Kulumikizana kwachangu kwapakati pa Prefrontal Cortex ndi Mphoto ya Mpikisano wotchova njuga (2013)

• Wolemba: December 19, 2013
• DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0084565

kudzudzulidwa

Kudalirika

Pathological njuga (PG) imagawana mawonekedwe azachipatala omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo motero amakambidwa ngati chizolowezi chotsatira. Kafukufuku waposachedwa waposachedwa pa PG wanena za kusintha kwa magwiridwe azomwe amapanga komanso njira yolipira mphoto ya mesolimbic. Ngakhale kusamvana pakati pazipangazi kudakhudzana ndi chizolowezi, ngakhale kusokonekera kwa PG kumaonekera pakukhudzana pakati pawo sikumadziwika. Tidayankha funsoli pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira yopuma ya boma fMRI mu nkhani zaimuna zomwe zili ndi PG komanso zowongolera. Mapulogalamu olumikizana ndi mbewu adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo ziwiri-za chidwi, malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wam'mbuyo wa voxel-based morphometry, womwe uli koyambirira kwa kotekisi ndi gawo la mphotho ya mesolimbic (kumanja kwa kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo kwa gyrus ndi right ventral striatum).

Odwala a PG adawonetsa kulumikizidwa kwakumanja kuchokera kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo kwa girus kupita ku striatum lamanja molingana ndi zowongolera, zomwe zidapangidwanso moyenera ndi gawo lopanda kunyinyirika, kusuta fodya komanso kulakalaka zambiri m'gulu la PG.

Kuphatikiza apo, odwala a PG adawonetsa kuchepa kolumikizana kuchokera kumanja oyambira kutsogolo girus kupita kumalo ena oyambira poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera.

Malo olondola a ventral striatum adawonetsa kulumikizidwa kwakukwera kumanja kwa chapamwamba komanso chapakati chakumaso kwa galasi ndikumanzere kwa cerebellum kumanzere a PG poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera. Kulumikizana kowonjezereka kwa cerebellum kunali kofanana ndi kusuta mu gulu la PG.

Zotsatira zathu zimapereka umboni wina wosinthika mu kulumikizana kwogwira ntchito ku PG ndikukulumikizana kowonjezereka pakati pa zigawo zoyambira ndi dongosolo la mphotho, zofanana ndi kusintha kolumikizidwa komwe kunanenedwa mu chisokonezo chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.

Chiwerengerochi

 

  

Ndemanga: Koehler S, Ovadia-Caro S, van der Meer E, Villringer A, Heinz A, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, et al. (2013) Kukulumikizana Kogwira Ntchito Pakati pa Prefrontal Cortex ndi Reward System mu Pathological Njuga. PloS ONE 8 (12): e84565. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0084565

Editor: Yu-Feng Zang, Hangzhou Normal University, China

Zilandiridwa: August 3, 2013; Zavomerezedwa: November 15, 2013; Lofalitsidwa: December 19, 2013

Copyright: © 2013 Koehler et al. Ichi ndi nkhani yotseguka yotsegulidwa molingana ndi Chilolezo cha Creative Commons Licribution, zomwe zimaloleza ntchito, kugawidwa, ndi kubwezeretsa mwachinthu chilichonse, kupatsa wolemba woyambirira ndi chitsimikizo.

Ngongole: Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi "Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Berlin", Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), sukulu yomaliza maphunziro 86 "Berlin School of Mind and Brain" (Koehler ndi Ovadia-Caro), ndi Minerva Stiftung (Ovadia-Caro) . Andreas Heinz walandila ndalama zofufuzira kuchokera ku Germany Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; HE 2597 / 4-3; 7-3; 13-1; 14-1; 15-1; Excellence Cluster Exc 257 & STE 1430 / 2-1) ndi Unduna wa Zamaphunziro ndi Kafukufuku ku Germany (01GQ0411; 01QG87164; NGFN Plus 01 GS 08152 ndi 01 GS 08 159). Omwe amapereka ndalama analibe gawo pakupanga kafukufuku, kusanthula deta ndi kusanthula, chisankho chofalitsa, kapena kukonzekera zolembedwazo.

Zofuna zokakamiza: Olembawo adawerenga ndondomeko ya magaziniyi ndipo ali ndi mikangano yotsatirayi: Andreas Heinz adalandira ndalama zofufuzira zopanda malire kuchokera ku Eli Lilly & Company, Janssen-Cilag, ndi Bristol-Myers Squibb. Olemba ena onse anena kuti palibe zotsutsana zomwe zilipo. Wolemba mnzake Daniel Margulies ndi membala wa PLOS ONE Editorial Board. Izi sizisintha kutsatira kwa olemba kutsatira malamulo onse a PLOS ONE pogawana deta ndi zida.

Introduction

Matenda a njuga (PG) ndi vuto la matenda amisala lomwe limadziwika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njirayi mosalekeza. Amawonetsedwa ngati chizolowezi choganiza chifukwa amagawana zamankhwala monga kukhumba komanso kuwonongeka kwa chiwongolero ndi zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala [1]. Mu DSM-5 [2], PG yaphatikizidwa limodzi ndi zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito zinthu m'gulu lazidziwitso la 'Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zogwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza bongo'.

