Ma cortisol ndi ma alpha-amylase omwe ali ndi zifukwa zosiyana siyana ndi momwe amachitira apolisi amapewa (2014)

Ruud van den Bos^1*, Ruben Taris², Bianca Scheppink², Lydia de Haan³ ndi Joris C. Verster^3,4

• ¹Department of Organicalal Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
• ²Police Academy, Kulemba Ntchito ndi Kusankha, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
• ³Gawo la Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sayansi, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
• ⁴Center for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia

Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti abambo akuwonetsa kuchitapo kanthu posankha zochita posankha kupsinjika, pomwe azimayi amakhala ochita ngozi zowopsa kapena amakhala akhama pantchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu awonetsa kuti kusiyana kwa kugonana kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika kwa mahomoni cortisol (chisonyezo cha kutsegulira kwa hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical-axis): okwera misinkhu ya cortisol machitidwe owopsa omwe amawonekera amawonetsedwa ndi amuna , pomwe azimayi nthawi zambiri amawonetsa zoopsa zomwe zingawachititse kuwononga zochita zawo. Pano, tidayesa ngati maubwenzi oterowo amakhala kunja kwa labotale, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa cortisol komwe kumapezeka panthawi yantchito yowunikira ntchito komanso magawo opanga zisankho mu Cambridge Ginja Task (CGT) mwa apolisi achimuna ndi achikazi. CGT imalola kusankha magawo osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kupanga mphotho. Kuphatikiza apo, tinaphatikizira magawo a alpha-amylase [omwe akuwonetsera kutsegulira kwa zomvera-adrenomedullary-axis (SAM)] ndi magawo opanga zisankho. Malinga ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu amuna ndi akazi amangosiyana pochepetsa chiopsezo mu CGT. Miyezo ya cortisol ya Salivary idasinthika bwino komanso mwamphamvu ndi zochitika zowopsa mwa amuna, zomwe zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi kufooka kopanda mphamvu mwa akazi. Mosiyana ndi izi, mopanda kutero, milingo ya alpha-amylase yolumikizana bwino ndi kutenga amayi pachiwopsezo, yomwe inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi kufooka koyipa komwe kumachitika ndi kutenga amuna pachiwopsezo. Pamodzi, izi zimathandizira ndikuwonjezera zambiri za kafukufuku wakale zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kupanga zisankho zowopsa mwa amuna ndi akazi kumakhudzidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi mahomoni opsinjika. Zambiri zimakambidwa mwachidule pokhudzana ndi zovuta za kutchova juga.

Introduction

Posachedwa tayambiranso ngati kusiyana pakati pa kugonana kumakhalapo mwadzidzidzi mwadzidzidzi komanso chitukuko cha njuga zosagwirizana (van den Bos et al., 2013a); dera lofufuzira lomwe silinaphunziridwe bwino (onaninso van den Bos et al., 2013b). Mwa ena, kupanikizika kungalimbikitse magawo amiseche kwa amuna ndi akazi (Tschibelu ndi Elman, 2011,, komanso, mwina (kuyembekezeredwa) kukhudza mayendedwe a njuga chifukwa kupsinjika kwawonetsedwa kusokoneza kupanga zisankho kopindulitsa muzochitika zasayansi (kuwunika: Starcke ndi Brand, 2012). Makamaka, kafukufuku wophatikizira pakati pa amuna ndi akazi akuwonetsa kuti abambo akuwonetsa kuchitapo kanthu poyesa kupsinjika, pomwe azimayi amakhala ochita ngozi zowopsa kapena amakhala akhama pantchito (Preston et al., 2007; Lighthall et al., 2009; van den Bos et al., 2009; Mather ndi Llightall, 2012). Kuphatikiza apo, zapezeka kuti milingo ya cortisol yokwera kwambiri [yomwe ikuwonetsa kutsegukira kwa hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA) axis] yomwe amuna akuwonetsa pangozi |van den Bos et al., 2009), pomwe azimayi ambiri amawonetsa kuwopseza kapena kuchita zinthu modzilemekeza (Lighthall et al., 2009; van den Bos et al., 2009). Kafukufuku waposachedwa mwa amuna awonetsa kuti kutsegula kwa mtima wamagetsi [kutulutsa makatekisolini, mwachitsanzo, (ngakhale) adrenaline] kumalumikizidwa ndikuchepetsa kutenga zowopsa, pomwe kafukufukuyu adatsimikiza kuti cortisol imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutenga kwawopsa (Pabst et al., 2013).

Pomwe deta yomwe ili mu labotale imagwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni okhazikika, monga Tester Social Stress Test, imayamba kuwulura ubale pakati pa kugonana, maudindo a neuro-endocrine komanso kusankha zisankho, mwina sizingawonetse zomwe zikuchitika m'moyo weniweni, pomwe pakadali pano kuchuluka kwa cortisol ndi catecholamines, zokhudzana ndi zochitika zam'mbuyomu, zochitika ndi nthawi ya tsikulo, zitha kudziwa zotsatira za kupanga zisankho (onani kukambirana: van den Bos et al., 2013a,c). Pafupi ndi kumvetsetsa ubale ndi zochitika monga kutchova juga, kudziwa kumeneku kungakhale kofunikanso pankhani yopanga zisankho mu usirikali, gulu la apolisi, bizinesi yachuma kapena chisamaliro chaumoyo, pomwe zosankha nthawi zambiri zimayenera kupangidwa pamikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Zisankho zikatengedwa molakwika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malingaliro omwe ali pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi nkhawa akhoza kukhala ndi zovuta pa moyo wanu, zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu (Taylor ndi al., 2007; LeBlanc et al., 2008; LeBlanc, 2009; Arora et al., 2010; Akinola ndi Mendes, 2012). Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chokhala ndi chidziwitso chochepa komanso kuwunikira zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa cortisol ndi katekisimu pangozi, tinapatsana mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana pamahomoni opsinjika munthawi yowunika ntchito mwa apolisi aamuna ndi aakazi omwe amaphunzitsidwa ndi mphotho -magawo opanga zisankho kuchokera ku Kampasi ya Kutchova Njuga ya Cambridge (CGT) (Rogers et al., 1999). Chifukwa chake, tidasankha kuchititsa phunzirolo m'mayendedwe kuti tiwone ngati zomwe zapezeka mu labotale zingakhudze zenizeni zenizeni.

CGT imalola kusankhapo magawo osiyanasiyana popanga zisankho zokhudzana ndi mphotho, monga kutenga ziwopsezo, kukakamizidwa ndi kusintha kwazowopsa (mwachitsanzo, Rogers et al., 1999; Deakin et al., 2004; Newcombe et al., 2011; van den Bos et al., 2012). Amuna ndi akazi omwe adachita maphunziro a CGT pa nthawi yawo yowunikira a Master of Criminal Investigation ku Police Academy. Kuunikaku nthawi zambiri kumachitika kuti kumakhala kovutitsa chidwi ndi ofuna kusankha. Chifukwa chake, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito labotale yokhazikika ndi gulu lowongolera komanso gulu lolamulira, tidagwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana pamagulu a salivary cortisol (kuyambitsa kwa HPA-axis; kuwunikiranso: Foley ndi Kirschbaum, 2010) ndi alpha-amylase [kutsegula kwa axatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis; ndemanga: Nater ndi Rohleder, 2009] kukonza masinthidwe azikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Tidaneneratu kuti kukwera kwambiri kwa mankhwalawa a cortisol mwa abambo, momwe zimawonekera kukhala zoopsa zomwe zimawonetsedwa, pomwe azimayi zotsatira zoyipa zimayenderana Lighthall et al., 2009; van den Bos et al., 2009). Popeza palibe deta yomwe ilipo yokhudza kusiyana pakati pa kugonana kwa alfa-amylase komwe kumachitika masiku ano komanso momwe angatengere chiopsezo, palibe kulosera kwina komwe komwe kunaperekedwaku.

