira.

Maphunziro a zinyama amapereka njira zabwino zowonetsera kuyesa kwa nthawi yaitali. Mwachiwonekere, kufotokoza zinyama ad libitum Zakudya zapamwamba komanso zosiyana (zakudya) zimadetsa hyperphagia ndi kunenepa kwambiri⁽⁴⁷⁾. Zakudya zapamwamba zamtengo wapatali zakhala zikupezeka malonda kwa zaka zoposa khumi ndi masauzande omwe adachitidwa; gawo la zakudya zopangidwa ndi kulumikizana ndikufotokozedwa mu gawo lotsatira. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu, pali phunziro limodzi lokha lofufuza ntchito ya kupezeka mu makoswe. Makoswe omwe anali ndi mavitamini anayi a sucrose ndi madzi amodzi amatha mphamvu zambiri ndipo amakula kwambiri pa nthawi ya kuunika kwa 30 kusiyana ndi makoswe omwe anali ndi mpweya umodzi wa sucrose ndi madzi anayi⁽⁴⁸⁾. Zotsatira izi ndizodabwitsadi. Ngakhale kukokomeza koopsa kumatha kufotokozedwa mosavuta ndi chidwi choyambirira choti atenge kuchokera ku spout iliyonse yomwe ilipo, ndizovuta kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake palibe kusintha pakapita nthawi komanso chifukwa chomwe njira zowonongolera za homoeostatic zalephera. Olembawo adalemba kuti 'Obesity by Choice', ndikuwonetsa kuti ndi kulephera kwa khoswe kusankha mwanzeru⁽⁴⁸⁾. Ndikofunika kuti titsimikize zotsatira za kuyesayesa uku, chifukwa sizingatheke kutsatiridwa ndi gulu lina la asayansi (A Sclafani, kulankhulana kwaumwini).

Kodi njira zothandizira zakudya zamtundu wanji zomwe zimayambitsa kudya zakudya zowonjezereka zikapezeka, zosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwake? Kupezeka kwa hyperphagia m'zinthu zowononga moyenera kumadalira njira zodzikongoletsera zofanana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zakudya zowonongeka monga momwe tafotokozera kale. Kusiyanitsa ndiko kuti ndi kudya kudya mofulumira komwe kumachititsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati zizindikiro zosonyeza kupezeka kwa chakudya zikugwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya kanthawi kakang'ono musanadye chakudya, mphamvu zawo zidzakulitsidwa chifukwa cha kuyamba koyambirira kwa chakudya. Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, oyang'anira madera ena amphatikizapo amygdala, prefrontal cortex ndi lateral hypothalamus, omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi udindo wodyera chakudya champhongo⁽²⁵^, ²⁷^, ⁴⁹⁾ ndizowonjezereka.

Zakudya zamakono: zosavuta kuledzera

Kulimbitsa thupi ndi chimodzi mwa zikuluzikulu zoyendetsa chakudya ndipo zingayambitse chitukuko cha kunenepa kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli. Komabe, kugwirizanitsa pakati pa kukhwima ndi kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri sikudali bwino. Odziwika kuti 'French Paradox', chakudya chokongola kwambiri cha ku French / Mediterranean chimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto lochepa kwambiri la kunenepa kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti pali zinthu zina zomwe sizingathetseretu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu asapitirize kukhala wochuluka. Zakudya zowonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zili ndi shuga ndi mafuta, komanso mavitamini otsika komanso amchere (omwe amatchedwanso mphamvu zopanda kanthu), akhoza kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Zakudya monga izi zingakhale zovuta.

Neural maimidwe a zosangalatsa za kudya

Zikuwonekeratu kuti phindu la chakudya silimangoimira kukoma kwake ndi kukoma kwake panthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zosokoneza zosiyana ndi zomwe zimamveketsa kapena kumverera ndi mbiri zosiyana zazomwe zimapereka mphotho. Mwapadera, pakapita nthawi, zakudya zimagwirizana ndi masensa m'matumbo, ziwalo zina zapachiwalo komanso ubongo. Zangowonetseratu kuti pamene zokometsera zonse zimachotsedwa ndi majeremusi, makoswe amaphunziranso kusankha shuga pamwamba pa madzi, kutanthauza kuti mbadwo wa chakudya cha mphotho ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito shuga⁽⁵⁰⁾.

