Zotsatira za matenda a njuga za mphoto ndi kuyembekezera zotsatira zowunika njuga (2014)

Front Behav Neurosci. 2014 Mar 25; 8:100. doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2014.00100. eCollection 2014.

Linnet J1.

Zambiri za wolemba

  • 1Clinic Yofufuza Pazovuta Zotchova Juga, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark; Center of Functionally Integrated Neuroscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark; Gawani pa Zowonjezera, Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA.

Kudalirika

Vuto lakutchova juga limadziwika ndi kutchova juga kwakanthawi kokhazikika komwe kumachitika mobwerezabwereza, komwe kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakanthawi kapena kukhumudwa. Vutoli limalumikizidwa ndi zovuta mu dongosolo la dopamine. Makhalidwe a dopamine amapereka mphotho kuyembekezera ndikuwunika zotsatira. Kuyembekezera mphotho kumatanthauza kutsegula kwa dopaminergic mphotho isanachitike, pomwe kuwunika kwa zotsatira kumatanthauza kuyambitsa kwa dopaminergic pambuyo pa mphotho. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kusokonekera kwa dopaminergic pakulandirira mphotho ndikuwunika zotsatira muvuto la kutchova juga kuchokera m'malo awiri: chitsanzo cholosera zamtsogolo ndi cholosera cholosera za Wolfram Schultz et al. ndi mtundu wa "kufuna" ndi "kukonda" wolemba Terry E. Robinson ndi Kent C. Berridge. Mitundu yonseyi imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pakuphunzira zamankhwala osokoneza bongo a dopaminergic pakukonda, komanso zomwe zingachitike pakuphunzira zovuta za dopaminergic muvuto la kutchova juga akuti.

MAFUNSO:

kuyembekezera; dopamine; vuto la njuga; kulimbikitsa kugona; njuga zamatenda; kulosera mphotho; mphotho yolosera

Mgwirizano wa Neurobiological wa chiyembekezo cha mphotho ndi kuwunika kwa zotsatira muvuto la kutchova juga

Vuto la kutchova juga limadziwika ndi machitidwe osasinthika komanso otsogola omwe amabwera chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwakukulu, komwe kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kapena kupsinjika (American Psychiatric Association [DSM 5], 2013). Vuto la kutchova juga lidasinthidwa posachedwa kuchoka pa "kutchova juga kwa njira" (vuto lochita kuponderezana) mpaka "zizolowezi" zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimagogomeza ubale pakati pa vuto la kutchova njuga ndi mitundu ina ya zizolowezi.

Vuto la kutchova juga limalumikizidwa ndi kukanika mu dopamine system. Dopamine system imakhudzidwa ndi kukondweretsedwa kwamakhalidwe komwe kumayenderana ndi mphotho ya ndalama, makamaka mu ventral striatum (Koepp et al., 1998; Delgado et al., 2000; Breiter et al., 2001; de la Fuente-Fernández et al., 2002; Zald et al., 2004). Matenda a dopaminergic mu ventral striatum amalumikizidwa ndi vuto la kutchova njuga (Reuter et al., 2005; Abler et al., 2006; Linnet et al., 2010, 2011a,b, 2012; van Holst et al., 2012; Linnet, 2013).

Ma dopamine dongosolo mphoto kuyembekezera ndi kuyesa zotsatira. Kuyembekeza mphoto kumatanthawuza kutsegula kwa dopaminergic isanafike mphotho, pomwe kuwunika kwa zotsatira kumatanthawuza kutsegula kwa dopaminergic pambuyo pa mphotho. Nkhaniyi ikuwunikiranso umboni wazowonetsa kusokonekera kwa ma dopaminergic pakulingalira kopindulitsa ndikuwunika zotsatira muzovuta zamtundu wa njuga kuchokera pamitundu iwiri: njira yolosera za mphotho ndi zolakwitsa zolosera za Schultz et al. (Fiorillo et al., 2003; Schultz, 2006; Tobler et al., 2007; Schultz et al., 2008), ndi mtundu wa "kufuna" ndi "kulumikiza" wolemba a Robinson ndi Berridge (Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993, 2000, 2003, 2008; Berridge ndi Aldridge, 2008; Berridge et al., 2009). Akuti vuto la kutchova juga lingakhale "vuto losokoneza bongo" la zizolowezi zomwe zimagwera, zomwe sizowonongeka ndi kuyambitsa zinthu zakunja.