Chofunikira kwambiri pakukhudzidwa ndi chizolowezi chomachita chiwerewere chimadzilamulira. Kudzilamulira nokha kopanda kufotokozedwa kumatha kufotokozedwanso kuti ndi njira yokondera kulandira mphotho yomweyo m'malo mokwaniritsa zolinga zazitali [3,4]. Ntchito zoyang'anira, zomwe zimathandizira kukhutitsidwa kwa zofunikira posachedwa, zakhala zikugwirizana ndi zochitika za preortal cortex (PFC) [5]. Khalidwe lofunafuna mphotho yomweyo lalumikizidwa ndi zigawo za mesolimbic system, popeza madera a subcortical monga ventral striatum (kuphatikiza ma nucleus accumbens) amagwira ntchito kwambiri pakuwongolera mphotho [6]. Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito maginito ogwiritsa ntchito a resonance imaging (fMRI) amafotokoza kulumikizana kwazomwe zikuchitika pakati pa gawo laling'ono la patral striatum ndi mbali zamankhwala za PFC [7-9]. Posachedwa, Diekhof ndi Gruber [3] adawonetsa kuphatikiza koyipa pamafotokozedwe aubongo pakati pa PFC ndi madera a dongosolo la mphotho (mwachitsanzo, ma nucleus accumbens ndi dera la gawo la ventral) pomwe maphunziro anali akukangana pakati pa cholinga chotalikilapo ndi mphotho yaposachedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kulanda bwino mphotho yomweyo kunatsagana ndi kuchuluka kosalumikizana kopanda pakati pa PFC ndi malo opindulitsa. Kutengedwa palimodzi, kupezeka kwa Diekhof ndi Gruber kukuwonetsa kuti kuthekera kobwezeretsanso kukondera kwachimwemwe kumayenderana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa PFC ndi dongosolo la mphotho.

Malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, kafukufuku wa fMRI adapeza zosintha mu PFC komanso munthawi ya mesolimbic pakudalira kwa zinthu. Anthu omwe ali ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo akuwonetsa kukomoka kwa PFC ndi kuchepa kogwira ntchito panthawi yogwira ntchito [10]. Mkati mwa dongosolo la mphotho, chidwi chochulukirapo (mwachitsanzo, mayankho owongolera ubongo) kuzomwe zimayenderana ndi mankhwala [11-13] ndikuchepetsa ntchito zamaubongo kumalipiro osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala [13-16] yafotokozedwa mwa anthu omwe amadalira mowa ndi chikonga, komanso kuchuluka kwa ntchito zaubongo poyankha mphotho zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala apezeka mwa anthu omwe amadalira cocaine [17]. Kuzindikira kusinthaku, kusalingalira pakati pa zochitika zaubongo wamagulu ndi ntchito ya mesolimbic kwawonetsedwa kuti kumathandizira kukhala ndi chizolowezi chomachita [18,19].

Kusintha kwa ntchito mu PFC ndi mesolimbic mphoto dongosolo kwalembanso mu PG. Odwala omwe ali ndi PG awonetsa kuti amachepetsa kugwira ntchito asanalowe mkati mwa ntchito yoletsa [20], yomwe ikuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwa kutsogolo kwa lobe, ndipo ikugwirizana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu pantchito yayikulu ndikusankha zochita mu PG [21-24]. Kuphatikiza apo, odwala a PG adawonetsa kuchepetsedwa kuchitapo kanthu poyambira kulandira mphotho ya ndalama [25-27], ndikuwonjezera kutsegulira koyambira koyeserera poyankha mavidiyo ndi zithunzi zokhala ndi machitidwe a njuga [28,29], ndikuwonetsa kusintha pakukonza zolimbikitsa kuwonetsa mphoto. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zochitika zomwe zachitika pamwambowu amapereka lingaliro lakutsogolo kuti lipindule mu otchova njuga [30,31]. Zosintha pakuwongolera mphotho zapezekanso muzochitika za panral: Odwala a PG adawonetsa kuyambitsa paliponse podikirira kulandira mphotho ya ndalama [25,32], pomwe zochitika zowonjezereka zidanenedwera kwa otchova njuga [33]. Odwala a PG adawonetseranso kuchepa kwa kuthandizira mukalandira mphoto ya ndalama [27], ndikuwonjezereka kwa kuyankha pazithunzi zokhala ndi zosewerera njuga [29], zomwe zikuwonetsa mayankho asinthidwe a ubongo mkati mwa dongosolo la mphotho pazokhudzana ndi njuga. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti odwala a PG amawonetsa kusinthika kodzidalira pawokha komanso kutsogoloku kwa mesolimbic.