Chifukwa chokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zosangalatsa ndi mphoto mumakhalidwe abwino, zikuonekeratu kuti ma neural ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito (kuti mupeze tsatanetsatane wambiri, onani⁽⁵¹⁾). Mwachidule, mawonekedwe achikulire omwe amakondwera ndi osokonezeka akuwoneka kuti ndi osiyana ndi zigawo zazing'ono zowonongeka mu njira ya ubongo⁽⁵²^-⁵⁵⁾. Komabe, pofuna kukhudzidwa kwathunthu ndi chakudya chokoma komanso kudzimva mwachifundo pamutu mwa anthu, kulawa kumaphatikizidwa ndi zina zowoneka ngati fungo ndi pakamwa. Kuphatikizana kumachitika m'madera otsogolera kuphatikizapo amygdala, komanso madera oyambirira ndi apamwamba kwambiri omwe amapezeka m'madera ozungulira omwe amapezeka m'madzi omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi zakudya zinazake.⁽⁵⁶^-⁶²⁾. Njira yeniyeni ya neural yomwe malingaliro kapena malingaliro oterowo amachititsa kuti chibadwidwe cha zosangalatsa sizidziwika. Phunziro la Neuroimaging m'mitu ya anthu limasonyeza kuti zokondweretsa, monga momwe zimayesedwa ndi ziwerengero zovomerezeka, zimawerengedwera m'magawo ena a orbitofrontal ndipo mwinamwake kalotex⁽⁵⁵^, ⁶³⁾.

Neural machitidwe omwe akuyimira zolimbikitsa kuti adye

Cholinga chachikulu cha chakudya ndikulimbikitsa munthu kugula zakudya zinazake ndi kuzimangirira. Cholinga ichi chikhoza kugwirizanitsidwa ndi zomwe zimachitika kuledzeretsa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mowa, ndipo n'zosadabwitsa kuti njira zofanana za neural zasokonekera. Ngakhale kuti 'kukonda' chinthu chachakudya chowoneka chikufunikira, 'kuchifuna' ndi kuchigula n'kofunika kwambiri pa malonda ogulitsa. Malinga ndi kusiyana kwakukulu / kufunafuna chakudya, ndizotheka 'kufuna' chinthu chosakondeka⁽⁶⁴⁾. Berridge imatanthauzira kukhala ngati 'Kulimbikitsana, kapena cholinga cha mphoto zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zifukwa zokhudzana ndi mphoto'⁽³⁶⁾. Masolimbic dopamine dongosolo ndi zowonongeka kuchokera ku ventral tegmental dera kupita ku nucleus accumbens, prefreal cortex, amygdala ndi hippocampus zikuwoneka kuti ndizofunika kwambiri za neural gawo la kufuna (Chith. 1). Zochitika za phasic za dopamine neurons zomwe zimayambira kuchokera ku ventral tegmental m'dera mpaka phokoso la accumuls mu ventral striatum likuphatikizidwa pakupanga chisankho panthawi yokonzekera (yosangalatsa)⁽⁶⁵^, ⁶⁶⁾. Kuonjezerapo, pamene zakudya zokoma monga sucrose zowonongedwa, kuwonjezeka kothazikika ndi kotsekemera kudalira komanso kuwonjezeka kwa dopamine kumachitika mu nucleus accumbens⁽⁶⁷^-⁶⁹⁾. Motero chizindikiro cha dopamine mu nucleus accumbens chimawoneka kuti chimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta komanso zosavuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Nucleus accumbens shell ndi mbali ya neural loop kuphatikizapo lateral hypothalamus ndi ventral tegmental dera, ndi orexin neurons kusewera udindo waukulu⁽²⁸^, ⁷⁰^-⁷⁴⁾. Chikoka ichi chikuwoneka kukhala chofunikira poyendetsa zizindikiro za boma zamagetsi kuchokera ku lateral hypothalamus ndipo motero zimapangitsa kulimbikitsana kwa zinthu zolinga, monga tafotokozera kale.