Zida ndi njira

Mitu ndi Ndondomeko

Amuna athanzi labwino komanso amisala [n = 49; m'badwo (amatanthauza ± SD): Zaka za 28.5 ± 5.4; zaka 22-43] ndi akazi (n = 34; m'badwo: 26.7 ± 4.1; zaka 22-37; Wophunzira t-tali; t = 1.516, df = 81, p = 0.133) adalembedwa kuchokera kwa anthu omwe adasungitsa kufufuza kwa Master of Criminal Investigation. Maphunziro onse adasaina chilolezo chidziwitso asanatenge nawo phunziroli. Kafukufukuyu adachitidwa molingana ndi mfundo zoyenera malinga ndi zomwe zidapangidwa mu 1964 Declaration of Helsinki [Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Chikalata cha Helsinki) pakuyesera anthu http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/index.html].

Ofunsidwa adayesedwa masiku awiri ku Police Academy (Apeldoorn, Netherlands) okhala ndi mayeso angapo mwakuthupi (tsiku la 1) ndi mayeso amisala (tsiku la 2). Okhawo omwe adadutsa mayeso akuthupi adalembetsa tsiku lachiwiri la mayeso amisala. Kuyesedwa kwamalingaliro kunakhala ndi mayeso okhudzana ndi kuzindikira, mawonekedwe a umunthu, kuyankhulana kwamalingaliro ndi ntchito yokhudzana ndi ntchito [Fact Kupata Kupanga Chisankho (FFDM)]. Pazifukwa zomveka zomwe zimakhudzana ndi njira yoyeserera ku Police Academy dongosolo la mayeso linali losiyanasiyana pakati pa maphunziro. Chifukwa chake, tidakonza CGT kuti itsatire ntchito ya FFDM kwa aliyense ofuna kusankha, kotero kuti aliyense mwa iwo azikhala ndi mayeso omwewo pamaso pa CGT.

Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa cortisol ndi alpha-amylase masana, zitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito Saliveette^® Cortisol (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) adasonkhanitsidwa nthawi zinayi panthawi yoyesa malinga ndi njira ndi malingaliro a wopanga: (1) pamene maphunziro adafika m'mawa kwambiri (8: 15-8.45 AM), (2) mwachindunji kale kuyamba kwa ntchito ya FFDM (8: 45 AM, 10: 15 AM, kapena 2: 15 PM), (3) pambuyo pa FFDM, yomwe idakhala 1.45 h, yomwe ili mwachindunji pamaso CGT (10: 30 AM, 0: 15 PM, kapena 4: 00 PM), ndi (4) pambuyo CGT (11.00 AM, 1: 00 PM, 4.30 PM; onani pansipa). Nthawi zomwe maphunziro adayamba ndi FFDM ntchito ngati gawo lawo loyamba la masana 1 ndi 2 idagundana. Monga magawo okha pamaso (3) ndi pambuyo (4) CGT ndiyofunika pa pepala lomwe lilipo, izi zokha ndizomwe zidzanenedwe pano. Tidasankha kupeza milingo ya salivary cortisol ndi alpha-amylase pamaso ndi pambuyo CGT yokwaniritsa kulumikizana pakati pamagawo awa ndi magwiridwe antchito. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti CGT palokha sindiyo ntchito yotopetsa.

Ntchito ya Kutchova Njuga ya Cambridge

CGT idapangidwa kuti iwunike mbali zosiyanasiyana popanga zisankho (Rogers et al., 1999). Zambiri pazantchito ndi njirazi zitha kupezeka zolemba za CGT (www.cantab.com) ndi mapepala omwe adasindikizidwa kale (Rogers et al., 1999; Deakin et al., 2004; Newcombe et al., 2011; van den Bos et al., 2012). Mwachidule, pakuyesa kulikonse mutuwu umaperekedwa ndi mndandanda wamabuku ofiira a 10 ndi a buluu. Mutuwu uyenera kulingalira ngati chizindikiro chachikaso chabisidwa m'bokosi lofiira kapena lamtambo pokhudza imodzi yamakona awiri, pomwe pamakhala mawu oti "ofiira" kapena "buluu". Chiwerengero chofiyira mpaka mabokosi amtambo amasiyana pamayesero osiyanasiyana. Mayeso ena amakhala ndi zovuta zabwino (mwachitsanzo, mabokosi abuluu asanu ndi anayi / bokosi limodzi lofiira), pomwe ena amakhala ndi zovuta zabwino (mwachitsanzo, mabokosi amtundu wa buluu / mabokosi ofiira anayi). M'magawo a juga mitu imayamba ndi 100 point. Omvera amatha kusankha gawo limodzi la mfundozi (5, 25, 50, 75, kapena 95%), yowonetsedwa motsika kapena panjira yotsika, kuti akapereke ngati chizindikiro chachikaso chabisidwa m'bokosi lamtambo kapena lofiira. Potsatira kukwera kwa maphunziro amayamba ndi mwayi wotchova juga 5% ya malo awo obweza ngongole pakusankha kwawo (mtundu wa buluu kapena wofiira) pambuyo pake kuchuluka kumawonjezereka (monga tafotokozera pamwambapa; za kuchepa kwa 2 pakati pazosankha) mpaka maphunziro asindikize batani pazenera, zomwe zimatengedwa ngati kusankha kwawo pamlanduwu. Mu dongosolo lotsikira amayamba ndi mwayi wotchova juga 95% ya malo awo obweza ngongole pakusankha kwawo (mtundu wa buluu kapena wofiira) pambuyo pake maperesenti amatsika (monga tafotokozera pamwambapa; za kuchepa kwa 2 pakati pazosankha) mpaka maphunziro asindikize batani pazenera, zomwe zimatengedwa ngati kusankha kwawo pamlanduwu.

Ntchitoyi ili ndi magawo asanu. Gawo loyamba ndi gawo lopanga zisankho. Omvera amafunika kusankha ngati chizindikiro chobisidwa m'bokosi lamtambo kapena chofiira (mayeso anayi). Gawo lachiwiri ndi gawo lophunzitsira njuga (kukwera dongosolo; mayesero anayi). Nkhani zake ziyenera kusankha ngati chizindikirocho chobisidwa mu bokosi lamtambo kapena lofiira ndikusankha kuchuluka komwe akufuna kubetcha, onse pokhudza chophimba. Gawo lachitatu ndi gawo loyeserera kutchova juga (kukwera kwa dongosolo; mayeso anayi a mayesero asanu ndi anayi). Gawo lachinayi ndi gawo lophunzitsira njuga (kutsika dongosolo; mayesero anayi). Gawo lachisanu ndi gawo loyeserera kutchova juga (kutsika kwa dongosolo; mayeso anayi a mayesero asanu ndi anayi). Maphunzirowa amayenera kupeza mfundo zambiri momwe angathere. Kaya mitu imayambira ndikulandila kotsatila kutsatiridwa ndi lamulo lotsikira kapena njira yina ndikusinthidwa mosinthana ndi mayeso. Ntchitoyi imatenga mphindi za 20-25 kuti ithe.