Kugwira ntchito pakati pa prefrontal ndi mesolimbic system kumatha kuwunikira pogwiritsa ntchito kupumula kwa boma komwe kumagwira ntchito - mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kochepa kochokera m'magazi a oxygenation-amadalira (BOLD) fMRI chizindikiro pakati pa malo aubongo. Mitundu yamalumikizidwe othandizira amagwira ntchito yolumikizidwa ndi mapangidwe ofanana ndi omwe adamulowetsa pantchito yokhudzana ndi ntchito [34,35]. FMRI yopumulira ili ndi mwayi wina kwa anthu azachipatala osafunikira magwiridwe antchito komanso kutalika kwakanthawi kochepa (<10 mphindi) [36]. Posachedwa, maphunziro a fMRI yopumula amafotokoza zosintha pakulumikizana kwazovuta pamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala [37-47]. Ena mwa maphunzirowa akuwonetsa mitundu yakusintha kwamalumikizidwe pakati pamawongolero azidziwitso monga PFC, anterior cingate cortex ndi madera a parietal [39,41,46], ndi kusintha pakulumikizana kuchokera ku maula a porral [38,41,43-45] ndi zotsatira zosakanikirana malinga ndi njira yolumikizira ya PFC ndi ventral striatum. Kuchulukitsa kwa ntchito pakati pa ventral striatum ndi orbitofrontal PFC kunapezeka mwa ogwiritsa ntchito ma heroin [41]. Mosiyana ndi izi, kafukufuku wina ndi anthu omwe amadalira opioid [44] idawona kuchepetsedwa kogwirizana pakati pa maukosi amchere ndi orbitofrontal PFC. Komanso, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi nkhanza / mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cocaine adawonetsa kulumikizana kwachilendo pakati pa ventral striatum ndi podromedial PFC [45] ndikuchepetsa kulumikizana kwa mayeso [39]. Pamodzi, kafukufukuyu wapamwamba akuwonetsa kuti kuyanjana pakati pa PFC ndi dongosolo la mphoto ya mesolimbic kumasinthidwa mwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Mpaka pano, ndizochepa zomwe mukudziwa pazomwe zimachitika pazolumikizana zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe monga PG. Chizindikiro choyamba cha kulumikizidwa kwazinthu zofunikira za fronto-striatal mu PG chinapezeka mu kafukufuku wopumira wa boma wopangidwa ndi Tschernegg et al. [48]. Pogwiritsa ntchito graph-theoretical, adawona kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa caudate ndi anterior cingate kwa odwala a PG poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera. Komabe, sizikudziwikabe ngati odwala a PG amawonetsa kusintha komwe kumachitika pakati pa PFC ndi kapangidwe kake ka dongosolo lamalipiro (mwachitsanzo, ventral striatum) monga zikuwonekera ndi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezedwa pazowonjezera zokhudzana ndi zinthu. Monga momwe tingadziwire, palibe kafukufuku wotere pa PG yemwe adasindikizidwa. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wapano amayang'ana njira zamagulu olumikizira magwiridwe antchito ndi njira ya mesolimbic mwa odwala omwe ali ndi zizindikiro za PG. Kuwunikira kolumikizana ndi ntchito kunali kokhazikitsidwa ndi zigawo zomwe zimafotokozedwa kunja ("nthanga") zomwe zili mkati mwa kutsogolo kwa gyrus ndi ventral striatum, zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wakale wa voxel-morphometry (VBM) [49]. Popeza ma activation a PG adapeza chiyanjano pakati pa kuopsa kwa chizindikiro [27] komanso kusachita chipongwe [25] ndi umboni wa kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a mu ubongo, timaganiza kuti machitidwe awa komanso machitidwe akusuta ngati chisonyezo chowonjezera cha machitidwe omwe ali ndi vuto akhoza kukhala okhudzana ndi kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito omwe ali mgulu la PG.

Zida ndi njira

Chikhalidwe

Kafukufukuyu adachitika molingana ndi Chidziwitso cha Helsinki ndikuvomerezedwa ndi Ethics Committee of the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali adapereka chidziwitso cholemba asanatenge nawo mbali.

ophunzira

Zambiri kuchokera kwa odwala 19 PG (azaka zapakati pa 32.79 zaka ± 9.85) ndi zowongolera 19 (zaka zakubadwa 37.05 zaka ± 10.19), omwe adatenga nawo gawo pa kafukufuku wa fMRI ku Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (onani Njira Zowonjezera mu Lembani S1,, adagwiritsidwa ntchito kupuma-state fMRI kusanthula. Odwala a PG adalembedwa kudzera pa intaneti ndikuwonetsa m'makasino. Sanali modziletsa kapena kufuna chithandizo. Kuzindikira kwa PG kunakhazikitsidwa ndi funso lamu Germany lofunsa njuga (“Kurzfragebogen zum Glücksspielverhalten”, KFG) [50]. Mafunso omwe ali ndi zinthu za 20 ndipo amachokera pa njira yoyesera ya DSM-IV / ICD-10 ya PG. Malo odulidwa a PG akhazikitsidwa ku 16 point. Tidagwiritsanso ntchito Chigoba Chakuyerekeza Kuyesa Kuyerekeza (G-SAS) [51] monga njira ina yowonjezera yazizindikiro. Palibe aliyense wa odwala a PG kapena omwe amawongolera omwe anali ndi mbiri yodziwika ya matenda amtundu uliwonse kapena matenda amtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa Axis-I kuphatikiza mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena mowa monga zatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyankhulana malinga ndi Structured Clinical Mafunso a DSM-IV Axis I Disorder (SCID-I) [52]. Zilamulira sizinawonetse zizindikiro zilizonse zovuta za juga monga zatsimikiziridwa ndi KFG.

Handedness anayeza ndi Edinburgh Handedness Inventory [53]. Tinasonkhanitsa zambiri pazaka zamaphunziro a sukulu, kuchuluka kwa ndudu patsiku, mowa mwezi uliwonse magalamu, komanso luntha laukadaulo woyeserera ndi mayeso a matrices a Wechsler Intelligence mayeso a akulu [54]. Osuta sanaloledwe kusuta kwa mphindi za 30 isanakwane gawo la scan.

