Kusokonezeka kwa Fronto-striatal m'kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kutchova njuga: Kusagwirizana kofanana? (2013)

Chipatala cha Neuroimage. 2013; 2: 385-393.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti Mar 5, 2013. do:  10.1016 / j.nicl.2013.02.005

PMCID: PMC3777686

Nkhaniyi yakhala wotchulidwa ndi nkhani zina mu PMC.

Pitani ku:

Kudalirika

Kusintha pakukonzekera magwiridwe antchito ndi gawo lalikulu lazinthu zazikulu zamaganizidwe osokoneza bongo, ndikuneneratu kosiyanitsa komwe kudapangika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mphotho, kuchepa mphamvu, ndi malingaliro osokonekera. Ntchito MRI yakhala njira yayikulu yoyesera maulosiwa, poyesa kutsimikizira zosokoneza pamlingo wa striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, ndi zigawo zogwirizana. Komabe, ziwonetsero za hypo- ntchito ndi hyper-kuchita kwa izi Kupeza kofananako kumawonekera m'mabuku omwe amatulutsa zaukadaulo wazomwe zakhala zikuchitika masiku ano. Cholinga choyamba cha nkhaniyi ndikuwunika zina mwazomwe zimayesedwa izi zomwe zitha kukopa kuwongolera kwa zotsatira zamagulu, kuphatikizapo momwe ziriri pano, kapangidwe ka mayesedwe ndi nthawi, komanso momwe zilili ndi chidwi , ndalama, kapena mphoto zazikulu). Cholinga chachiwiri ndikuwunikira njira zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi kutchova juga kwachidziwitso, monga chida cha 'mankhwala osokoneza bongo' komanso matenda pomwe ndalama zothandizira pakubwezeretsa ndalama zimakwaniritsa kuwongolera kopitilira zomwe zikugwiriridwa. Mapeto athu ndikuti zisankho zosavuta kupanga kapangidwe kake zimawoneka zokhoza kuyendetsa magulu pamagulu oyendetsa magulu ena motsutsana, ngakhale ndi ntchito ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yofananira. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa malingaliro amakono aukazitape kumafunikira kukulira kwamapangidwe oyesera, ndi kafukufuku wambiri wofunikira pakukonza zida zoyambira, zoyeserera, ndi zamagulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo.

Keywords: Mankhwala osokoneza bongo, Kutchova njuga kwachikhalidwe, fMRI, Ventral striatum, Kukonzekera kukonza

1. Mau oyamba

Kulingalira kwaposachedwa kwamankhwala osokoneza bongo kumadziwitsidwa bwino ndi maziko a minyewa yolimbikitsidwa, yomwe imayang'ana makamaka pakulimbitsa mtima. Malingaliro angapo am'malingaliro adayikidwa kuti awonetse kusintha kwamachitidwe olimbitsa thupi omwe amachititsa kuti dziko likhale losokoneza bongo, kapena kufotokozera kusinthaku kukhala mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mwachitsanzo, a kuchepa kwa mphotho hypotase (Blum et al., 2012; Comings ndi Blum, 2000) akuganiza kuti kusayanjana ndi kutengera kulimbikitsidwa kwachilengedwe kumapangitsa munthu kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngati njira yobwezera. Kulimbikitsani or chidwi maakaunti (Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993, 2008) fotokozerani kuti kuyankha kwamaubongo kumankhwala osokoneza bongo kumatha kuchitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, kotero kuti kufunafuna mankhwala kumatha kuwongolera machitidwe owongoleredwa ndi zolinga pamakhalidwe abwino. Pazaka khumi zapitazi, kafukufuku wa MRI (fMRI) wa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo akhala njira yokhazikitsira pakati pa maakauntiwa, chifukwa njira zopezera mphotho zaubongo zitha kuyesedwa bwino ndi njira zingapo zodziwika bwino, monga Knutson's Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MIDT ) (Knutson et al., 2001). Mwanjira ina, kuyesa uku kukuwonetsa kusasinthika kochititsa chidwi, chifukwa iwo amatha kudalitsa kusokonekera motere kwa madera omwe amakhala ndi dopamine mu striatum ndi gawo la medial la preortal cortex (mPFC). Komabe, a malangizo Zotsatira zake zimakhala zosagwirizana, ndi zoyeserera zingapo, zapamwamba zosonyeza mwina hypo-ntchito kapena hyper- ntchito za zigawo zofanana za mphotho (Hommer et al., 2011). Cholinga choyamba cha nkhani yapano ndikuwunika zina mwazomwe mungayesere zomwe zingatsimikizire momwe zikuwonekera.

Cholinga chachiwiri ndikuwona gawo lalikulu la zovuta zomwe zimadziwika mkati mwa DSM5, yomwe ikufunidwa kuti iphatikize njuga zamatenda (kusinthidwa dzina kuti 'Disordered Gossip') monga mtundu wa prototypical wa khalidwe loledzera. Kafukufuku woyamba wamatsenga wa pathological adalembedwa m'ma 2000s (Potenza et al., 2003a, 2003b; Reuter et al., 2005), ndipo pazaka zapitazi, gawo lino lakhwima pofotokoza mwatsatanetsatane maphunziro anayi olimba a fMRI mpaka pano (Balodis et al., 2012a; Miedl et al., 2012; Sescousse et al., 2010; van Holst et al., 2012b). Monga momwe amapangira maphunziro osokoneza bongo, mapepala awa mu njuga zam'magazi adalekanitsa magawo a striatum ndi mPFC ngati agona pakati pa netiyi yasokonekera, komanso, kuwongolera zotsatira pazaka zinayizi sikogwirizana. Poganizira zomwe zapezazi, tiziwonetsa zomwe zimachitika mu njuga zam'magazi zomwe timakhulupilira kuti zimapangitsa kukhala zoyeserera zofunikira pamunda wamankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso chindapusa chomwe chingapezeke ndi matenda awa pakukonza chikhalidwe cha kusokoneza pakulimbikitsa kukonzekera mankhwala osokoneza bongo .

2. Malingaliro amisala okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Mabwalo oyendetsera zoyambirira adakhudzidwa pachiwonetsero chifukwa cha kuwonetsa kuti mankhwala ozunza amawonjezera kufalikira kwa dopamine m'mabwalo awa (Wanzeru, 2004). Cholinga chachikulu cha malingaliro awa chakhala pakukonzekera kwamachitidwe omwe amayang'anira njira zamakhalidwe, ndikuwongolera kwa njira iziBechara, 2005; Goldstein ndi Volkow, 2002; Jentsch ndi Taylor, 1999). Mwa dongosolo ili, kuledzera kumatha kukhudzana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa machitidwe amachitidwe okhudzana ndi mankhwala, kapena kuchepa kwa zoletsa zina. Ngakhale malingaliro amakono amavomereza magawo onsewa, nkhani zina zimasiyana pamlingo womwe ali nawo. Kuphatikiza apo, maakauntiwa amatsindika mosiyanasiyana za zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi chizolowezi chosokoneza bongo, kapena kusintha kwa njira yodziyimira pakumwa kuti mukhale chizolowezi chazomwe mukuchita. Kwambiri, malingaliro omwe afotokozedwa pansipa amalosera mosiyanasiyana za anthu omwe angawone ngati angawonetse kuchuluka, kwabwinobwino, kapena kocheperako pakumvera kwazomwe zimayambitsa chidwi, kapena zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuneneratu koteroko ndikothandiza kwambiri kuyezetsa ndi FMRI.

