Mavuto a cortisol omwe amatha kusokonekera amakhala okhudzidwa ndi ndalama zosiyana siyana ndi ndalama zomwe zimakhala zovuta kutengera njuga (2014)

Front Behav Neurosci. 2014 Mar 25; 8: 83. doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2014.00083. eCollection 2014.

Li Y1, Sescousse G2, Dreher JC1.

Kudalirika

Kutchova juga kwachikhalidwe ndi chizolowezi chomwe chimadziwika chifukwa cholephera kukana mtima wofuna kutchova juga. Imagawana zofananira zambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ma mahomoni a Glucocorticoid kuphatikiza cortisol amaganiziridwa kuti amathandizira kwambiri pachiwopsezo chamakhalidwe olowerera, pogwira ntchito pamsewu wopindulitsa wa mesolimbic. Kutengera ndi lipoti lathu lakale la kusalingalira bwino kosagwirizana ndi ndalama zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zolimbikitsa kutchova njuga (PGs), tidafufuza ngati kusayeneraku kudalipo chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa magulu a cortisol am'mbuyomu. Tidagwiritsa ntchito maginito ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi (fMRI) ndikuyang'ana mgwirizano pakati pa magulu a cortisol ndi mayankho oyimilira azachuma pokhudzana ndi zosagwirizana ndi ndalama, pomwe ma PG ndi zowongolera zathanzi zinkagwira ntchito yotopetsa pang'onopang'ono yolipiritsa mphoto zonse zachuma komanso zovuta. Tapeza kuphatikizika pakati pa magawo a cortisol ndi mayankho am'kati mwamayendedwe azinthu zokhudzana ndi zosokoneza mu ma PG, koma osawongolera bwino. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti gawo la ventral striatum ndi gawo lofunikira pomwe cortisol modulates chilimbikitso cha kutchova njuga motsutsana ndi zoyambitsa zokhudzana ndi njuga zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PGs. Zotsatira zathu zimatithandizira kuchuluka kwa mahomoni a glucocorticoid osokoneza bongo osokoneza bongo, ndikuthandizira kumvetsetsa kwakukhudzana ndi cortisol pakuthandizira kwamalipiro mu PGs.

Keywords: cortisol, mphotho, kutchova njuga, fMRI, cyral striatum, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chilimbikitso, mphamvu ya glucocorticoid

Introduction

Mahomoni a Glucocorticoid (cortisol mwa anthu ndi corticosterone mu makoswe) amapangidwa ndi adrenal cortex pambuyo poyesedwa ndi hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) chifukwa cholimbikitsidwa ndi psychologically kapena physiologically arousing stimuli (Sapolsky et al., 2000; Herman et al., 2005; Ulrich-Lai ndi Herman, 2009). Ma mahomoni awa ali ndi udindo wofunikira pazochitika zathupi zolimbitsa thupi, monga kuchitapo kanthu popewa kupsinjika ndi njira zopewera kutupa, ndipo, mwakutero, amakhala ndi zotsatila zosiyanasiyana pamakhalidwe. Pazaka zingapo zapitazi, gawo lomwe lingakhalepo la ma glucocorticoid mahomoni pazovuta zamaganizidwe apeza chidwi chochulukirapo (Meewisse et al., 2007; Wingenfeld ndi Wolf, 2011). Makamaka, pakusaka zomwe zingabweretse mavuto osokoneza bongo, umboni wowonjezereka ukusonyeza kuyanjana pakati pa ntchito ya HPA ndi kuwonetsedwa kwa mankhwala (Stephens ndi Wand, 2012). Mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa magulu a glucocorticoid ndi kudzilamulira nokha kwa psychostimulants kwawonedwa m'makola (Goeders ndi Guerin, 1996; Deroche et al., 1997). Kuphatikiza apo, kayendetsedwe ka mankhwala kumabweretsa mayankho ofanana ndi cortisol (Broadbear et al., 2004) Momwemonso, kukonzekera kwamphamvu kwa cortisol kumalimbikitsa kulakalaka cocaine mwa anthu omwe amadalira cocaine (Elman et al., 2003). Izi sizimangotanthauza kulumikizana kwapakati pa mahomoni a glucocorticoid ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Lovallo, 2006), komanso kugogomeza kufunika kopanga malingaliro ophatikiza njira zomwe zimathandizira kuti azichita zosokoneza.

Kafukufuku wazinyama ndi wa anthu owonetsera chidwi awonetsa kuti chizolowezi chimaphatikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe a mesolimbic mphotho (Koob ndi Le Moal, 2008; Koob ndi Volkow, 2010; Schultz, 2011). Mzere wina wa kafukufuku wawonetsa kuti kusintha kwa HPA kumayenderana ndi kusintha kwa malamulo a dopaminergic (Oswald ndi Wand, 2004; Alexander et al., 2011) komanso kuti mahomoni a glucocorticoid ali ndi zotsatira zosinthira pakumasulidwa kwa dopamine mu njira ya mesolimbic, makamaka mu nucleus accumbens (NAcc; Oswald et al., 2005; Wand et al., 2007). Kuphatikiza pa umboniwu, akuti ma glucocorticoid mahomoni amathandizira poyankha mwamakhalidwe azamankhwala, ndikuti izi zimachitika kudzera kachitidwe pa mesolimbic mphotho dongosolo (Marinelli ndi Piazza, 2002; de Jong ndi de Kloet, 2004). Kuphatikiza apo, pamaziko a chiphunzitso cholimbikitsa cha kunena kuti mesolimbic mphotho yamalamulo imayimira pakati pokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogwirizana ndi chizolowezi (Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993; Vezina, 2004, 2007; Robinson ndi Berridge, 2008), akuti ma glucocorticoid mahomoni amathandizira kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo posintha dongosolo lino la neural mwachindunji (Goodman, 2008; Vinson ndi Brennan, 2013).

Kutchova njuga kwachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chamakhalidwe omwe amadziwika ndi machitidwe okakamiza kutchova juga ndi kuwonongeka kwa ulamuliro, omwe adapeza chidwi chaposachedwa (van Holst et al., 2010; Conversano et al., 2012; Achab et al., 2013; Clark ndi Limbrick-Oldfield, 2013; Petry et al., 2013; Potenza, 2013). Popeza zochitika zamtundu wa njuga zimagawana zofananira zambiri ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo malinga ndi phenomenology yamankhwala (mwachitsanzo, kukhumba, kulolerana, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokakamiza, kapena zizindikiro zosiya), heritability, ndi mbiri ya neurobiological (Potenza, 2006, 2008; Petry, 2007; Wareham ndi Potenza, 2010; Leeman ndi Potenza, 2012), itha kukhala yofanananso mchikakamizo cha mahomoni a glucocorticoid. Komabe, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi kulumikizana pakati pamahomoni a glucocorticoid ndi makonzedwe olipiritsa mphoto mu njuga zamatenda. Mu kafukufuku wapano, tapenda momwe amkati cortisol amathandizira pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama komanso zosagwirizana ndi ndalama mu PGs. Kuti tikwaniritse cholinga ichi, tinapendanso zomwe zidasindikizidwa kale pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito yoleketsa yomwe ikuwongolera ndalama komanso mphoto zopindulitsa mu ma PG ndikuwongolera kwaumoyo (Sescousse et al., 2013), ndikuwonjezeranso kusakanikirana kwapakati pa basal cortisol ndi mayankho a neural. Kutengera ndi gawo la mahomoni a glucocorticoid mu mankhwala osokoneza bongo, timayembekezera kuti kuchuluka kwa cortisol kumalumikizidwa ndi mayankho a neural pazikhalidwe zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zosokoneza bongo. Makamaka, popeza kuwunikiridwa kwathu koyambirira kudapeza mayankho osiyana ndi azinthu zosagwirizana ndi zolakwika pamasewera olowa nawo a otchova njuga (Sescousse et al., 2013), timayembekezera kuti milingo yayikulu ya cortisol ikalumikizidwa ndi kuyankha kosiyana poyembekezera mphotho yolimbana ndi zovuta za PGs.

