Umboni wa "Neurobehavioral" wa "Near-Miss" Chikoka cha Achinyamata Ochita Zachilombo (2010)

J Exp Anal Behav. 2010 Meyi; 93 (3): 313-328.

do:  10.1901 / jeab.2010.93-313

PMCID: PMC2861872

Reza Habib ndi Maka R Dixon

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Nkhaniyi yakhala wotchulidwa ndi nkhani zina mu PMC.

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Kudalirika

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali ziwiri: (1) kusiyanitsa machitidwe ndiubongo pakati pa otchova njuga omwe sanachite bwino, komanso (2) kuwunika kusiyana ngati ntchito ya zotsatira za kupota kwa makina olowetsa, makamaka pa " Near-Miss ”—pamene ma reel awiri amaima pa chizindikiro chimodzi, ndipo chizindikirocho chimakhala pamwambapa kapena pansi pamzere wopindulitsa pachitsulo chachitatu. Ophunzira makumi awiri mphambu awiri (11 nonpathological; 11 pathological) adamaliza kafukufukuyu poyerekeza kuyandikira kwa zotsatira zosiyanasiyana zowonetsa makina oyeserera (kupambana, kutayika, ndi kuphonya kwaposachedwa) kuti apambane. Palibe kusiyana kwamakhalidwe komwe kudawonedwa pakati pa magulu a omwe atenga nawo mbali, komabe, kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito a ubongo kunapezeka mu midbrain yakumanzere, pafupi ndi substantia nigra ndi ventral tegmental area (SN / VTA). Zotsatira zakuphonya kwapadera komwe kumayambitsa ubongo komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kupambana kwa otchova njuga ndi zigawo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kutayika kwa otchova njuga omwe sanachite bwino. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zaposachedwa kwambiri pamakina olowetsa zitha kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito komanso amitsempha yamawinowa kwa otchova njuga. Njira yotanthauzira yotere pofufuza zamtundu wa juga itha kuonedwa ngati chitsanzo chomwe chimapatsa moyo kulingalira kwa BF Skinner kwa physiologist wamtsogolo.

Keywords: njuga zamatenda, fMRI, osowa, makina olowetsa, osuta

BF Skinner adafotokoza kuti kutchova juga ndi chimodzi mwazo zitsanzo zachikhalidwe kwambiri mwazomwe anthu amachita machitidwe olimbikitsidwa (Khungu, 1974). Adatinso: "machitidwe onse otchova juga amatengera njira zolimbikitsira zosinthira, ngakhale zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa chakumverera" (tsamba 60). Ponena za makina olowetsa, zida zake zimafanana ndi chipinda chosavuta kugwira ntchito, popeza chimakhala ndi lever imodzi (dzanja lamakina olowetsa), cholumikizira cholimbitsa (chosungira ndalama), ndi zowonera zingapo ) zomwe zimatsagana ndikuperekera kolimbitsa. Gawo lomalizirali, chiwonetsero cha slot reel, nthawi zambiri chimasokonezedwa ndi wotchova njuga, komabe, ngati cholimbikitsa chosankha chomwe chimapereka chidziwitso chokhudza kupatsanso mphamvu zomwe zikubwera. Skinner adazindikira malingaliro olakwika a wotchova juga ponena kuti chiwonetsero chomwe chikuchepa chikuwoneka chofanana ndi chiwonetserochi chikuwonjezera mphamvu, pomwe sipadalitse kasino chilichonse kuti iperekedwe (Khungu, 1953).

Chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha kufufuzidwa kwamalingaliro ndi zoyeserera zakhala zikuchitika zokhudzana ndi kutchova juga pamakina oyeserera kuchokera pamachitidwe pazaka zomwe zidatsatira ndemanga zoyambirira za Skinner. Pogoda ndi Dixon (2007) anayambitsa lingaliro lokwanira la kutchova juga kochulukirapo komwe kunaphatikizanso zowonjezera zina kuwonjezera pa kulimbikitsidwa kopangidwako kwa pulogalamu yamasewera. Olembawa adawona kuti mwina njuga yamatenda inali njira yolumikizirana pakati pa zochitika zadzidzidzi, machitidwe amawu, ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zazikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, ndalama; mtundu; comorbid zamavuto amisala). Ngakhale ndichowona chabe, chodabwitsachi chidadziwika ndi ena kuti ali ndi zofunikira pakumvetsetsa zovuta zovuta zamtundu wa njuga (Catania, 2008; Fantino & Stolarz-Fantino, 2008). Fantino ndi Stolarz-Fantino apanga njira yotsatirika njuga yomwe imachokera kuchotsera zomwe zimachedwa, zomwe othandizira ambiri achita monga njira yomwe ingawongolere kufufuza koyenera (DeLeon, 2008; Madden, 2008). Mwachidule, zikuwoneka kuti kaundula wa kagwiritsidwe kake ka zinthu zokhudzana ndi kutchova juga umanena kuti zochitika zokhazokha zomwe zili munkhokwe ya njuga sizokwanira kupitiliza zomwe zimachitika nthawi ndi nthawi.

Zambiri zamatsenga zimathandizirabe izi. Akakhala ndi makina omwe amakonzedwa kapena makina ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta, ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zambiri sapereka mayankho awo pamlingo wolimbikitsidwa (Weatherly, atolankhani) ndipo m'malo mwake amasintha zomwe amakonda malinga ndi malangizo osiyanasiyana (Dixon, 2000,, kapena chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ntchito zolimbikitsira zomwe zimachitika kudzera munjira zophunzitsira komanso njira zoyeserera (Hoon, Dymond, Hackson, & Dixon, 2008; Zlomke & Dixon, 2006). Zotsatira zake, zikuwoneka kuti monga zina zowonjezera zimapangidwa zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwamachitidwe a omwe atenga nawo mbali mosasamala kanthu za zovuta zomwe zidakonzedwa pamakina olowetsa, Skinner's (1974) Kupenda mwadzidzidzi kumapereka yankho pang'ono pazifukwa zomwe anthu amatchova juga.

Mwina chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha Skinner's (1953; 1974) Kufotokozera kwamasewera olowetsa poyikapo anali kutanthauza kuti pafupifupi wopambana. Kupambana kumene, komwe nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa "pafupi-kuphonya" kwakhala cholinga chofufuzidwa kosiyanasiyana ndi ofufuza njuga pazaka 20 zapitazi. Kutayika kumeneku kumachitika pomwe makina awiri olowetsa makina akuwonetsa chizindikiro chomwecho ndipo gudumu lachitatu likuwonetsa chizindikirocho pamwambapa kapena pansi pamzere wopindulitsa. M'masewera aluso, zophonya pafupi zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwa osewera kuti adziwe momwe achitira. M'masewera amwayi, komabe, monga makina olowetsa, zoperewera sizimapereka chidziwitso kwa wosewera, ndipo nthawi zina zitha kukhala zosocheretsa monga pomwe wotchova juga amatanthauzira kuphonya ngati chizindikiro chovomerezeka Njira kapena ikalimbikitsa malingaliro kuti wopambana "ali pafupi kwambiri" (Parke & Griffiths, 2004). Kunena zowona, mwakufikiridwa mwina atha kugwiranso ntchito posankha zomwe zingakhalepo posachedwa. Kukhulupirira mwatsatanetsatane kwamakhalidwe otere (mwachitsanzo, chikhulupiriro chakuti wopambana amayenera) kumangolimbikitsa kuwongolera kosaganizira.

Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu posachedwa wasonyeza kuti osewera makina osewerera amatha kusewera nthawi yayitali ngati makina amenewo amakhala ndi zochitika zapafupipafupi zapafupipafupi (Kassinove & Schare, 2001; MacLin, Dixon, Daugherty, & Small, 2007; Strickland & Grote, 1967). Kukwera kwambiri kwapafupipafupi (kuposa 40% ya zotayika zonse) kumatha kufooketsa zotsatirazi, komanso kutsika kwambiri (ochepera 20%) sikungatulutse zotsatira (MacLin et al.). Zophonya zapafupi zimatsutsidwa kuti zimakhala ndi mtundu womwewo pazotsatira zomwe zimachitika ngati mawina enieni (Parke & Griffiths, 2004). Kuonjezera apo, Dixon ndi Schreiber (2004) awonetsa kuti osewera pamakina oyeserera azitha kuphonya pafupi kwambiri ndi zopambana kuposa zotayika zachikhalidwe, ndi Clark et al. (2009) awonetsa kuti osewera adavotera zophonya ngati zosemphana kwambiri ndi zotayika zachikhalidwe koma adapereka ziwonetsero zazikulu zakufuna kupitiliza kusewera ataphonya pang'ono kuposa kutayika kwachikhalidwe. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti zomwe zaphonyedwera sichinthu china chotayika ndipo zomwe otchova juga amatha kusintha ndikusintha ndi zophonya pafupi momwe angathere ndikupambana.

Pomwe ambiri amomwe timamvetsetsa zamatenda a juga ndi zotsatira zaposachedwa pano kuchokera ku maphunziro aukadaulo, akatswiri amachitidwe, akatswiri azamankhwala oganiza bwino, komanso akatswiri azamankhwala ozindikira azindikira kuti kuti apangitse kumvetsetsa kwathunthu pamatenda amtundu wa njuga komanso njira zabwino zochiritsira, ndikuti ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe ubongo umayankhira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njuga monga kufooka komanso momwe ubongo wa otchovera juga umasiyanirana ndi ubongo wa omwe amatchova juga osaneneka pomwe onse akuchita njuga. Kufikira izi, ofufuza ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono zoganizira za ubongo monga positron emission tomography (PET) ndi magwiridwe antchito amatsenga (fMRI) kuti aphunzire njuga zamatenda. Pakafukufuku wakale, Potenza et al. (2003) ndinayerekezera ntchito ya ubongo pakati pa otchova juga osaneneka komanso a m'magazi. Zotsatira zawo zidawonetsa kuti nthawi yoyamba kuwonetsedwa kwa njuga, ochita masewera amiseche akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa zochitika munthawi zam'kati, munthaka, komanso mwamisala poyerekeza ndi otchova njuga omwe sanatsatire. Reuter et al. (2005) Anaonanso chimodzimodzi podral striatum. Kuphatikiza apo, adanenanso kuti zochitika m'derali zidali zogwirizana ndi kuopsa kwa kutchova juga (mwachitsanzo, m'mene matenda akupangidwira, zochita zimachepa). Posachedwa, Clark et al. (2009) idayang'ana zamkati mwazomwe zili pafupi-kuphonya mwachindunji pagulu la otchova juga osaneneka. Iwo adapeza kuti zokhudzana ndi mitundu yonse yotaika (zoperewera ndi kutayika kwathunthu), zotsatira zopambana zidatenganso ndalama zapakati panthaka, malo ogwiritsira ntchito nyumba yokhotakhota, phokoso laling'ono, thalamus, ndi gulu la midbrain pafupi ndi substantia nigra / porral dera losokoneza. Pakati pa zigawo zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pakupambana zotsatira, Clark et al. (2009) adaona ntchito yayikulu yakuwonongeka kwaposachedwa kuposa kutayika mu ventral striatum bilaterally komanso kolowera kumanzere kwakunja. Pamodzi, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti ntchito zamaubongo monga ntchito ya zotuluka mosiyanasiyana zotuluka njuga zimasiyana pakati pa otchova njuga omwe sanatsatire.

Cholinga chachikulu cha phunziroli chinali kuwunika momwe mayankho amagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi maubongo pomwe ochita masewera amiseche komanso osagwirizana ndi zamatsenga adapeza kupambana, kuphonya, ndikutaya ma spain pamakina apakompyuta omwe amapanga. Mpaka pano, palibe kafukufuku yemwe adafotokozedwa omwe adachitika pogwiritsa ntchito makina otchovera njuga (monga, zopindika zitatu, zokhala ndi zisonyezo pamwambapa ndi pansi pamzere wolipira). Kuphatikiza apo palibe phunziroli mpaka pano lomwe linayerekeza kufupika kwakumaso kwa magwiridwe antchito aubongo omwe amatsata a m'miseche komanso osatsata. Kufikira pomwe otchova njuga amatha kukumana ndi omwe amatchova masewera ngati opambana komanso omwe samachita mwanjira ina atakumana nawo ngati zotayika, tangoganiza kuti zochitika muubongo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kufa zitha kufanana ndi kutayika kwa otchova njuga omwe si ofala koma ofanana ndi omwe amapambana mu otchova njuga. Kuphatikiza kuphatikiza njira zamakhalidwe azikhalidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwaukadaulo kwa fMRI, tinayesa kupeza zowunikira kwambiri za momwe thupi limakhalira tikakumana ndi ntchito yeniyeni ya makina.

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NJIRA

Ophunzira, Kukhazikitsa, ndi Zida

Kutchova njuga kwa pathological kuyesedwa ndi South Oaks Guga Screen (SOGS). Awo khumi ndi mmodzi athanzi labwino omwe samalandira chithandizo omwe amafuna kutchova njuga (Amuna = 10; M'badwo = 19–26; SOGS> 2) ndi 11 otchova juga athanzi lamanja omwe siamanja (Amuna = 4; M'badwo = 19–27; ZOGWIRITSA= 2) aliyense adalandira khadi la $ 30 mphatso kuti achite nawo phunzirolo. Pambuyo pofotokoza kwathunthu za phunzirolo kwa zomwe aphunzirazo, chilolezo chodzilemba bwino chidapezeka. Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi Komiti Yoona za Anthu a Southern Illinois University Carbondale.

Kuyesaku kunachitika ku Imaging Center ya chipatala chokwanira cha odwala, Memorial Hospital of Carbondale. Ophunzira adayikidwa mu chipinda chowunika chomwe chili ndi fMRI scanner komanso zida zina zamankhwala, kuphatikiza zida zofunika pakulimbikitsira ndikujambulanso mayankho a mitu (mawonekedwe a MRI-LCD yogwirizana, mafoni am'manja, mabatani oyankha). Woyeserera, waluso, komanso omaliza maphunzirowo anali m'chipinda cholamulira.

Zolemba za FMRI zapezeka pa maginito a Philips Intera 1.5 T ndi zotsatirazi: T2* EPI yowombera-imodzi, TR = 2.5 s, TE = 50 ms, pepala lozungulira = 90 °, FOV = 220 × 220 mamilimita2, 64 × 64 matrix, 3.44 × 3.44 × 5.5 mm ma voxels, 26 × 5.5 mm axial magawo, 0 mm kusiyana, zithunzi zisanu ndi zitatu zoyambirira zidatayidwa. Okhazikika pamalingaliro apamwamba a T.1 Zithunzi zolemera za 3-D zidapezeka kumapeto kwa gawo loganiza bwino. Zambiri zidasinthidwa ndi SPM 2 yoyendetsedwa mu Matlab 6.51 (Mathworks). Zithunzi zidakhala (1) nthawi yamagawo yomwe idakonzedwa kuti ikwaniritse, (2) kusinthidwa ndikusunthidwa kwa chithunzi choyamba cha gawoli, (3) chokhazikitsidwa ku template yodziwika (template ya MNI EPI), (4) yoyesedwanso ku 2 × 2 × 2 mm ma voxels, ndi (5) malo osalala bwino ndi fyuluta ya 10 mm Gaussian. Fyuluta yayikulu ya 128-s idagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi iliyonse kuti muchepetse phokoso lamafupipafupi. Ziwerengero zamitu yamutu m'modzi zidapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira (GLM). Zoyeserera (zapambana, zophonya pafupi, zotayika) kwa onse omwe siamatenda komanso am'magazi amomwe amathandizira poyeserera. Kufananiza kwamagulu kudapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wazotsatira zosasintha. Zosiyanitsa zinali zochepetsedwa p <0.001 yopanda kuyerekezera kofananira. Ma Coordinates amaperekedwa mu Talairach ndi Tournoux (1988) konzani dongosolo.