Kudya ndi 'ufulu wodzisankhira'

Mu maphunziro aumunthu, akufunanso pa mlingo womveka bwino, wofotokozedwa ndi Berridge monga 'chikhumbo chodziwitsira zolinga chodziwikiratu mwachizoloŵezi cha mawu akusowa'⁽³⁶⁾. Kuphatikizira ndi masolimbic dopamine system, malo angapo a cortical, monga dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ndi zigawo zina za dongosolo lopanga zisankho zingakhale zofunikira⁽⁷⁵⁾. Pamapeto pake, lingaliro labwino lingapangidwe kudya chakudya kapena kusala kudya. Ngakhale kuti izi zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi 'ufulu wakudzisankhira' wa munthu aliyense, ngakhale zosankha zomveka zodziwika zitha kukhala ndi chigawo chosadziwika. Izi zinasonyezedwa mu phunziro lachidziwitso mu nkhani zaumunthu lomwe linalinganizidwa kuti liwonetsetse zotsatira za zisankho zisanadze ndi pambuyo poti zidziwitse⁽⁷⁶⁾. Makamaka, pomwe lingaliro la mutuwo lidafika pozindikira, anali atawakakamiza mpaka 10 s osazindikira (osadziwa) zochitika zamaubongo kutsogolo komanso kwamankhwala am'mbali komanso anterior cingate cortex ndi precuneus⁽⁷⁶⁾. Ntchito yoyendetsera ntchitoyi ndi yofunika kusankha mwachangu ntchito ya njuga inasonyezedwa mu kafukufuku kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vutoli⁽⁷⁷⁾. Nkhani zowonjezereka zinayamba kusankha mwachindunji asanadziwe kuti ndi njira iti imene inagwira ntchito bwino, ndipo iwo anawonetsa chilakolako cha mchitidwe wa khungu asanadziwe bwino kuti chinali choopsa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, odwala operesheni anapitirizabe kupanga zosokoneza ndipo sanawonetsere kuti akudzipereka okha⁽⁷⁷⁾. Zofukufukuzi zikusonyeza kuti chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha chithunzithunzi chikhoza kutsogolera khalidwe loipa pamaso pa chidziwitso chodziwika bwino. Njira zowonjezera za khalidwe lachikhalidwe ndi zodzilamulira zomwe zimatha kuthawa kuzindikira sizikumveka bwino. Ngakhale zili choncho, njira zochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana amtundu wa cortical komanso makamaka kulowera njira za amygdala kupita kumadera a midbrain (kuphatikizapo periaqueductal imvi), ubongo ndi msana zimadziwika kuti ndi mbali ya magalimoto omwe amakhala kunja kwa malire kulamulira⁽⁷⁸^-⁸⁰⁾ (Chith. 1). Chochititsa chidwi, malo ambiri a limbic system, kuphatikizapo cortex, amathandiza kuti autonomic preganglionic neurons⁽⁸¹⁾, kupereka njira yodziwika bwino ya ziwalo zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimakhudza njira zamagetsi (Chith. 1).

Kupezeka kwa njira za neural zomwe zimayambitsa kudya ndi kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Malinga ndi zomwe apeza kuti kupezeka kwa dopamine receptor-2 m'kati mwa storum striatum kumachepetsanso m'mabuku onse ovuta komanso oledzera a cocaine⁽⁸²⁾, kukambirana kwaukali kofanana pakati pa zakudya ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwatha⁽⁸³^-⁹²⁾.