Zida ndi njira

Ophunzira

Tidayesa maphunziro owongolera a 20 athanzi ndi 20 PG. Onse anali amuna okhala ndi amuna okhaokha. Tidasankha kuphunzira abambo okha chifukwa amuna nthawi zambiri amatenga chidwi ndi zokopa zakugonana kuposa azimayi (Hamann et al., 2004; Rupp and Wallen, 2008) komanso chifukwa chakuti kufalikira kwa njuga kwachulukirachulukidwe pakati pa amuna kuposa akazi (Blanco et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 2008). Tsamba kuchokera pamaphunzirowa lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kale pantchito yathu yofalitsa magwiridwe antchito opanga maginito (fMRI) yolenga kuyerekeza mphotho zoyambira ndi zotsata pakulamulira koyenera komanso kutchova njuga (PGs; Sescousse et al., 2013). Kuwunika kwathu kwaposachedwa kumayang'ana kwambiri pa ubale ndi milingo ya cortisol motero ndi koyambirira kwathunthu. Monga tafotokozera ku Sescousse et al. (2013), kuwunikira kwathu komwe kudasindikizidwa sikunapezeke zambiri kuchokera ku ma PG awiri, chifukwa cha zovuta zamakina ndi chiwonetsero cha ntchito munthawi imodzi, komanso chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kokwanira malinga ndi malingaliro a hedonic pantchito yonseyo. Pomwe tapenda, tinataya zidziwitso kuchokera kwaotchova njuga m'modzi, chifukwa cholephera kutengera bwino magazi. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zomwe zidanenedwa zimakhazikitsidwa ndi 20 maphunziro owongolera ndi 17 PG. Maphunziro onse adapereka chilolezo cholemba mochenjera kutenga nawo mbali poyeserera. Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi komiti yamakhalidwe oyendera dera (Center Léon Bérard, Lyon, France).

Omwe adachita nawo zokambirana (a Nurnberger et al., 1994) yochitidwa ndi wamisala. Ma PG onse anakumana ndi njira ya DSM-IV-TR [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (kusindikiza kwina, kuwunikiranso malembedwe)] njira zodziwira matenda a njuga. Odwala anali ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha 5 pa mafunso a South Oaks Gcane Screen (SOGS; osiyanasiyana: 5-14) (Lesieur ndi Blume, 1987). Mwachidziwikire, onse anali otchova njuga, ndipo palibe omwe amachizidwa kapena kulandira chithandizo cha mtundu uliwonse. Maphunziro olamulira athanzi anali ndi chiwonetsero cha 0 pazofunsira la SOGS, kupatula phunziro limodzi lomwe linali ndi 1. M'magulu onse awiriwa, mbiri yovuta yakukhumudwitsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo / kudalira (kupatula kudalira kwa chikonga) chaka chatha idawonedwa ngati njira yodziyimira padera. Matenda ena onse a DSM-IV-TR axis I sanatengedwe kutengera kuthekera kwamoyo.

Tinagwiritsa ntchito mafunso angapo kuyesa maphunziro athu. Mayeso a Fagerstrom a Nicotine Dependence (FTND; Heatherton et al., 1991) anayeza kutsika kwawo kwa chikumbumtima; Kuyesa Kudziwitsa Zizindikiro za Mowa (AUDIT; Saunders et al., 1993) adalembedwa ntchito kuti ayeserere kumwa kwawo; kuchuluka kwa Matenda a Chipatala ndi Kukhumudwa (HAD; Zigmond ndi Snaith, 1983) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekezera zomwe zikukhumudwitsa ndi nkhawa zomwe zikuchitika; ndipo pamapeto pake kugonana kwa Arousability Inventory (SAI; Hoon ndi Chambless, 1998) adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kugonana kwawo. Magulu onse awiriwa anali ofanana ndi msinkhu, kudalira kwa chikonga, maphunziro, kumwa mowa, komanso zizindikiro zosokoneza (Gome (Table1) .1). Ma PG adakwera pang'ono pamasamba omwe ali ndi mafunso a mafunso a HAD. Zofunikira, magulu awiriwa sanasiyane pamlingo wopeza komanso zogonana (Table1), 1), potero kuonetsetsa kulimbikitsidwa koyerekeza pamagulu onse pamalipiro azachuma komanso zovuta.

Gulu 1 

Zowonetsa komanso zokhudzana ndi matenda a ma PG ndikuwongolera athanzi.

Kuti tiwone zoyeserera za ophunzirawo ndalama, tidawafunsa za kuchuluka komwe angatenge ndalama za 0.20 € kuchokera mumsewu pamlingo kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 5 (Tobler et al., 2007) ndikufananiza magulu awiriwo potengera izi (Table1) .1). Kuti tiwonetsetse kuti maphunziro onse angakhale mumkhalidwe wofanana wofuna kuwona zolaula, tidawafunsa kuti asagonane panthawi yomwe 24 h isanakwane gawo. Pomaliza, tinayesetsanso kukopa chidwi chakuwuza ndalama pouza omvera kuti kulipira ndalama pazotenga nawo mbali kudzawonjezera zomwe zapezedwa mu imodzi mwamaulendo atatuwo. Pazifukwa zamakhalidwe, komabe, ndipo mosadziwa pamituyi, onse adalandira ndalama zotsirizidwa kumapeto kwa kuyeseraku.

Maphunziro onse anali opanda mankhwala ndipo adalangizidwa kuti asagwiritse ntchito chinthu chilichonse chogwiritsa ntchito mosasuta fodya patsiku la scan.

Ntchito yoyesera

Tinagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yotichedwetsa pang'onopang'ono limodzi ndi mphoto zonse zovuta komanso ndalama (Chithunzi (Figure1A) .1A). Chiyeso chonse chinali 171. Iliyonse ya zigawo ziwiri inali ndi magawo awiri: kuyembekezera mphotho ndi zotsatira za mphotho. Panthawi yoyembekezera, akatswiri adawona imodzi mwa njira za 12 zolengeza mtunduwo (ndalama / zolakwika), zotheka (25 / 50 / 75%) komanso kulimba (otsika / okwera) mphotho yomwe ikubwera. Chowonjezera chowongolera chinagwirizanitsidwa ndi mwayi wopanda mphotho. Pambuyo pochedwa kusintha mochedwa (chizindikiro cha mafunso choimira pseudo-mwatsatanetsatane), maphunziro adapemphedwa kuti agwire ntchito yowonera. Ngati ayankha molondola pasanathe 1 s, amaloledwa kuwona zotsatira za zojambula za pseudo. M'mayeso omwe adalipira, chotsatira chake chitha kukhala chithunzi cholakwika (chokhala ndi zolemba zapamwamba kapena zochepa) kapena chithunzi cha kutchula mosamala kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zapambanitsidwa (zokwera [10 / 11 / 12 €] kapena zotsika [1 / 2 / 3 € ]). Kutsatira mphotho iliyonse, maphunziro adapemphedwa kuti apereke muyeso wa hedonic pamawonekedwe osatha a 1-9 (1 = kusangalala pang'ono; 9 = amasangalala kwambiri). M'mayeso omwe sanalandire mphotho ndi kuwongolera, zolemba zinajambulidwa ndi zithunzi "zowonongeka". Mtanda wokonzanso unatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo loyeserera lazitali zosiyanasiyana.