Njira Zabwino

Asanayese kusinkhasinkha onse omwe atenga nawo mbali adamaliza zidziwitso zingapo, komanso mafunso okhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafufuza zaumoyo wonse, zamankhwala, zamaganizidwe, ndi minyewa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwaposachedwa, kupatsa kwakukulu, komanso kupezeka kwa zotsutsana ndi MRI. Ophunzira onse adapemphedwa kuti achotse chilichonse chachitsulo (zodzikongoletsera, ndi zina zambiri) m'matupi awo, ndikuwongolera kuchipinda cha 9-m ndi 7.5-m chokhala ndi sikani ya fMRI. Otsatirawo adalangizidwa kuti agone pa tebulo la 2.5-m, ndikuyika mu sikani ndi wothandizira. Ophunzira adawona zokopa pazenera la 18-cm (diagonal) la LCD logwirizana ndi MRI kudzera pagalasi lolumikizidwa mkati mwamutu wamutu patali pafupifupi 15 cm. Dzanja lamanja la aliyense wophatikizidwa adalumikizidwa ndi poyankha yofananira ndi MRI yokhala ndi mafungulo asanu omwe amayenera kukanikizidwa ndi zala zofananira m'malo osiyanasiyana panthawi yojambulira. Ophunzira adawerenga malangizo awa isanachitike sikani iliyonse: "Chonde onani kuti makina oyendetsa makinawa ali pamlingo wotani kuyambira 1 (ayi) mpaka 5 (wopambana) chala chanu chachikulu chili 1 ndi pinky wanu 5. ”

Njira Zosanthula

Anthu otchova juga omwe sanatengere zauzimu adasankhidwa poyang'ana mawilo amakina oyendetsa makompyuta. Mawilo a makina olowetsa amapota 1.5 s, kuyimilira (kwa 2.5 s) pachimodzi mwazotsatira zitatu zomwe zingachitike: (1) kupambana (zizindikiro zitatu zofananira pamalipiro), (2) kuphonya (ziwiri zofanana zizindikiro pamzere wolipira ndi chizindikiro chofananira chachitatu pamwambapa kapena pansi pamzere wopindulitsa), ndi (3) kutayika (zizindikilo zitatu zosiyana pamzere wopindulira; Chithunzi 1a). Makina opanga makina opanga makompyuta adakonzedwa mu pulogalamu ya E-Prime 1.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburgh, PA). Kutembenuka kulikonse kumakhala ndi zithunzi zingapo zomwe zimayendetsedwa motsatizana mwachangu kuti zisonyeze kuyenda. Zithunzi zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyambirira zidawonetsedwa kwa 30 ms, ziwiri zotsatira za 45 ms, zinayi zotsatira za 50 ms, zinayi zotsatira za 100 ms, ndi zitatu zomaliza za 200 ms. Kuwonetsera uku kunapereka chinyengo cha kuyendetsa mawilo pamakina oyenda, pang'onopang'ono, pang'onopang'ono, ndipo pamapeto pake kuyimilira pazotsatira. Chithunzichi chidatsalira pazenera kwa ma 2.5 s ndipo omwe akutenga nawo mbali, pakadali pano, amayenera kuwonetsa momwe "ali pafupi" ndi kupambana komwe amamva kuti zotsatira zake zikugwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya mfundo zisanu.

Chithunzi cha 1

Chithunzi cha 1

(a) Zitsanzo za zoyeserera zomwe zimaperekedwa pamitu iliyonse pakuthamanga. Chitsitsimutso chapamwamba chikuwonetsa kupambana; zolimbikitsa zapakati zikuwonetsa zotsatira zoyandikira; kutsitsa kotsala kumawonetsera chotayika. (b) Tchulani kuyandikana ndi yankho la "win" ...

Maulendo asanu ogwira ntchito adapezeka. Kuthamanga kulikonse kumatenga 5 min ndi 20 s, pomwe 20 yoyamba inali yofunikira kuti maginito akhazikike. Zithunzi kuchokera pagawoli zidatayidwa. Pakuthamanga kulikonse, ophunzira adawona zotsatira zopambana 20, zotsatira za 20 zaposachedwa, ndi 20 zotayika, zoperekedwa mwatsatanetsatane.

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ZINTHU

Zotsatira Zamakhalidwe

Pa ntchito yamakhalidwe, maphunziro amafunikira kuti azisonyeza, pamlingo wa 1-to-5, momwe "kuyandikira" kupambana mtundu uliwonse wazotsatira. Onse otchova juga a pathological komanso nonpathological adavotera zotsatira zaposachedwa kwambiri "monga" kupambana "(monga kupambana kwina) kupambana pazotsatira zotayika (F (2, 32) = 191.6, p <0.001; Chithunzi 1b). Palibe zikhalidwe zina zomwe zidabweretsa tanthauzo. Chifukwa chake, magulu onse awiriwa adawonetsera zofanana zomwe zidanenedwapo kale m'mabukuwa ngati "zaposachedwa".

Kusiyanaku mu Zochita za Ubongo Pakati pa Opanga Maganizo Opanda Matenda ndi Opanda Maganizo

Tidasanthula koyamba kayendedwe kaubongo pakati pa otchova juga a pathological ndi nonpathological mosasamala zotsatira za makina amakina. Kuti tikwaniritse izi, tinasiyanitsa zochita za BOLD (magazi O oxygenation Level Dependent) pakati pa otchova juga a pathological ndi nonpathological omwe amapezeka pazotsatira zonse zitatu za makina. Kusiyanaku kunaulula ntchito yayikulu mdera lakumanzere (xyz = −12 −20 −6; Z = 3.23; k = 6) yopanda tanthauzo poyerekeza ndi otchova njuga (Chithunzi 2a). Ntchitoyi inali kufupi ndi dera la substantia nigra komanso gawo lodyera. Chifukwa ma neuron ochokera ku gawo lambiri la nigra ndi gawo lachigawo lachiberekero makamaka amakonzera nyukiliya yomwe imalowa mu ventral striatum (Robbins & Everitt, 1999) tidawunikiranso ngati zomwe zili patsamba lachiberekero lamanzerezi zikugwirizana ndi zochitika mu ventral striatum. Pogwiritsa ntchito zolimbitsa thupi kumanzere ngati covariate, tinayang'ananso ubongo wathunthu ndikuwunikira zomwe zidawonetsa kuti ntchito mu mbali yoyenerera ya ventral striatum idalumikizidwa bwino (r = .95) ali ndi zochitika mumabatani akumanzere pamiyala yotsala koma osati yotsika mtima (Chithunzi 2b). Madera owonjezera omwe adagwirizana ndi tsamba lakumanzere kwa otchoberekera a m'magazi amaphatikiza girus yotsika ya kutsogolo ndi girasi wamkati wapakati. Ngakhale kuti palibe dera lomwe limasinthana ndi zochitika zam'mimba kumanzere osavomerezeka, malo ena ambiri anatero. Izi zikuphatikiza gritus wamankhwala am'manja, gritus wapakati wapakati, gilasi, mbali ziwiri zamkati, kumanzere kwa kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo, ndi kumanzere kozizira (pazonse mndandanda wa oyang'anira, onani Gulu 1).