Kuperewera kwa mphoto kumatsimikizira kuti kusokonekera kwa chizolowezi kumayamba chifukwa cha kusazindikira bwino kapena kusathandiza dopaminergic system (Comings ndi Blum, 2000). M'boma lino, mphotho zachilengedwe zimangopereka yankho lochepetsedwa, kotero kuti cholimbikitsa chopindulitsa sichingayendetse dongosolo la dopaminergic kumalo oyenera kuti ayambitse 'mphotho' yaubongo (Blum et al., 2012,, komanso zochitika zenizeni sizingasinthe mokwanira mayendedwe olimbikitsidwa. Zotsatira zake, munthuyu amafunafuna zokumana nazo zowonjezereka - kuphatikiza koma osatengera pakumwera mankhwala - kuyendetsa chiwongolero cha dopamine ndikuyambitsa mwayi wopeza mphotho. Hypothesis akusowa kwa mphotho yoyambira kuchokera ku ma genetic osonyeza kuti zosinthika mu dopamine D2 receptor gene (Taq1A DRD2) zinali zofala kwambiri kwa odwala omwe amadalira mowa (Blum et al., 1990; Noble et al., 1991) ndipo adalumikizidwa ndi boma la hypo-dopaminergic state. Mitundu iyi idalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zina, kuphatikizapo njuga zamatsenga (Comings et al., 1996, 2001). Hypo-dopaminergic state yovuta imatha kuchitika kudzera munjira monga kutalikirana ndi kupsinjika kwa nthawi yayitali (Blum et al., 2012; Madrid et al., 2001). Mwa anthu, maphunziro a positron emission tomography (PET) awonetsa kuti kumasulidwa kwa dopaminergic kochokera kwa methylphenidate kumakhala kotsika mwa anthu omwe amalephera, poyerekeza ndi oyang'anira (Martinez et al., 2007; Volkow et al., 1997). Komabe, pomwe zotsatirazi zikuonetsa kuti ndi hypo-dopaminergic state mu ubongo wozolowera, zosokoneza sizingakhazikike. Hypo-dopaminergic state ikhoza kuyimira chiopsezo cha pre-morbid, kapena chitha kukhala chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala.

Mtundu wosiyanitsa, malovu othandizira, amakhalanso pakuwonetsa chizindikiro cha dopaminergic cha njira yakuyandikira (Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993, 2001, 2008,, koma akuneneratu kuti bongo lozolowera lilipo mu hyper-dopaminergic state. Kukondoweza kwa kachitidwe ka dopamine kumadziwika kuti kumayambitsa kuchuluka kwa zochitika mu dopaminergic zomwe sizigwirizana ndi malo okhala, mosiyana ndi kuyankha kwa mphotho zachilengedwe (Di Chiara, 1999). Kudzera mobwerezabwereza, kuyankha dopaminergic kumakhala kolimbikitsa (Robinson ndi Becker, 1986). Kuphatikiza apo, kubwereza mankhwala mobwerezabwereza (kuchititsa kuti dopaminergic ayankhe) ndi zomwe zimakhudzana ndi chilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, paraphernalia ya mankhwala), zimatsogolera izi kuti zikhale zowonjezereka komanso chidwi, makamaka chidwi chopindulitsa (Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993). Mosiyana ndi kuperewera kwa mphotho, palibe chifukwa chodabwirira chisanachitike chodabwitsachi pokonza mphotho zachilengedwe, monga momwe chizolowezicho chimayamba chifukwa chamasulidwa dopamine. Mitundu ya zinyama yathandizira kwambiri pamodeli iyi (mwachitsanzo, Di Ciano, 2008; Harmer ndi Phillips, 1998; Taylor ndi Horger, 1999); mwachitsanzo, makoswe omwe amapezeka kale ndi cocaine adawonetsera kuphunzira pophatikiza buku lopatsa chidwi ndi chowonjezera chomwe chidapangidwa kale ndi cocaine (Di Ciano, 2008). Komabe, umboni wowonekera mwa anthu sunakhale wowumiriza. Mwachitsanzo, maphunziro a PET amawonetsa a kuchepetsa mu striatal dopamine zolandilira mwa anthu osokoneza bongo (Martinez et al., 2004; Volkow et al., 1990), kutanthauza kuti hypo-sensitive dopamine system. Robinson ndi Berridge (2008) fotokozerani kuti chidwi chitha kuonetsedwa munthawi zina, monga malo omwe amakhalapo mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'malo molemba monga mawonekedwe aubongo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malingaliro ayesedwe ovuta.

Gulu lachitatu lachitsanzo likugogomezera kuperewera pakumwedwa pakatikati pa mankhwalawa, ndikusintha kochokera pakubwera kwa neuroanatomical kuyambira striatum kupita ku PFC (Bechara, 2005). Kutalika kwa machitidwe mwa kukhudzidwa ndi mnzake wa neuropsychological, kusawongolera mosavomerezeka, kungapangitse kuyesa koyambirira kwa mankhwala komanso kusintha kwa kuzunza ndi kudalira (Verdejo-García et al., 2008). Mofananamo, akuti unyamata ungayimire nthawi yovuta, yomwe nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwamakhalidwe kumapangitsa munthu kukhala pachiwopsezo chazomwe akuchita.Chambers et al., 2003). Kusokonekera kwamawu sikumapatsa mphamvu kulimbikitsidwa kwokhudzana ndi mankhwala, motero kusintha kofananako kumayembekezeredwa pakulipira pakukonzekera mphotho zachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, pakugogomezera kuyang'anira kwapamwamba poyankha, malingaliro okhudzika amatha kukhazikitsa mosavuta mwayi woti kuledzera kungalumikizidwe ndi chidwi chocheperako wotsutsa Zotsatira zake, mwina m'malo mwake kapena kuwonjezera pamenepo, kusintha kulikonse pakukonzekereratu. MPFC yawonetsedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti isawonongeke zolengedwa zamtunduwu, chifukwa zotupa za m'derali zimayambitsa kuponyedwa mwamphamvu (Gill et al., 2010). Mwa anthu, kafukufuku wopangidwa mwa MRI mwa otenga nawo mbali wathanzi adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa mPFC mwa munthu kumalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi chidwi (Cho et al., 2012). Zosokoneza mayankho obowoka komanso vuto lodzikongoletsa (I-RISA) chitsanzo cha kusuta (Goldstein ndi Volkow, 2002; Goldstein et al., 2009) idapangidwa kuti iphatikize kuwonjezereka kwa njira zotsalira zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mobwerezabwereza (mogwirizana ndi njira yolimbikitsira malovu), komanso kusakhazikika pamakhalidwe oyeserera komanso kutsika kwa pansi komwe kumapangitsa munthu kuti ayambe kusuta .