The ventral striatum ndi ma nucleus accumbens (NAcc) amatenga gawo lalikulu pamitundu yonseyi, yomwe imagwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka mu dopamine dysfunctions mu ventral striatum mu vuto la njuga. Chifukwa chake, kuwunikaku kumayang'ana pa gawo la ventral pokhudzana ndi vuto la kutchova njuga. Madera ena oyenera akuphatikiza ndi preortal cortex (mwachitsanzo, orbitofrontal cortex) ndi madera ena a basal ganglia (mwachitsanzo, putamen, nucleus kapena caudate).

Kuneneratu mphotho ndi kulakwitsa kopatsa mphotho

Kuneneratu za mphotho kumatanthauza kuyembekezera mphoto, pomwe kulosera kwa mphotho kumatanthawuza kuwunika kwa zotsatira. Kuneneratu mphotho ndi kulosera kopatsa mphotho kumalumikizidwa ndikuphunzira zamphamvu za mphotho. Malinga ndi Wolfram Schultz (2006), kulosera mphotho ndi cholosera cholosera cholandira kuchokera kwa a Kamin lamulo lotchinga (Kamin, 1969), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mphotho yomwe inaloseredwa mokwanira sichimathandizira kuphunzira. Choyambitsa chomwe chinganenedwe kwathunthu chilibe chidziwitso chatsopano, ndipo chiwonetsero cholakwitsa cholosera ndiye zero. Rescola ndi Wagner adalongosola otchedwa Lamulo la kuphunzira la Rescola-Wagner (Rescola ndi Wagner, 1972), yomwe imati kuphunzira kumayamba pang'onopang'ono pomwe kutsimikiziraku kumakhala kolosera.

Mu makonda pazotsatira zakanema, mwachitsanzo, mphotho vs. mphotho, mtengo woyembekezeka (EV) ndi mtengo wapakati womwe ungayembekezeredwe kuchokera kukondoweza komwe wapatsidwa, komwe ndi ntchito yofananira ya mphotho. Motsutsana, kusatsimikizika, yomwe imatha kufotokozedwa ngati kusiyanasiyana (σ2) kagawidwe kotheka (Schultz et al., 2008), ndikutanthauza kupatuka panjira kuchokera ku EV, yomwe ndi mawonekedwe osokoneza mawonekedwe a U. Midbrain and striatal dopamine coding of EV ndi zosatsimikizika zimatsata mzere ndi zochitika zinayi za kulosera kwa mphotho zofanana ndi mawu awo masamu (Fiorillo et al., 2003; Preuschoff et al., 2006; Schultz, 2006). Dopamine system imathandiziranso kupatuka chifukwa cha zolosera, kuti, mphotho yolosera: "… chochitika chimachitika monga kunanenedweratu, ndipo chizindikiro chosasangalatsa (ntchito yachepetsedwa) pomwe chochitika cham'tsogolo sichili bwino kuposa zomwe zanenedweratu… [ndipo] dopamine neurons ikuwonetsa zolemba zowonetsa zolakwa zolingana ndi mphoto, kutsatira mayankho a Dopamine = Mphotho idachitika − Mphotho walosera ”(Schultz, 2006, pp. 99-100).

Fiorillo et al. (2003) adasanthula kutsegulira kwa dopamine pakulosera kwa mphotho ndi zolakwitsa zolosera zokhudzana ndi EV komanso kusatsimikizika (kutanthauza, kusiyanasiyana pazotsatira). Mu phunziroli, anyani awiri adawonetsedwa kuti ali ndi chidwi chokhala ndi mphotho yosiyanasiyana (P = 0, P = 0.25, P = 0.5, P = 0.75 ndi P = 1.0). Mlingo wa kuyembekezera mwachangu komanso kutsegula kwa ma dopamine neurons mu ventral midbrain (dera A8, A9 ndi A10) adalemba. Dopaminergic kukhazikitsa kulosera kwa mphotho kumayesedwa ngati phasic chizindikiritso chitangotha ​​cholimbikitsidwa, pomwe chikhazikitso cholosera cholosera chimayesedwa ngati chizindikiro cha phasic atangochita zotsutsa (mphotho kapena mphotho). Dopaminergic coding ya kusatsimikizika idayezedwa ngati adalimbikitsidwa chizindikiro kuchokera pakulimbikitsana kuti chichitike.

