Nchiyani chimalimbikitsa machitidwe otchova juga? Kuzindikira gawo la dopamine (2013)

Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kupeza ndalama ndi komwe kumayambitsa njuga kwa anthu. Mesolimbic dopamine (DA), wamkulu wa neuromediator wa chilimbikitso cholimbikitsira, amamasulidwa pamlingo wokulirapo m'matumbo amisala (PG) kuposa pamayendedwe oyenera (HC) pamasewera a njuga (Linnet et al., 2011; Joutsa et al., 2012), monga mitundu ina yokakamiza komanso yowonjezera. Komabe, zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti kuyanjana pakati pa DA ndi mphotho sikuwongoka konse (Blum et al., 2012; Linnet et al., 2012). Mu PG ndi HC, kumasulidwa kwa DA kumawoneka kuti kukuwonetsa kusatsimikizika kwa kaperekedwe ka mphotho m'malo mopatsa mphotho pa se. Izi zikusonyeza kuti zoyambitsa kutchova juga ndizokhazikika (ngakhale siziri kwathunthu) zimatsimikiziridwa ndikulephera kulosera kuti kudzabwera mphotho. Apa tikambirana malingaliro angapo a udindo wa DA mu kutchova juga, ndikuyesera kupereka njira yosinthira kuti tifotokozere mbali yake mosatsimikiza.

Mawonedwe Achikhalidwe: Ndalama Zimayendetsa Njuga

Malingaliro wamba amati ngati njuga pamakasino ikukopa anthu ambiri, ndichifukwa imapereka mwayi wopeza ndalama (Dow Schüll, 2012). Zachidziwikire, "kupambana kwakukulu" ndikosowa, koma chinthu chosasinthika pamasewera ambiri komanso kulengeza kwa opambana zimalola anthu kukhulupirira kuti mwayi wopambana kwambiri sizotheka. Mwalingaliro wachikhalidwechi, ndalama ndiye chimalimbikitsa chachikulu cha otchova juga, ndipo kusachita masewera mosasinthasintha kumapangitsa wotchova juga chiyembekezo kuti zopindulitsa zidzathetsa zomwe zawonongeka.

Kuwona kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi umboni womwe DA imatulutsa mu nambala ya bokosi, mesolimbic dera muubongo, imakulitsa chidwi cha mphotho ndi zikhalidwe zowoneka bwino (Berridge, 2007). Mesolimbic DA imasinthira ndale kukhala zikhalidwe zazing'onoting'ono pakudza kulosera zodzetsa mphotho (Melis ndi Argiolas, 1995; Peciña et al., 2003; Lembani ndi al., 2011). Ndalama ndiyodi cue yolimba, yomwe yalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka ndi mphamvu pazinthu zonse za anthu. Monga momwe ziliri ndi mphotho zina, ndalama zimadziwika kuti zimalimbikitsa milcimbic DA pazinthu zomwe anthu amakhala nazo panthawi ya njuga, kutanthauza kuti ndalama ndizomwe zimasonkhezera otchova njuga (Koepp et al., 1998; Zald et al., 2004; Zink et al., 2004; Pessiglione et al., 2007). Mwachitsanzo, Joutsa et al. (2012) yawonetsa kuti DA imatulutsidwa mu ventral striatum panthawi ya malipiro okwera koma osakhala otsika, mu PG ndi HC, komanso kuti kuopsa kwa zizindikiro mu PG kumalumikizidwa ndi mayankho akulu a DA.

Kukopa Kwa Zotayika

Ngakhale lingaliro lazikhalidwe limagwirizana ndi deta yamanjenje, limalephera kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu nthawi zambiri amafotokoza kuti kutchova juga ndi ntchito yosangalatsa osati mwayi wopeza ndalama. Pamagawo otchovera juga, PG imanenanso za malingaliro okhudzana ndi omwe amachitika ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (van Holst et al., 2010), ndipo PG ikataya ndalama, amapitiliza kupirira pantchitoyi - chinthu chomwe chimatchedwa kuti kuthamangitsa (Campbell-Meiklejohn et al., 2008). Zotsatira zoterezi sizigwirizana ndi chikhalidwe. Kafukufuku wazinyama ndi waanthu akuwonetsa kuti udindo wa DA mu mphoto ndi, makamaka mu kutchova juga, ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa zomwe poyamba zimakhulupirira (Linnet, 2013).