Magulu atatuwa azithunzithunzi amatsutsana pamalingaliro amkati mwa chisisi, ndipo makamaka pokhudza kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa ntchito zokhudzana ndi mphoto m'magulu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cholowerera. Pankhani ya subcortical dopaminergic ntchito, kuperewera kwa mphoto hypothesis kumapereka a kuchepetsa pokonza zokhudzana ndi mphotho, zomwe zingakhudze zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso chimodzimodzi. Mphamvu yotsalira komanso kusakhazikika kwa malingaliro obiriwira onse amalosera kuti kuyankha kwakunja kwa dopaminergic pazomwe zimayenderana ndi mankhwala kuwonjezeka; Komabe, nkhani ziwirizi zimasiyana pakulosera kwawo pakukhudzidwa kosakhudzana ndi mankhwala: Kuphatikiza apo, hypothesis ya impulsivity ili ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pantchito ya mPFC, yomwe iyenera kuchepetsedwa ndikugwirizana ndi kusowa kwa zoletsa. Hypothesis yotsimikizika imaperekanso bwino kusintha kulikonse kwa mayendedwe a neural at zochitika zosinthika.

Ngakhale maulosi ambiri mwatsatanetsatane amatsutsana, munthu ayenera kukumbukira kuti kusokonekera ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe lili ndi magawo osiyana siyana. Mitundu yosiyanirayi ikhoza kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mkhalidwe womwe uli pachiwopsezo ndikuthamangitsidwa kwa mankhwalawa (kuchepa kwa mphotho) kapena kusinthika mukukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Khalidweli litangokhazikitsidwa, pamakhala njira ina yoyambira, yochokeranso kuledzera mpaka kusiyanasiyana ndikuwakhudza, mpaka pakufika pamtima komanso kuyembekezera (Koob ndi Le Moal, 1997). Magawo awa akhoza kukhudza machitidwe osiyanasiyana; pomwe 'okwera' panthawi ya kuledzera kumadziwika chifukwa cha kufalikira kwamtundu wa driatal dopamine (Volkow et al., 1996), ndipo kudzipatula kumalumikizidwa ndi zochitika zapanjira imodzi yomweyo (Martinez et al., 2004, 2005; Volkow et al., 1997). Chifukwa chake, heterogeneity yachipatala komanso nthawi yoyesa mayeso yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pantchito zokhudzana ndi mphotho. Mitundu ina yaposachedwa yoyambika yayamba kuphatikiza malingaliro pamagawo osiyanasiyana osokoneza bongo (Blum et al., 2012; Leyton, 2007). Hypentiasis yolimbikitsanso kuvomereza kuti kufooka kwakanthawi kogwira ntchito ndi komwe kumatha kufotokozera chifukwa chake ndi ochepa mwa anthu omwe amapezeka ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amapanga chizolowezi chomangirira.Robinson ndi Berridge, 2008). Mitundu iwiri ya dopamine ndi Leyton (2007) akufuna kuti kayendetsedwe ka makondedwe othandizira ndi osokoneza bongo poyankha zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma kuti izi zitha kubweretsa kukula kwa zinthu zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo pakadutsa nthawi, kotero kuti kusintha kwa mphotho yachilengedwe kumatha kukhala kosakwanira m'chigawo choyambirira koma kutsitsidwa magulu osokoneza bongo.

3. Kugwiritsa ntchito fMRI kufufuza zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azisuta

Mlingo wa okosijeni wa magazi (BOLD) womwe umayesedwa panthawi ya fMRI umapereka chisonyezo chosazindikirika cha zochitika za neural zochokera pakusintha kwamitsempha yamagazi, komwe kumawonetsa kuchuluka kwamphamvu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwa neural. Poganizira kwambiri za malingaliro okhudzana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kupatsirana kwa dopamine, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti chizindikiro cha fMRI ndi masitepe angapo ochotsedwa mu dopaminergic neurons ya network yolandira mphotho, kuti malingaliro okhudzana ndi kusintha kwa ntchito ya dopaminergic adayenera kuchitika mosamala kwambiri.

Njira za dopamine zimayambira mu dopaminergic midbrain nuclei, ngakhale ma nuclei awa ndi ovuta kuwona ndi fMRI (Düzel et al., 2009; Limbrick-Oldfield et al., 2012), ndipo kafukufuku wambiri amawunika m'malo omwe amalandila zochokera ku dopaminergic midbrain: dorsal and ventral striatum, ndi magawo angapo a preortal cortex. Maderawa ndiokulirapo, samakhala ndi phokoso lachilengedwe, ndipo chizindikiro cha BOLD chimaganiziridwa kuti chikugwirizana bwino ndi kuthekera kwakumunda komwe kumawonetsa zolowetsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuderalo ndi zochitika zamagulu amderalo (Logothetis, 2003). Ngakhale kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a 'mphoto zotumizira' kumeneku kumasulira ndikumasinthasintha kwa zomwe zikuchitika mu dopaminergic, dera lofanana ndi striatum limalandira zolowetsa zambiri ndipo lili ndi ma neuromodulators ambiri kupatula dopamine. Kutanthauzira kwa fMRI kumabweretsa chifukwa cha hypo- kapena hyper-shughuli, munthu ayenera kudziwanso kuti fMRI imalephera kusankha pakati pa zosangalatsa ndi inhibitory neural zochita, chifukwa chake dera lingakhale 'lopanda chidwi' chifukwa chokwanira kuwonjezeka kwa ziletso ntchito.