Chithunzi cha 2

Chithunzi cha 2

(a) Zochita kumiseche yakumanzere, yomwe imawonetsedwa ndi kagawo ka MRI, ndi yayikulu kuposa zongotchera njuga. Ziwonetsero za ziweto zimatanthawuza ndipo phunzirolo limasanja masitepe a beta malinga ndi zabwinobwino (N = 11) komanso zam'mbuyomu ...

Gulu 1

Gulu 1

Amagwirizananso ndi kuwongolera kwakuthupi koyenera ndi ntchito yamkati akumanzere mwa otchovera njuga komanso osakhala achikhalidwe.

Tidawunikiranso ngati zochita zaubongo mu kutchova njuga kwa m'magazi zinali zokhudzana ndi kuuma kwa kutchova juga kwa matenda am'mimba monga momwe SOGS imadziwira. Kugwiritsa ntchito SOGS ngati covariate, pazotsatira zonse zamakina oyendetsa, tawona kuwonongeka koyipa ndi zochitika kumanja kwa kutsogolo kwa gyrus (xyz = 44 36 −14; Z = 3.13; k = 45; r = −.82), michere yam'mbali ya michere yam'mbali (xyz = −6 29 −10; Z = 2.85; k = 43; r = −.78), ndi thalamus (xyz = −2 −2 2; Z = 2.99; k = 31; r = −.80; Chithunzi 3). Zowongolera izi zikuwonetsa kuti m'matchuthi amiseche, m'mene zovuta za kutchova njuga zikuchulukirachulukira, zochitika m'maderawa zidachepa.

Chithunzi cha 3

Chithunzi cha 3

Zochita pakati pa gorus (a), gralus ya mkati mwa mkati (b), ndi thalamus (c) zimagwirizana ndi zambiri pa South Oaks Guga Survey (SOGS) mu otchovera njuga. Zowonjezerani pamiyala yomwaza imayimira beta yokhazikika ...

Zotsatira Zapamwamba Zopambana, Pafupi-Padera, ndi Kutaya Ma spins

Tidatengera njira yosasinthira yodziwitsa magulu odziyimira pawokha ogwirizana ndi kupambana, kuphonya, ndi zotsatira zoyipa. M'malo mophatikiza phindu lalikulu la ma wins (zowina-kutaya), zophonya (pafupi-kuphonya-kutaya), ndi zotayika (zotayikiridwa) zimagulu onse awiri, kuwunikira komwe kungawonetsetsetsetse komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi gulu limodzi kapena linzake. , tidatengera njira yowunikira yolumikizira (Nichols ndi al., 2005) kuzindikira zopambana zofananira, zaposachedwa, komanso zotayika pa magulu onse awiriwa. Kusanthula kwa cholumikizira kumakhala kosamalitsa kuposa kuwunika zotsatira zoyipa chifukwa kuyambitsa kuyenera kupitilira gawo la manambala mu onse magulu asanavumbulutsidwe motsutsana. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, tinayeseza mgwirizano kuti tiwone ma win (ma fayikidwe- kutayika), zoperewera (zoperewera-kutayika), ndi kutaya (kutaya) zomwe zidali zofala pamasewera omwe amatsata omwe samadziwika bwino.

Kupenda kwapanjira pazotsatira zopambana sikunawonetse phindu lililonse, zikuwonetsa kuti maukonde a zigawo omwe amapindulira ma spins mu osatetemera omwe sanayankhe anali osagwirizana ndi maukonde omwe amagwira ntchito yotchovera njuga. Kupenda kwapanjira pazotsatira zaposachedwa kunavumbulutsa pafupifupi zomwe zapezedwa. Kupatula kupatula (mwachitsanzo, zigawo zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizoseweretsa zamisala komanso zopanda mankhwala) zimawonedwa mu zochitika zazikatikati zamatsenga a occipital gyrus (kumanzere: xyz = −24 −99 −2; Z = 3.45; k = 21; kumanja: xyz = 24 −99 −2; Z = 3.64; k = 41). Kuwunikira komwe kumachitika pazotsatira zakutaya kunawululira kutseguka kwakukulu pakati pa otchova njuga komanso osakhala aubongo. Makina amtundu wotayika ankakhala ndi zochulukitsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa mozungulira (kumanzere: xyz) = −12 −59 56; Z = 4.13; k = 125; kumanja: xyz = 18 −63 60; Z = 5.63; k = 406), yapakati / yapamwamba ya occipital gyri (kumanzere: xyz = −26 −85 19; Z = 3.84; k = 262; kumanja: xyz = 36 −80 30; Z = 4.07; k = 57), ndi magulu awiri apamwamba a kutsogolo gyri (kumanzere: xyz = −26 6 49; Z = 3.11; k = 54; kumanja: xyz = 30 8 56; Z = 3.67; k = 102).

Zotsatira Zapadera Zopambana, Pafupi-Panganizo, ndi Kutaya Zina mu Zotchera Pathological komanso Zopanda Phunziro

Popeza tazindikira kuwina (kapena kuchepa kwake), kupambana kwakanthawi, komanso kutaya mphamvu pamasewera omwe amatsata omwe sanatchulidwepo, tinatembenuka ndikufufuza za kupambana kwapadera, kuphonya, ndi kutayika mu gulu lirilonse. Kuti tipeze zochitika zapadera ndikupatula zomwe zinali zodziwika m'magulu onse awiriwa, sitinapatula zigawo zomwe zili mgulu limodzi tikamayang'ana kufanana komwe kuli m'gulu linalo. Mwachitsanzo, kuti tidziwe ntchito zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ma spins omwe amapambana (kupambana-kutayika) kosiyana ndi kutchova njuga, tidasanthula kuwonongeka kwa mapanganidwe mu otchova juga osaneneka kenako kupatula zigawo zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi izi mukamayang'ana zopeza-kutayika kwa otchova njuga. . Mwanjira imeneyi, zochitika zilizonse muzoyerekeza-kutayika mu groupological ndizopezeka gulu lokhalo lokhalo. Njirayi, yomwe imatchedwa kuti chokhazikika pamiyeso, idachitika pakukonzekera kosankha ndizotsatira kuti zidziwike zomwe zinali zofunikira pagulu lirilonse. Kusiyanitsa komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chigoba chokhacho kunkaperekedwa p <0.05 sinakonzeke poyerekeza kambiri. Chifukwa chakuti kusiyanitsa kwa chigoba kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira madera oti asaphatikizidwe pakuwunika, malowa akuteteza mwaufulu zigawo zomwe zingagwire ntchito mgulu lirilonse, motero kuwonetsetsa kuti zigawo zomwe zimadziwika motsutsana ndizosiyana ndi gulu lirilonse.

Kwa opambana (opambana - otayika), otchova juga osatengera zachilengedwe adakhazikitsa ufulu wogwirizira kwakanthawi pomwe otchova njuga amachititsa kuti magawo azigwiritsidwe ntchito kuphatikiza girus wapakati, wosiyidwa ndi parietal wobili Kutulutsa kumafikira ku gawo la amygdala pena paliponse, mbali yamanzere yamanzere, ubongo wamanzere, komanso kutsogolo kwakumaso kwamanja (onani. Gulu 2; Chithunzi 4 mzere wapamwamba). Kwa zophophonya zapafupifupi (zapafupi-zophonya-kutayika), otchova njuga omwe samayambitsa chilichonse, omwe otchova juga amadzaza okha magwiridwe oyenera, pomwe ufulu umafikira mu amygdala, midbrain, and cerebellum (onani. Gulu 3; Chithunzi 4 mzere wapakati). Zotayika (zotayika-zipambana), otchova juga osaneneka adayambitsa makina ambiri aubongo omwe amaphatikiza ndendende mu medali parietal cortex, parietal otsika parietal, otsala otsika / pakati kutsogolo kwa gyrus, girus wapakati wapatsogola, komanso wowonera kumbuyo madera kuphatikiza dzanja lamanja la fusiform, girus wa pakati penipeni, ndi kumanzere kwakumaso kwa occipital. Otchova juga pazachikhalidwe amangoyambitsa mwapadera ma parietal lobule (onani Gulu 4; Chithunzi 4 mzere wapansi).