Chithunzi 1 

Mulimbikitseni kuchedwetsa ntchito komanso zotsatira zamakhalidwe. (A) Omasulira adawona koyamba kuwadziwitsa za mtundu (chithunzi), kukula (kukula kwa chithunzi) ndi kuthekera (tchati) cha mphotho yomwe ikubwera. Milandu itatu ikuyimira pano: mwayi wa 75% wolandila ...

Chizindikiro

Magulu awiri (apamwamba komanso otsika) a zithunzi zosokoneza ndi zopeza ndalama adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Popeza kuti ndiwo mwamanyazi ndiye njira yayikulu yolimbikitsira phindu la zoyipa, tinawalekanitsa kukhala gulu "lowala" lowonetsa azimayi ovala zovala zamkati kapena zovala zosambira komanso gulu “lalitali” lowonetsa azimayi amaliseche pamayendedwe oitanira. Chithunzi chilichonse cholakwika chinangoperekedwa kamodzi pakanthawi kantchitoyo kuti pasakhale nyumba. Chinthu chofananacho chodabwitsidwa chidayambitsidwa kuti chidzalandire mphotho yazachuma mwa kusinthasintha mosiyanasiyana kuchuluka komwe kuli pachiwopsezo (ndalama zochepa: 1, 2, kapena 3 €; kuchuluka kwakukulu: 10, 11, kapena 12 €). Zithunzi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pamayeso omwe sanalandire mphotho ndi kuwongolera zinali zowoneka ngati zithunzi zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeserera motero zinalemba zomwezo malinga ndi chromaticity ndi kuwala.

Miyezo ya cortisol ya plasma

Kuti tichepetse mphamvu ya mizere ya mahadiya ya circadian, tinayendetsa magawo onse a fMRI pakati pa 8.50 ndi 11.45 AM. Pangotsala pang'ono kuwerengera, zitsanzo zamagazi zinasonkhanitsidwa (kutanthauza nthawi, 9.24 AM ± 0.27 mn) kuyeza milingo ya plasma cortisol pamutu uliwonse. Kuzungulira kwa Cortisol kumayesedwa ndi radioimmunoassay pogwiritsa ntchito antiserum yomwe imakwezedwa mu kalulu yemwe amangidwa ndi cortisol 3-O (carboxy-methyl oxime) bovine serum albumin conjugate, 125Ine cortisol ngati tracer ndi buffer yokhala ndi 8-anilino-1-naphtalene sulfonic acid (ANS) ya cortisol-corticosteroid-binding globulin dissociation. Pansipa pali mafotokozedwe a njirayi. 100 μL ya 125I cortisol (10000 dpm) inasakanizidwa ndi muyezo kapena sampuli (10 μL), buffer (500 μL) ndi 100 μL yankho la antiserum. Zitsanzo zidakhazikitsidwa kwa 45 min ku 37 ° C ndi 1 h ku 4 ° C. Bort and free cortisol adalekanitsidwa ndi chizolowezi chosakanizira cha PEG-anti-sungani gamma globulin. Pambuyo pa centrifugation, wayilesi ya supernatant, yokhala ndi cortisol yomangidwa ku antibody, idawerengedwa mu masewera a gamma. Ma coefficients amkati ndi mkati mwapakati anali ocheperako kuposa 3.5 ndi 5.0% motsatana pa 300 nmol / L cortisol level. Njirayi yakhala yovomerezeka ndi miyeso ya gasi ya chromatography / misa yambiri (Chazot et al., 1984).

Kugwira ntchito kwa maginito a ntchito a resonance imaging (fMRI)

Kufanizira kunachitika pa scanner ya 1.5 T Nokia Sonata, pogwiritsa ntchito cholembera cha makosi eyiti. Gawo losakira linagawidwa m'magulu atatu. Aliyense wa iwo adaphatikizanso mobwerezabwereza mawu aliwonse, kupatula kuwongolera, adabwereza kasanu ndi kanayi. Izi zidapereka mayesero okwanira a 171. Mukuthamanga kulikonse, dongosolo la magawo osiyanasiyana linapangidwa pseudorandomized ndikuwongolera kusintha kwa chiletso. Dongosolo la kuthamanga linali lolingana pakati pa maphunziro. Asanapange scan, maphunziro onse adapatsidwa malangizo apakamwa ndipo adazolowera ntchito yowunikira munthawi yayifupi yophunzitsira. Iliyonse mwa magwiridwe atatu omwe amagwira ntchito omwe amakhala ndi mavoliyumu a 296. Magawo makumi awiri ndi mphambu asanu ndi limodzi ophatikizika ndi chingwe cholumikizira kumbuyo - anapezedwa voliyumu (gawo lakuwona, 220 mm; matrix, 64 x 64; kukula kwa voxel, 3.4 x 3.4 x 4 mm; kusiyana, 0.4 mm), pogwiritsa ntchito gradient-echoechoplanar imaging (EPI) T2 * -wokhala ndi mphamvu (nthawi yobwereza, 2500 ms; echo nthawi, 60 ms; flip angle, 90 °). Kupititsa patsogolo gawo la malo ndipo potero kuchepetsa zinthu zodziwika bwino m'dera la orbitofrontal, kuwombera pamanja kunachitika mkati mwa dera loyambira kuphatikiza orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) ndi basal ganglia. Kusanthula kwamphamvu kwa T1-kolemera mwapamwamba kunapangidwa pambuyo pake pamutu uliwonse.

Kusanthula kwa maginito ogwiritsa ntchito a resonance imaging (fMRI)

Kusanthula kwa dongosololi kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). Njira yokonzekera isanachitike inaphatikiza kuchotsedwa kwa zigawo zinayi zoyambirira za kuthamanga kulikonse, kukonza kagawo ka magawo otsalawo ndikusinthika kwa chithunzi choyambirira cha mndandanda uliwonse. Pambuyo pake, tidagwiritsa ntchito tsdiffana1 kuti mufufuze zotsalira zotsalira munthawiyo ndikuzijambulitsa ndi ma dummy regressor mwanjira yathu yayikulu. Kenako, zithunzi zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito zinasinthidwa kukhala malo oponderezedwa a Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) pogwiritsa ntchito template ya EPI ya SPM2 ndikuwongolera pang'onopang'ono ndi 10 mm yodzaza ndi theka-upamwamba wa isotropic Gaussian kernel. Ma scat anatomical adasinthidwa kukhala ngati mawonekedwe a MNI pogwiritsa ntchito icbm152 template ya ubongo ndipo amapitilira maphunziro onse. Chithunzi chojambulidwa kanthawi kogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati template kuwonetsa magwiridwe antchito.