Olembawo adanena zotsatira zazikulu zitatu. Choyamba, mwayi wopindulitsa wa zokondweretsa unalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kuyembekezerera komanso mayankho a phasic dopamine. Izi zikusonyeza kuti mphothoyo imathandizira kutsegulira kwa dopaminergic ndi kuyankha kwamachitidwe. Chachiwiri, kuyankha dopamine kosasunthika kukutsimikiza mosatsata kumatsata zomwe zimasiyana, mwachitsanzo, inali yayikulu kwambiri kumayendedwe ndi 50% mphotho ya mwayi (P = 0.5), yaying'ono kulimbikitsa ndi P = 0.75 ndi P = 0.25, komanso yaying'ono kwambiri yolimbikitsidwa ndi P = 1.0 ndi P = 0.0. Chachitatu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphotho yayikulu yomwe inali ndi mphotho yaying'ono imakhala ndi phasic dopamine poyambira mphothoyo, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti cholakwika chachikulu cholosera cholosera; zokondweretsa zomwe zidalandiridwa ndi mphotho yayikulu kwambiri zinali ndi yankho laling'ono la phasic dopamine motsatira mphothoyo, zomwe zikusonyeza chizindikiro cholakwika chochepa cholosera.

Kafukufuku wa Neurobiological a kutchova juga mwa anthu amathandizira umboni wa kulosera kwa mphotho ndi zolakwitsa zolosera. Abler et al. (2006) idagwiritsa ntchito maginidwe olimbitsa thupi ogwiritsira ntchito maginito (fMRI) kufufuza zolosera za mphotho ndi kulosera zolosera mu ntchito yolimbikitsira yomwe ophunzira adawonetsedwa ziwerengero zisanu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mphotho yosiyanasiyana (P = 0.0, P = 0.25, P = 0.50, P = 0.75, ndi P = 1.0). Zotsatira zake zinawonetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wamagetsi wodalira (BOLD) ku NAcc, komwe kunali kofanana ndi kuthekera kwa mphotho. Kuphatikiza apo, panali kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa zotsatira ndi kutsegulidwa kwa BOLD ku NAcc, komwe kutsegulira kwa BOLD kunali kokulirapo pamene zoyeserera zochepa zimadalitsidwa, komanso kutsika pomwe kukondwerera kwakukulu kumadalitsidwa.

Preuschoff et al. (2006) adagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yolosera yamakhadi kuti afufuze ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chiwopsezo ndi kusatsimikizika pokhudzana ndi mphotho yomwe akuyembekeza. Ntchitoyi inali yamakhadi a 10 kuyambira 1 mpaka 10, pomwe makadi awiri adapangidwa motsatizana. Asanakhazikitsidwe khadi yachiwiri anthu akuyenera kulingalira ngati khadi loyamba lidzakhala lokwera kapena lotsika kuposa khadi yachiwiri. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti mphotho zofananira zimalumikizidwa ndi kutseguliridwa BOLD nthawi yayitali: kuthekera pamalipiro apamwamba kumalumikizidwa ndi chizindikiro chodziwika kwambiri cha BOLD, ndipo kuthekera kwa mphotho yaying'ono kumalumikizidwa ndi chizindikiro chotsika cha BOLD. Mosiyana ndi izi, kusatsimikizika kunawonetsa ubale wapadera wa U wokhala ndi ma BOLD ogwiritsira ntchito mozama: zizindikiritso zapamwamba kwambiri za BOLD zidawoneka mozungulira mosatsimikiza kwambiri (P = 0.5) ndipo chizindikiro chotsika kwambiri cha BOLD chidawoneka motsimikizika kwambiri (P = 1.0 ndi P = 0.0).

Kafukufuku wa Neurobiological amathandizira lingaliro la kusokonekera kwa dopaminergic kwa chiyembekezo cholandiridwa muvuto la kutchova juga. van Holst et al. (2012) poyerekeza omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova juga la 15 omwe ali ndi chiwongolero chathanzi la 16 mu kafukufuku wa fMRI amafufuza kuyembekezera mphoto mu ntchito yolingalira ya khadi. Odwala matenda amtundu wa juga adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa BOLD activate mu bilteral ventral striatum komanso kumanzere kwakumanzere kwa orbitof mbeleal cortex kupita ku EV. Izi zikuwonetsa kukwezedwa BOLD kochulukitsa chiyembekezo. Palibe kusiyana mutsegulidwe kwa BOLD komwe kunapezeka pakuwunika zotsatira. Linnet et al. (2012) ndinayerekezera omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova juga la 18 ndi ma 16 olamulira bwino mu kafukufuku wa positron emission tomography (PET) wogwiritsa ntchito Iowa Ginja Task (IGT). Kutulutsidwa kwa Dopamine mu striatum ya omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova juga kunawonetsa kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa U-curve ndi mwayi wakuchita bwino kwa IGT. Vuto la kutchova juga omwe ali ndi vuto losatsimikiza lililonse (P = 0.5) inali ndi kutulutsidwa kwakukulu kwa dopamine kuposa anthu omwe akuchita IGT pafupi ndi zopindulitsa zina (P = 1.0) kapena zotayika zina (P = 0.0). Izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la dopaminergic coding of osatsimikiza. Palibe kuyanjana komwe kunapezeka pakati pa kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine ndi kusatsimikizika pakati pa maphunziro oyendetsa bwino, omwe angapangitse kulimbikitsidwa kwamphamvu kwa chikhalidwe cha njuga pakati pa omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova juga. Chifukwa chake, mu vuto la kutchova njuga dopaminergic kuyembekezera mphotho ndi kusatsimikizika kungayimire chiyembekezo chosagwira ntchito, chomwe chimalimbikitsa machitidwe a njuga ngakhale atayika.