Chithunzi cha 4

Chithunzi cha 4

Zochita zapadera za Wins-Losses (mzere wapamwamba), Near Misses-Losses (mzere wapakatikati), ndi Losses-Wins (mzere wapansi) mu nonpathological (zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi malire a lalanje) ndi otchovera njuga (zomwe zawonetsedwa ndi malire ofiira). Mzere wapamwamba: Zochita mu ...

Gulu 2

Gulu 2

Ogwirizanitsa ndi mapangidwe apadera a win-enieni (amapambana-kutaya) muzochita zotchovera njuga komanso zosatsata.

Gulu 3

Gulu 3

Ogwirizanitsa ndi mapangidwe apadera pafupi ndi miss-enieni (pafupi-ndi-makanthidwe-kutayika) mwa otchova njirayi komanso omwe samakonda.

Gulu 4

Gulu 4

Amaphatikizana ndi mayendedwe apadera otayidwa mwatsatanetsatane (zotayidwa-- zimapweteketsa) mwa otchova njuga.

Kudutsa pakati pa Near-Misses ndi Wins and Losses in Pathological and Nonpathological Gamblers

Poyambirira, tinaneneratu kuti zomwe ziphonye pafupi zidzawonetsa zochulukirachulukira ndi zotayika mwa otchova juga omwe sanachite bwino koma amadzakumana ndi zopambana mgulu lachiwerewere. Kuneneraku kukutanthauza kuti zomwe zaphonyedwa pafupi ndizomwe zimakhala zopambana komanso zotayika. Kuti tizindikire zomwe zili ngati zopambana zaposachedwa, tidasiyanitsa zophonya pafupi ndi zotayika (zoperewera-zotayika). Poganizira zowonjezera, kusiyana kumeneku kuyenera kuwonetsa zochitika ngati zaposachedwa pochotsa zomwe zakhala ngati zaposachedwa kwambiri. Mofananamo, kuti tizindikire zomwe zili ngati zoperewera zaposachedwa, tidasiyanitsa zophonya zaposachedwa ndi zopambana (zoyandikira-zopambana). Mosiyana ndi izi, zinthu ngati zopambana zaposachedwa kwambiri ziyenera kuchotsedwa, kuwulula zochitika ngati zotayika posachedwa. Kutsatira njira ya Clark et al.'s (2009), chilichonse mwazosiyanazi chidasungidwa ndi ma network awo opambana (kupambana-kutaya) kapena kutaya (kutayika-kupambana) kuti awone kulumikizana kwa netiwekiyo.

Ponena za mikhalidwe yapamwamba yaposachedwa kuphonya, momwe malingaliro athu aliri olondola, tiyenera kuwona kuchuluka pakati pa zophonya ndi zopambana m'gulu latsopanolo kuposa gulu lomwe silimaliza matenda. Zowonadi, izi ndi zomwe tidawona. Mu gulu lankhondo, zochulukirapo za zomwe zaperewera kuposa zomwe zasiyidwa (zosemphana ndi zopeza - zotayidwa) zimawonedwa mu mbiri yapansi ya occipital gyrus (kumanja: xyz = 28 −97 −2; Z = 4.77; k = 171; kumanzere: xyz = −20 −99 −5; Z = 4.07; k = 126), uncus yoyenera (34 1 −25; Z = 4.04; k = 267), dorsal drial striatum (kumanja: xyz = 6 −2 −2; Z = 3.34; k = 57; kumanzere: xyz = −22 −2 −3; Z = 3.17; k = 93), cerebellum (xyz = 0 −45 −13; Z = 3.18; k = 60), kumanzere kwapakati pa girus (xyz = −60 −43 −6; Z = 3.13; k = 75), ndi kumanzere kwamanzere pafupi ndi substantia nigra (xyz = −10 −18 −16; Z = 3.04; k = 27). Kusiyana komweku komwe kumachitika mwa omwe amatchova juga osaneneka kumavumbula chiwonetsero chimodzi chokhacho chomwe chili pamalo oyenera a occipital lobe (xyz = 24 −100 −2; Z = 3.64; k = 45; Chithunzi 5 mzere wapamwamba).

Chithunzi cha 5

Chithunzi cha 5

Kudutsa pakati pa ntchito za Miss Miss ndi Win (mzere wapamwamba) ndi Kuwonongeka (mzere wapansi) zochitika m'matchuthi a pathological komanso osaneneka. Njira Yapamwamba: Ochita juga pazakuwonetseratu amawonetsa kudutsana kwakukulu pakati pa Near Miss ndi Win zochitika kuposa otchova juga osaneneka. Pansi ...

Kenako tinayang'ana mikhalidwe yonga kutayika kwa gulu lililonse. Mwa zowerengera izi, tidaneneratu kuti kulumikizana pakati pa zophonya ndi zochotsa kudzakhala kwakukulu muopanda chiphunzitso kuposa gulu latsamba. Apanso, zotsatira zake zidatsimikizira kulosera kwathu. Mothandizidwa ndi gulu la anthu amisala, ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya zomwe zaperewera kuposa zomwe zapata (zotsekedwa ndi zotayikiratu) zidawonedwa mu parietal lobule bilaterally (kumanzere: xyz = −32 −60 51; Z = 3.49; k = 181; kumanja: xyz = 18 −67 59; Z = 3.30; k = 88), girus wamkulu wapakatikati wapamwamba (kumanja: xyz = 30 12 51; Z = 3.25; k =31; kumanzere: xyz = −28 12 45; Z = 3.17; k = 49), makulidwe oyenera (xyz = 8 −57 −54; Z = 3.17; k = 27) kukulira mu parietal lobule wapamwamba (xyz = 30 −54 56; Z = 3.18; k = 12), ndi cholondola chapamwamba kwambiri (xyz = 38 −80 28; Z = 3.37; k = 38). Mosiyana ndi izi, kuyerekeza komweku komwe kunachitika mu gulu lomwe siliri la chidziwitso kunayambitsa maukonde ambiri omwe amaphatikizira parietal lobule wamanja (kumanja: xyz = 40 −40 40; Z = 5.42; k = 180; kumanzere: xyz = −28 −47 44; Z = 4.81; k = 166), medali parietal / precuneus (xyz = −5 −68 49; Z = 5.42; k = 293), wotsalira wotsika (xyz = −48 46 −6; Z = 4.81; k = 141), wapakati pakati (kumanja: xyz = 34 18 47; Z = 4.73; k = 569; xyz = 44 38 20; Z = 3.66; k = 217; kumanzere: xyz = −32 16 54; Z = 3.92; k = 301; xyz = −48 30 26; Z = 4.54; k = 345), komanso mendulo yapamwamba (xyz = −4 22 49; Z = 4.63; k = 605) kutsogolo gyri, cerebellum yapakati (kumanja: xyz = 30 −63 −24; Z = 4.10; k = 202; xyz = 4 −77 −16; Z = 3.75; k = 136; kumanzere: xyz = −38 −71 −15; Z = 3.25; k = 11), masamba otsika a occipital gyrus (xyz = −18 −96 −7; Z = 3.87; k = 17), gyrus wakunja wosakhalitsa (xyz = 59 −53 −12; Z = 3.91; k = 86), ndi posterior cingulate (xyz = 6 −32 20; Z = 3.52; k = 12; Chithunzi 5 mzere wapansi).