Njira zotsatirazi zimachotsedwa: (1) Khalidwe popanga zisankho (QDM): mulingo womwe ukuwonetsera kuthekera kwa omvera kuwunika momwe zinthu zingachitike (chizindikiritso), mwachitsanzo, amayesa kuchuluka kwa mayesero omwe mutuwo udasankha kuchita pamiseche pazotsatira zomwe zingachitike. Mtengo wokwanira omwe ophunzira omwe ali ndi zoyenera amakhala nawo umakhazikika malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri. (2) Chiwerengero chambiri cha kubetcha (OPB) ndi Kuyika pachiwopsezo (Mwinanso Gawo Lopanda; LPB): magawo onse awiriwa ndi njira zololera zoopsa, mwachitsanzo, kukwera mtengo komwe maphunziro ambiri amalola kuwopsa. OPB imawerengera pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa mfundo zomwe zilipo zomwe mutuwu udasankha kuyika pachiwopsezo pachiyeso chilichonse chamayeso, kuphatikiza mayesero omwe amakumana nawo pazotsatira zomwe sizingachitike. Komabe, kusiyana kungakhalepo pokhudza kubetcha pazosankha zomwe mwina mungakonde. Mwachitsanzo, maphunziro amatha kubetcha mitengo yotsika mtengo posankha njira yomwe sizingachitike kuposa zomwe mungasankhe. Chifukwa chake, CGT imaphatikizanso gawo lina lachiwiri, lomwe limalembedwa Kutenga kwangozi mu buku, koma zilembedwe LPB apa kuti mukhale mzere ndi gawo lapitali. Kuyeza kumeneku kukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mfundo zomwe zilipo zomwe mutuwu udasankha kuyika pachiwopsezo mayeso amiseche omwe adasankha zomwe zingachitike, mwachitsanzo, mayesero omwe anali nawo mwayi wopambana kuposa kutaya. OPB zofanana LPB pamene maphunziro sakusankha mwanjira yomwe sangayikiridwe, mwachitsanzo, mwa iwo amakhala ophatikizika kwambiri (van den Bos et al., 2012). Mogwirizana ndi maphunziro athu apoyamba (van den Bos et al., 2012) Tidagwiritsa ntchito zonse ziwiri. (3) Nthawi yokumbukira (DT) ndi Kuchedwa Kubweza (DA)Zinthu ziwiri zomwe zingawonetse kuyipa. DT ndiye latency yotanthawuza kuchokera pakuwonetsedwa kwa mabokosi achikuda mpaka pamutu wosankha mtundu woti upikiridwe. Kuchulukitsa mtengo womwe maphunziro amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti asankhe. Parametiyi imayesa kusinkhasinkha ngakhale CGT siili ntchito yoti kuchedwa kumawonjezera chidziwitso chomwe chilipo. Omwe sangakwanitse / osafuna kudikirira amatenga ndalama zochulukirapo akawonetsedwa motsika kuposa momwe akukwera. Izi zikuwonetsedwa mu DA, yomwe imawerengedwa ngati kusiyana pakati pa gawo lomwe lingatenge chiwopsezo chotsika ndikukula. Kuyeza uku kumawonetsera DA, komanso kungawonetse kuyendetsa galimoto. Amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi zinthu zomwe sizikakamizidwa kapena amapewa kuzengereza. (4) Kusintha kwa ngozi (RA): luso lotha kusintha kubetcha molingana ndi mwayi wopambana (kulumikizana kulumikizana), mwachitsanzo, mitu imatha kubera zambiri pazomwe zilipo pakakhala zovuta zomwe zingawakonde. Kalingo yotsika ya RA imatha kutanthauziridwa ngati kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zikupezeka posankha zochita. Izi zikuwonetsa kukonda kubetcha gawo lalikulu la mfundo pamayesero pomwe mabokosi ambiri amakhala amtundu wosankhidwa (mwachitsanzo, 9: 1) kuposa momwe mabokosi ambiri amakhala amtundu wosankhidwa (mwachitsanzo, 6 : 4). Gawo la RA liwerengedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa momwe chiwopsezo chinasiyanirana ndi magawo onse, monga gawo la ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa pamutuwu: RA = [2 * (% kubetcha kwa 9: 1) + (% kubetcha ku 8: 2 ) - (% kubetcha ku 7: 3) - 2 * (% bet kwa 6: 4)] / average% bet. Mulingo wa RA pafupifupi zero umakhala wosawoneka mwatsatanetsatane pochita zoopsa pazowerengera, pomwe kuchuluka kwabwino kumawonetsa kuphatikiza kwakukulu pamalingaliro omwe apezeka pamawonekedwe apamwamba (9: 1 ndi 8: 2) mayesero kuposa pazotsatira zotsika (7: 3 ndi 6: 4) mayesero.

Miyeso Yakuthupi

Ma sampuli a Saliva adasungidwa ku −20 ° C motsatila kusakanikirana ndikusungidwa pa kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali ya miyezi ya 4 mpaka kukonzedwa ku Specieel Laboratorium Endocrinologie (UMCU, Utrecht, Netherlands).

Cortisol mu malovu anali kuyezedwa popanda kuchotsa kuti agwiritse ntchito mpikisano wailesi-immunoassay wogwiritsa ntchito polyclonal anticortisol-antibody (K7348). [1,2-³H (N)] - Hydrocortisone (PerkinElmer NET396250UC) idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tracer. Malire ochepera akudziwika anali 1.0 nmol / l ndipo kusiyanasiyana kwapakati pa <6% pa 4-29 nmol / l (n = 33). Kusintha kwamkati mwa kuyesa kunali <4% (n = 10). Zitsanzo ndi milingo> 100 nmol / L adasungunuka 10 × wokhala ndi choyeserera choyesa.

Alfa-amylase pamasamba anayeza pa purosesa wa chemistry wa Beckman-Coulter AU5811 (Beckman-Coulter Inc., Brea, CA). Zitsanzo za Saliva zidachepetsedwa 1000 × ndi 0.2% BSA mu 0.01 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0. Kusintha kwa Interassay kunali 3,6% ku 200.000 U / L (n = 10).

Ngakhale milingo ya cortisol ndi alpha-amylase imatha kusiyana pakati pa azimayi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zakulera pakamwa kapena ayi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa cortisol kumasiyana pakadutsa msambo (Foley ndi Kirschbaum, 2010) sitinaganizire izi zakusiyana pano momwe timafunira chidwi ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha cortisol ndi alpha-amylase pazomwe amapanga chisankho (onaninso van den Bos et al., 2009; de Visser et al., 2010). Komabe, chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazi chinawonjezeka nthawi ya m'mawa ndi masana chifukwa chosiyana m'mawa ndi masana (Nater et al., 2007).