Potsatira kuwunika kwaumboni umboni ukusonyeza kuti dopamine ilibe vuto lililonse. Reuter et al. (2005) poyerekeza omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova juga la 12 omwe ali ndi chiwongolero chathanzi la 12 mu ntchito yolingalira ya khadi. Ovutika ndi kutchova juga adawonetsa kutsika KABWINO kwambiri mu ventral striatum kupambana ndikupambana poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera koyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova juga adawonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa KUGWIRITSITSA BOPA ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikilo za kutchova juga, zomwe zikusonyeza kuwunika kotsimikizika mu vuto la kutchova juga.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimalephereka polosera za mphotho ndi njira yolakwika yolosera za mphothoyo si kuti sikungoganiza kuti munthu akangokhala ndi vuto losokoneza bongo kapena vuto lotchova njuga, pa se. Mwanjira ina, pomwe kuchulukitsa kwa dopaminergic ku chida chosatsimikizika kungakhale njira yayikulu pakukonzekeretsa mchitidwe wa njuga, silifotokoza chifukwa chomwe anthu ena adayamba chizolowezi cha juga, pomwe ena satero. Mosiyana ndi izi, mawonekedwe olimbikitsira-malingaliro amalimbikitsa kuti mawonekedwe osokoneza bongo amakhudzana ndi kuphatikiza kwa dopaminergic ndikusintha kwa dopamine system (sensitization) kutsatira kuwonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza kwa mankhwala.

Kutengera chidwi cha “kufuna” ndi “kufuna”

Terry E. Robinson ndi Kent C. Berridge (Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993, 2000, 2003, 2008; Berridge ndi Aldridge, 2008; Berridge et al., 2009) afunsira a chilimbikitso chitsanzo, chomwe chimasiyanitsa chisangalalo ("kukonda") kuchoka pakulimbikitsidwa ("kufuna") pakukonda. "Kufuna" kumalumikizidwa ndikuyembekeza mphoto, pomwe "kukonda" kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwunika kwa zotsatira.

Chochitika cholimbikitsira-chimalimbikitsa dongosolo la dopamine ngati maziko ofunikira a bongo. The ventral striatum ndi gawo lake lalikulu la NAcc zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi vuto. Zosintha mu dopamine yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mankhwala imapangitsa ubongo kuzungulira kwa ma hypersensitive kapena "kumva" ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuchulukitsa kwa mawonekedwe a mankhwalawa mobwerezabwereza kumathandizanso pamlingo wa psychomotor kapena zochita za locomotor. Sensitization imalumikizidwa ndi kuchulukitsidwa kopitilira muyeso, komwe ndi njira yanzeru yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufunafuna mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kulimbikitsidwa ("kufuna") kumatanthauza zochitika zokhazokha, zomwe zimatha kudziwa kapena kusazindikira, zolingalira kapena zopanda zolinga, komanso zosangalatsa kapena zosasangalatsa:

"Mawu akuti" kufunafuna "amatanthauza kuvomereza kuti kusisita kumatanthauza china chosiyana ndi liwu lodziwika loti liu loti likufuna. Chifukwa chimodzi, "kufunafuna" munjira yakusokonekera kumafunikira kuti musakhale ndi cholinga kapena cholinga chotsimikizira…. Kukhalitsa kwamphamvu kumatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi zikhulupiriro ndi zolinga zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi “zosowa” (Berridge ndi Aldridge, 2008, pp. 8-9).

Kuchepetsa mphamvu ("kufuna") kumawonjezeka pakatha kukhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi machitidwe osokoneza bongo, pomwe zosangalatsa ("kukonda") zimakhalabe chimodzimodzi kapena kuchepa pakapita nthawi. Njira yolimbikitsira chidwi cha “kufuna” ndi “kulakalaka” imalongosola chododometsa chomwe chikuwoneka kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ali ndi chidwi chowonjezereka cha mankhwala ngakhale samakondwera ndi kumwa. "Ma hotspots" olimbikitsira adazindikirika mu NAcc: kuthandizira mu chipolopolo cha NAcc chogwirizira kumalumikizidwa mosiyana ndi "kukonda", pomwe kutsegulira mu NAcc (makamaka kuzungulira papaidum) kumalumikizidwa ndi "kufuna" (Berridge et al., 2009).