Kudziwa nthawi yeniyeni yakumverera kapena momwe zotayika zimathandizira chidwi cha juga chofuna kusewera pamasewera a juga ndizovuta chifukwa malingaliro ndi kuzindikira kosiyanasiyana kumachitika nthawi zonse. Komabe, Linnet et al., (2010) adatha kuyeza masolimbic DA kumasulidwa mu PG ndi HC kupambana kapena kutaya ndalama. Mosayembekezereka, sanapeze kusiyana kw mayankho a dopaminergic pakati pa PG ndi HC omwe adapambana ndalama. Kutulutsidwa kwa Dopamine mu ventral striatum, komabe, kunadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha kutayika kwa PG yokhudzana ndi HC. Poganizira zolimbikitsidwa ndi mesolimbic DA, Linnet ndi ogwira nawo ntchito akuti izi zitha kufotokozera kuthamangitsidwa mu PG. Kuphatikiza apo, akuti "PG si hyperdopaminergic pa se, koma zawonjezera kukhudzika kwa DA ku mitundu ya zosankha ndi kakhalidwe ”(p. 331). Kudziwa kuti kutulutsidwa kwa DA ndiwokwera kwambiri pochotsa ndalama kuposa PG yomwe ipambana ndalama ndizofanana ndi umboni woti "zophonya" zimakulitsa chilimbikitso cha kutchova njuga ndikugulitsanso gawo la mphotho zamaubongo kuposa "zopambana zazikulu" (Kassinove ndi Schare, 2001; Clark et al., 2009; Chase ndi Clark, 2010). Mwinanso zokhudzana ndi izi ndiz umboni kuti, poyerekeza ndi zopeza, kuchuluka kwazotayika pamakampani kumapangitsa kuti anthu otayika (ndi kuchedwa) atayike mwa anthu (Estle et al., 2006). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuthekera kocheperako (komanso kuchedwa kwakanthawi) kumachepetsa chidwi cha wotchova juga zochepa zikawonongeka osati zopindulitsa. Mosiyana ndi izi, lingaliro lalikulu lopambana likuwonetsa kuti kutchova juga kwamatenda kumayamba mwa anthu omwe poyamba adapeza ndalama zambiri, koma zoyesayesa zowonetsa izi pakulimbikira kutchova juga zalephera (Kassinove ndi Schare, 2001; Weatherly et al., 2004). Umboni waposachedwa ukusonyeza kuti kutayika kumapangitsa kuti kutchova juga kukhale kopambana.

Kukopa Kwa Mphotho Kukhazikika

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zoyambitsa kuthamangitsa zimatha kukhudzana ndi kufunikira kwa kusatsimikizika kwa mphotho. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mphothoyo ndi yosatsimikizika osati mphotho pa se, idzakulitsa mesolimbic DA, onse omwe ndi nyani (Fiorillo et al., 2003; de Lafuente ndi Romo, 2011) komanso otenga nawo mbali wathanzi (Preuschoff et al., 2006). Mu PG, accumbens DA ndiyabwino kwambiri pantchito ya kutchova njuga pamene mwayi wopambana ndi kutaya ndalama uli wofanana - mwayi wa 50% wopezeka mwatsatanetsatane woimira kusatsimikizika kwakukulu (Linnet et al., 2012). Ngakhale ma neuron omwe siopanda dopaminergic amathanso kutenga nawo gawo pakulemba kwa mphotho yosatsimikizika (Monosov ndi Hikosaka, 2013,, izi zimachokera ku njira zamagetsi ndi maukidwe a chisangalalo zimawonetsa kuti DA ndiyofunikira pakukhazikitsa kwa kusatsimikizika kwa mphotho. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kafukufuku wamakhalidwe, kuwonetsa kuti zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa ndi mbalame zimayankha mwamphamvu pazikhalidwe zomwe zimaneneratu mphotho zosatsimikizika (Collins et al., 1983; Anselme et al., 2013; Robinson et al., Akuwunikanso) ndipo amakonda kusankha njira yosakayikira yazakudya m'malo modya zakudya zingapo posankha mitundu iwiri (Kacelnik ndi Bateson, 1996; Adriani ndi Laviola, 2006), nthawi zina ngakhale malipiro ochepa (Forkman, 1991; Gipson et al., 2009). Malinga ndi a Greg Costikyan, wopanga masewera opambana mphotho, masewera sangakhale ndi chidwi chathu pakakhala kusatsimikizika-komwe kumatha kutenga mitundu yambiri, kumachitika pazotsatira, njira yamasewera, zovuta zowunikira, malingaliro, ndi zina zotero (Costikyan, 2013). Kukambirana za masewera a Tic-Tac-Toe, Costikyan (p. 10) akuti masewerawa ndiwosachedwa kwa aliyense wopitilira zaka zina chifukwa yankho lake ndi laling'ono. Chomwe chimapangitsa ana kusewera masewerawa mosangalala ndikuti samamvetsetsa kuti masewerawa ali ndi njira yoyenera; kwa ana, masewera a Tic-Tac-Toe zimabweretsa chosatsimikizika. Masewera oloseredwa amakhala osalimba, monga buku lofufuzira lomwe chizindikiritso cha wakuphayo chimadziwika kale. Kutengera izi, Zack ndi Poulos (2009) Dziwani kuti magawo angapo olipira (ma slot makina, roulette, ndi masewera a amadyedwe) amakhala ndi mwayi wopambana pafupi ndi 50%, mwakuti akuyembekezeka kupatsa chiwonetsero chachikulu cha DA ndipo, chifukwa chake, amalimbikitsa kuchita njuga.