Chiwerengero cha Kusanthula

Zofufuza zonse zowerengera zidachitika pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS 16.0 ya Windows kapena tsamba la Vasserstats (www.vasserstats.net) Pakufunika. Kuyesedwa kukuwoneka m'gawo la Zotsatira. Kukula (kwamisala-iwiri) kudayikidwa p ≤ 0.05; p-value> 0.05 ndi ≤ 0.10 zimawerengedwa ngati zochitika, pomwe p-value> 0.10 imawonedwa ngati yopanda tanthauzo (NS).

Results

Ntchito ya Kutchova Njuga ya Cambridge

Palibe kusiyana komwe kunapezeka pakati pa amuna ndi akazi posankha njira yomwe ingachitike [QDM: men vs. akazi (amatanthauza ± SD): 0.96 ± 0.06 vs. 0.95 ± 0.06; Wophunzira t-test, NS], for uses-hatari-OPB: 0.53 ± 0.09 vs. 0.54 ± 0.11 (Wophunzira t-test, NS); LPB: 0.58 ± 0.10 vs. 0.58 ± 0.11 (Wophunzira t-test, NS)] komanso chifukwa chosafunikira [DT: 2019.6 ± 1132.8 ms vs. 1749.8 ± 565.2 ms (Wophunzira t-test, NS); DA: 0.14 ± 0.12 vs. 0.19 ± 0.16 (Wophunzira t-test, NS)]. Kusintha kwangozi kokha komwe kunasiyana kwambiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (1.82 ± 0.80 vs. 1.46 ± 0.74; Student t-ndipo: t = 2.098, df = 81, p = 0.039). Momwe maphunziro amasankhira njira yodziwika bwino nthawi zambiri (QDM> 0.95) ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti OPB ndi LPB ali ofanana. Njira izi zinalumikizidwa kwambiri mwa amuna ndi akazi: amuna: r = 0.975, n = 49, p <0.001; akazi: r = 0.979, n = 34, p <0.001.

Salivary Cortisol ndi Alpha-Amylase

Table 1A chikuwonetsa milingo ya cortisol ya salivary ndi alpha-amylase pamaso CGT nthawi yosiyana-siyana masana, pomwe Gome 1B chikuwonetsa milingo ya cortisol ya salivary ndi alpha-amylase pambuyo CGT nthawi yosiyana masana tsiku lonse. Pomwe milingo ya cortisol idatsika m'malo opangira nthawi munthawi zonsezi [pamaso: ANOVA mbali ziwiri; nthawi F_{(2, 77)} = 6.552, p = 0.002; pambuyo: F_{(2, 77)} = 6.345, p = 0.003], palibe kusiyana komwe kunapezeka pakati pa amuna ndi akazi [pamaso: kugonana: F_{(1, 77)} = 0.801, NS; sex F_{(2, 77)} = 0.612, NS; pambuyo: kugonana: F_{(1, 77)} = 0.011, NS; sex F_{(2, 77)} = 1.186, NS]. M'magawo onse awiriwa palibe kusiyana komwe kumawonedwa pamanthawi kapena kugonana kwamankhwala a alpha-amylase (pamaso: F makhalidwe <0.671, pZotsatira> 0.415; pambuyo: F makhalidwe <1.566, p-zosintha> 0.215).

 

Tebulo 1A. Salivary cortisol ndi alpha-amylase magawo (amatanthauza ± SD) pamaso CGT mwa abambo ndi amayi panthawi zosiyana masana; maphunziro angapo akuwonetsedwa pakati pazibangili.

 

Tebulo 1B. Salivary cortisol ndi alpha-amylase magawo (amatanthauza ± SD) pambuyo CGT mwa abambo ndi amayi panthawi zosiyana masana; maphunziro angapo akuwonetsedwa pakati pazibangili.

Kugwirizana pakati pa CGT Parameter ndi Salivary Cortisol komanso Al-Amylase

M'magawo amuna ndi akazi a cortisol komanso mulingo wa alpha-amylase pamaso ndi pambuyo CGT idalumikizidwa kwambiri: men, cortisol: r = 0.971, n = 49, p <0.001; akazi, cortisol: r = 0.953, n = 34, p <0.001; amuna, alpha-amylase: r = 0.716, n = 49, p <0.001; akazi, alpha-amylase: r = 0.926, n = 34, p <0.001. Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa zolumikizana tinaganiza zowerengera tanthauzo la milingo pamaso ndi pambuyo ndi CGT kuti igwire kuchuluka kwa mavuvary cortisol ndi alpha-amylase pa ntchito ndikusintha magawo omwe ali ndi magawo awiri a CGT.

chithunzi 1A, ikuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa misala ya cortisol ya salivary ndi miyeso ya CGT. Miyezo ya cortisol ya Salivary inali yabwino komanso yolumikizana kwambiri ndi LPB (r = 0.408, n = 49, p = 0.004) ndi OPB (r = 0.378, n = 49, p = 0.007) mwa amuna, omwe anali osiyana kwambiri ndi owopsa, koma osafunikira, malumikizidwe mwa akazi (LPB: r = -0.241, n = 34, NS; Usodzi-r-kuti-z, z = 2.92 p = 0.004; OPB: r = -0.196, n = 34, NS; Usodzi-r-kuti-z, z = 2.57, p = 0.01). Cortisol kuchuluka kwa amuna komwe kumapangira zosakanikirana ndi RA (r = -0.271, n = 49, p = 0.06). Palibe zosiyana zinanso zazikulu kapena njira zomwe zidapezeka. Dziwani kuti kuphatikiza kwakukulu mu amuna kumakhalabe ngakhale pomwe tingakonze chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malumikizidwe (p-mtengo = 0.05 / 6 = 0.0083). Kuphatikiza apo, tidatsimikizira kuti zoyambira zazikulu za LPB ndi OPB mwa amuna sizidachitike chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa cortisol nthawi yayitali pa se (onani Mata 1A,B) monga malumikizidwe adakhalabe ofunikira kuwongolera pakusintha kwa nyengo yanthawi: pamaso CGT: Palibe kukonza OPB: r = 0.365, df = 47, p = 0.01, LPB: r = 0.395, df = 47, p = 0.005; ndi kukonza (pang'ono pang'ono:) OPB: r = 0.287, df = 46, p = 0.048; LPB: r = 0.329, df = 46, p = 0.023, pambuyo CGT: Palibe kukonza: OPB: r = 0.387, df = 47, p = 0.006; LPB: r = 0.418, df = 47, p = 0.003; ndi kukonza (pang'ono pang'ono:) OPB: r = 0.314, df = 46, p = 0.030; LPB: r = 0.355, df = 46, p = 0.013.

 

Chithunzi 1. (A) Zowongolera (r-mawu; y-axis) pakati pa milingo ya cortisol pa magawo a CGT ndi CGT (x-axis). (B) Zowongolera (r-mawu; y-axis) pakati milingo ya alpha-amylase pa magawo a CGT ndi CGT (x-axis). Pazonse ziwiri: QDM, mtundu wopanga zisankho; LPB, mwina kuchuluka; OPB, kubera konsekonse; DT, nthawi yofanizira; DA, chepetsani izi; RA, kusintha kwangozi. Zovala zazimvi zimawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati r-Malemba a amuna ndi akazi (onani nkhani kuti mumve zambiri); asterisks akuwonetsa kuti ali ofunikira r-amalemba (onani mawu kuti mumve zambiri).