Kulimbikitsa chidwi kumatanthauzira ubale pakati pakulimbikitsidwa ndi kupatsa chidwi. Kulimbikitsidwa kwa chilimbikitso kuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kukhudzidwa mtima kuti mupeze zochita zosokoneza: kuwonjezeka kwa kumanga kwa dopamine sikumatanthawuza chidwi cha chidwi, koma kuwonjezeka kwa dopamine kumayenderana ndi machitidwe ena a mankhwala amachitika; zochitika za locomotor sizimawonetsa chidwi, koma kuthamangira kuti mupeze mankhwala kumachitika; Kuchita zama psychomotor sikuti kumawonetsa chidwi, koma kulumikizidwa ndi mankhwala kumathandizanso. Chifukwa chake, kulimbitsa kosavuta kwamakhalidwe sikokwanira kuwerengera osokoneza.

"Lingaliro lalikulu ndikuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amasinthasintha ubongo wa NAcc omwe amalumikizana ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chothandizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi chidwi. Zotsatira zake, mabwalo azisankhulidwezi amatha kukhala opatsirana nthawi yayitali (kapena "kuwonetsedwa") pazowoneka zachilengedwe komanso kukhudzidwa ndimankhwala (kudzera mwa kuthandizidwa ndi mabungwe a SS). Kusintha kwa bongo komwe kumayambitsa mankhwala kumatchedwa neural sensitization. Tidaganiza kuti izi zimatitsogolera m'maganizo kuti tipeze mtima wogwirizana ndi mankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa "kufuna" kumwa mankhwala "(Robinson ndi Berridge, 2003, p. 36).

Berridge ndi Aldridge (2008) aperekeni zitsanzo za njira yolimbikitsira chidwi chanu pakufufuza. Mwanjira imeneyi, nyama zimaphunzitsidwa panjira ziwiri: Choyamba, nyamazo zimagwira ntchito (kukanikiza wolumikizira) mphoto (mwachitsanzo, zolembera chakudya), ndipo ziyenera kulimbikira kugwira ntchito kuti zilandire mphotho. Mu gawo lophunzitsira mosiyana nyamazo zimalandira mphotho popanda kuzigwirira ntchito, pomwe mphotho iliyonse imalumikizidwa ndi mawu a 10-30 s, omwe ndi othandizira (CS +). Pambuyo pakuphunzitsidwa, nyamazo zimayesedwa mu paradigm yomwe ikutha pomwe "kusowa" kumayesedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa osindikizira omwe nyamayo ikufuna kuchita popanda kulandira mphotho. Popeza nyamazo sizilandira mphoto, "chosowa" sichingasokonezedwe ndi kulandira mphotho. Chinsinsi cha paradigm ndikuyesera kusintha kwamakhalidwe pomwe mawonekedwe oyambitsa okhazikika amayambitsidwa panthawi zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala. M'maphunziro angapo, Wyvell ndi Berridge (2000, 2001) adawonetsa kuti makoswe obayidwa ndi amphetamine microinjections mu chipolopolo cha NAcc anali ndi makina osindikizira opindulitsa atalengeza zolimbikitsira zovomerezeka poyerekeza ndi makoswe omwe amapakidwa ndi michere ya mchere. Pa kuyesa kofananako, Wyvell ndi Berridge (2000, 2001) adawona kuti miyeso ya makonda (nkhope yokhudzana ndi kulandira mphotho ya shuga) sizinasiyane ngati nyamazo zalandila saline kapena amphetamine microinjections. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti amphetamine amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchulukitsa komwe kumayambitsa "kusowa", koma osati ndi chisangalalo chowonjezereka ("kukonda") kulandira mphotho.

Malingaliro olimbikitsira chidwi ndi kuchuluka kwa "kusowa" ndikuchepetsa "kukonda" ndizogwirizana ndizomwe zapezeka m'mabuku amtundu wa juga za kuchuluka kwa dopamine ku mphotho yomwe ikuyembekezeka (Fiorillo et al., 2003; Abler et al., 2006; Preuschoff et al., 2006; Linnet et al., 2011a, 2012) ndikuwunikira kwa dopamine chifukwa cha mphotho (Reuter et al., 2005). Zotsatira izi zikusonyeza kuti dopaminergic dysfunctions to akuyembekezera mphotho, m'malo maphindu enieni, limbitsani machitidwe a njuga pakati pa omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova juga. Malingaliro a dopamine dongosolo loyang'ana mphotho zomwe akuyembekezeredwa m'malo mopeza phindu lomwe atha kufotokozera zitha kufotokoza chifukwa chake omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova juga akupitiliza kutchova njuga ngakhale atayika, ndipo atha kutenga gawo lalikulu pakupanga malingaliro olakwika okhudzana ndi mwayi wopambana kuchokera kutchova juga (Benhsain et al., 2004).