Mwamwayi, sitikutanthauzira zotsatira za fMRI kudzipatula. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wopanga angapo ophatikizidwa a PET miyeso ya dopamine kumasulidwa ku ntchito yolipidwa motsutsana ndi mayankho okhudzana ndi zochitika za fMRI panthawi yolakalaka mphotho mwa otenga nawo mbali omwewo (Schott et al., 2008). Kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine mu ventral striatum kunaneneratu kukula kwa kusintha kwa chizindikiro cha BOLD m'zonse za dopaminergic midbrain ndi ventral striatum. Zambiri zamasulira kuchokera ku nyama zoyesera zimathandizanso kutanthauzira kutanthauzira kwa zotsatira zamaganizidwe; mwachitsanzo powunikira magawo omwe amagwira ntchito mu striatum ndi PFC omwe ali pamalire azovuta za fMRI. Ntchitoyi imagwirizanitsa dorsal striatum makamaka ndikupeza mabungwe oyankha (mphotho)Balleine ndi O'Doherty, 2010; onaninso O'Doherty et al., 2004) ndikupanga zizolowezi (Haber ndi Knutson, 2010; Yin ndi Knowlton, 2006) pomwe malo am'chipindamu amakhudzidwa pakuyembekeza ndi kulosera zokhudzana ndi mphotho, komanso kulimba mtima poyankha (Balleine ndi O'Doherty, 2010; O'Doherty et al., 2004; Roesch et al., 2009). Kupatukana kofananako kumatha kupezeka ku PFC, ndi gawo la medial orbitofrontal dera komanso gawo laling'ono lakunja kwa cingize yokhazikitsidwa ndikuwonetseratu kwa chidwi champhamvu, motsutsana ndi dorsal anterior cingulate akugwirizira mgwirizano-wamtengo wapatali (Rushworth et al., 2011).

4. Kusintha kwaphokoso kwa mphotho ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Hommer et al. (2011) perekani chiwonetsero chazidziwitso zowunikira komanso zowunikira zazidziwitso za neuroimaging zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa mphotho ndi malingaliro okopa, omwe amafalitsidwa mpaka 2010. Mapeto awo ndikuti ngakhale umboni wa PET wa kupezeka kwa Dopamine D2 wopezeka ndikuwonetsa kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine mu mankhwala osokoneza bongo amathandizira kwambiri kuperewera kwa mphotho.Fehr et al., 2008; Martinez et al., 2004; Volkow et al., 1997, 2001; Volkow et al., 2007), mabuku ochulukirapo a fMRI okonzera malipiro amakhala ndi malipoti akuwonjezeka ndipo amachepetsa pakukweza mphotho m'mavuto ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala molingana ndendende. Mapepala aposachedwa apitiliza njira iyi yosagwirizana. Zodziwika pazaka zambiri zofufuzira mu fMRI, ntchito zingapo zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza za neural msingi wa kusuta. Komabe, izi sizingakhale tanthauzo lokhalo la kusiyana komwe kunawonedwa, popeza hypo-reactivity ndi hyper-reactivity zawonedwanso pa ntchito zofanana. Ganizirani maphunziro awiri aposachedwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa ndalama. (MIDT), ntchito yosavuta komanso yofananira yopangidwa kuti ifufuze njira zokhudzana ndi mphotho mu ventral striatum, makamaka ndikuyembekezera mphotho. Kafukufuku wokhudza omwe amasuta achinyamata adapeza a m'munsi kuyankha kwakanthawi kochepa panthawi ya kuyembekezera mphoto, kuyerekeza ndi osuta, ndi a zoipa malumikizidwe ndi kusuta pafupipafupi, mogwirizana ndi phindu la kuchepa kwa mphotho (Peters et al., 2011). Palibe kusiyana kwamagulu komwe kwapezeka pakukonza zotsatira. Komabe, pa kafukufuku woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito MIDT pakudalira kocaine, Jia et al. (2011) adawona kupititsidwa patsogolo kubwereza kwapakati- komanso dorsal-striatal reactivity kuti mupatse mphotho kuyembekezera ndi zotsatira za mphotho, ndipo izi zodabwitsanso zakanenedweratu za zotsatira zoyipa za chithandizo (kudzidziwitsa nokha, kudziwonetsa mkodzo) pakatha miyezi iwiri. Ngakhale pamaphunziro onse ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe ali ndi mankhwala omwewo, mayendedwe ake amawoneka kuti akusintha machitidwe osiyanasiyana; Mwachitsanzo, kudalira mowa (Beck et al., 2009; Bjork et al., 2008; Wrase et al., 2007) kapena ogwiritsa ntchito cannabis (Nestor et al., 2010; van Hell et al., 2010) (onani Hommer et al., 2011 Kufotokozera kwathunthu pamaphunzirowa).

Zina mwazovuta zomwe zimachitika m'mundamu zimachitika chifukwa cha zovuta zam'thupi kapena zaumoyo zomwe zimagwira monga oyang'anira, monga kusiyana pakati pa magulu azachipatala (mwachitsanzo, othandizira vs. opiates) (McNamara et al., 2010), jenda (Potenza et al., 2012,, kapena mawonekedwe ofuna chithandizo (Stippekohl et al., 2012). Njira zophatikizira ndizodziwikiratu kuti ndizofunikira; mwachitsanzo, gulu lomwe mukufuna Peters et al.'s (2011) kuphunzira anali achinyamata omwe akuti amasuta ndudu imodzi m'masiku 30 apitawa, pomwe Jia et al. (2011) anaphatikiza ogwiritsa ntchito cocaine omwe amafuna chithandizo chodalira. Chifukwa chake, kufanana kwa kapangidwe ka ntchito kuyenera kuyesedwa poyerekeza ndi kusiyana kwakukulu papulogalamuyo ndi kutha kwa chizolowezi. Ngakhale m'maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito amakonda mankhwala omwewo, pamakhala kusiyana kwakukulu mu njira zophatikizira. Mwachitsanzo, pamaphunziro a kudalira mowa, Beck et al. (2009) ndi Fotokozani et al. (2007) kupatula omwe anali ndi mbiri yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, pomwe Bjork et al. (2008) kuphatikizaponso ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kutalika kwa kudziletsa kumasinthanso chimodzimodzi ndipo kumadziwika kuti kumakhudza mayankho a neural ku miyambo yokhudzana ndi mankhwala (David et al., 2007; Fryer et al., 2012).

Zosiyanasiyana zingapo mu fMRI kapangidwe ka ntchito zimathandizanso kuwongolera mayendedwe ake. Popeza mphamvu yakanthawi ya chizindikiro cha BOLD, mawonekedwe a mayeserowo atha kukhala ofunikira kwambiri kuposa kupezeka kwa matenda azachipatala, ndipo adakondedwa ngati imodzi mwamafotokozedwe akulu pazotsatira zosagwirizana ndi Hommer et al. (2011). Ngakhale mkati mwa ntchito yomwe imawoneka ngati yokhazikika ngati MIDT, wina akhoza kudabwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu yazosiyanasiyana zomwe zilipo (onani. Mkuyu 1). Malipoti ena amakulitsa mphamvu pakusiyana kwanyengo pongofanizira zingwe zomwe zalipitsidwa pamitengo yosalipidwa (Peters et al., 2011), pomwe zina zimaphatikizapo zotayika (Balodis et al., 2012a; Beck et al., 2009; Bjork et al., 2011; Jia et al., 2011; Nestor et al., 2010; Wrase et al., 2007). Kafukufuku wothandiza odzipereka wathanzi akhazikitsa momveka bwino momwe chidwi chakhalira pa zinthu zakuthambo izi (Bunzeck et al., 2010; Hardin et al., 2009; Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005): mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za zero-win zimakonzedwa mosiyanasiyana pantchito zomwe kutayika kungasungike. Kusankha koyambira kudzakhala kofunikira kudziwa ngati kusiyana kwamagulu kukuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa ntchito. Kuyang'ana mabuku a MIDT pakadali pano, pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kumakhala chithunzi kapena zotsatira (Bjork et al., 2008; Jia et al., 2011; Peters et al., 2011; Wrase et al., 2007), koma maphunziro ena amatenga njira zoyambira ngati nthawi yoyeserera (Nestor et al., 2010).