Chiwerengerochi 2A, B, onetsani kulumikizana kwakukuru pakati pa magazi a cortisol am'manja ndi LPB komanso kuchuluka kwa OPB mwa amuna komanso kulumikizana kosafunikira kwa akazi. Mapanikowo akuwonetsa kuti magawo omwe amatenga chiopsezo ndi cortisol anali mu mgawo womwewo mwa amuna ndi akazi. Zofunika zamatundu a cortisol sizinali zosiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (amuna ndi akazi; amatanthauza ± SD; nmol / l): 15.50 ± 6.20 vs. 15.24 ± 5.18 (Wophunzira t-test, NS).

 

Chithunzi 2. (A) Kugwirizana pakati Pafupifupi gawo la kubetcha ndi cortisol pa CGT mwa amuna (n = 49) ndi akazi (n = 34). Zitsogozo zimawonjezedwa kuti zikuwonetse malumikizidwe. (B) Kugwirizana pakati pazachuma ponseponse pakubeta ndi cortisol pa CGT mwa amuna (n = 49) ndi akazi (n = 34). Zitsogozo zimawonjezedwa kuti zikuwonetse malumikizidwe. (C) Kugwirizana pakati Pafupifupi gawo la kubetcha ndi alpha-amylase pa CGT mwa amuna (n = 49) ndi akazi (n = 34). Zitsogozo zimawonjezedwa kuti zikuwonetse malumikizidwe. (D) Kugwirizana pakati pazachuma pambiri pakubeta ndi alpha-amylase pa CGT mwa amuna (n = 49) ndi akazi (n = 34). Zitsogozo zimawonjezedwa kuti zikuwonetse malumikizidwe.

chithunzi 1B, ikuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pamisomali ya alpha-amylase ndi miyeso ya CGT. Miyezo ya Salivary alpha-amylase yolumikizidwa bwino komanso kwambiri ndi LPB (r = 0.336, n = 34, p = 0.05), pomwe zikuwoneka zikugwirizana ndi OPB (r = 0.324, n = 34, p = 0.06), mwa amayi, omwe anali osiyana kwambiri ndi owopsa, koma osafunikira, malumikizidwe mwa amuna (LPB: r = -0.184, n = 49, NS; Usodzi-r-kuti-z, z = -2.31, p = 0.02; OPB: r = -0.178, n = 49, NS; Usodzi-r-kuti-z, z = -2.22, p = 0.03). Kusintha kwawopsezo kumapangitsa kuti azimayi azisokonekera (r = -0.312, n = 34, p = 0.07), yomwe imasiyana ndi kusiyana kwakukhalitsa kwa amuna (r = 0.112, n = 49, NS; Fisher r-kuti-z, z = 1.87, p = 0.06). Palibe zosiyana zinanso zazikulu kapena njira zomwe zidapezeka. Dziwani kuti kuwongolera kwakukulu mu akazi kumatha pomwe tingakonze chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malumikizidwe (p-value = 0.05 / 6 = 0.0083).

Chiwerengerochi 2C, D, onetsani kulumikizana kwakukuru pakati pa misala ya alpha-amylase ndi LPB komanso kuchuluka kwa OPB mwa azimayi ndi kuwongolera kosafunikira kwa amuna. Mapanikowo akuwonetsa kuti magawo omwe amatenga chiopsezo ndi mulingo wa alpha-amylase anali mumlingo womwewo mwa amuna ndi akazi. Zotsatira zamtundu wa alpha-amylase sizinali zosiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (amuna ndi akazi; amatanthauza ± SD; U / l): 379.859 ± 219.974 vs. 324.397 ± 201.199 (Wophunzira t-test, NS).

Kuwongolera kwakuthupi kwakukulu kunapezeka pakati pa mansavary cortisol ndi alpha-amylase wambiri mwa azimayi (r = -0.394, n = 34, p = 0.02); sizinali choncho mwa amuna (r = -0.137, n = 49, NS). Chifukwa chake tidagwiritsa ntchito kangapo kuti tiwone ngati kuphatikiza uku kukufotokoza kusiyana kwake. Izi sizinali choncho (sizikuwonetsedwa). Popeza zidawonedwa kale kuti azimayi amatha kupatika pakati-paubwenzi pakati pa cortisol ndi kutenga chiopsezo (van den Bos et al., 2009), kuthekera uku kudasanthulidwanso cortisol ndi alpha-amylase ndi LPB komanso zambiri za OPB. Komabe, palibe maubwenzi apakati pamagalimoto otere omwe sanapezeke (sanawonetsedwe).

Chiwerengerochi 2A, B, ndikuwonetsa kuti njira zomwe zimawopseza kuchepetsedwa ndizochepa kwambiri mwa abambo kuposa azimayi omwe ali kumapeto kwenikweni kwa cortisol, pomwe mbali ina ili kumapeto kwa cortisol. Kuti tipeze izi ndikuwunikiranso malumikizidwe omwe tidawerengera zomwe zimapezeka munthaka za cortisol ndikuwunika njira zoika moyo wake pachiwopsezo molingana ndi izi. Tinkayerekeza kutsika kotsika chabe (contative 1) ndi mathedwe apamwamba (trib X XUMUMX). Gome 2A chikuwonetsa kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa cortisol pomwe magawo a amuna ndi akazi amawerengedwa. Mosiyana ndi machitidwe oika pachiwopsezo anasintha mosiyanasiyana mwa amuna ndi akazi okhudzana ndi mikondo yotsika komanso yayitali. Ali mwa amuna LPB ndi OPB adachulukirachulukira kuchokera ku 1 ya maula mpaka 4, mwa azimayi sanatero, mogwirizana ndi kulumikizidwa komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa. Kuphatikiza apo, mfundo za LPB ndi OPB mwa akazi zinali zapamwamba kuposa zoyimilira za amuna kumapeto otsika, pomwe zotsutsana zinali zowona kumapeto kwakukulu kwa mikangano ya cortisol. Kuphatikiza apo, milingo ya alpha-amylase imakonda kukhala yotsika kumapeto kwenikweni kwa cortisol mwa amuna, koma osati azimayi.

 

Tebulo 2A. Ma paramu oika pachiwopsezo ndi milingo ya alpha-amylase ya chiopsezo (amatanthauza ± SD) mwa amuna ndi akazi omwe amawerengeka malinga ndi zojambula zokhudzana ndi cortisol (onani mawu).