Kutsatira gawo lokonzekeretsa, zomwe zimagwira ntchito kuchokera pamutu uliwonse zimayang'aniridwa ndi ziwonetsero zokhudzana ndi zochitika. Mayankho kumachitidwe azachuma komanso olakwika adasinthidwa mosiyana ndi mabokosi agalimoto a 2.5 s osatsekedwa kumayambiriro kwa cue. Pa chifanizo chilichonse, ma regororric orthogonal regametric owonjezera anawonjezeredwa kuti amvetsetse mayesowo poyesa kubwezerera kwakukulu. Mphamvu zowongolera zidayesedwa mu regressor yina. Mayankho okhudzana ndi zotulukapo adasinthidwa ngati zochitika zomwe zidatsekedwa kuti ziwonekere ngati mphothoyo. Mphoto ziwirizo (ndalama / zolakwika) ndi zotheka ziwiri (zabwino / zopanda mphotho) zidawonetsedwa ngati magawo anayi osiyana. Olemba awiri omwe akuwonetsera momwe angakwaniritsire ndi zomwe zidalipo zidawonjezeredwa pamlingo uliwonse wopindulitsa, pomwe gulu lina loyerekeza kuthekera lidawonjezeredwa pamtundu uliwonse womwe sunalandiridwe. Recressor womaliza adayimira mawonekedwe owoneka ngati osakongola. Ma regressor onse pambuyo pake adatsimikizika ndi ovomerezeka a hemodynamic reaction function ndipo adalowa kusanthula koyamba. Fayilo yodutsa yayikulu yomwe idadulidwa ya 128 s imagwiritsidwa ntchito munthawi yakanthawi. Zithunzi zosiyanitsidwa zidawerengedwa potengera mtundu wa zotengera, kenako zimadutsidwa pakuwunika kwa gulu lachiwiri.

Kusanthula kwachiwiri kumayang'ana gawo lakuyembekezera. Choyamba, tidasanthula "kusiyanasiyana" kwachinyengo "mwa otchova juga omwe samatha kuwongolera. Kusiyanaku kudalephereka pogwiritsa ntchito cholakwika chamagulu anzeru (FWE) chokonzedwa p <0.05. Kenako, potengera malingaliro athu, tidasanthula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pamiyeso ya basal cortisol ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mayankho muubongo pamalingaliro azandalama. Kuphatikizaku kunkawerengedwa padera pa gulu lirilonse, kenako nkuyerekeza pakati pa magulu. Kutengera zathu a priori malingaliro okhudzana ndi gawo la momwe gawo laling'onolo limayendera kuti tithandizire kupereka mphotho, tagwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera kwapang'ono (SVC) kutengera magawo a 7 mm ma radius omwe azungulira mozungulira ma voxels omwe adanenedwa pakuwunika kwaposachedwa kwambiri pamakonzedwe a mphotho (x, y, z = 12, 10, −6; x, y, z = −10, 8, −4) (Liu et al., 2011). Tidagwiritsa ntchito njira yolunjika ya FWE yolinganiza p ≤ 0.05. Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo la kuchititsa, tinagwiritsa ntchito bokosi lankhondo la EasyROI kuti tipeze ziwonetsero zazipangiri zazithunzithunzi zazikuluzikulu zazikuluzikulu zam'magawo azigawo.

Results

Zambiri za Hormonal

Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa PGs ndi maphunziro owongolera athanzi omwe adawonedwa mu basal cortisol level (PGs: mean = 511.59, SD = 137.46; Healthy control: mean = 588.7, SD = 121.61; t(35) = -1.81, p > 0.05). Izi ndizogwirizana ndi zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku waposachedwa yemwe sanena kusiyana kulikonse pamiyeso ya basal cortisol pakati pa zosangalatsa ndi ma PG (Franco et al., 2010; Paris et al., 2010a,b). Kuphatikiza apo, tinachita kuwunika pakati pa kuchuluka kwa cortisol ndi kuopsa kwa njuga mu PGs monga momwe anasonyezera ndi SOGS lonse. Zotsatira zathu sizinawonetse kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa zinthu izi (r = -0.35, p = 0.17).

Makhalidwe

Phunziro lathu lapitalo (Sescousse et al., 2013), njira yayikulu yopezera makasitomala inali yolumikizana mu kagwiridwe ka ntchito nthawi, kuwonetsa kusunthika koperewera poyerekeza ndi mphotho yazandalama mu otchova njuga. Popeza kuti nkhani imodzi idachotsedwa pakuwunika kwathu kwaposachedwa chifukwa cholephera kusonkhanitsa deta ya mahomoni, tidawunikanso popanda nkhaniyi. Kuyanjana kwam'magulu a gulu la × Mphotho kwakadali kofunika popanda nkhaniyi (F(1, 35) = 7.85, p <0.01). Kuphatikiza apo, a Tukey posachedwa t-amayesero adatsimikizira kuti kulumikizanaku kudachitika chifukwa chakapangidwe pang'onopang'ono kaamba ka zolakwika (zikutanthauza = 547.54, SD = 17.22) poyerekeza ndi mphotho yazandalama (zikutanthauza = 522.91, SD = 14.29) pamasewera omwe ali pachiwonetsero chazomwe amayendera pakulamulira kwawongole (p <0.01) (Chithunzi (Figure1B) .1B). Komabe, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagawo oyambira a cortisol ndi magwiridwe ake pantchito yothetsa tsankho pagulu lirilonse.

Kuphatikizana kwa ubongo-cortisol

Kupenda kwathu komwe kudafotokozeredwa kale kudavomereza mgwirizano wamgulu pamphatikidwe wa ventral, kuwonetsa kuyankha kwakukulu pakuyimira kwa zinthu zosagwirizana ndi zosokoneza mu ma PG poyerekeza ndi maulamuliro (Sescousse et al., 2013). Pomwe tikuwunikira pakadali pano, zotsatira za kuyanjana kwa mphoto kwa gulu zidali zofunikira kwambiri mutachotsa mutu womwe udatayika (x, y, z = −9, 0, 3, T = 4.11; 18, 0, 0, T = 3.88; p(SVC) <0.05, FWE). Kuwunikaku kwapano kunayang'ana momwe mayankhidwewa amagwirizanirana ndimagulu amkati mwa cortisol. Kusanthula kwapakati pa-mitu kunavumbula ubale wabwino pakati pamiyeso ya cortisol ndi mayankho BOLD pamalingaliro azachuma motsutsana ndi malingaliro olakwika mu ventral striatum ya otchova njuga (x, y, z = 3, 6, −6, T = 4.76, p(SVC) <0.05, FWE; Chithunzi Figure2A), 2A), koma kulibe ubale wotere kuulamulira bwino. Kufananitsa mwachindunji pakati pamagulu kunalinso kofunika (x, y, z = −3, 6, −6, T = 3.10, p(SVC) ≤ 0.05, FWE; Chithunzi Figure2B) .2B). Tidawunikiranso ngati milingo ya cortisol idalumikizidwa ndi ubongo waubongo wokhazikitsidwa ndi mphotho iliyonse payokha, poyerekeza ndi cue control. Kusanthula kumeneku sikunawonetse kusintha kwina kulikonse mu ventral striatum m'gulu lililonse (ku p <0.001 osakonzedwa).