Chith. 1 

Kusiyana kwamapangidwe pakati pa ntchito ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zakukonda pakukonda. a) Ntchito yolosera yochokera kwa Yacubian et al. (2006), yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi van Holst et al. (2012) pakuphunzira kutchova njuga. Pa yesero lililonse, ...

Nkhani yovuta kwambiri ikupezeka mumayeso amtunduwu, kuti athe kusintha magawo osiyanasiyana mkati mwayeso. Munthawi yantchito, magawo anayi akhoza kuchitika (onani Mkuyu 1): chiwonetsero chazolimbikitsa zomwe zimapangitsa chiyembekezo chabwino, chosalowerera ndale, kapena choyipa pamayeserowo, mayankho aomwe akutenga nawo mbali pazomwe akuyembekezerazo, gawo lakuyembekezera (mwina kuchedwa kapena kupondereza kosangalatsa kwa gudumu), ndipo pamapeto pake kupereka zotsatira. Popanda kusiyanasiyana kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kanthawi ('jitter'), kusiyana kwamagulu komwe kulipo wapezeka Zotsatira zake zitha kutheka chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa magazi kuchokera pazigawo zoyambirira, chifukwa cha chizolowezi cha nthawi ya chizindikiro cha BOLD. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa kulingalira kapena kutenga chiwopsezo paziwonetsero, kapena kusintha pakukonzekera, kungasokoneze zotsatira. Monga zimadziwika kwambiri kuchokera kuntchito zoyesera nyama, kutsegula ma dopaminergic kumatha kuchoka pamwambo wamphwayi kuchokera pamulingo wokha (mwachitsanzo, gawo lazotsatira) kukondweretsa zomwe zimaneneratu za mphothozo (mwachitsanzo, magawo a cue kapena kuyembekezera). Mu kuchuluka kwa mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zamankhwala, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kungafupikitsidwe pochotsa izi mosinthika ndikuwonetsa magawo ena motsatizana mwachangu (Beck et al., 2009; Jia et al., 2011; Nestor et al., 2010; Wrase et al., 2007). Komanso, kuyesa kwina kwayikapo mawindo osakanikirana kuti athe kudzipatula, mwachitsanzo, ntchito yokonzekera magalimoto (omwe amadziwika kuti amabala zigawo) kuchokera pamalingaliro akuyembekeza (Balodis et al., 2012a; Bjork et al., 2011; Peters et al., 2011,, kapena pereka chiyembekezo kuchokera pam mphotho. Komabe, ngakhale titayikumbutsanso nkhani yovuta iyi, mmaphunziro omwe adayang'ana kuyembekezera komanso zotulukapo titha kuwona kusiyanasiyana ngati kusiyana kwamagulu kumachitika mosayembekezeka (Beck et al., 2009; Peters et al., 2011; Wrase et al., 2007) kapena pomaliza mphotho (Balodis et al., 2012a; Jia et al., 2011).

Njira ina yofotokozera imakhudza mtundu wa mphotho yomweyokha. Maphunziro ambiri okonzanso mphoto pazokonda mankhwala osokoneza bongo agwiritsa ntchito kulimbitsa ndalama (kuphatikiza maphunziro onse ndi MIDT). Ngakhale zifukwa zogwiritsira ntchito kulimbikitsira ndalama kudutsa zama psychology ndizodziwikiratu (mwachitsanzo, zovuta zowonekeratu, komanso kuthekera koyerekeza zopeza ndi zotayika mkati mwazomwezo), ndalama ndizolimbikitsa. Choyamba, phindu lake limaphunziridwa, ngakhale mutangobadwa kumene kuti ubongo ukadzakula umatha kuwona ndalama pang'onopang'ono ndi mphotho zazikulu. Mtengo wake wogwirizira umasiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu ngati ntchito yachuma ('' Bernoulli Effect '; Tobler et al., 2007 kwa neural instantiation of phenomenon iyi), ndipo imachokera ku mphamvu yake kuti asinthanitsidwe pazinthu zina zamtengo wapatali (mwachitsanzo, ndizowonongeka). Izi zimayambitsa vuto linalake m'maphunziro osokoneza bongo, monga ndalama zomwe zimatengedwa poyeserera zimatha kusinthidwa pambuyo pake chifukwa cha mankhwala ogwirira, ndikuziyika pamlingo wina wodabwitsa. Sizikudziwika ngati zikuyenera kuwonedwa kuti ndi cue zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi, kapena mphotho yachilengedwe.

Poganizira zovuta izi pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zolimbikitsira maphunziro osokoneza bongo, chida chimodzi chofunikira kuti mupezeko chidziwitso pakati pa akatswiri opanga zamagetsi ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosagwirizana ndi zachuma (komanso zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala) monga erotica kapena zokonda zosangalatsa. Maphunzirowa atulutsa njira yofananira ya hypo-reactivity kumagawo okhudzana ndi mphotho (Asensio et al., 2010; Garavan et al., 2000; Wexler et al., 2001). Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula kuchokera ku International Affective Photo Series pagulu lalikulu la amuna omwe amadalira cocaine, Asensio et al. (2010) adapeza netiweki yofananira yomwe idalembedwa chidwi ndi magulu awiriwo, koma idachepetsa kutsegulika mu dorsal and ventral striatum and dorsomedial PFC in the cocaine group. Izi zimathandizira kuperewera kwa mphoto, koma zitha kupezekanso munjira zosiyanasiyana zolimbikitsira (mwachitsanzo, Phokoso, 2007) yomwe imalola chidwi chazinthu zokhudzana ndi mankhwala kuyendetsa bwino poyankha othandizira mwachilengedwe.