Chiwerengerochi 2C, D, apangiri kuti njira zomwe zimawopsa ndizotsika mwa akazi poyerekeza ndi amuna omwe amakhala ndi mavuto ochepa kwambiri a alpha-amylase, pomwe izi ndizofanana kwambiri. Kuti tipeze izi ndikuti tiwunikenso malumikizidwe omwe tidawerengera omwe ali ndi ma alfa-amylase ndipo tidayesa njira zoika moyo wake pachiwopsezo malinga ndi izi. Tinkayerekeza kutsika kotsika chabe (contative 1) ndi mathedwe apamwamba (trib X XUMUMX). Gome 2B zikuwonetsa kuti azimayi adawonetsa kuchepa pang'ono kwa alpha-amylase. Njira zotenga pangozi zidasinthidwa mosiyanasiyana mwa amuna ndi akazi okhudzana ndi malekezero otsika komanso okwera amitundu. Ali mwa akazi LPB ndi OPB adachulukirachulukira, mwa amuna sanatero, motsatira maupangiri omwe akunenedwa pamwambapa. Kuphatikiza apo, mfundo za LPB ndi OPB mwa amuna zinali zapamwamba kuposa zazimayi pamapeto otsika, pomwe sizinali choncho kumapeto kwambiri kwa milingo ya alpha-amylase. Kuphatikiza apo, milingo ya cortisol imakonda kukhala yotsika kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mikanda ya alpha-amylase mwa akazi, koma osati amuna.

 

Tebulo 2B. Magawo otenga chiopsezo ndi milingo ya cortisol yavuto (amatanthauza ± SD) mwa amuna ndi akazi owerengeka malinga ndi zofanana ndi alpha-amylase (onani mawu).

Kukambirana

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kudziwa ngati kusiyana komwe kumachitika pakumenyekera kwa ma cortisol a masiku ano (activation of the HPA-axis) ndi / kapena alpha-amylase (activation of the SAM-axis) in aindlela ofunikira kuyenderana ndi kusiyana kosankha- kupanga magawo ofananira mu CGT mwa amuna ndi akazi. Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu za kafukufukuyu zinali zakuti, (1) abambo ndi amayi anali osiyana masinthidwe mu CGT, (2) cortisol milingo yolumikizana bwino ndi njira zopatsira ngozi mwa amuna, zomwe zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi kufooka kopanda tanthauzo mu azimayi, komanso (3) milingo ya alpha-amylase yolumikizana bwino, koma osati mwamphamvu, ndikutenga kwangozi kwa azimayi, komwe kunali kosiyana kwambiri ndi kufooka kopanda pake kovomerezeka ndi kutenga amuna pachiwopsezo. Pamodzi, izi zimathandizira ndikuwonjezera zambiri za kafukufuku wakale zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kupanga zisankho zowopsa mwa amuna ndi akazi kumakhudzidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi mahomoni opsinjika (Lighthall et al., 2009; van den Bos et al., 2009).

General

Amuna ndi akazi okha ankasiyana pakusintha kwangozi mu CGT. Kusiyana kumene pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumagwirizana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wakale (Deakin et al., 2004; van den Bos et al., 2012,, kuwonetsa kuti uku ndikwabwino pakati pa azibwenzi zokhudzana ndi kupanga chisankho (kuwunika: van den Bos et al., 2013b,c). Popeza sitinaphatikizepo gulu lolamulira sitingathe kuyankha funso kuti ngati magawo a CGT, mwachitsanzo omwe akukhudzana ndi kutenga chiwopsezo, anali okwera kapena otsika kwambiri pagulu lolemba ntchito. Komabe, zambiri zam'mbuyomu zamagulu m'mitu yofananayo (van den Bos et al., 2012) akuwonetsa kuti zambiri za LPB ndi OPB zidali zapamwamba kwambiri pakafukufuku wapano.

Sitinawunikenso kuchuluka kwa nkhawa (zamaganizidwe kapena zochita) zomwe ophunzira athu adayesedwa, chifukwa sichinali cholinga cha phunziroli. Komabe, njira yowunikira nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati yopsinjika ndi omwe akufuna kusankha. Pamene kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa kupsinjika kwamphamvu komanso kuchuluka kwamankhwala amakumana ndi zovuta (mwachitsanzo, Starcke ndi Brand, 2012; van den Bos et al., 2013c,, magawo a salivary cortisol ndi alpha-amylase, omwe tawona apa, akuwonetsa kuti zomwe zitha kukhala zomwe zidasindikizidwa m'malingaliro: magawo anali pamwambapa pazomwe zimapezeka tsiku lonse (mwachitsanzo, Nater et al., 2007; Nater ndi Rohleder, 2009; van den Bos et al., 2009; de Visser et al., 2010). Chifukwa chake, kukambirana komwe kumatsatiraku kuyenera kuganiziridwa mosiyana ndi maziko a mutu wophatikizika.

CGT, Cortisol, ndi Alpha-Amylase

Chodziwikiratu chinali chakuti ngakhale njira zoika pachiwopsezo pamankhwala oyeserera a cortisol pakadali kuwerengetsa sikunali kosiyana pakati pa abambo ndi amai, magawo amakono amtundu wa cortisol anali olumikizana mwamphamvu komanso moyenera ndi njira zoika pachiwopsezo mwa amuna, zomwe zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi kulumikizana kosafunikira kwenikweni pakati pamankhwala am'matumbo amakono a cortisol ndi magawo omwe amatenga chiwopsezo mwa amayi. Zolumikizana izi ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi zimathandizidwa ndikuwunika kwakusiyana kwa magawo oika pachiwopsezo chokhudzana ndi kumapeto komanso kumapeto kwa ma cortisol quartiles. Pogwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika pakulumikizana kolakwika ndikusintha pachiwopsezo zomwe amuna ali nazo zikusonyeza kuti zokhudzana ndi kutsegulira kwa HPA-axis amuna kumakulitsa kubetcha kwawo pamitundu yonse yosamvetseka popanda kusintha kubetcha malinga ndi zovuta zomwe zingapambane. Kuwonjezeka kwangozi kumeneku kumatha kukhala kokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa cortisol komwe kumawonjezera kukonzanso mphotho ndikuchepetsa pokonza zilango (Putman et al., 2010; Mather ndi Llightall, 2012).

Zowerengeka zomwe tawerengera kale ndikuti sitinagwiritse ntchito molunjika gulu la kupsinjika ndi zopsinjika monga momwe timapangidwira maphunziro a labotale kuti tisinthe ma cortisol (Lighthall et al., 2009; van den Bos et al., 2009). Komabe, zosankha zathu zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka mu labotale, momwe zawonetsedwa, pogwiritsa ntchito gulu lopanikizika ndikuwongolera, kuti milingo yayitali ya salivary imagwirizanitsidwa ndi machitidwe apamwamba oopsa omwe amapezeka mwa abambo ndi misinkhu yayikulu cortisol yokhala ndi chiopsezo chothana ndi / kapena machitidwe owongolera azimayi (Lighthall et al., 2009; van den Bos et al., 2009; Pabst et al., 2013). Chifukwa chake, kafukufukuyu amatsimikizira ndikuwonetsa malipoti am'mbuyomu ndikuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, zowonjezerazi zimawonjezera kutsimikizika kwa maphunziro a labotore omwe akuwonetsa kuti kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa cortisol m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kumakhudza momwe abambo ndi amai amakhalira mosiyanasiyana. Mosiyana ndi kafukufuku wakale (van den Bos et al., 2009) sitinawonepo ubale wapakati pa cortisol ndi ntchito yamagulu azimayi. Izi zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi kusiyana pakati pa (paramu () magawo a) CGT ndi Iowa Kutchova Juga Task kapena momwe kupanikizika kunapangidwira (Tri-Social Stress Test yotsalira yaifupi).