Chimodzi mwazomwe malire a chiwonetsero cha kutulutsa-zolimbikitsa ndikuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ali ndi vuto lochepetsa dopamine komanso kupezeka kwa dopamine receptor ngakhale atakulitsa chidwi chopangitsa chidwi:

"Komabe, ziyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti mabuku omwe apezeka pano ali ndi zotsutsana pazakusintha kwa bongo. Mwachitsanzo, zidanenedwa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cocaine akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine m'malo motengera zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Chinanso chomwe chapezeka mwa anthu chomwe chimawoneka kuti sichikugwirizana ndi zolimbikitsa ndikuti anthu omwe ali ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cocaine akuti ali ndi otsika kwambiri a striatal dopamine D2 receptors ngakhale atakhala nthawi yayitali…. Izi zikusonyeza kuti dziko lili ndi hypodopaminergic m'malo mokhala mwamphamvu ”(Robinson ndi Berridge, 2008, p. 3140).

Ngakhale zofunikira zomwe zimamangidwa pamunsi zimanenedwa m'mavuto ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, palibe umboni wa kuchepa kwamphamvu m'mabuku osokoneza bongo (Linnet, 2013). Chifukwa chake, vuto la kutchova njuga limatha kukhala vuto la “mtundu” wamalingaliro olimbikitsira chidwi, monga kutchova juga sikumachititsidwa manyazi ndi kuyambitsa kwa zinthu zakunja.

Zotsatira zakuyembekezerera kwa mphotho ndi kuwunika kwa zotsatira mu vuto la kutchova juga

Mitundu ya Schultz et al. ndi a Robinson ndi Berridge amapereka chidziwitso chofunikira phunziroli pa vuto la kutchova njuga. Kulosera kwa mphotho ndi cholosera cholosera cholakwika ndi Schultz et al. ikupereka kufotokozera kwa kulimbikitsa kwamalingaliro akuyembekezera kulandira mphotho, pomwe chisonkhezero cholimbikitsa cha Robinson ndi Berridge chikufotokozera njira za "kufuna" ndi "kukonda" kunenedwa. Nthawi yomweyo, vuto la kutchova juga limatha kukhala vuto “lalingaliro” pokonza mbali zina za mitundu iwiriyi.

Choyamba, milingo yotsika yazomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo sizikuwoneka mu vuto la juga (Linnet et al., 2010, 2011a,b, 2012; Clark et al., 2012; Boileau et al., 2013). Izi zitha kutanthauza kuti kukopa chidwi chitha kuchitika popanda kudziyimira pakumanga kwa dopamine yothandizira mothandizidwa ndi cholozera-cholozera.

Chachiwiri, pomwe maphunziro a Fiorillo et al. (2003) ndi Preuschoff et al. (2006) Kuthandizira lingaliro lakukhazikika kwodalirika kwa dopamine yopita ku kusatsimikizika, kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti awone ngati makina awa amagwirizana ndi dopaminergic dysfunctions mu vuto la njuga.

Chachitatu, mabuku amiseche omwe akuwonetseredwa kwa juga akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ubongo ku chiyembekezo cha mphotho komanso kuyambitsa kuunikira kwa zotsatira. Izi zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro olimbikitsanso chidwi cha "kufuna" koma kuchepa "kukonda" pakukonda komanso lingaliro lokhalitsa pakuyembekeza dopamine pakulosera kwa mphotho. Dopaminergic kukanika mu mphoto kuyembekezera kumatha kukhala njira imodzi yofanizira, chifukwa zimachitika pakakhala kuti palibe mphoto. Chifukwa chake, kuyembekezera mphoto kumatha kukhala ndi ntchito yofanana (dys), kaya mphothoyo ndi chakudya, mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena njuga. Maphunziro owonjezerawa amayenera kuthana ndi kuyembekezera kopindulitsa ndi kuwunika zotsatira muzovuta za juga.

Kusamvana kwa mawu achidwi

Wolembayo akufotokoza kuti kafukufukuyu anachitidwa popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Kuvomereza

Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi ndalama zochokera ku Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation kupereka nambala 2049-03-0002, 2102-05-0009, 2102-07-0004, 10-088273 ndi 12-130953; Kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zaumoyo zothandizira 1001326 ndi 121023.