5. Njuga zachikhalidwe

Chiyambire kuphatikizidwa kwake mu DSM-III mu 1980, njuga zam'magazi zakhala zili m'magulu azovuta zowongolera, pamodzi ndi kleptomania, pyromania ndi trichotillomania. Pempho la DSM5 kuti ligawikenso mgululiHolden, 2010; Petry, 2010) yalimbikitsidwa ndi kafukufuku wambiri, kuphatikiza umboni wamphamvu wokhala pachiwopsezo cholumikizidwa (mwachitsanzo, Lind et al., 2012; Lobo ndi Kennedy, 2009; Slutske et al., 2000) ndi kufanana kwakukulu mumalingaliro a neural omwe amawululidwa makamaka ndi fMRI (Leeman ndi Potenza, 2012; Potenza, 2008). Komanso kukhala 'wonyamula mbendera' a zamakhalidwe timakhulupilira, kuti timakhulupirira kuti njuga zam'magazi zimaperekanso chida chofunikira kwambiri pa zodabwitsazi, pazifukwa ziwiri. Chifukwa choyamba chikukhudzana ndi vuto la 'nkhuku ndi dzira' losasinthika pakufufuza kwaukadaulo Ersche et al., 2010; Verdejo-García et al., 2008). Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kwa mankhwala ozunguza bongo kumayenderana ndi kusintha kwakukuru mu ubongo, kotero kuti masanjidwe amkati mwa chiopsezo cha prorbid sangathe kusiyanitsidwa ndi kusintha komwe kwachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa. Matenda ophatikizika amtunduwu sayenera kupezeka mu njuga zamatenda, ndipo kafukufuku waposachedwa wa ma voxel-based morphometry sanathe kuwona kusintha kwakukulu pamawu amtundu wamtundu kapena oyera pamatayala a pathological (Joutsa et al., 2011; van Holst et al., 2012a), mosiyana ndi kuchepetsedwa kwakukulu ndi kufalikira kwa zinthu za imvi pagulu lofananira lomwe limadalira mowa (Chanraud et al., 2007; van Holst et al., 2012a). Vuto linanso lomwe limadza chifukwa chofananacho ndikuti kufananiza kwa magwiridwe antchito poyerekeza ndi olamulira athanzi kumatha kusokonezedwa ndi kusiyana kwamagulu, komwe zotsatira zake zimapezeka pazakumwa za mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zowona, mu masewera otchovera njuga, kupindulira kwathunthu ndikutaya kungapangitse mochititsa chidwi kwambiriadaptive zosintha zomwe sizingawonekere mosavuta ndi ma protocol polinganiza. Komabe, kufanana kwa phenotypic pakati pa anthu otchova njuga ndi magulu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga pamalingaliro amtundu ndi ma neuropsychological omwe amapanga kusankha koopsa, atha kukhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi njira zosatetemera kuposa momwe mafupa amtunduwu amathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa luntha womwe ungapezeke kuchokera ku kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi njuga zamatenda okhudzana ndi nkhawa zomwe zimachitika pakulimbikitsa maphunziro. Chidziwitso cha kupambana kwa ndalama, ndi machitidwe othandizira kuti zitheke izi, ndichinthu chofotokozera cha kutchova juga, komanso magawo ofunikira pakupanga njuga zamatenda (Blaszczynski ndi Woweruza, 2002). Chifukwa chake, pakufufuza kwa anthu omwe ali ndi njuga zamatenda, "zomwe zikugwiridwayo" tsopano zikugwirizana ndi kuyesa kwakukhalitsa kwamphamvu pakulimbikitsa ndalama. Tsoka ilo, mabuku omwe akukula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ntchito zachuma m'matenda amisala ali ndi vuto lomweli lomwe tafotokozazi pamwambapa. Phunziro lokhumudwitsa loyambirira kuchokera Reuter et al. (2005) anagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yolinganizira yamakadi awiri kuti ayerekeze kuyankha kwa ubongo komwe kwachitika motsutsana ndi zotayika m'matayala amisala. Kusintha kwachidziwikire mu ventral striatum ndi ventral medial PFC (vmPFC) kunachepetsedwa pamatcheni amiseche, ndikugwirizana molakwika ndi kuzunza kwakutchova juga. Komabe, kafukufukuyu sanagwiritse ntchito zotsatira zandale, ndipo amangochita zofananira pazotsatira zonse. Zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito zinali zotsatira za kutaya, chifukwa chake kusiyana kulikonse kumayendetsedwa ndi masinthidwe mukutaya- kapena kukhudzana ndi kukonzekera. Njira yofananayi idanenedwa mu ventrolateral PFC kuti ichitire ndemanga pantchito yobwereza yophunzirira mwa otchova njuga (de Ruiter et al., 2009).

Kafukufuku waposachedwa yemwe amasokoneza mphamvu yakusakhalitsa mkati mwa mayeso, njira yovuta imatulukira. Van Holst et al. (2012b) anagwiritsa ntchito masewera osankha omwe amakhala osiyanasiyana pamlingo woyenera komanso kuthekera kwa mphotho yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mayeso, ndikuyankha mayankho a ubongo pa gawo lokonzekera Mkuyu 1). Ochita kutchova njuga anawonetsa kuyankha kwakukulu pakuyerekeza kwakukulu (apambana 5 euros pokana 1 euro) mu dorsal striatum, poyerekeza zowongolera, ndi dorsal striatum ndi OFC nawonso adatsata phindu lomwe likugwirizana kwambiri pamlingo waukulu wotchovera njuga. Komabe, pepala lamakono. Balodis et al. (2012a) adatinso kuchepetsedwa kwa ma fronto-striatal circry ogwiritsira ntchito MIDT mu masewera otchovera njuga. Ntchito yawo idathandizira kulekanitsidwa kwakanthawi kwakanthawi koyembekezera ndi zotulukapo, ndipo pakuyembekezerera, otchova juga adawonetsa kuchepa kwa zochitika mu ventral striatum ndi vmPFC pamitundu yonse yomwe akuyembekeza (phindu ndi kutayika). Atalandira ndalama, ogwiritsira ntchito kutchova njuga nawonso adawonetsa kuchepa kwa ntchito ya vmPFC.

Kusiyana pakati pa zotsatirazi kukukhumudwitsa, koma pali zosiyana pakapangidwe pakati pa zoyeserazi zomwe zingapereke chiwonetsero chazomwe zikugwirizana kwambiri pamunda wokondweretsedwa. Choyamba, pomwe ntchito zonsezo zimathandizira kuphatikiza ndalama, njira yofananira ndi yosiyanasiyana inali yosiyana kwambiri (Leyton ndi Vezina, 2012): Van Holst et al. (2012b) gwiritsani ntchito makadi osewerera komanso zithunzi za ndalama zenizeni Mkuyu 1), pomwe Balodis et al. (2012a) sizinakhudzidwe ndi zochitika zenizeni zanjuga, ndipo adati kuchuluka kwake kuyenera kupambanidwa kapena kutayika m'mawu osavuta. Wotchova juga wazaka za m'mbuyomu amatha kuona gawo loyamba ngati kuseweretsa masewero enieni, pomwe ntchito yachiwiri siyingakhale yogwirizana kwambiri ndi chizolowezi ngakhale kuti ndalama zilipo. Leyton ndi Vezina (2012) Fotokozerani kuti njira zomwe zingapangitse kulumikizana kungakhale kokhazikika kwa zokonda zochepa zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi vuto. Palinso kusiyana kwina pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi kupatula zinthuzo, kuphatikizapo nthawi yoyeserera ndi kusanthula. Van Holst et al. (2012b) anagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa chiyembekezo chambiri chotsutsana ndi chiyembekezo chochepa cha mphoto, pomwe Balodis et al. (2012a) anagwiritsa ntchito kusiyanitsa kwapadera ndi nthawi yosayembekezereka yoyembekezera ngati chikhazikitso. Kusiyana kwa magulu pakupanga masinthidwe akuchulukirachulukira panthawi yomwe akuyembekezeredwa ndikusiyana ndi kusiyana kwamagulu pakuchita kuyembekezera kopindulitsa motsutsana ndi gawo landale.