Kupeza kwachiwiri, koma kocheperako kuposa koyambirira, ndikuti ngakhale milingo ya alpha-amylase yamasamba sinali yosiyana pakati pa abambo ndi amai, magawo amakono a alpha-amylase anali ophatikizana mosiyanasiyana ndi njira zoika pachiwopsezo mwa amuna ndi akazi: salivary alpha -amylase milingo yolumikizidwa bwino ndi kutenga amayi pachiwopsezo, zomwe zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi kulumikizana kosafunikira kwenikweni komwe kumabweretsa chiopsezo mwa amuna. Zolumikizana izi ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi zimathandizidwa ndikuwunika kosiyanasiyana kwa magawo oika pachiwopsezo okhudzana ndi malo otsika komanso otsika a alpha-amylase quartiles. Pogwirizana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana kolakwika ndi kusintha kwa chiopsezo zomwe azimayi amati zimakhudzana ndi kuyambitsa kwa SAM-axis azimayi amakulitsa kubetcha kwawo pamitundu yonse yosamvetseka popanda kusintha kubetcha malinga ndi zovuta zomwe zingapambane. Ngakhale kuyeza malovu alpha-amylase atha kukhala akuwonetsa kuyambitsa kwa SAM-axis (Nater ndi Rohleder, 2009; koma onani Bosch et al., 2011 pazowunikira kwambiri) zotsatira zomwe zilipo ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito magawo ena owonetsera a SAM-axis monga kuchuluka kwa mtima ndi kusinthasintha kwa mtima.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa mwa amuna adawonetsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwa SAM-axis activation kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa chizolowezi chochita zoopsa (Pabst et al., 2013). Ngakhale sitinawone ubale wabwino pakati pa kukhazikitsa kwa SAM-axis ndikuyika pachiwopsezo pano mwa amuna, chizindikiro cha makonzedwe anali mbali yomweyo monga momwe phunziroli linaperekedwera Pabst et al. (2013). Pakadali pano, palibe maphunziro omwe adaphunzira za SAM-axis zokhudzana ndi kupanga chisankho pamalingaliro mwa amuna ndi akazi. Izi ndizomwe zimadikira kutsimikiziridwa kowonjezereka m'maphunziro a labotale. Komabe, Kafukufuku waposachedwa adawonetsa bwino kusiyana pakati pa abambo ndi amai pazokhudzana ndi activation ya amygdala, kukumbukira kwa malingaliro ndi noradrenaline (Schwabe et al., 2013) kuyang'ana zakusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi momwe SAM-axis activation ingakhudzire machitidwe.

Kungakhale kuyesa kunena kuchokera pa zomwe zilipo pano kuti mwa amuna otsika kwambiri a cortisol (otsika HPA-axis activation) ndi milingo yayitali kwambiri ya alpha-amylase (mkulu wa SAM-axis) amagwirizana ndi magawo omwe amatenga chiopsezo chochepa kwambiri kuposa azimayi, pomwe cholakwika chimakhala cortisol yambiri komanso yotsika ya alpha-amylase. Momwemonso, kungakhale kuyesa kunena kuti mwa azimayi ochepa cortisol (ochepa HPA-axis activation) ndi milingo yayitali kwambiri ya alpha-amylase (mkulu wa SAM-axis activation) amagwirizanitsidwa ndi magawo omwe amatenga chiopsezo kuposa amuna, pomwe Mosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa cortisol komanso kuchepa kwa alpha-amylase. Ngakhale tidawona ubale wosagwirizana pakati pa cortisol ndi alpha-amylase mwa amayi, ubale mwa amuna sunali wolimba komanso wowonekera, ngakhale kuwunika pogwiritsa ntchito mikondo kumapangitsa ubale wosagwirizana. Pakadali pano izi sizikugwirizana ndi malingaliro olimba kwambiri okhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa HPA-axis ndi activation ya SAM komanso gawo la kusiyana pakumayimira masitayilo a amuna ndi akazi [onani kukambirana. van den Bos et al. (2013c)]. Chifukwa chake, pomwe zidziwitso sizilola kulingalira kwakukulu mpaka pano, zikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana pazotsatira za SAM-axis ndi HPA-axis pakuyambitsa chiopsezo cha amuna ndi akazi. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuyang'ana pa kusiyana pakumvana pakati pa HPA-axis ndi SAM-axis activation mwa abambo ndi amayi mwatsatanetsatane.

Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa momveka bwino kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu momwe CGT imathandiziranso pazinthu zina popanga zisankho. Chifukwa chake, sitinawone kulumikizana kulikonse pakati pa milingo ya cortisol kapena milingo ya alpha-amylase ndi miyeso ina yopangira chisankho monga kusayendetsa mwachangu monga kuyerekezera ndi DT (liwiro la zisankho; chosonyeza kuwunikira) ndi kuzengereza (kulephera kudikirira, kuthamangitsidwa kwa magalimoto) komanso kuthekera kowunika ngati zochitika zachitika kapena sizingachitike (QDM; kuzindikira). Akuti kupsinjika kwakukulu kumatha kuwonjezera liwiro lomwe maphunziro amasankha, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa kuwongolera kwambiri (Keinan et al., 1987; Porcelli ndi Delgado, 2009). Pomwe tidawona kuti kupsinjika kukuwonjezeka kuthamanga kwa kusankha kwa azimayi m'maphunziro athu oyamba (van den Bos et al., 2009,, izi zinali zopanda mphamvu za cortisol. Mukuchepetsa ntchito, yomwe imayesa magawo a kusakhazikika kapena kuchuluka kwa kudziletsa kunawonetsedwa kuti malo otsika a alpha-amylase correlate omwe amakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu mwa amuna (Takahashi et al., 2007). Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi kulumikizika kofooka pakati pa misala ya alpha-amylase ndi kutenga pakati pa amuna omwe tawonera pano. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsedwa kuti amuna okwera komanso othamanga omwe amasiyana nawo samasiyana pakasamba kapena kutchova juga kumapangitsa kuchuluka kwa cortisol (Krueger et al., 2005), osonyeza kuti palibe kuyanjana mwachindunji pakati pa kupupuluma ndi cortisol, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka apa. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuunikanso ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kuthamanga kwa zisankho, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukhudzika ndi kupsinjika mwatsatanetsatane.