Chithunzi 2 

Mgwirizano pakati pa striatal cue reacction ndi basal cortisol mu gawo la otchova njuga. (A) Mayankho abwinobwino povutikira poyendetsa ndalama mosagwirizana ndi otchova njuga amakhala kuti ali ndi mbali zoyambira za cortisol. Chiwembu chomwaza chikuwonetsera izi ...

Kukambirana

Pazidziwitso zathu, uku ndi kafukufuku woyamba kuwunika ubale wama cortisol ndi ma activation a ubongo panthawi yomwe ikuthandizira kuchedwetsa ma PG. Mogwirizana ndi zathu a priori hypothesis, tidawona kuti milingo yayikulu yotsika kwa cortisol imalumikizidwa ndi kuyenderana kosiyana kwachilengedwe kumayendedwe azinthu zosagwirizana ndi zosokoneza mu ventral striatum ya otchova njuga poyerekeza ndi oyang'anira athanzi. Izi zikuwonetsa gawo limodzi la cortisol pakulimbikitsa kutchova njuga motsutsana ndi ndalama zomwe sizili ndalama. Chifukwa chake, cortisol ikhoza kuyambitsa zochitika zowonjezera mu PGs mwakukulitsa kupendekera kwazomwe zimayenderana ndi njuga kuposa zolimbikitsa zina. Chifukwa kulimbikitsidwa kwakukhazikika kwa njira zokhudzana ndi kutchova juga mu PG kumayambitsa kukakamira kutchova juga, izi zimathandizira kulumikizana pakati pa chidwi cha cortisol ndi PGs kuti akwaniritse mphotho yazandalama.

Njira imodzi yomwe cortisol imathandizira kuti ubongo wake ukhale wolumikizika ndi ntchito ya glucocorticoid receptors mu NAcc. Zawonetsedwa kuti mahomoni a glucocorticoid amagwira ntchito kudzera muubongo pomangiriza ndi ma receptor awiri ofunikira: mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) ndi glucocorticoid receptor. Mahomoni a Glucocorticoid amathandizira kwambiri pakukhudzana ndi mphotho kudzera chikoka chawo pa mesolimbic dopamine circry ndi NAcc makamaka. Mwachitsanzo, umboni wazinyama umawonetsa kuti mahomoni a glucocorticoid amathandizira kufalitsa kwa dopamine mu chipolopolo cha NAcc kudzera pama glucocorticoid receptors (Marinelli ndi Piazza, 2002). Kafukufuku wa Microdialysis adanenanso kuti corticosterone imakhala ndi zotsitsimutsa pakufalitsa kwa dopamine mu NAcc (Piazza et al., 1996). Kuphatikiza apo, kulowetsedwa kwa glucocorticoid receptor antagonists kumapangitsa kuti ma dopamine atulutsidwe ndi mankhwala a dopamine mu NAcc (Marinelli et al., 1998). Pogwirizana ndi zomwe zapezedwa mu nyama, kafukufuku waumunthu adapeza umboni kuti milingo ya cortisol idalumikizidwa bwino ndi amphetamine-induction dopamine kumasulidwa mu ventral striatum (Oswald et al., 2005).

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti sitinawone kusiyana pamiyeso ya basal cortisol pakati pa ma PG ndikuwongolera. Ngakhale izi zikugwirizana ndi malipoti am'mbuyomu osonyeza kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa ziwonetsero za basal cortisol pakati pa PG ndi otchova juga (Meyer et al., 2004; Paris et al., 2010a,b), sizitanthauza kuti palibe ntchito ya HPA mu PGs. Zowonadi, ngakhale maphunziro am'mbuyomu omwe amafufuza kuchuluka kwa cortisol mu PGs amayang'ana kwambiri mayankho a HPA pazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kupanikizika, monga ma cues a njuga (Ramirez et al., 1988; Meyer et al., 2000; Franco et al., 2010), mu phunziroli laposachedwa timayesa cortisol woyambira ndi mgwirizano wake ndi magwiridwe antchito a striatal. Komanso, zinthu zina, monga nthawi ya tsiku lomwe magazi kapena malovu amaphatikizidwa kuti ziwonetsere kuchuluka kwa cortisol, ziyenera kuganiziridwanso chifukwa pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cortisol, yomwe imatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa ma PG ndikuwongolera kwaumoyo kapena otchova juga. Makamaka, ma PG atha kukhala ndi cortisol yayikulu kwambiri ikumadzuka kuposa omwe amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi (Wohl et al., 2008).

Chofunikira china chofunikira kuganizira ndikuti ngakhale cortisol imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi ngati biomarker yopsinjika kwamaganizidwe, mgwirizano wapakati pa cortisol ndi zina mwanjira za HPA zogwirizana ndi endocrine sizikupezeka (Hellhammer et al., 2009). Kuphatikiza apo, kulibe ubale pakati pa ntchito zokhudzana ndi mphotho ndi kuchuluka kwa basil cortisol muulamulidwe wathanzi kumayenderana ndi kusintha kwakumaso kwa kupsinjika kwapanja komanso kuchuluka kwa cortisol komwe kumawoneka muzolemba za neuroimaging pokonza mphotho mwa anthu athanzi. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku waposachedwa adati kupsinjika kumachepetsa kutsegula kwa NAcc poyankha mphotho, koma cortisol imathetsa ubalewu, popeza cortisol yayikulu idakhudzana ndi kuyambitsa mwamphamvu kwa NAcc poyankha mphotho (Oei et al., 2014). Kafukufuku wina adati kupsinjika kwakukulu kumachepetsa mayankho a dorsal (osati ventral) striatum ndi OFC pazotsatira zachuma (Porcelli et al., 2012), pomwe palibe kusiyana komwe kunawonedwa mu NAcc pakati pa gulu lopanikizika ndi gulu logwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira kutulutsa (Ossewaarde et al., 2011). Pamodzi, umboni wochokera ku kafukufuku wa fMRI ukuwonetsa kuyanjana kopanda pakati pa kupsinjika, kuchuluka kwa cortisol ndi kutseguka kwa ubongo ndikuwonetsa kuti kupsinjika ndi cortisol kumatha kusewera magawo osiyanitsa osiyana pakukhudza chidwi kuti chikhale chopindulitsa mwa njira yodutsa.

Zoyenera zingapo za phunziroli zilipo. Choyamba, amuna okhaokha a PG omwe adakhudzidwa ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa. Sizikudziwika ngati zomwe tikupeza pano zingafikire kwa otchova juga azimayi. Ili ndi funso lofunika chifukwa kusiyana pakati pa kugonana kumapezeka munjira zingapo zokhudzana ndi njuga (Tschibelu ndi Elman, 2010; Grant et al., 2012; González-Ortega et al., 2013; van den Bos et al., 2013). Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zingapo zamathupi pazomwe zimagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana zimasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (Kivlighan et al., 2005; Makonzedwe, 2012; Vest ndi Pike, 2013). Kafukufuku wapano adangophatikizapo abambo chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala omvera pazomwe zimawoneka zogonana kuposa azimayi (Stevens ndi Hamann, 2012; Wehrum et al., 2013) ndikuwonetsa chiopsezo chazovuta zamagetsi kapena kutha kwa kutchova juga poyerekeza ndi azimayi (Toneatto ndi Nguyen, 2007; Wong et al., 2013). Chachiwiri, sitingalephere kuyambitsa zokambirana za zotsatira za cortisol pamayankho a neural chifukwa zotsatira zathu zimakhala zochokera pazowunikira. Makina opangira mankhwala a cortisol akunja poyerekeza ndi mawonekedwe a placebo angafunike kuti awone udindo wa cortisol pakukonda kutchova juga. Ngakhale izi zili ndi malire, tikukhulupirira kuti zomwe tapeza pakalipano zimayala maziko owonjezerera pa mgwirizano pakati pa cortisol ndi mayankho mu ubongo ku zomwe zimathandizira.