Pitani ku:

KUKANGANANI

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali ziwiri: (1) kusiyanitsa zochita ndi ubongo pakati pa otchova njuga komanso osaneneka, ndi (2) kuwunika kusiyana ngati ntchito yotsatira zotsatira za kuyendetsa kwa makina owotcha, oyang'ana makamaka pafupi- kuphonya - pomwe awiri oyimilira ayimilira pa chimodzimodzicho, ndipo chizindikiro chimangokhala pamwamba kapena pansi pamzere wolowera patsamba lachitatu. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawunika kusiyana kwa zochitika za neural pakati pa otchova njirayi komanso omwe samachitika mwazomwe zimachitika komanso pakati pa kuphonya kwapafupi ndi kupambana ndi kutayika (Potenza et al., 2003; Reuter et al., 2005; Clark et al., 2009), komabe, palibe kafukufuku yemwe tikudziwa kuti waphatikiza zonse ziwiri kukhala kafukufuku m'modzi. Kutengera zolingalira zaposachedwa kukhala ndi zojambula zapamwamba komanso / kapena zofunikira zonse zopambana ndi zotayika (onani. Dixon, Nastally, Jackson, & Habib, atolankhani), tidaganiza kuti otchova juga atha kutengera mphamvu zomwe zapambana pomwe omwe amatchova njuga asanakumanapo nawo amatha kuwona bwino lomwe komwe kumakhalako. Ngakhale zikhalidwe sizigwirizana ndi zomwe apezazi, kutanthauza kuti, omwe amakhala otchova njuga komanso osaganizira ena omwe amapezeka pafupi kwambiri amaphonya pafupi kwambiri, zotsatira za fMRI zimapereka chidziwitso chowonjezereka pakumvana kwapadera pamakhalidwe ndi mitsempha. Zomwe mungaganizirezo zikuwonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa zinthu zopambana ngati zaposachedwa (zapafupi-ndi-kutaya) ndi mwayi wopambana (wopambana-kutayika) mwanjira yoyambira kuposa otchova njuga. Komanso, zowonongeka zonga zoyipa zapafupi ndi miss-miss-win) ndi network yotayika (zotayikiridwa-ziwonetsero) zinawonetsa zochulukira mu zosagwirizana ndi zamatsenga kuposa otchova njuga.

Pokhudzana ndi win, win-miss, ndi ma network omwe anali otayika, cholinga chathu chinali kuzindikira zigawo zomwe zinali zodziwika m'magulu onse komanso zigawo zomwe zinali zapadera pagulu lirilonse. Kwa opambana (opambana - otayika), kuwunikira komwe kumachitika kuti kuzindikiritsa zigawo wamba pakati pa magulu awiriwo kunalephera kuwonetsa kufunikira koonetsa kuti ma network omwe amapambana anali opatukana kwa otchova njirayi komanso osapembedza. Ponena za kuyambika kwapadera, tinazindikira dera lomwe linali lolondola kwambiri kwakanthawi kochepa komwe kunali kosiyana kwambiri ndi kutchova njuga. Mu otchovera njuga, ma network opambana anali ophatikizika mu unus komanso kumbuyo kwa cingate gyrus, magawo onsewa mkati mwa dongosolo locheperako la mizimu. Mwa otayika (otayika - opambana), zoyeserera zofala kwa otchova njirayi komanso osakhala a chidziwitso zimawonedwa munthaka zam'mphepete zamankhwala am'masiku awiri, malo apakati komanso apamwamba kwambiri a gitri. Zoyendetsa mwapadera m'masewera osagwirizana ndi zachilengedwe zimadziwika mu netiweki yowonjezereka yomwe imaphatikizaponso misewu yam'manja komanso yam'mbuyo yam'mbuyo, ndikusiya kutsogolo kwa gyri, pakati pa netiweki. Tsambali lidachepetsedwa pamatcheni amiseche omwe amangokhala ndi dera lokhalo lomwe likuwonetsa kutsegukira kwakukulu komwe kumachitika motsatira olondola parietal cortex. Mwa zophonya pafupi (zophonya-kutayika), panali zochulukirapo zomwe sizinachitike. Zochitika mu otchova juga osaneneka zachitika m'dera kumanzere otsika kwambiri parietal lobule pafupi ndi dera lofananalo lomwe limayendetsedwa poyerekeza ndalama zomwe zidawonongeka. Ndiye kuti, m'masewera osagwirizana ndi zachikhalidwe, dera lofananalo lidakhazikitsidwa pomwe anthu awa amawonera zotayika komanso zophonya. Momwemonso, kuyambitsa kwa otchova njuga kwa m'magazi kunachitika mu unus kumanja kwanyumba zam'tsogolo zamankhwala komanso gwero lodzitchinjiriza lamatsenga. Mosiyana ndi otchova njuga omwe siopanda chidziwitso, kuyambitsa kwakanthawi mu gulu lambiri kunakulirakulira ndi ma activation omwe akuwoneka mosiyana ndi kutayika. Pamodzi, mawunikidwewa amathandizira malingaliro athu kuti otchova juga omwe si achipembedzo amatha kuwona zophophonya pazomwe alidi - kutaya zotulukapo, pomwe zochitika zaubongo m'mateleredwe a ziwonetsero zimawonetsa kuti kufupika kukuwoneka komwe kukuyambitsa mbali zina za ubongo zomwe adalowetsedwa m'gululi pamene akumana ndi ma spins opambana.

Zochitika ziwiri zokhudzana ndi netiweki yopambana ndizodziwika bwino. Choyamba, ma netiweki anali okhudzana kwambiri ndi kutchova njuga kuposa omwe sanali achiwerewere. Chachiwiri, pomwe gyrus woyenera wakanthawi adayambitsidwa mwa otchova njuga omwe sanachite bwino, ma network omwe amatchova njuga amaphatikizapo zigawo za lobe zamkati zamkati kuphatikiza uncus yomwe imafikira amygdala mogwirizana ndi gingasi wa cingate, komanso midbrain. Izi ndizopatsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa maphunziro onse adalandila ndalama zomwezi chifukwa chakuchita nawo zoyeserera ndikupambana ma sapota sizinagwirizane ndi zolipira zina zowonjezera. Komabe, otchova njuga koma osakhala achiwerewere adayambitsa zigawo zamaubongo komanso magawo ena aubongo omwe ali m'gulu la mphotho yaubongo (Robbins & Everitt, 1999). Kutanthauzira komwe kungachitike kungakhale kuti otchovera njuga adapeza kuti zopindulitsa ndizo zabwino, zabwino, kapena zopindulitsa, ngakhale kuti palibe zomwe zidawalipira. Kuthekera kwina ndikuti omwe amatchova juga amathandizika kwambiri pamiyoyo yawo kuposa otchova njuga, mwakuti ntchito yakumapeto imaphunzitsidwa bwino (monga zikuwonekeranso m'njira zosiyanasiyana za ubongo.) Lingaliro lofananira ndikuti kutchova juga kumatha kulowa mu njira zambiri zokhudzana ndi zochitika muzochita zanjala (mwachitsanzo, kulimbikitsa maubwenzi, monga kubisa ngongole za njuga ndikunamizira zochitika zokhudzana ndi kutchova njuga), zomwe zingayambitse maukonde ochulukirapo a ubongo poyeserera zinthu monga kutchova juga, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimasintha tanthauzo la kufota. Malingaliro awa, omwe amafunikira kafukufuku wambiri kuti ayambe kuyankhapo, akuwonetsa zomwe zingachitike pakuchitika kwaubongo.