Komanso, kusiyana kwamagulu komwe kufotokozedwa ndi van Holst et al. (2012b) ndi Balodis et al. (2012a) maphunziro amatanthauza magawo osiyana a striatum. Zowonjezera kunyalanyaza zochitika mu kuphunzira kwa van Holst (2012b) zitha kutanthauziridwa ngati umboni kuti otchova njuga amakonda kupanga mabungwe othandiza pakagwiritsidwe ntchito njuga, pomwe chidwi chakuchita mu zovuta striatum mu Balodis et al.'s (2012a) kusanthula kungawonetse kusinthasintha kusinthitsa mphotho zamalipiro (pokambirana onani Balodis et al., 2012b; van Holst et al., 2012c). Chifukwa chake, gawo la magawo apabanja lingakhale lovuta kutanthauzira izi.

Kafukufuku wina wapadera akuwonetsa kuti kusiyana kwamagulu pakati pa otchova njuga ndi kuwongolera kungadalire zochitika zina. Kafukufuku wa fMRI wa Blackjack adawonetsa zochitika zapamwamba zama girus ndi thalamus pamavuto otchova njuga pokhapokha pamayeso owopsa; palibe kusiyana kwamagulu komwe kunawonedwa pamiyeso yotsika kwambiri (Miedl et al., 2010). Zotsatira izi zidapangidwa ndi EEG, pomwe otchova njuga adawonetsa chidziwitso chokwanira pamakina oyang'ana patsogolo pamayeso omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, pomwe palibe kusiyana kwamagulu komwe kumawonedwa pamayeso oopsa.Hewig et al., 2010; Oberg et al., 2011). Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la Leyton ndi Vezina (2012), kuti njira zomwe zimalimbikitsira kutchova njuga zitha kukhala zofunikira kwambiri pamasewera owopsa kwambiri.

Kufananira kwakanthawi kwamphamvu zolimbikitsidwa ndi kutchova juga kwachilengedwe kumathandizanso kuyerekeza mwachindunji kwa mphotho ya 'zowonjezera' yolimbana ndi mphotho zachilengedwe, monga chakudya kapena zoyeserera zakugonana. Izi zinayambitsa kuyeserera kwachitatu komwe kunayesedwa kwambiri mu njuga zamatenda, kuyerekezera kuyamwa kwazinthu zabwino pamalipiro azachuma komanso mphoto zolaula, pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito yoletsa.Sescousse et al., 2010). Panthawi yoyembekezera, otchova njuga awonetsa a kuchepa mayankho a neural mu ventral striatum yolandirira mphoto zosayerekezeka poyerekeza zowongolera, zogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wodalira cocaine wofotokozedwa pamwambapa (Asensio et al., 2010). Panthawi yoyembekezera, panalibe kusiyana pakayankhe pamalipiro azachuma. Komabe, pagawo lazotsatira, kuyankha kwa neural pazotsatira zachuma kuwonjezeka munjira zotchova njinga poyerekeza ndi zowongolera mu orbitofrontal cortex. Zotsatira zamtunduwu sizikhala bwino ndi malingaliro aliwonse azokopa omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, ngati atenga okha. M'malo mwake, zowerengera zimathandizira njira ziwiri zoyeserera, komwe kuphatikiza phindu kumathandiziro kumapangitsa chidwi cha kuyankha kumaphindu achilengedwe (Phokoso, 2007) kapena komwe kuchepa kwa mphotho koyambilira kumathandizidwa ndi njira yolimbikitsira thupi yopangira zosokoneza (Blum et al., 2012). Dziwani kuti makina onse amatengera njira yolimbikitsira chidwi yoyendetsedwa ndi machitidwe okha, popanda zolemba zina zakunja. Gawo lotsatira lofunikira logawa izi lingakhale kuzindikira gulu lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chambiri chotchovera juga, monga achibale oyambira, kudzipatula kwathunthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo.

Kafukufuku womaliza waposachedwa kwa otchova njuga watengera njira yowunika yolingalira za neural oyimira mphotho ngati ntchito yosintha pakuchedwetsa mphotho (kuchotsera kwakanthawi) ndi kusatsimikizika kwa mphotho (kuthekera kuchotsera) (Miedl et al., 2012). Zomwe zimayambira pazakhalidwe ndizokhazikika: pamavuto a juga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, pamakhala kuchotsera kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mphotho zomwe zikuchedwa (mwachitsanzo, kukonda mphotho yomweyo) ndi kuchepetsedwa kuchotsera kwa mphotho zosatsimikizika (mwachitsanzo, kupewetsa chiopsezo) (Madden ndi al., 2009). The Miedl et al.'s (2012) kuyesa kunamizira phindu lofananira kwa zosachedwa komanso zosasinthika kwa aliyense, ndipo mauthengawa adasinthidwa modalirika ndi zochitika zaubongo mu ventral striatum. Ochita masewera otchovera juga adawonetsa chiwonetsero chamtengo wapatali muzochitika zocheperako, koma adachepetsa kuyimira kwamtengo pantchito yotchotsera, poyerekeza ndi zowongolera. Zotsatirazi zimapangitsa kupotoza kwa ntchito zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mphoto ya nthawi komanso kusatsimikizika m'mavuto otchova njuga, ndipo ntchito zogwiritsira ntchito posankha izi zimatembenukira pa pathophysiology yomweyo monga zikuwululidwa ndi ntchito zolimbikitsira pantchito yomwe ili pamwambapa.