Mawuwo

Tapeza kuti, mu ma PG, kuchuluka kwa cortisol komwe kumalumikizidwa ndikuyambitsa kosintha kwa ventral striatum poyankha zolimbikitsa zokhudzana ndi njuga zokhudzana ndi zolimbikitsidwa zokhudzana ndi njuga. Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kufunikira kophatikiza endocrinology ndi njira yodziwitsa za neuroscience kuti imveke bwino bwino njira zomwe zimayambira njuga. Pomaliza, kafukufukuyu atha kukhala ndi tanthauzo lofunikira pakufufuzanso kwina kofufuza komwe kumayambitsa chiopsezo cha cortisol pazoopseza kuti apange zikhalidwe zamtunduwu monga njuga ya pathological.

Kusamvana kwa mawu achidwi

Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Kuvomereza

Ntchitoyi idachitika mkati mwa LABEX ANR-11-LNABX-0042 ya Université de Lyon, mkati mwa pulogalamu "Investissements d'Avenir" (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) yoyendetsedwa ndi French National Research Agency (ANR) . Yansong Li adathandizidwa ndi chiyanjano cha PhD kuchokera ku Pari Mutuel Urbain (PMU). Guillaume Sescousse adathandizidwa ndi maphunziro kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ku France ndi Medical Research Foundation. Tili othokoza P. Domenech ndi G. Barbalat pakuwunika za ma PG. Tili othokoza Dr. I. Obeso powunikiranso bwino pamwambowu komanso ogwira ntchito ku CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant chifukwa chothandizadi pa ntchito yosonkhanitsa deta.