Zowonadi, kupezeka kwa ntchito yayikulu panthawi yopambana komanso yomwe imasowa kwambiri m'magawo anthambi zakuthupi zotsogola koma osakhala amtundu wathunthu ndizogwirizana ndi magawo omwe amapezeka m'derali pakuphunzitsidwa kwatsopano komwe kumatsutsana kuti kumayambitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zizolowezi (Robbins & Everitt, 1999). Kafukufuku wakale adawonetsa kuti amygdala ndi hippocampus amalandira ziwonetsero za dopaminergic kuchokera ku mesolimbic mphoto ya njira (Adinoff, 2004; Robbins & Everitt, 1999; Volkow, Fowler, Wang, & Goldstein, 2002) ndi kutumiza zowerengetsa ku ma nucleus accumbens (Robbins & Everitt, 1999). Chifukwa chake, amygdala ndi hippocampus amatenga gawo lofunikira mu dopaminergic mesolimbic malipo system, neural system yomwe imayambitsa zochitika zosangalatsa komanso mphotho komanso chizolowezi. Kuphatikiza apo, amygdala yakhala ikuchitika pakuphunzitsidwa kwamaubwenzi pakati pa njira zachikhalidwe ndi mayiko ophatikizidwa ndi mankhwala (Robbins & Everitt, 1999; Kalivas & Volkow, 2005), komanso machitidwe ofunafuna kupsinjika ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Kalivas & Volkow). Pamodzi, zomwe apezazi zikuwonetsa kuti zochitika mdera lakunja kwakanthawi kochepa mwa otchovera njuga zitha kulumikizidwa ndi zotumphukira zomwe zimapambana pamakina olowetsa, komanso m'malo a kasino, mayankho amtunduwu angakulitse mwayi wotchova njuga, makamaka popeza chomwe chimalimbikitsa njuga ndi njira yothanirana ndi kupsinjika kwa tsiku ndi tsiku (Petry, 2005).

Kutembenukira kuzotayika, kuwunikira kawiri kotsimikizika pazotsatira izi. Choyamba, maukonde oyendetsedwa ndi zigawo anali ochulukira kwambiri kuposa amiseche kuposa amiseche, ndipo chachiwiri, maukonde omwe amakhala osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa sanali okhudzana ndi zochitika zam'mbuyo, komanso magulu awiri oyang'anira. Mwa otchova njuga chigawo chokhacho chokhachi chomwe chinali chokhazikitsidwa ndi parietal cortex. Kuchulukitsa kwa ma network kumatha kutanthauza kuti otchova njuga omwe samakonda amakhala omvera pazotayika kuposa otchovera njuga. Madera omwe akukhudzidwa ndi intaneti akupanga chidwi chifukwa madera ofananawo adalumikizidwa ndi chisankho chochedwetsa. Mwachitsanzo, McClure, Laibson, Loewenstein, ndi Cohen (2004) adaona ntchito yayikulu mkati mwa dorsolateral presetal ndi posterior parietal cortices pamene maphunziro amakonda mayeso ndi mphotho yayitali yochedwa kuposa mphotho yaying'ono yomweyo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pamene maphunziro adawonetsa kuti amakonda mphotho yaying'ono yomweyo kuposa mphotho yayikulu yomwe ikuchedwa, McClure et al. adaona madera omwe amakhala ndi dopamine mkati mwa limbic system - amygdala, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, ndi zina zofananira - zigawo zomwe mu phunziroli pano zinali zogwira mtima pomwe otchovera njuga amawona zotsatira zopambana. Bechara (2005) adalemba makina awiriwa kuti "osagwira" komanso "owonetsa". Zikuwoneka kuti makina osokoneza bongo amalembedwedwa pomwe ochita masewera amiseche amatha kupindana, pomwe njira yowunikirayo imalembedwa pamene otchova njuga omwe sanayang'ane nawo akukumana ndi ma spins. Kupeza kogwirizana ndi kusiyanitsa pakati pa kayendedwe ka miyendo ndi kayendedwe kowunikira / kotsogola / kaimbidwe kamanenedwe m'maphunziro ena angapo a fMRI komanso (Ballard & Knutson, 2009; Boettiger et al., 2007; Hariri et al., 2006; Hoffman et al., 2008; Kable & Glimcher, 2007; Wittmann, Leland, & Paulus, 2007).

Kuphatikiza pa zigawo zofananira, zolemba zomwe zachedwa ndizofunikira chifukwa kafukufuku wapitawu akuwonetsa kuti otchova njuga amakonda kuchepetsa mphoto mochuluka kwambiri kuposa otchova njuga. Mwachitsanzo, Petry ndi Casarella (1999) anapenda kuchotsera kuchotsera kwa otchova njuga omwe ali ndi mavuto osokoneza bongo komanso osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Adapeza kuti otchova juga omwe amathandizika kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo popanda mavuto Komabe, oyang'anira njuga omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amachotsera kwakukulu kuposa zomwe akuwongolera komanso omwe amatchova njuga popanda zovuta za mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Momwemonso, Alessi ndi Petry (2003) adawonetsa kuti kuopsa kwa kutchova juga kwamatenda momwe amayesedwa ndi SOGS kudalumikizidwa bwino ndikuchedwa kuchotsera: Omwe anali ndi vuto lotchova njuga kwambiri (SOGS> 13) adatsitsa kuposa maphunziro omwe ali ndi vuto lakutchova njuga kwambiri (6 <SOGS <13). Pomaliza, Dixon, Marley, ndi Jacobs (2003) adanena kuti ngakhale otchova jambulidwe oyenera (amatanthauza SOGS) = 5.85) yatsitsa kuposa otchova njuga omwe sanatengereko panjira yochedwa. Popeza chizolowezi chakuchulukitsa kwambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa zigawo zamaubongo, zomwe apezazi zikuonetsa kuti njuga zamtunduwu zitha kuonedwa ngati vuto lolamulira.

Kusiyana kwa zochitika pakati pa otchova juga a pathological ndi nonpathological adadziwika mu midbrain yakumanzere, pafupi ndi substantia nigra ndi ventral tegmental area (SN / VTA). SN / VTA ndiye chiyambi cha mesostriatal ndi mesolimbic njira (Adinoff, 2004). Dopaminergic neurons ya mesolimbic njira yanyumba makamaka ku NA mu ventral striatum (Robbins & Everitt, 1999). Tidapeza kuti mwa otchova njuga, zochitika mu midbrain yakumanzere yolumikizidwa ndi zochitika mu nyukiliya yolondola. Ma nucleus accumbens, kudzera mu neurotransmitter dopamine, awonetsedwa kuti akuyimira pakati pamalipiro achilengedwe monga chakudya ndi kugonana (Adinoff). Pazovuta zamankhwala osokoneza bongo, ma nucleus accumbens adalumikizidwa ndi zotsatira zabwino ("zapamwamba") za mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga amphetamine ndi cocaine (Robbins & Everitt) komanso kuneneratu zakubwera kwa mphotho (Volkow & Li, 2004). Zakhala zikuwonetseredwa kuti kuchepa kwa chidwi cha njira yolipira mphoto ya mesolimbic kwa olimbitsa zachilengedwe kungapangitse anthu kuti apeze mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti akwaniritse dongosolo lamalipiro awa (Volkow et al., 2002). Kogwirizana ndi izi, njira yotsika mu midbrain dopaminergic system yolochedwa ndi yolumikizana bwino ndi maukosi a nucleus ikuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsira ntchito njuga amathanso kukhala ndi dongosolo la mphotho ya hyposensitive (Reuter et al., 2005). Munjira yofanana ndi kukulitsa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, izi zitha kuchititsa kuti anthu azifunafuna njuga ngati njira yodalitsira dongosolo la mphoto ya mesolimbic, zomwe zingayambitse kukulitsa njuga ya pathological kwa nthawi. Makani awiri pazotsatira izi ayenera kutchulidwa, komabe. Poyamba, ngakhale tikonda kutanthauzira kwa zomwe zilipo, tiyenera kudziwa kuti chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi zomwe sizinaphatikizidwe mu phunziroli, sizikudziwika ngati kusiyana pakati pa otchova juga kwa SN / VTA ndizodziwika bwino ndi kutchova juga zoyambitsa kapena ngati ndizosiyana padziko lonse lapansi mu ubongo. Chachiwiri, pakakhala kutsutsana pankhani yokhoza kutulutsa chizindikiro cha BOLD mkati mwa SN / VTA (cf. D'Ardenne, McClure, Nystrom, & Cohen, 2008; Düzel et al., 2009), malo omwe adatsegulirawo ndi momwe zimagwirizanira ndi zochitika mu ventral striatum, malo owonetsera a SN / VTA dopaminergic neurons, amatidziwitsa kuti kwenikweni gwero la chizindikiro cha BOLD linali mu SN / VTA. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo adzafunika kuwunikanso tsatanetsataneyo.