Neuronal Underpinnings

Ponena za magawo am'munsi oyambira, kusiyana pakati pa kugonana pakukhazikitsa malire pakati pa madera otsogola ndi malo ocheperako kungayambitse kusiyana kwamakhalidwe monga takambirana posachedwa kwina (van den Bos et al., 2013c; onaninso Wang et al., 2007). Chifukwa chake tikunena za kuwunikaku kuti mumve zambiri Apa, timangonena pazowonera wamba, makamaka zokhudzana ndi zotsatira za cortisol popeza izi zaphunziridwa mwatsatanetsatane kuposa zotsatira za adrenergic (Schwabe et al., 2013). Kuwonjezeka kwa kutenga pakati pa amuna pakupanga zisankho zokhudzana ndi mphotho pansi pa cortisol ikhoza kukhala yogwirizana ndi kutayika kwa chiwongolero chapamwamba cham'tsogolo (lateral orbitof mbeleal cortex ndi dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) pamadongosolo a subcortical. Kuphatikiza apo, mkati mwa limbic system mitu yambiri ya cortisol imasunthika moyenera ntchito ya ventral striatum (zokhudzana ndi mphotho) ndi amygdala (machitidwe okhudzana ndi chilango) kumayendedwe am'kati. Pogwirizana ndi izi, zinaonedwa posachedwa kuti jakisoni wachilengedwe wa corticosterone m'makoswe amphongo mu analogue ya Iowa Gambaya Task wasokoneza magwiridwe apangidwe, omwe adalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa zochitika m'mapangidwe apambuyo pake (Koot et al., 2013). Ponena za gawo loyambira la neural mu azimayi zimawoneka kuti kuwongolera kwapamwamba kumatha kuwonjezeka kupanikizika, kofanana ndi milingo ya cortisol, pakati pa ena otsika striatal ndi ntchito yamphamvu ya amygdala. Adanenanso kuti kulimbikira kuchitapo, mwachitsanzo, kanyumba kanyumba kanyumba kamene kamakumana ndi vuto la azimayi kumatha kuphatikizidwa ndi kukula kwa zisonyezo zakhumudwitsa mwa azimayi okhudzana ndi kuthekera kwamaganiza. Kutalika kwa msambo kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pazotsatira zokhudzana ndi kupsinjika kwa ntchito ya neuronal (Goldstein et al., 2010; Ter Horst et al., 2013). Pakadali pano kusintha kwa zochita za mitsempha mwa akazi sikumveka bwino komanso kowoneka bwino kuposa amuna. Komabe, mokulira kusintha kumeneku kwa amayi kumawoneka kuti kumagwirizana ndi kusintha kosinthira pangozi. Komabe, potengera kusowa kwa maphunziro komwe kukuwunikira momwe amayi amapangira ntchito popanga zisankho, kusintha kwa machitidwe popanga zisankho kumalembedwa bwino mwa abambo kuposa amayi. Mwachidziwikire, pakufunika maphunziro owerengera kupsinjika, mahomoni opsinjika ndi malingaliro opanga zisankho mwa abambo ndi amayi omwe ali m'malo omwewo pogwiritsa ntchito fMRI kuwunika kusintha kokhudzana ndi ntchito ya mitsempha (Lighthall et al., 2011; Mather ndi Llightall, 2012; Porcelli et al., 2012).

Zotsatira

Zomwe zimachitika phunziroli zimawonjezera kuchuluka komwe kumawerengeka komwe kukuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pantchito yomwe ikuphatikiza malamulo akumva (Cahill, 2006; van den Bos et al., 2012, 2013a,b,c). Zogwirizana ndi kutchova juga komwe takambirana kwina kuti kuyenera kuwunika kwambiri pakuwunika kusiyana pakati pa kugonana kuti athe kutchova njuga ndi kuyamba kutchova njuga (van den Bos et al., 2013a). Ngakhale kupsinjika kumatha kuyambitsa magawo a njuga, zifukwa zazikuluzikulu za izi zitha kukhala zosiyana, mwachitsanzo, chisangalalo mwa abambo motsutsana ndi kukhumudwa kwamayi mwa azimayi (van den Bos et al., 2013a). Kuphatikiza apo, apa tikuwonetsa kuti kutengera chikhalidwe cha neuro-endocrine zomwe zimachitika mwa abambo ndi amai zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana akakhala otenga nawo mbali mu njuga. Zikuwonekeratu kuti maphunziro amafunikira kuti awone ngati kusiyana kwa neuro-endocrine kumalumikizanso ndi njira yamavuto otchovera juga m'moyo weniweni.

Pomaliza, ziwonetserozi zikuwonetsa kuti anthu ena omwe ndi asitikali, apolisi, azachuma kapena othandizira, omwe amatha kukumana ndi zovuta zambiri zokhudzana ndi ntchito tsiku lonse, atha kukhala pachiwopsezo chotenga zisankho zolakwika chifukwa cha HPA-axis yolimba komanso / kapena SAM-axis adayambitsa kusintha pakuzindikira kowopsa (Taylor ndi al., 2007; LeBlanc et al., 2008; LeBlanc, 2009; Arora et al., 2010; Akinola ndi Mendes, 2012). Zonsezi ziwiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta komanso zovuta kuzipewa sizingakhale zoyenera kukwaniritsa ntchito (van den Bos et al., 2013c). Popeza apolisi angafunike kupanga zisankho mosayembekezera pa tsiku lovuta, kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu kamatsimikizira izi. Ma labotale sangathe kuthana ndi mavutowa. Mwa kuchita izi, kafukufuku wathu adawunikira kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi chifukwa (cha nthawi yayitali) cha HPA-axis ndi SAM-axis. Izi zitha kuwongolera mapangidwe atsopano a labotale yoyesa zotsatira za kupsinjika pakupanga chisankho.

Kutsiliza

Pomaliza, zowerengera za phunziroli zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa HPA-axis ndi SAM-axis kutha kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatila zosiyana mwa abambo ndi amayi pamachitidwe otenga pachiwopsezo. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuganizira kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsa kugonana kosiyanaku.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Ruud van den Bos, Ruben Taris, Lydia de Haan, Joris C. Verster, ndi Bianca Scheppink adayesa kuyesa. A Bianca Scheppink ndi a Ruben Taris adachita kafukufukuyu. Bianca Scheppink, Ruben Taris, ndi Ruud van den Bos adasanthula tsokali. Ruud van den Bos, Ruben Taris, Bianca Scheppink, Lydia de Haan, ndi Joris C. Verster ndi omwe analemba.

Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

Joris C. Verster alandila thandizo kuchokera ku Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Red Bull GmbH, ndipo adachita ngati mlangizi wa Sanofi-Aventis, Transcept, Takeda, Sepracor, Red Bull GmbH, Deenox, Trimbos Institute, ndi CBD. Ruud van den Bos akuchita ngati mlangizi wa Chardon Pharma. Olembawo akuwonetsa kuti kafukufukuyo anachitika popanda kulumikizana komwe kungagulitsidwe kapena kuwongolera ndalama zomwe zitha kuwoneka ngati kusamvana komwe kungachitike.

Kuvomereza

Olembawa akufuna kuvomereza thandizo lazachuma la Police Academy (kusanthula kwa cortisol ndi alpha-amylase). Olembawo akufuna kuthokoza Inge Maitimu kuchokera ku Specieel Laboratorium Endocronologie wa Chipatala cha Ana cha Wilhelmina cha UMC Utrecht (Utrecht, Netherlands) kuti awunikenso zitsanzo za cortisol ndi alpha-amylase. Kuphatikiza apo, olembawo akufuna kuthokoza Dr. Judith Homberg powerenga mozama zomwe zidalembedwa kale.

Zothandizira

Lolembedwa ndi:

Paul Vezina, University of Chicago, USA

Kuwunikira by:

Kelly Lambert, Randollph-Macon College, USA
Jessica Weafer, University of Chicago, USA