Mawu a M'munsi

Zothandizira

  1. Achab S., Karila L., Khazaal Y. (2013). Kutchova njuga kwachidziwitso: kusintha kwa kupanga zisankho ndi ma-neuro-magwiridwe antchito mu zitsanzo zamankhwala. Curr. Mankhwala. Des. [Epub patsogolo posindikiza]. [Adasankhidwa]
  2. Alexander N., Osinsky R., Mueller E., Schmitz A., Guenthert S., Kuepper Y., et al. (2011). Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana mu dopaminergic system imathandizira kusintha kupsinjika kwa endocrine ndikuchira. Behav. Brain Res. 216, 53-58.10.1016 / j.bbr.2010.07.003 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  3. Blanco C., Hasin DS, Petry N., Stinson FS, Grant BF (2006). Kusiyana kogonana mu subclinical ndi DSM-IV njuga yamatenda: zotsatira kuchokera ku National Epidemiologic Survey pa Mowa ndi zochitika zina. Psychol. Med. 36, 943-953.10.1017 / s0033291706007410 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  4. Broadbear JH, Winger G., Woods JH (2004). Kudziyendetsa nokha kwa fentanyl, cocaine ndi ketamine: zotsatira pamatumbo-adrenal axis mu nyani wa rhesus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 176, 398-406.10.1007 / s00213-004-1891-x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  5. Chazot G., Claustrat B., Brun J., Jordan D., Sassolas G., Schott B. (1984). Kafukufuku wotsatira wa melatonin, mahomoni amakulidwe a cortisol ndi secretion wa prolactin pamutu wamutu. Cephalalgia 4, 213-220.10.1046 / j.1468-2982.1984.0404213.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  6. Clark L., Limbrick-Oldfield EH (2013). Kutchova juga kosakaza: chizolowezi chamakhalidwe. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 23, 655-659.10.1016 / j.conb.2013.01.004 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  7. Conversano C., Marazziti D., Carmassi C., Baldini S., Barnabei G., Dell'osso L. (2012). Kutchova juga kwachidziwitso: kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane kwa biochemical, neuroimaging, ndi zotsatira za neuropsychological. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 20, 130-148.10.3109 / 10673229.2012.694318 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  8. Deroche V., Marinelli M., Le Moal M., Piazza PV (1997). Glucocorticoids ndi zomwe zimachitika mu psychostimulants. II: cocaine wa intravenous wodziyendetsa payekha ndikubwezeretsedwanso kumadalira kuchuluka kwa glucocorticoid. J. Pharmacol. Kutulutsa Ther. 281, 1401-1407. [Adasankhidwa]
  9. Elman I., Lukas SE, Karlsgodt KH, Gicic GP, Breiter HC (2003). Acute cortisol makonzedwe amachititsa kuti azilakalaka anthu omwe amadalira cocaine. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 37, 84-89. [Adasankhidwa]
  10. Franco C., Paris J., Wulfert E., Frye C. (2010). Amiseche achimuna ali ndi cortisol yayikulu kwambiri isanachitike kapena pambuyo pa kubetcha pa akavalo, kuposa omwe amatchova njuga. Physiol. Behav. 99, 225-229.10.1016 / j.physbeh.2009.08.002 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  11. Goeders NE, Guerin GF (1996). Ntchito ya corticosterone mu intravenous cocaine wodziyimira payokha m'makola. Neuroendocrinology 64, 337-348.10.1159 / 000127137 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  12. González-Ortega I., Echeburúa E., Corral P., Polo-López R., Alberich S. (2013). Okulosera zamtundu wa njuga zovuta kuzindikira kusiyana kwa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. EUR. Kuledzera. Res. 19, 146-154.10.1159 / 000342311 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  13. Goodman A. (2008). Neurobiology ya kusuta. Kubwereza kophatikiza. Biochem. Pharmacol. 75, 266-322.10.1016 / j.bcp.2007.07.030 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  14. Grant JE, Chamberlain SR, Schreiber L., Odlaug BL (2012). Kusiyana kwokhudzana ndi zamankhwala komanso zamankhwala pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe akufuna chithandizo cha juga ya pathological. J. Psychiatr. Res. 46, 1206-1211.10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2012.05.013 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  15. Hamann S., Herman RA, Nolan CL, Wallen K. (2004). Amuna ndi akazi amasiyana amygdala poyankha zokopa zogonana. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 411-416.10.1038 / nn1208 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  16. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom KO (1991). Chiyeso cha Fagerström cha kudalirika kwa chikumbumtima: kukonzanso kwa Fagerstrom Tolerance Mafunso. Br. J. Addict. 86, 1119-1127.10.1111 / j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  17. Hellhammer DH, Wüst S., Kudielka BM (2009). Salivary cortisol monga biomarker pakufufuza kozama. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34, 163-171.10.1016 / j.psyneuen.2008.10.026 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  18. Herman JP, Ostrander MM, Mueller NK, Figueiredo H. (2005). Limbic system njira ya kupanikizika malamulo: hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 29, 1201-1213.10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2005.08.006 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  19. Hoon EF, Chambless D. (1998). "Kutheka kwa kugonana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugonana kukhale kopitilira muyeso," buku la Handbook of kugonana likugwirizana, eds C. Davis, W. Yarber, R. Bauserman, R. Schreer ndi S. Davis (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage), 71 -74.
  20. de Jong IE, de Kloet ER (2004). Glucocorticoids ndi chiopsezo cha psychostimulant mankhwala: kuloza gawo ndi makina. Ann. NY Acad. Sayansi. 1018, 192-198.10.1196 / annals.1296.022 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  21. Kessler RC, Hwang I., Labrie R., Petukhova M., Sampson NA, Winters KC, et al. (2008). DSM-IV njuga yamatenda mu National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol. Med. 38, 1351-1360.10.1017 / s0033291708002900 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  22. Kivlighan KT, Granger DA, Booth A. (2005). Kusiyana kwa jenda mu testosterone ndi kuyankha kwa cortisol mpikisano. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 58-71.10.1016 / j.psyneuen.2004.05.009 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  23. Koob GF, Le Moal M. (2008). Mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso ubongo. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 59, 29-53.10.1146 / annurev.psych.59.103006.093548 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  24. Koob GF, Volkow ND (2010). Neurocircuitry yosokoneza bongo. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 217-238.10.1038 / npp.2009.110 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  25. Leeman RF, Potenza MN (2012). Kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa kutchova juga kwa pathological ndi zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito pazinthu: kuyang'ana mozama komanso kukakamizidwa. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 219, 469-490.10.1007 / s00213-011-2550-7 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  26. Lesieur HR, Blume SB (1987). Chojambula chakumwera chamtundu wa oak (SOGS): chida chatsopano chodziwika bwino cha otchova njuga. Am. J. Psychiatry 144, 1184-1188. [Adasankhidwa]
  27. Liu X., Hairston J., Schrier M., Fan J. (2011). Maukadaulo amodzi komanso osiyanasiyananso osapindulitsa ndi magawo osinthira: kusanthula meta maphunziro oyenda bwino. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35, 1219-1236.10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2010.12.012 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  28. Lovallo WR (2006). Cortisol katulutsidwe katchulidwe kake ka chiwopsezo komanso vuto. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 59, 195-202.10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2005.10.007 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  29. Marinelli M., Aouizerate B., Barrot M., Le Moal M., Piazza PV (1998). Mayankho odalirika a dopamine a morphine amadalira glucocorticoid receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sayansi. USA 95, 7742-7747.10.1073 / pnas.95.13.7742 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  30. Marinelli M., Piazza PV (2002). Kugwirizana pakati pa mahomoni a glucocorticoid, kupsinjika ndi psychostimulant mankhwala *. EUR. J. Neurosci. 16, 387-394.10.1046 / j.1460-9568.2002.02089.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  31. Meewisse ML, Reitsma JB, De Vries GJ, Gersons BP, Olff M. (2007). Cortisol ndi post-traumatic stress disorder mu akulu: kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane ndi kusanthula kwa meta. Br. J. Psychiatry 191, 387-392.10.1192 / bjp.bp.106.024877 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  32. Meyer G., Hauffa BP, schedulelowski M., Pawlak C., Stadler MA, Exton MS (2000). Kutchova njuga kwa pagalimoto kumawonjezera kugunda kwa mtima ndi ma cortisol am'manja mwa otchova njuga nthawi zonse. Biol. Psychiatry 48, 948-953.10.1016 / s0006-3223 (00) 00888-x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  33. Meyer WN, Keifer J., Korzan WJ, Chilimwe CH (2004). Kupsinjika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi corticosterone m'chigawo chokhazikika cha limbic N-methyl-D-aspartatereceptor (NR) mtundu wa subunit NR (2A) ndi NR (2B) mu lizard Anolis carolinensis. Neuroscience 128, 675-684.10.1016 / j.neuroscience.2004.06.084 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  34. Nurnberger JI, Blehar MC, Kaufmann CA, York-Cooler C. (1994). Zowunikira pazofunsa zamtundu wamtundu: zofunikira, mawonekedwe apadera ndi maphunziro. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 849-859.10.1001 / archpsyc.1994.03950110009002 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  35. Oei NY, Onse S., Van Heemst D., Van Der Grond J. (2014). Cortisol yokhazikika yokhala ndi nkhawa yochita kupatsirana pakati pothandizirana ndi mphotho ya zochita pakagwiridwe kathu. Psychoneuroendocrinology 39, 111-120.10.1016 / j.psyneuen.2013.10.005 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  36. Ossewaarde L., Qin S., Van Marle HJ, Van Wingen GA, Fernández G., Hermans EJ (2011). Kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwamphamvu pokhudzana ndi mphotho yoyambirira ya kortex. Neuroimage 55, 345-352.10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2010.11.068 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  37. Oswald LM, Wand GS (2004). Ma opioid ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Physiol. Behav. 