Zothandizira

  1. Abler B., Walter H., Erk S., Kammerer H., Spitzer M. (2006). Kulakwitsa kolosera ngati ntchito yayikulu ya mphotho kumalembedwa mu michere ya anthu. Neuroimage 31, 790-795 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2006.01.001 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  2. American Psychiatric Association [DSM 5] (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disrupt: DSM 5. 5th Edn. Washington, DC: Publishing American Psychiatric Publishing
  3. Benhsain K., Taillefer A., ​​Ladouceur R. (2004). Chidziwitso chodziyimira pawokha pakuchitika komanso malingaliro olakwika ndikuchita juga. Kuledzera. Behav. 29, 399-404 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2003.08.011 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  4. Berridge KC, Aldridge JW (2008). Chida chogwiritsira ntchito, ubongo ndi kufunafuna zolinga za hedonic. Soc. Kuzindikira. 26, 621-646 10.1521 / soco.2008.26.5.621 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  5. Berridge KC, Robinson TE, Aldridge JW (2009). Kusiyanitsa magawo a mphotho: 'kukonda', 'kufuna', ndi kuphunzira. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 9, 65-73 10.1016 / j.coph.2008.12.014 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  6. Boileau I., Payer D., Chugani B., Lobo D., Behzadi A., Rusjan PM, et al. (2013). D2 / 3 dopamine receptor mu njuga ya pathological: kafukufuku wa positron emission tomography ndi [11c] - (+) - propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin ndi [11c] raclopride. Zowonjezera 108, 953-963 10.1111 / kuwonjezera.12066 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  7. Breiter HC, Aharon I., Kahneman D., Dale A., Shizgal P. (2001). Kuganiza zogwira ntchito pamavuto a neural pakuyembekeza komanso luso lazopeza ndalama ndi zotayika. Neuron 30, 619-639 10.1016 / s0896-6273 (01) 00303-8 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  8. Clark L., Stokes PR, Wu K., Michalczuk R., Benecke A., Watson BJ, et al. (2012). Striatal dopamine D2 / D3 receptor yomanga mu juga ya pathological imaphatikizidwa ndi kukhudzidwa kwokhudzana ndi kusuntha. Neuroimage 63, 40-46 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2012.06.067 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  9. de la Fuente-Fernández R., Phillips AG, Zamburlini M., Sossi V., Calne DB, Ruth TJ, et al. (2002). Kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine mu stralatum ya ventral ya anthu ndikuyembekezera mphotho. Behav. Brain Res. 136, 359-363 10.1016 / s0166-4328 (02) 00130-4 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  10. Delgado MR, Nystrom LE, Fissell C., Noll DC, Fiez JA (2000). Kutsata mayankho a hemodynamic kuti mukalandire mphotho ndi chilango mu striatum. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 3072-3077 [Adasankhidwa]
  11. CD ya Fiorillo, Tobler PN, Schultz W. (2003). Kulemba kwachinsinsi kwa mwayi wa mphotho ndi kusatsimikizika ndi dopamine neurons. Sayansi 299, 1898-1902 10.1126 / sayansi.1077349 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  12. Kamin LJ (1969). "Mabungwe osankha ndi mawonekedwe," mu Fundamental Issue in Instrumental Learning, eds Mackintosh NJ, Honing WK, akonzi. (Halifax, NS: Dalhousie University Press;), 42-64
  13. Koepp MJ, Gunn RN, Lawrence AD, Cunningham VJ, Dagher A., ​​Jones T., et al. (1998). Umboni wa kutulutsa kwa driatal dopamine pamasewera akanema. Natural 393, 266-268 10.1038 / 30498 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  14. Linnet J. (2013). Ntchito Ikusungidwa Kwamtundu wa Iowa komanso zolakwika zitatu za dopamine mu vuto la njuga. Kutsogolo. Psychol. 4: 709 10.3389 / fpsyg.2013.00709 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  15. Linnet J., Moller A., ​​Peterson E., Gjedde A., Doudet D. (2011a). Kutulutsidwa kwa Dopamine mu ventral striatum pa nthawi ya Iowa Kutchova Juga Ntchito kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kosangalatsa kwa njuga zamatenda. Zowonjezera 106, 383-390 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2010.03126.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  16. Linnet J., Møller A., ​​Peterson E., Gjedde A., Doudet D. (2011b). Kuyanjana kosagwirizana pakati pa dopaminergic neurotransication ndi Iowa Kutchova Juga Task ntchito mumasewera amtundu wa mayendedwe othandizira komanso kuwongolera kwaumoyo. Zopanda. J. Psychol. 52, 28-34 10.1111 / j.1467-9450.2010.00837.