Impulsiveness idayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa Chijeremani wa Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-Version 10 (BIS-10) [55], yomwe ili ndi zinthu za 34 zomwe zidagawika pazinthu zitatu zothandizira: kusakhazikika, mota ndi kuzindikira. Pambuyo pa kujambulidwa kwa fMRI, kufuna kutchova juga (kukhumba) kunayesedwa ndi chiwonetsero chazakuwona (VAS), pomwe ochita nawo adayankha mafunso asanu okhudzana ndi kulakalaka (mwachitsanzo, "Kodi cholinga chanu chimatha kutchova njuga?") Polemba mzere pakati pa 0 ('' ayi konse '') mpaka 100% ('' mwamphamvu kwambiri '').

Kuti muwone bwino momwe mbewu yolumikizira yapakatikati yapakati, maphunziro onse a 38 adasanthula. Magulu sanasiyane pamaphunziro, nzeru zamadzimadzi, kusuta fodya, kumwetsa mowa kapena kusamva bwino (Gulu 1). Ponena za zizolowezi zotchovera juga, odwala a 17 PG makamaka amagwiritsa ntchito makina a slot ndipo odwala awiri a PG anali obeta.

Pakuwunikira kolumikizana kwantchito ya dera la mabere am'mimba, tinayenera kupatula odwala asanu a PG ndi mutu umodzi chifukwa chakusowa kwathunthu kwaubwino m'derali (onani. kuwunika kwa fMRI); magawo ang'onoang'onowa amakhala ndi odwala 14 PG (kutanthauza zaka 31.29 zaka ± 9.09) ndi kuwongolera kwa 18 (kumatanthauza zaka 36.50 zaka ± 10.19). Magulu sanasiyane pamaphunziro, nzeru zamadzimadzi, kusuta fodya, kumwetsa mowa kapena kusamva bwino (Gulu 1). Odwala khumi ndi atatu a PG amagwiritsa ntchito makina a slot ndipo wodwala wina wa PG anali bettor.

Kupeza MRI

Kujambula kunachitika pa 3 Tesla Nokia Magnetom Tim Trio (Nokia, Erlangen, Germany) ku Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. Pazigawo zogwiritsira ntchito, ziwonetsero zotsatirazi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito: nthawi yobwereza (TR) = 2500 ms, echo time (TE) = 35 ms, flip = 80 °, matrix = 64 * 64, field of view (FOV) = 224 mm, kukula kwa voxel = 3.5 * 3.5 * 3.0, magawo 39, mavoliyumu 120.

Kuti tipeze mayendedwe athunthu, tinapeza makina ogwiritsa ntchito maginito atatu okonzedwa mwachangu (3D MPRAGE) ndi magawo otsatirawa: TR = 1570 ms, TE = 2.74 ms, flip = 15 °, matrix = 256 * 256, FOV = 256 mm, kukula kwa voxel = 1 * 1 * 1 mm³, Magawo a 176.

kuwunika kwa fMRI

Zithunzi zidakonzedwa ndikuwunika pogwiritsa ntchito FMRIB Software Library (FSL, http://www.fmrib.ax.ac.uk/fsl) ndi Kusanthula kwa Ntchito Neuroimages (AFNI, http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni/). Kukonzekeretsa kunakhazikitsidwa pa ma script a 1000 Functional Connectomes (www.nitrc.org/projects/fcon_1000). Njira zotsatirazi zidachitidwa: kukonza nthawi yaying'ono, kukonza koyenda, kukonza malo okhala ndi 6 mm m'lifupi mulifupi mwa theka la malo aku Gaussian, kusefa kwa band (0.009 - 0.1 Hz) ndikukhazikika ku 2 * 2 * 2 mm³ Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) -152 template template. Chizindikiro chochokera kumagawo opanda chidwi: zoyera ndi mawonekedwe amadzimadzi a cerebrospinal adachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe. Chizindikiro padziko lonse lapansi sichinachotsedwe posachedwa pomwe chikuwonetsedwa kuti gawo lokonzekeretsa izi lingayambitse kusiyana kwamagulu olakwika [56].

Zigawo zambewu zosanthula magwiridwe antchito zidafotokozedwa potengera zotsatira za kafukufuku wakale wa VBM pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe ophunzirawo adachita kuchokera pa kafukufuku wapanoyu [49]. Mu phunziroli, odwala a PG adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa imvi yakumaso kwa kutsogolo g xus (x = 44, y = 48, z = 7, 945 mm³) ndi kulia ventral striatum (x = 5, y = 6, z = -12, 135 mm³). Pakuwunika komwe kulumikizidwa, magawo adafotokozedwa pazambiri zazikulu za kusiyana kwa imvi (Chithunzi 1). Ma spi radii adasankhidwa kotero kuti malo ofunikira kuchokera pakuwunika kwa VBM angafanane ndi kukula kwa gawo. Kwa mbewu yoyambirira, tinagwiritsa ntchito radius ya 6 mm (880 mm³, Ma voxels a 110). Kwa mbewu ya stralatriyo, tinagwiritsa ntchito radius ya 4 mm (224 mm³, Ma voxels a 28). Chifukwa cha kutayika kwa chizindikiro mu orbitof mbeleal cortex ndi zomangamanga zozungulira zinafunika kuti tisatenge mitu isanu ndi inayi kuchokera pakaphatikizidwe kazinthu zolumikizira kwa mbewu yotsekemera ya cyral striatal (S1). Phunziro silinaperekedwe ngati pakadakhala ma XXUMX% a voxels mkati mwa mbewu.