81, 339-358.10.1016 / j.physbeh.2004.02.008 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  38. Oswald LM, Wong DF, Mccaul M., Zhou Y., Kuwabara H., Choi L., et al. (2005). Maubwenzi pakati pa ventral striatal dopamine kumasulidwa, cortisol secretion ndi mayankho apakati a amphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 821-832.10.1038 / sj.npp.1300667 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  39. Paris JJ, Franco C., Sodano R., Freidenberg B., Gordis E., Anderson DA, et al. (2010b). Kusiyana kwa kugonana kwa cortisol ya salivary poyankha kupsinjika kwakukulu pakati pa otenga nawo mbali, pazokondweretsa kapena zamiseche komanso kwa iwo omwe ali ndi vuto la kupsinjika kwa posttraumatic. Horm. Behav. 57, 35-45.10.1016 / j.yhbeh.2009.06.003 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  40. Paris JJ, Franco C., Sodano R., Frye C., Wulfert E. (2010a). Matenda a juga amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuyankhidwa kwa cortisol pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Physiol. Behav. 99, 230-233.10.1016 / j.physbeh.2009.04.002 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  41. Petry NM (2007). Kusokonezeka kwa kutchova juga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu: zomwe zikuchitika komanso njira zamtsogolo. Am. J. Addict. 16, 1-9.10.1080 / 10550490601077668 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  42. Petry NM, Blanco C., Auriacombe M., Borges G., Bucholz K., Crowley TJ, et al. (2013). Kuwunika mwachidule komanso kwamaganizidwe osintha komwe kukufunidwa kwa njuga zamatenda mu DSM-5. J. Gambl. Stud. [Epub patsogolo posindikiza] .10.1007 / s10899-013-9370-0 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  43. Piazza PV, Rouge-Pont F., Deroche V., Maccari S., Simon H., Le Moal M. (1996). Glucocorticoids ali ndi mphamvu zotsatsira boma chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa mesencephalic dopaminergic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sayansi. USA 93, 8716-8720.10.1073 / pnas.93.16.8716 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  44. Porcelli AJ, Lewis AH, Delgado MR (2012). Kupsinjika kwakukulu kumakhudza magawo a neural oyendetsa mphotho. Kutsogolo. Neurosci. 6: 157.10.3389 / fnins.2012.00157 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  45. Potenza MN (2006). Kodi mavuto osokoneza bongo amayenera kukhala pazinthu zosakhudzana ndi zinthu? Zowonjezera 101, 142-151.10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  46. Potenza MN (2008). Unikani. The neurobiology ya pathological njuga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo: kuwunikira mwachidule ndikupeza kwatsopano. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Zowoneka. B Biol. Sayansi. 363, 3181-3189.10.1098 / rstb.2008.0100 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  47. Potenza MN (2013). Neurobiology yamakhalidwe otchova juga. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 23, 660-667.10.1016 / j.conb.2013.03.004 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  48. Ramirez LF, Mccormick RA, Lowy MT (1988). Plasma cortisol ndi kupsinjika kwa otchova njuga. Br. J. Psychiatry 153, 684-686.10.1192 / bjp.153.5.684 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  49. Reilly D. (2012). Kufufuza za sayansi yakugonana komanso kusiyanasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Maudindo a kugonana 67, 247-250.10.1007 / s11199-012-0134-6 [Cross Ref]
  50. Robinson TE, Berridge KC (1993). Chifukwa cha kukondweretsedwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo: chiphunzitso cholimbikitsa. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 18, 247-291.10.1016 /0165-0173(93) 90013-p [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  51. Robinson TE, Berridge KC (2008). Chikhumbo chofuna kukopa zolimbikitsa izi: mavuto ena apano. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Zowoneka. B Biol. Sayansi. 363, 3137-3146.10.1098 / rstb.2008.0093 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  52. Rupp HA, Wallen K. (2008). Kusiyana kogonana poyankha zokopa zakugonana: kuwunika. Arch. Kugonana. Behav. 37, 206-218.10.1007 / s10508-007-9217-9 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  53. Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU (2000). Kodi glucocorticoids amathandizira bwanji kuyankha kovutikira? Kuphatikiza zochita zololeza, zowumiriza, zolimbikitsa, komanso zowunikira. Endocr. Rev. 21, 55-89.10.1210 / er.21.1.55 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  54. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. (1993). Kukula kwa mayeso obweretsa vuto la zakumwa zoledzeretsa (AUDIT): Pulojekiti yothandizirana ya WHO pa kuzindikira koyambirira anthu omwe ali ndi vuto loledzera mowa II. Zowonjezera 88, 791-804.10.1111 / j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  55. Schultz W. (2011). Zowopsa zomwe zingachitike mu mphoto ya neuronal, chiwopsezo, komanso njira zogwiritsira ntchito pazamankhwala. Neuron 69, 603-617.10.1016 / j.neuron.2011.02.014 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  56. Sescousse G., Barbalat G., Domenech P., Dreher JC (2013). Kuyang'ana mu chidwi chamitundu mitundu ya mphotho mu njuga zamatenda. Brain 136, 2527-2538.10.1093 / ubongo / awt126 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  57. Stephens MAC, Wand G. (2012). Kupsinjika ndi axis ya HPA: gawo la glucocorticoids mukudalira mowa. Mowa. Res. 34, 468-483. [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa]
  58. Stevens JS, Hamann S. (2012). Kusiyana kogonana pakugwira ntchito kwa ubongo kumapangitsa chidwi cham'mbuyo: kusanthula meta kwa maphunziro a neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia 50, 1578-1593.10.1016 / j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.011 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  59. Tobler PN, Fletcher PC, Bullmore ET, Schultz W. (2007). Zochitika zokhudzana ndi ubongo waumunthu zomwe zimawonetsa ndalama. Neuron 54, 167-175.10.1016 / j.neuron.2007.03.004 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  60. Toneatto T., Nguyen L. (2007). "Makhalidwe a munthu payekha komanso vuto la kutchova njuga," mu Kafukufuku wa Kafukufuku ndi Kupima muzoyerekeza, a G. Smith, DC Hodgins ndi R. Williams (New York: Elsevier), 279-303.
  61. Tschibelu E., Elman I. (2010). Kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso nkhawa zawo ndi kutchova juga kwa omwe ali ndi njuga zam'magazi. J. Addict. Dis. 30, 81-87.10.1080 / 10550887.2010.531671 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  62. Ulrich-Lai YM, Herman JP (2009). Malangizo a Neural a endocrine ndi mayankho a autonomic nkhawa. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 397-409.10.1038 / nrn2647 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  63. van den Bos R., Davies W., Dellu-Hagedorn F., Goudriaan AE, Granon S., Homberg J., et al. (2013). Mitundu yamtanda imayandikira njuga zam'magazi: kuwunikira komwe kumayambitsa kusiyana pakati pa kugonana, kusatetezeka kwa achinyamata ndi kuvomerezeka kwachilengedwe kwa zida zofufuzira. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 2454-2471. [Adasankhidwa]
  64. van Holst RJ, van den Brink W., Veltman DJ, Goudriaan AE (2010). Chifukwa chake otchova juga akulephera kupambana: kuwunika kozindikira mozama komanso kopatsa chidwi pakupeza njuga. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 34, 87-107.10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2009.07.007 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  65. Vest RS, Pike CJ (2013). Jenda, mahomoni a steroid ogonana ndi matenda a Alzheimer's. Horm. Behav. 63, 301-307.10.1016 / j.yhbeh.2012.04.006 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  66. Vezina P. (2004). Kuzama kwa midbrain dopamine neuron reactivity ndi kudzilamulira nokha kwa psychomotor stimulant mankhwala. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 27, 827-839.10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2003.11.001 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  67. Vezina P. (2007). Sensitization, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi psychopathology mwa nyama ndi anthu. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 31, 1553-1555.10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2007.08.030 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  68. Vinson GP, ​​Brennan CH (2013). Mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso adrenal cortex. Endocr. Lumikizani. [Epub patsogolo posindikiza] .10.1530 / ec-13-0028 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  69. Wand GS, Oswald LM, Mccaul ME, Wong DF, Johnson E., Zhou Y., et al. (2007). Association of amphetamine-inachititsa striatal dopamine kumasulidwa ndi mayankho a cortisol pazovuta zamaganizo. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 2310-2320.10.1038 / sj.npp.1301373 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  70. Wareham JD, Potenza MN (2010). Matenda amiseche komanso mavuto osokoneza bongo. Am. J. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mowa Mopitirira Muyeso 36, 242-247.10.3109 / 00952991003721118 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  71. Wehrum S., Klucken T., Kagerer S., Walter B., Hermann A., Vaitl D., et al. (2013). Kufanana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi ndi kusiyana pakukonzekera kwachilengedwe kwa zoyeserera zakugonana. J. Kugonana. Med. 10, 1328-1342.10.1111 / jsm.12096 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  72. Wingenfeld K., Wolf OT (2011). Kusintha kwa axis kwa HPA pamavuto amisala: momwe amakhudzidwira kukumbukira ndikufunika kwake pakuchitapo kanthu pochizira. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 17, 714-722.10.1111 / j.1755-5949.2010.00207.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  73. Wohl MJA, Matheson K., Wachinyamata wa MM, Anisman H. (2008). Cortisol akuwuka pambuyo pa kudzutsidwa pakati pa otchova njuga: kudzipatula ku comorbid zizindikiro za kukhumudwa komanso kusakhazikika. J. Gambl. Stud. 24, 79-90.10.1007 / s10899-007-9080-6 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  74. Wong G., Zane N., Saw A., Chan AKK (2013). Kuunikira kusiyana pakati pa jenda pakubwera kwa juga ndi mavuto a juga pakati pa akulu omwe angoyamba kumene. J. Gambl. Stud. 29, 171-189.10.1007 / s10899-012-9305-1 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  75. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP (1983). Matenda a chipatala komanso nkhawa. Acta Psychiatr. Zopanda. 67, 361-370.10.1111 / j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]