Kuwonetsa mobwerezabwereza ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumayambitsa kusintha kwa njira zapadera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu likhale lopindulitsa (kuleza mtima kumapangitsa kuti mphotho ikhale yochepa) yomwe imayendetsa kupititsa patsogolo mankhwala osokoneza bongo⁽⁹³^-⁹⁸⁾, kusintha kwasintha ndi khalidwe lofanana ndilo kunganenedweratu pobwereza mobwerezabwereza ku zakudya zolimbitsa thupi. Mwachitsanzo, mobwerezabwereza sucrose kupeza amadziwika kuti-regulate dopamine kumasulidwa⁽⁹⁹⁾ komanso dopamine transporter kufotokoza⁽¹⁰⁰⁾, komanso kusintha dopamine D1 ndi D2-receptor kupezeka mu nucleus accumbens⁽⁹⁹^, ¹⁰¹⁾. Kusintha kumeneku kungakhale koyambitsa kuchulukitsidwa kwa mankhwala a sucrose, kutsekula m'munsi kwa ntchito ya amphetamine yomwe imapangitsa anthu kugulitsa, zizindikiro za kuchotsa, monga kuwonjezeka kwa nkhawa ndi kupsinjika maganizo⁽⁹⁹⁾ komanso kuchepetsa kupititsa patsogolo zakudya zabwino⁽¹⁰²⁾.

Kuwonetsa chakudya chokoma chodyera ku makoswe a Wistar kumayambitsa hyperphagia yowonjezereka pa 40 ndi kumapeto kwa magetsi okhudzidwa mothandizidwa ndi magetsi owonjezeka mofanana ndi kulemera kwa thupi⁽¹⁰³⁾. Kukhalanso kosafanana kotere kwa mphothoyi kunkawonedwa kale mu makoswe osokonezeka omwe amadzipangira okha intravenous cocaine kapena heroin⁽⁹³^, ⁹⁴⁾. Dopamine D2-receptor mawu mu dorsal striatum inachepa kwambiri, mofananamo ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mphoto⁽¹⁰³⁾, mpaka pamagulu omwe amapezeka mu cocaine omwe amadwala kwambiri makoswe⁽¹⁰⁴⁾. Chochititsa chidwi, pambuyo poti 14 d ya kudziletsa kudya zakudya zosavuta, mphoto siidaliyimira ngakhale kuti makoswewo anali okhudzidwa ndipo anataya pafupifupi 10% thupi⁽¹⁰³⁾. Izi zikusiyana ndi mofulumira (za 48 h) kuika malipiro mu mphotho zomwe zimapewa ku cocaine self-administration⁽⁹⁴⁾, ndipo zingasonyeze kupezeka kwa kusintha kosasinthika kumeneku chifukwa cha zakudya zamtundu wa mafuta (onani gawo lotsatira). Malinga ndi zomwe zimaonedwa kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi ovuta kwambiri omwe amawawonetsa anthu amawonetsa kupezeka kwapang'ono kwa D2-receptor mu dorsal striatum⁽¹⁰⁵⁾, dopamine plasticity chifukwa cha kudya mobwerezabwereza zakudya zingakhale zofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika mobwerezabwereza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kumbali ina, pali umboni wosatsutsika wosonyeza kuti akudalira chakudya chambiri⁽¹⁰⁶^, ¹⁰⁷⁾, ngakhale kuti maulendo angapo apakati pa mafuta a chimanga angayambitse dopamine kumasulidwa mu nucleus accumbens⁽¹⁰⁸⁾.

Zakudya zamakono: kuchokera ku mphamvu zowonjezera mpaka poizoni

Pali umboni wochuluka wochokera ku maphunziro apamwamba omwe amadya zakudya zamtengo wapatali osati kungowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu pokhapokha atapatsa mphamvu zowonjezera, koma kuti zingayambitse ubongo. Malo omwe ubongo umayenera kuyang'aniridwa molimba mphamvu ya mphamvu, hypothalamus, amawoneka kuti akuipitsidwa ndi kudya zakudya zamtengo wapatali⁽¹⁰⁹^-¹¹⁵⁾. Mavuto aakulu a ma maselo omwe amawoneka bwino amaoneka kuti amachititsa kuti leptin ndi insulini ziwonetsedwe, zomwe zimawopsyeza kwambiri kulemera kwa thupi ndi glucose homoeostasis zatchulidwa ndi Ryan Et al.⁽¹¹⁶⁾.