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Chithunzi 1. Malo omwe mbewu zimagwirizanitsidwa

 

Girasi wamkati wamtsogolo: x = 44, y = 48, z = 7, radius ya 6 mm. Mbewu yolimba ya cyral striatal: x = 5, y = 6, z = -12, radius ya 4 mm.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0084565.g001

Tidachita kafukufuku wothandizirana mochenjera ndi gawo lililonse la mbewu. Maphunziro osinthika adasinthidwa kudera lililonse la mbewu pamutu uliwonse, ndipo zolumikizana zofananira pakati pa nthawi yofesedwa ndi nthawi ya ma voxels ena onse mu ubongo idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la 3dFIM + AFNI. Ma corefficients ogwirizanitsa adasinthidwa kukhala z-amagwiritsidwe ntchito a Fisher r-kuti-z Kusintha. The zZovomerezeka zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati ndi pakati pa gulu. Kwa gulu lirilonse, chitsanzo chimodzi t-Miyeso idachitika m'gawo lililonse la mbewu kuti lipatsane mamapu mu gulu lililonse. Kufananiza kwamagulu m'gawo lililonse la mbewu kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo ziwiri t-Ziyeso. Kuti mupeze zovuta zokhudzana ndi imvi pakulumikizana kogwira ntchito, komwe kungakhale chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zigawo za mbewu malinga ndi zotsatira za VBM, tidagwiritsa ntchito buku la imvi ngati polojekiti yanzeru (onani Zowonjezera mu Lembani S1 ndi Gulu la S1 Zotsatira za kulumikizidwa kwazogwira ntchito popanda kutsata imvi, ndipo S2 ndi S3 kwa fanizo la kusanthula konse ndi kusanthula popanda kutsukira nkhani imvi. Zotsatira zam'magulu mamapu zolumikizidwa zidazungulira pa z-score> 2.3, yolingana ndi p <.01. Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la kufananiza kochuluka, tidakonza masango pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino cha Gaussian chokhazikitsidwa mu FSL, ndikukonzanso kwa Bonferroni kwa kuchuluka kwa mbewu.

Kuti tiwone ngati kusintha komwe kulumikizana mkati mwa gulu la PG kunali kogwirizana ndi kusakhazikika, kuwuma kwa chizindikirocho komanso zizolowezi zakusuta, tinapeza tanthauzo z- Chofunika kwa masango akuluakulu, opingasa (mbali ziwiri za mbewu yakutsogolo pakati ndi magulu awiri a mbewu yolowa) kwa aliyense wa odwala a PG. Kenako, a z- Malangizo adaphatikizidwa ndi ziwonetsero zakudzichitira chidwi (BIS-10 okwanira ndikulembetsa, KFG, G-SAS, VAS kulakalaka, kuchuluka kwa ndudu patsiku).

Pomaliza, tinayesa kuyanjana pakati pa mbewu zonse ziwiri zam'mapulogalamuyi mwa kulumikiza kulumikizana kwa Pearson pakati pa maphunziro omwe atengedwa nthawi.

Kusanthula deta zamakhalidwe

Zachilengedwe, zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso psychometric, komanso mgwirizano pakati z-amalemba ndi zodziyimira pawokha zosonyeza chidwi, zidawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS Statistics 19 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Kufananiza kwamagulu kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo ziwiri t-yeso (ziwiri-tailed). Ma Correlations adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zolumikizana za Pearson ndi Spearman. Chotheka cha alpha cha <.05 chidagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Results

Zambiri ndi zamankhwala

Tidapeza Zambiri Zapamwamba Kwambiri Kutchova Juga (KFG, G-SAS), Kufuna Kutchova Juga (VAS) ndi Impulsiveness (BIS-10) mu Odwala a PG Poyerekeza ndi Oponderezedwa (Gulu 1).

Kulumikizidwa kuchokera kumanja a kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo kwa girus (N_zolamulira = 19, N_PGpatients = 19)

Magulu onse awiriwa (Chithunzi 2 ndi Gulu 2), kulumikizidwa kwakukulu kuchokera kumbali yakumanja yapakati kumaso kunapezeka kumanzere akumanja kuzungulira nthangala, yomwe idakulirakulira ku PFC komanso kulowetsa kumanja, striatum, girus wa angular, lateral occipital cortex ndi supramarginal gyrus. Kuphatikiza apo, kulumikizana kwakukulu kuchokera kumbali yakumanja yapakati kumaso kunapezeka kudera lakunyumba (kumanzere kwa PFC) kufikira kumanzere kumanzere. Kulumikizana kolakwika kunapezeka kumanzere kwakumapeto kwa gingus wofikira kumanzere kwakanthawi, ndi zigawo zonse ziwiri monga ma gyrus, intracalcarine cortex, occipital pole, precuneus, girus woyamba komanso wam'mbuyo. ndi cerebellum.