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  17. Linnet J., Mouridsen K., Peterson E., Møller A., ​​Doudet D., Gjedde A. (2012). Striatal dopamine kumasula kosatsimikizira mu njuga ya pathological. Psychiatry Res. 204, 55-60 10.1016 / j.pscychresns.2012.04.012 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  18. Linnet J., Peterson EA, Doudet D., Gjedde A., Møller A. (2010). Kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine mu ventral striatum kwa otchova jekeseni a pathological akutaya ndalama. Acta Psychiatr. Zopanda. 122, 326-333 10.1111 / j.1600-0447.2010.01591.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  19. Preuschoff K., Bossaerts P., Quartz SR (2006). Kusiyanitsa kwakumapeto kwa mphoto yomwe ikuyembekezeka komanso chiopsezo pamagulu a anthu. Neuron 51, 381-390 10.1016 / j.neuron.2006.06.024 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  20. Rescola RA, Wagner AR (1972). "Lingaliro la mawonekedwe a pavlovia: kusiyanasiyana pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso kusalimbitsa mphamvu," mu Classical Conditioning II: Kafukufuku Wamakono ndi Theory, eds Black AH, Prokasy WF, akonzi. (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts;), 64-99
  21. Reuter J., Raedler T., Rose M., Dzanja I., Gläscher J., Buchel C. (2005). Kutchova njuga kwachikhalidwe kumalumikizidwa ndikuyambitsa kuchepa kwa machitidwe a mesolimbic mphotho. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 147-148 10.1038 / nn1378 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  22. Robinson TE, Berridge KC (1993). Maziko a neural a chilakolako cha mankhwala: chidziwitso cholimbikitsana cha kuledzera. Resin ya ubongo. Resin ya ubongo. Chikumbutso 18, 247-291 10.1016 / 0165-0173 (93) 90013-p [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  23. Robinson TE, Berridge KC (2000). Psychology ndi neurobiology yowonetsera: mawonekedwe olimbikitsa. Zowonjezera 95 (Suppl. 2), S91-S117 10.1046 / j.1360-0443.95.8s2.19.x [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  24. Robinson TE, Berridge KC (2003). Chizoloŵezi. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54, 25-53 10.1146 / annurev.psych.54.101601.145237 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  25. Robinson TE, Berridge KC (2008). Unikani. Chikhumbo chofuna kukopa zolimbikitsa izi: mavuto ena apano. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Zowoneka. B Biol. Sayansi. 363, 3137-3146 10.1098 / rstb.2008.0093 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  26. Schultz W. (2006). Malingaliro a zaumoyo ndi neurophysiology ya mphotho. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 57, 87-115 10.1146 / annurev.psych.56.091103.070229 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  27. Schultz W., Preuschoff K., Camerer C., Hsu M., Fiorillo CD, Tobler PN, et al. (2008). Zizindikiro zowoneka bwino za neural zowonetsera kusatsimikizika kwa mphotho. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Zowoneka. B Biol. Sayansi. 363, 3801-3811 10.1098 / rstb.2008.0152 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  28. Tobler PN, O'Doherty JP, Dolan RJ, Schultz W. (2007). Kulipiritsa mtengo wosiyana ndi kukhazikika kwakukhazikika kokhudzana ndi malingaliro omwe ali pachiwopsezo machitidwe opatsa mphotho anthu. J. Neurophysiol. 97, 1621-1632 10.1152 / jn.00745.2006 [Nkhani yaulere ya PMC] [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  29. van Holst RJ, Veltman DJ, Büchel C., van den Brink W., Goudriaan AE (2012). Kuyika komwe kumangochitika mu vuto lotchova juga: kodi ndizowonjezera zomwe zikuyembekezeka? Biol. Psychiatry 71, 741-748 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2011.12.030 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]
  30. Wyvell CL, Berridge KC (2000). Intra-accumbens amphetamine imakulitsa kupendekera kosakhazikika kwa mphotho ya sucrose: kupititsa patsogolo kwa mphotho "kufuna" popanda kupititsa "kukonda" kapena kulimbikitsa poyankha. J. Neurosci. 20, 8122-8130 [Adasankhidwa]
  31. Wyvell CL, Berridge KC (2001). Kulimbikitsa chidwi cha kuwonekera kwa amphetamine m'mbuyomu: kuwonetsa "kufuna" kwa mphotho yodziyimira payekha. J. Neurosci. 21, 7831-7840 [Adasankhidwa]
  32. Zald DH, Boileau I., El-Dearedy W., Gunn R., McGlone F., Dichter GS, et al. (2004). Dopamine kufala kwa striatum waumunthu pamalipiro a ntchito. J. Neurosci. 24, 4105-4112 10.1523 / jneurosci.4643-03.2004 [Adasankhidwa] [Cross Ref]