Kuopsa kwa kutchova juga kwa matenda a m'magazi kunapezeka kuti kukugwirizana ndi zolakwika pakati pa girizi wamkati wamkati, kutsogolo kwa magonedwe am'manja, ndi thalamus (onani. Chithunzi 3). Chifukwa chake, pamene njuga zikuchulukirachulukira, zochitika m'maderawa zidachepa. Cortex ya ventromedial frontal ndiye malo owerengera gawo lachitatu la midbrain dopaminergic thirakiti (Adinoff, 2004), njira ya mesocortical, ndipo awonetsedwa kuti ali ndi vuto la kuledzera pakumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo pomwe amasiya mankhwalaVolkow et al., 2002). Ntchito imodzi yoyikira ya cortex ya ventromedial kumbali yamankhwala osokoneza bongo ili muyezo wa inhibitory (Volkow et al.) - njira zofunikira popewa machitidwe osakhazikika monga kuperekera mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mokakamiza (Robbins & Everitt, 1999; Volkow et al.). Kuphatikiza kwamphamvu pakati pa ntchito za neural mu cortex ya ventromedial ndi kuopsa kwa kutchova juga kwa pathological kungakhale kogwirizana ndi gawo lawo poletsa zinthu. Kuphatikizika kumeneku kukusonyeza kuti pamene kutha kwa chizolowezichi kumawonjezeka, kuthekera kwa anthuwa kuti athe kulamulira zofuna zawo ndikuzilepheretsa kufunikira kwawo kosafunikira komanso kovutikira kungachepe.

Mwachidule, deta yathu ikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale zikhalidwe za zomwe zachitika posachedwa zikuwonetsa kuwonetsa kuyankha pamasewera onse amisala komanso osapweteka, zikuwoneka kuti zotsatira zake ndizobwera "pakhungu." Monga Skinner adanenera, dziko mkati mwa khungu ndilofunika pakuwunika bwino momwe zinthu ziliri, ndipo tikakhala ndi zida zowonera dziko lino, tiyenera kutero. Pamene njira zowonjezera zodalira zamitsempha zimawonjezedwa ndikuwunikira, kusiyana kwakukulu kunawonekera komwe kunali koyenera pakati pa magulu athu awiri omwe atenga nawo mbali. Kuphatikiza uku kwa miyambo ya kafukufuku (momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi ma neuroscience) kwakhala kukukambirana pa gulu kwanthawi yayitali (onani Timberlake, Schaal, & Steinmetz, 2005 Pazokambirana), ndipo zomwe tapeza zikuwonetsa zabwino zitatu zakutanthauzira kotereku. Choyamba, chikhalidwe chomwe timayeza sichinthu chokhacho choyezera chomwe chimachitika m'thupi chomwe chimakhudzana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe. Monga tinawonetsera, ndi monga Skinner (1974) tawonapo, dziko lapansi pakhungu ndiloyenera kusanthula, ndipo sayenera kukhala malire a sayansi yathu. Iye adati: “Lonjezo la physiology ndilosiyana. Zipangizo ndi njira zatsopano zipitilizabe kupangidwa, ndipo pamapeto pake tidzadziwa zambiri zamtundu wamachitidwe amthupi, zamagetsi kapena zamagetsi, zomwe zimachitika munthu akamachita zinthu. (tsamba 214–215). Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, machitidwe owoneka poyankha kuphonya kwaposachedwa (kuchuluka kwake kofanana ndi kupambana) sanasiyane pakati pamagulu. Komabe, zochitika muubongo zolumikizana zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi otchova njuga. Chifukwa chake, pankhaniyi nthawi yayitali Zotsatira za kuphonya kwapafupi, chochitika champhamvu pakamatha kutchova juga (Kassinove & Schare, 2001; MacLin et al., 2007; Strickland & Grote, 1967), zitha kusiyanitsidwa pamlingo waubongo. Tikunena kuti izi zimathandizira kwambiri kuphatikiza njira zama neuroscience pakufufuza zamakhalidwe amunthu. Chachiwiri, kusonkhanitsa kophatikizira kwazowonjezera zamaganizidwe amthupi kumalola zomwe zilipo kuti zizilankhula ndi asayansi kupitilira chikhalidwe chamakhalidwe. Ngakhale wasayansi wamakhalidwe atha kukhala wokhutira ndi kuchuluka, kapena magawidwe ake ngati gawo lokwanira lazinthu zachilengedwe, omwe sangakwanitse kuwunika momwe angakhalire adzapeza chitonthozo m'machitidwe amakono komanso azikhalidwe. Ngakhale sitikulimbikitsa kusiya kwa ziwengo ndi zina zomwe zimadalira kwambiri, tikulimbikitsa kuti kusanthula koteroko kumatha kuphatikizidwa ndi zizindikiritso za neurobehaisheral kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu pakati pa asayansi. Chachitatu, chidziwitso chathu chimapereka chitsanzo cha momwe kusanthula kwamakhalidwe kumatha kukhala limodzi ndikuwunika kwamitsempha, komalizirayi sikuyenera kukhala chifukwa choyambilira. Kukhazikika kwa magawo owunika, mosiyana ndi kudalira kwamakhalidwe pofufuza zaminyewa, mwina ndi zomwe Skinner amayembekeza pomwe adati "Gawo laling'ono la chilengedwe chonse lili mkati mwa khungu la aliyense wa ife. Palibe chifukwa chomwe liyenera kukhalira ndi thanzi lapadera chifukwa lili mkati mwa malire awa, ndipo pamapeto pake tiyenera kukhala ndi mbiri yathunthu kuchokera ku anatomy ndi physiology ”(1974, p. 21). Katswiri wa zaumoyo wa Skinner atha kukhala pano lero, zomwe zithandizira kumvetsetsa bwino za machitidwe. Pakafukufuku wapano, izi zinali zowona pakumvetsetsa mphamvu za zomwe zingachitike posachedwa komanso momwe zimakhudzira mitundu ya otchova njuga. Pomwe cholinga chotsiriza cha kafukufukuyu ndikuchiza anthu enieni omwe ali ndi zovuta zamatenda, mathero angawoneke ngati olondola potanthauzira.

Pitani ku:

Kuvomereza

Olembawa amathokoza a Valeria Della Maggiore ndi a Lars Nyberg chifukwa cha ndemanga zawo. Olembawo amathokozanso a Jessica Gerson, Olga Nikonova, ndi Holly Bihler chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi ntchito yosonkhanitsa deta ndi Julie Alstat ndi Gary Etherton chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi kusanthula kwa MRI.

Pitani ku:

ZOKHUDZA

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