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Chithunzi 2. Ntchito yolumikizidwa pakati penipeni pakati kutsogolo

 

Zitsanzo zamalumikizidwe abwino kwambiri (ofiira ofiira) ndi olakwika (mawonekedwe amtambo wabuluu) ndi girus wamkati wapakati (mbewu yojambulidwa yobiriwira) mkati mwa maphunziro onse komanso m'magulu. Kuyerekeza kwamagulu pazolumikizana zazikulu: Odwala a PG <zowongolera ndi odwala a PG> zowongolera (violet spectrum). Mamapu onse atsekedwa pa a z-zolemba> | 2.3 | (masango anzeru omwe adakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha Gaussian mwachisawawa ndipo Bonferroni adakonza kuchuluka kwa mbewu). N_zolamulira = 19, N_PGpatients = 19.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0084565.g002

Kusiyanitsa kwamagulu (Chithunzi 2, Chithunzi 3A ndi Table 2) idawulula kulumikizana kwakukwanira kuchokera kumanja kwa kutsogolo kwa gyrus kupita ku striatum yamanja ya odwala a PG poyerekeza ndi zowongolera. Phokoso lofunikira kwambiri la kusiyana kumeneku ndi lodana ndi tsango lomwe limafikira ku globus pallidus, dorsal caudate, insula ndi thalamus. Kulumikizana kwapang'onopang'ono kunapezeka kudzanja lamanzere la cingate cortex kufalikira kwa kutsogola kwapakati komanso kupindika girus kwa odwala a PG poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera.

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Chithunzi 3. Kusiyana kwamagulu munjira yolumikizana kwa njere

 

Chiwonetsero cha ziwembu z-Mawu a masango ofunikira osiyanako (ozunguliridwa chikasu). Ziwerengero zamaphunziro a gorus nthanga ya kutsogola pakati)_zolamulira = 19, N_PGpatients = 19, ndi kumanzere kwa mbewu ya dera B): N_zolamulira = 18, N_PGpatients = 14.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0084565.g003

Kusiyana kwamagulu sikunali kosagwiritsika ntchito kosagwiritsa ntchito magulu omwe anaphatikiza anthu okhawo omwe ali ndi zochitika zonse zofunikira (N_zolamulira = 18, N_PGpatients = 14; Zotsatira sizikuwonetsedwa).

Kulumikizana kuchokera kumanja podral striatum (N_zolamulira = 18, N_PGpatients = 14)

Magulu onse awiriwa (Chithunzi 4 ndi Gulu 2), kulumikizidwa kwakukulu kuchokera ku mbali yoyenera ya porral kunapezeka mozungulira mbewuyo komanso dera lachifumu lanyumba, kuphatikiza maukonde amtundu wambiri, ndikufikira ku pativate ya patidate, putamen, amygdala, podromedial PFC, komanso mizati yakutsogolo ndi yochepa. Cholumikizira cholakwika chinapezeka mu ufulu precentral gyrus kufalikira kwa zigawo ziwiri, kutsogolo kutsogolo, otsika kutsogolo ndi apamwamba kutsogolo gyrus, kumanja postcentral gyrus, ndi kumanzere malo hemispheric monga kutsogolo pole, insula ndi kutsogolo ndi pakati operculum. Kulumikizana kolakwika kunapezekanso kumanzere akumanja achilankhulo mpaka kumanja kwa chilankhulo cha girasi ndi zigawo mkati mwa cerebellum, komanso gawo limodzi la magipital fusiform girus, ndi girus yodziwika bwino yapamwamba kwambiri, yodziwikiratu ndi yapakati.

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Chithunzi 4. Yogwira ntchito yolumikizana lamanja la stralatal mbewu

 

Zitsanzo zamalumikizidwe abwino (ofiira ofiira) ndi zoyipa (zamtundu wa buluu) zolumikizana ndi ventral striatum yoyenera (mbewu yojambulidwa yobiriwira) mkati mwa maphunziro onse komanso m'magulu. Kuyerekeza kwamagulu pazolumikizana zazikulu: Odwala a PG> zowongolera (violet spectrum). Chonde dziwani kuti zowongolera zosiyana> Odwala PG sizinali zofunikira. Mamapu onse atsekedwa pa a z-zolemba> | 2.3 | (masango anzeru omwe adakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha Gaussian mwachisawawa ndipo Bonferroni adakonza kuchuluka kwa mbewu). N_zolamulira = 18, N_PGpatients = 14.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0084565.g004

Kusiyanitsa kwamagulu (Chithunzi 4, Chithunzi 3B ndi Table 2) idawululira kulumikizidwa kuchokera kumanzere akumanja kupita kumanzere wamanzere komanso kumanzere kumanja kwa kutsogolo, kufikira kumanja kwa kutsogolo kwa gyrus komanso kugwirizanitsa girus kwa odwala a PG poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera.