Zomwe zimayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta acid acid kapena blockade ya mafuta omwe amachititsa kutupa m'mimba zimasonyeza kuti nthawi yochepa ya mafuta⁽¹¹⁵^, ¹¹⁷⁾ komanso ngakhale chakudya chimodzi chokha cha mafuta⁽¹¹⁸^, ¹¹⁹⁾ Zokwanira kuchititsa kuti hypothalamic ivulaze komanso kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito a hypothalamus. Choyipa chachikulu ndichakuti kuwonetsedwa kwa mwana wamwamuna kumadyedwe akudya mafuta ochulukirapo ndikokwanira kuyambitsa vuto la hypothalamic⁽¹²⁰⁾. Choncho, kuonetsa kupweteketsa thupi sikunayang'ananso chifukwa cha dziko lolemera kwambiri, koma limawoneka kuti ndi limodzi mwa magawo oyambirira omwe amachititsa kuti munthu azidya kwambiri. Nkhani zolimbikitsa zokhazokha ndizoti mafuta osatayika omwe amalowetsedwa mu ubongo wa mbewa amawoneka ngati akutsitsa kutupa kwa hypothalamic ndi kunenepa kwambiri chifukwa chodyera zakudya zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta odzaza masabata a 8⁽¹²¹⁾. Choncho n'zotheka kuti mafuta odzaza kwambiri akhoza kuwononga ubongo⁽¹²²⁾.

Kuwonjezera pa kutsogolera zovuta zapadera pa hypothalamus, zakudya zapamwamba za mafuta zimawonekeranso kuti zimasokoneza chizolowezi chodziwika bwino cha m'matumbo. Zakudya zamtengo wapatali zingayambitse kupweteka kwa kupweteka kudzera muwonjezeka mucosal permeability ndi mapuloteni ngati mapuloteni m'makombala omwe amakhala oopsa komanso ochepa, koma osati makoswe omwe sagonjetsedwa⁽¹²³⁾. Zikuwoneka mochulukirapo ngati njira yowoneka kuti kusintha kwa mavitamini microbiota kudzera m'maganizo a masewero olimbana ndi chitetezo cha m'mimba, inflammasome, ndi omwe amachokera m'mimba ndipo potsirizira pake zimakhala zotupa ndi ubongo.⁽¹²⁴^-¹²⁷⁾; ndipo onani kuwongosoledwa kwatsopano kwa Harris Et al.⁽¹²⁸⁾. Monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingasamalire pakati pa nkhani, zotsatira za kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda a chiwindi angathenso kuwonedwa ngati matenda owopsa.⁽¹²⁹⁾. Kumvetsetsa kwa vagal okonda chemo- ndi maschano-sensors kulankhulana ku ubongo imachepetsanso mu zakudya zapamwamba kwambiri makoswe ndi mbewa⁽¹³⁰^-¹³⁵⁾.

Zotsatira zatsopanozi zomwe takambirana kale zimabweretsa mafunso ambiri atsopano. Zili zovuta kukhulupirira kuti kudya chakudya cholemera kwambiri kumayambitsa zochitika zomwe zimadzetsa kunenepa kwambiri, shuga ndi matenda a maganizo. Chifukwa chiyani kudya mafuta olemera omwe amapereka mphamvu zothandiza ndikuletsa njala kumakhala ndi zotsatira zosavuta? Sizingatheke kuti kudya "zipatso zoletsedwa" chimodzi ndi tchimo labwino, ndipo zimakhalabe zikuwonekeratu ngati zotsatira zovuta zomwe zimapezeka ndi mankhwala okhudza ubongo mu ubongo zimatsanzira njira zenizeni za thupi. Komanso, sizidziwika ngati zotsatira zoterezi zimachitika m'nkhani zaumunthu. Ngati zikhoza kuchitika, kusagwedeza kwakukulu kwa zakudya zamtundu wa hypothalamic nutrient ndi zakudya zamtengo wapatali ziyenera kuti zinkasintha m'mbuyomu mwa kupereka njira yogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zochepa zowonjezera zakudya.