6. Pomaliza

Kuchokera pazithunzi zovuta zomwe tafotokozazi, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kusinthika kwa magawikidwe a anthu osokoneza bongo omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza gawo lokhudzana ndi mphotho lomwe limakhala makamaka porral striatum ndi PFC yamankhwala. Ndiwowonera komwe sikumayenderana ndi zomwe zikuchitika mdera lino zomwe zimayambitsa zokambirana, kuyimira momwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito deta ya fMRI pakuwunika pakati pa malingaliro okopa bongo. Lingaliro limodzi litha kukhala kuti zomwe zilipo zikuwonetsa bwino a kusokonezeka munthawi ino, ndikuti njira yeniyeniyo ikhoza kukhala yosafunikira kwenikweni. Komabe, lingaliro lathu pakupenda kafukufukuyu ndikuti zosankha zachilendo pamlingo wa kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe ka zoyeserera, ndi kusanthula zingakhale ndi vuto lalikulu pakusiyana kwa magulu omwe awonedwa. Ngakhale mfundozi ndizodziwika bwino m'mabuku ophunzirira, titha kulimbikitsa ofufuza kuti azindikire kuti lingaliro lotere lingayendetse zotsutsana m'magulu onse otsutsana, ndikuwona malingaliro amomwewa musanatsimikizire kuthandizira pa lingaliro lokhazikika. Zina zingapo zomwe zikufunika kukhala zofunikira pankhaniyi: 1) kuphatikiza zotsatira zabwino, zoyipa komanso zosagwirizana nawo m'ntchito yomweyo, kapena kufananiza pazabwino zokha komanso zopanda nawo mbali. Zowonjezera kapena zotulukapo (zomwe zimapanga malo oyambira kwambiri) zimadziwika kuti zimakonzedwa mosiyanasiyana munthawi ziwiri izi (mwachitsanzo, Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005); 2) nthawi yoyeserera yokhudza kusankhidwa kwa kanthawi kosankha / mayankho, kuyembekezera, komanso kukonza-kogwirizana. Ngakhale ikufuna kuyang'ana patsogolo ntchito zazifupi, ndipo ntchito yoyambirira m'derali nthawi zambiri imagwa pamagawo ena, izi zikuyenera kusokoneza mgwirizano; ndi 3) chikhalidwe chaosangalatsa; ndipo ngakhale mkati mwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu womwewo wa zooneka (mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za ndalama), zitha kukhala zofunikira pakuwonetsa, monga zithunzi za ndalama ndi zolemba pamalingaliro azotsatira za ndalama (onani Mkuyu 1), yomwe ingakhale yokwanira kuyendetsa zinthu zokhudzana ndi kusuta.

Poganizira za mapangidwe awa, kafukufuku wowoneka bwino wazokhudza mankhwala osokoneza bongo angapindule ndi mitundu yambiri ya kapangidwe kake. Kuti musiyanitse bwino pakati pa mitundu yayikulu yamalingaliro, mitundu itatu yamapangidwe ndiyamphamvu kwambiri. Ndizotheka kuti miyambo yokhudzana ndi mankhwalawa imapangidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zina zosakhudzana ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka mwa anthu omwe adala, ngakhale kuti maphunziro ochepa kwambiri adafananiza mwachindunji maguluwa amitunduyi mumapangidwe omwewo (onani Sescousse et al., 2010 kupatula pamenepo). Pogwiritsa ntchito zovuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ngati cholimbikitsa pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, njira yothandiza ndi kuyeza mayankho muubwino wa mphotho zoyambira monga erotica kapena zokonda zosangalatsa (Asensio et al., 2010; Garavan et al., 2000; Horder et al., 2010). Chachiwiri, ndizovuta kuzindikira malingaliro omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'magulu omwe amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, momwe zinthu zomwe zingawonongeke pang'onopang'ono (monga mphoto hyposensitivity) zitha kusinthidwa kale ndi kusintha kosinthika kukhala chizolowezi, kuphatikiza kusintha kwa neurotoxic ndi neuroadaptive choyambitsa matenda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kafukufuku m'magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chambiri chifukwa cha mbiri ya mabanja, mtundu, kapena mawonekedwe a umunthu, amafunikira kudzipatula omwe ali pachiwopsezo pachiwopsezo chilichonse, ndipo kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kutchova juga wazambiri ungakhale wothandiza pankhaniyi. Chachitatu, ndikugogomezera kwapang'onopang'ono pantchito yolimbitsa thupi, samayang'ana ntchito yayitali kwambiri. Komabe, maphunziro angapo a psychophysiological afotokoza kuyankha kwamphamvu kwa zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo kuperewera kwa mkhalidwe wamantha wa Pavlovia (Brunborg et al., 2010; McGlinchey-Berroth et al., 1995, 2002), ndi kukhudzika kokhudzana ndi cholakwika (Franken et al., 2007). Pomwe ntchito yoyamba ya FMRI idakonzeratu kuwonongeka kwa ntchito zokhudzana ndi kutayika mu striatum, cterate yokhudzana ndi kuseri kwanyumba ndi chinyengo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo (de Ruiter et al., 2012; Forman et al., 2004; Kaufman et al., 2003,, maphunziro awa akuyenera kulingalira zinthu monga mtundu wolimbitsira ndi gawo la magwiridwe antchito (mwachitsanzo, kuyembekezera kutsutsana ndi zotsatira) zomwe zimakwezedwa m'maphunziro ambiri owonjezerapo chidwi.

Pomaliza, titha kutsindika zazidziwitso zomwe zimapezeka pakufufuza kwa anthu omwe ali ndi njuga zamatenda aukadaulo. Kafukufuku wa omwe amatchova njuga amatha kuwulula zamkati zomwe zimayambitsa matenda omwe sanasokonezedwe ndi zovuta zomwe zimatchulidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; kwenikweni kuyesa kwaposachedwa kwa VBM mu kutchova njuga kwawuma sikunapeze kusiyana kwakukulu kapangidwe (Joutsa et al., 2011; van Holst et al., 2012a). Kuphatikiza apo, tawunikiranso zovuta zina pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama monga chothandizira pazophunzira zamankhwala osokoneza bongo; ndikuti ndi cholimbikitsa chophunzirira chovuta chomwe chimasinthika (makamaka mwanjira) kwa mankhwala ozunza. Popeza magwiridwe antchito ogwiritsa ntchito ndalama pakulimbikitsa ntchito, kugwiririra njuga kumayimira malo pomwe pali kulumikizana kwachindunji kwa ntchito yolimbikitsa ndi chodabwitsachi: kwa ogwiritsa ntchito njuga ndalama is nkhani yokhudzana ndi chizolowezi. Mabuku a fMRI pa njuga zamatenda adakula m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi, ndipo ngakhale ntchito yamtsogolo ikuwonjezereka pazakufunika zakutsogolo zamankhwala monga kutalika kwa kudziletsa ndi kufunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala, zomwe sizinalingaliridwe pang'ono pakadali pano, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika kale. . Chofunikira, kudziletsa sikofunikira pakufufuza njuga zamatenda, chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa kuledzera. Chifukwa chake, izi zitha kupatsa ofufuza mwayi wofufuza magawo onse azolowera. Momwe njuga zam'magazi zimapangidwira ndikugawika kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo mu DSM5 yomwe ikubwera, timayembekezera mizere ina yolumikizana kuchokera ku njuga zam'magazi mpaka kuzolowera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mosemphanitsa.

Mawu a M'munsi

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