Kuphatikiza ndi njira zodziwonera nokha

Zotanthauza z-Magulu masango amasiyana kwambiri pakati pamagulu awiriwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kulumikizana ndi machitidwe amkati mwa gulu la PG (masango a 4). Malumikizidwe abwino adapezeka olumikizana pakati pa mbewu yakutsogolo yapakatikati ndi striatum (ya PG> kusiyanitsa zowongolera) ndi zosasunthika za BIS-10, zizolowezi zosuta (kuchuluka kwa ndudu patsiku) ndikukhumba zambiri (Chithunzi 5A). Tidapezanso kulumikizana kwabwino kwakumalumikizana pakati pa mbewu yolondola ya ventral striatal ndi cerebellum (ya PG> kusiyanitsa kwamalamulo) ndi zizolowezi zosuta (Chithunzi 5B). Popeza zizolowezi za kusuta sizinali kugawidwa nthawi zambiri, tinapanganso compereti yolumikizana ya Spearman pamasinthidwe awa. Kwa mbewu yakutsogolo yakumaso ikutanthauza z-kuwonjezera kukhudzana kudali kofunika, rS = .52, p = .021. Kwa yoyenera yamkati mwa striatal mbewu imatanthawuza z-, tidapeza zotsatira zakotsatana, rS = .51, p = .06. Sitinapeze kulumikizana kwina kulikonse pamalingaliro ena a BIS-10 ndi BIS-10 okwanira komanso KFG ndi G-SAS.

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Chithunzi 5. Kuwongolera koyenera kwamitundu yolumikizira

 

Ziwembu zakuwaza zikusonyeza kuwongolera kwakukulu pakati pa tanthauzo z-magulu am'magulu osanjikiza amasiyana pakati pa odwala a PG> zowongolera ndi zizolowezi zosuta (kuchuluka kwa ndudu patsiku [cig / d]), BIS subscale yosakonzekera ndi VAS yolakalaka. Chiwerengero cha odwala a PG chakumbuyo chakumanja chakumaso kwa dera la A): N._PGpatients = 19, ndi kumanzere kwa mbewu ya dera B): N_PGpatients= 14.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0084565.g005

Ulumikizano pakati pa gorasi wamkati wamkati ndi dzanja lamanja la pakati (N_zolamulira = 18, N_PGpatients = 14)

Magulu sanasiyane kwambiri pazolumikizana pakati pa mbewu zoyambira ndi zamkati.

Kukambirana

Tidapeza kuti odwala a PG amawonetsa kulumikizana kwakukula pakati pa zigawo za PFC ndi machitidwe a mesolimbic mphotho, komanso kuchepetsedwa kolumikizidwa m'dera la PFC. Makamaka, odwala a PG adawonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa girus wamkati wam'mbali ndi striatum yamanja molingana ndi zowongolera, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi subsisale ya BIS yosasokoneza, kusuta ndi kukhumba zambiri. Kuchepetsa kulumikizidwa kunapezeka mwa odwala a PG kuchokera ku girus ya pakati pakatikati kupita kumalo ena oyambira. Zofunikira, pagulu la gulu tidawona kulumikizana kochita bwino kuchokera kumayendedwe am'kati kupita kumadera ena a orbital PFC, omwe amatulutsa machitidwe omwe adanenedwa kale [7,8,57].

Kusayanjana pakati pa ntchito isanayambike ndi njira yolipira ya mesolimbic kwawonjezeredwa kuti athandizire kuchitapo kanthu kowonjezera [18,19] kutengera maphunziro omwe odwala adanenanso a PFC [10], komanso kusintha kwamachitidwe pantchito zamalipiro monga ventral striatum [11-16]. Zofanana ndi zomwe tapeza pakuwonjezera kulumikizana kwachidziwitso pakati pa PFC ndi striatum, Tschernegg et al. [48] adaona kuwonjezeka kwa njira yolumikizana kwa odwala mu PG poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera pogwiritsa ntchito graph-theoretical njira. Kulumikizidwa kwazinthu zofunikira pakati pa PFC ndi dongosolo la mphotho zidanenedwanso chifukwa cha vuto la kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu [41,44,45,58]. Kulumikizana kowonjezereka pakati pa podromedial / orbitofrontal PFC ndi ventral striatum kwapezeka mwa ogwiritsa a heroin [41] ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a cocaine [45]. Kuyanjana kosinthika pakati pa nyumba zopangira zinthu komanso mesolimbic mphotho yolandirira mu PG imagawana magwiridwe antchito amodzi pazinthu izi zokhudzana ndi zinthu izi, ndikuwonetsa njira yodziwika kwambiri yothetsera zovuta zokhudzana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chizolowezi chazomwe zimachitika.

Kuphatikiza apo, tidapeza kuchepa kwa kulumikizidwa kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa dzanja lamanja la kutsogolo kwa gyrus ndi malo ena achotsogola (mwachitsanzo, anterior cingulate cortex kufikira kwa bilateral Supreme frontal and paridingrate gyrus) mwa odwala a PG poyerekeza ndi maulamuliro. Pamodzi ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wamalingaliro ndi zochita pa PG zomwe zimanenedwa kuti zachepetsa ntchito ya PFC [20,59] komanso opatsa utsogoleri ntchito ndi kupanga zisankho [21-24], zomwe tapeza zikuonetsa kusintha kwamachitidwe mu bungwe la PFC. Komabe, sitinapeze kusiyana pakati pa odwala a PG ndikuwongolera nzeru zamadzimadzi, kapangidwe kameneka kamene kamagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito yakutsogolo kwa lobe [60], ndikuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwakawonedwe mu kulumikizana sikukhudza kuzindikira konse, ndipo m'malo mwake kungakhale makamaka pazomwe zimayambitsa matenda. Kulumikizana kwakasinthika mu PFC kukugwirizana ndi zovuta zoyambirira zanenedwapo pantchito yoyendetsa ntchito [10] ndi maphunziro a boma a fMRI opumula pa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo [39,41] ndi PG [48]. Kuphatikiza apo, zitha kuchititsa kuti kusinthana kwakuthupi pakati pa PFC kukhale pakati pa dongosolo la mphotho ya ubongo, polumikizana ndi mkati, ndipo kungayambitse kusinthasintha kwa magawo a ubongo wokhudzana ndi mphotho.