Zovuta zakudya mafuta kwambiri ndizovuta kuzinyalanyaza, ngakhale zimawoneka ngati zoyipa monga zovuta zake. Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani mbewa imapewa chakudya chamafuta ambiri chomwe chimadwalitsa? Zidachitika ndi chiyani 'nzeru za thupi'? Zatheka bwanji kuti nyama ndi munthu asinthe malingaliro owoneka bwino komanso njira zophunzirira mwachangu kuti apewe zakudya zowopsa, koma amapusitsidwa mosavuta ndi mafuta owopsa?

Chilengedwe chamakono: mwayi wochepa wopsa mphamvu

Kuwongolera uku kwakhala kwakukulu kwambiri pa mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu, koma zikuonekeratu kuti malo amakono amakhudzanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuti tikuyamba kumvetsa za ubongo wa chakudya m'mayiko amasiku ano, timakhalabe osadziŵa bwino za kayendedwe kabwino ka thupi ndi zochita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso njira zowonjezera zomwe zimaphatikizapo kayendedwe ka mphamvu zamagetsi⁽¹³⁶⁾. Chifukwa chimodzi chingakhale chakuti tili ndi kumvetsetsa kochepa kwa kuyankhulana pakati pa mahomoni (kapena neural). Ngakhale timadziwa zambiri zokhudza matumbo-ubongo ndi minofu-ubongo, sitidziwa chilichonse chokhudza kuyankhulana pakati pa minofu ndi ubongo ndi ziwalo zina. Kwenikweni posachedwapa, mahomoni omwe amachokera ku minofu irisin anawonekera omwe amawoneka kuti amachititsa browning ya minofu yoyera ya adipose⁽¹³⁷⁾. Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa kuona ngati hormone iyi imasonyezanso machitidwe a ubongo omwe amachititsa kuti mphamvu yamphamvu ikhale yoyenera.

Mawuwo

Mwachiwonekere, kuyendetsa galimoto ndi kudya chakudya kumakhudzidwa ndi zizindikiro kuchokera mkati mwa thupi ndi chilengedwe, ndipo zotsirizirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale a zakudya kudzera mu malo atsopano a neuromarketing. Ngakhale njira izi zingakhale zolimbikitsira kwambiri kudya zakudya zathanzi, sikuti khama lalikulu lapangidwira cholinga ichi. Zizindikiro za chilengedwe zokhudzana ndi kudya chakudya zimagwirizanitsa pafupi ndi zigawo za ubongo zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira, kutengeka, kukhudzidwa ndi kupanga zisankho. Machitidwewa, ngakhale kuti amatha kusinthidwa ndi zizindikiro zamagetsi, amatha kulamulira mwamphamvu ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu zowononga chakudya ndi mphamvu zamagetsi, monga momwe amasonyezera pakudya popanda kusowa zakudya. Komabe, zambiri mwaziwonetsero zapamwamba zowonongeka zimagwira ntchito mwakhama, ndipo kufufuza kwanthawi yaitali ndi kofunika kuti zisonyeze kuti zimakhudza thupi. Potsirizira pake, njira za neural zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ntchito zozizwitsa ndi zochitika zamaganizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa zakudya zoyenera kudya ndi mphamvu zoyenera kuti zikhale bwino. Mwachindunji, zopereka zodziŵika ndi zosadziwika za zoyenera kuchita ndi kudziletsa payekha zifufuzidwe.

Zothokoza

Ndikufuna kuthokoza Katie Bailey kuti athandizidwe ndi mtsogoleri komanso Christopher Morrison, Heike Münzberg ndi Brenda Richards kuti atchule ndemanga zogwirizana ndi zomwe analemba kale. Ntchitoyi inathandizidwa ndi National Institutes of Health Grants DK047348 ndi DK0871082. Mlembi akufotokoza kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

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Nthenda yamagetsi yokhala ndi chakudya chodyera mu malo obesogenic (2012)