Kuti tiwone ngati zotsatira za kulumikizidwa ndizogwirizana ndi odwala a PG zikugwirizana ndi machitidwe, tidasanthula kulumikizana pakati pa kulumikizidwa kwazomwe zikugwirizana ndi maukonde othandizira komanso kusokonekera, kuwonetsa kwa chizindikirocho komanso kusuta mkati mwa gulu la PG. Tapeza kulumikizana pakati pa girisi wamkati wamkati ndi kulumikizana kwakumanja kwa njira yolumikizirana komanso kusakakamiza kuchita moperewera ndikufunitsitsa kutchova juga. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa ndudu patsiku kumalumikizidwa bwino ndi mphamvu yolumikizana pakati pa mbewu yakutsogolo pakati ndi mbewu yolimba komanso ndikugwirizana kwa mgwirizano pakati pa mbewu yolimba ya stereatal ndi cerebellum. Kuwongolera koyenera kukusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito kumagwirizana osati kungolakalaka chabe, komanso chidziwitso cha kuthekera kukonzekera zamtsogolo - mwachitsanzo, kukonzekera kupereka zolinga ndi zokondweretsa - komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga kusuta. Pomwe a Reuter et al. [27] adawonetsa kuti zochitika zapakati pa striatal ndikuwongolera poyambilira kupeza ndalama mu PG kunaneneratu kuwopsa kwa kutchova juga kovomerezeka ndi KFG, sitinapeze zolumikizana pakati pa KFG ndi G-SAS zambiri komanso kusinthika pakugwirizana pakati pa PFC ndi striatum. Chifukwa chake, kusintha komwe kumaonedwa pakulumikizana kwa ntchito kumatha kuwunikira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zongotchera njuga m'malo modutsa chizindikiro cha PG yomwe.

Magawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano pakuwunikira kolumikizana adagwirizanitsidwa kumtundu wamanja. Izi ndichifukwa choti zidakhazikika pazotsatira za kafukufuku wathu wakale wa VBM [49] kuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu paziwongola zakumaso zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa mu PFC yoyenera komanso kulumikizana kumanja pakati pa odwala a PG motsutsana ndi kuwongolera koyenda. Kuthanira koyenera kumayenderana ndi umboni wam'mbuyomu womwe ukuonetsa kuti ntchito zoyambilira, monga zoletsa, sizikhala mu gawo lamanja lamanja [61-63]. Kuphatikiza apo, kutenga nawo mbali kwamagulu oyenera a PFC kwawonekeranso kudziwongolera [64-67]. Pankhani ya dongosolo la mphotho, maphunziro oyerekeza pa PG adanenanso kusintha kwasintha panthawi yolandira mphotho: Zosintha zokhazokha zokhazokha zapezeka kuti zachitika chifukwa cha kutchova juga [29] komanso pokonzekera kulandira ndalama [27].

Monga odwala a PG sanali odziletsa komanso osachiritsika, zomwe aphunzira pano ndizochepa pazomwe zimachitika. Kuyerekeza ndi maphunziro ena pakudalira kwazinthu ndizovuta, popeza adachitidwa kwambiri kwa odwala omwe ali mokhazikika [39,45]. Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe zapezedwa sizilola kuti kufufuzidwe kwa ubale wapakati pazolumikizidwa [68], zomwe zikanapereka chidziwitso chowonjezereka cha kulumikizana kwazinthu pakati pa PFC ndi dongosolo la mphoto ya mesolimbic

Pomaliza, zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kusintha mu kulumikizana kwogwira ntchito ku PG ndikukulumikizana kowonjezereka pakati pa zigawo za dongosolo la mphotho ndi PFC, zofanana ndi zomwe zimanenedwa m'mavuto osokoneza bongo. Kusayanjana pakati pa ntchito isanayambike ndi dongosolo la mphotho ya mesolimbic mu PG, komanso makamaka pakukonda, kungapindule kuchokera pazowonjezera zathupi ndi zamaganizidwe, monga kakhalidwe kabisidwe apadera [69] kapena euthymic therapy [70] yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakukhudzana kwa mgwirizano wa maukonde ogwirizana ndi kukonza mphoto.

Kuthandiza Information

Kuvomereza

Tikuthokoza a Caspar Dreesen, Eva Hasselmann, Chantal Mörsen, Hella Schubert, Noemie Jacoby ndi Sebastian Mohnke chifukwa chothandizidwa pantchito yopeza maphunziro komanso kupeza zomwe zimachitika phunziroli. Tikufunanso kuthokoza maphunziro onse potenga nawo gawo.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Ndinazindikira ndikupanga zoyesazo: SK EVDM AH AV NRS. Anayesa: SK NRS. Anasanthula zomwe zalembedwa: SK SOC DM. Zopangira / zopangira / zida zowunikira: AH AV NRS DM. Wolemba pamwambapa: SK SOC EVDM AH AV NRS DM. Kugwira nawo ntchito: SK NRS.

Zothandizira

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