Umboni woti kusatsimikizika pawokha kumawoneka ngati kolimbikitsa kukuwonekera pakukula kwa njuga zamatenda zomwe zimaphatikizira kusewera kwakanthawi pa makina a poker kapena makina olowetsa (Dow Schüll, 2012). Omwe akusewera kusewera m'malo mopambana, ndipo kupambana kwachuma kumayesedwa ngati mwayi wokulitsa nthawi yayitali yamasewera, osati cholinga chachikulu cha masewerawo. Kuphatikiza apo, opanga mapulogalamu awulula njira yopindulira kubetcherana kokulirapo komanso kwakukulu pamasewera omwe apatsidwa (ku Australia,> kubetcha 100 papepala lomwe lapatsidwa), ndi zochepa ndi zochepa (zotsika mpaka senti imodzi), zomwe zimapangitsa "zotayika zobisika ngati kupambana", pomwe osewera amapambana zochepa kuposa zomwe adachita (Dixon et al., 2010). Zili ngati kuti osewera akufuna kubetcha kapena kuyesera kuti awulule zomwe zikuwonetsa kupambana ndi kutayika (izi zimanenedwa nthawi zambiri osewera, onani Dow Schüll, 2012). Posachedwa, tawonetsa mu makoswe akuluakulu kuti kuwonetsedwa koyambirira (masiku a 8) pamaulendo omwe ali ndi ziwonetsero zomwe zimanenedweratu kwambiri kumamva kuyankha kuzinthu izi kwa nthawi yayitali (kwa masiku osakhala a 20) ngakhale kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono pamlingo wosatsimikiza (Robinson et al., ikuwunikiridwa). Palibe chidziwitso chazikhalidwe zomwe zikuwoneka pambuyo podziwonetsa pambuyo pake pazovuta zambiri (mphotho zidaperekedwa motsimikiza m'masiku oyamba a 8). Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndizotsatira zina zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti njira zomwe zimakhazikika pakutchova juga zimatha kupezeka mwa anthu omwe amakhala ndi zovuta zosadziwika komanso malo otchova njuga adakali moyo (Scherrer et al., 2007; Braverman ndi Shaffer, 2012).

Chiyembekezo Chothekera Chotulutsa Chiyambidwe cha Kutchova Juga

Popeza ma wins ndi osowa komanso nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthawi yamagetsi, sizokayikitsa kuti ndizokwanira kulimbikitsa anthu kuti apitirizebe kugwira ntchitoyo. Zowona kuti kutayika kungalimbikitse kutchova juga kuposa phindu ndizovuta kumvetsetsa. Chifukwa chiyani anthu amatchova njuga? Kutchova juga mwachisawawa ndi njira yolakwika, koma kukopa kwa mphotho zosatsimikizika kuli ponseponse mu nyama zamtunduwu kotero kuti chizolowezi ichi chimayenera kukhala chochokera. Apa tikupereka lingaliro, lotchedwa chiphunzitso cholipiritsa - chomwe wina adalemba, yomwe imalongosola chikhalidwe chonga njuga pamachitidwe osinthika (Anselme, 2013).

Mwachilengedwe, nyama zimakhala zosazindikira kuwongolera nthawi zambiri; nthawi zambiri amalephera kuneneratu zomwe zichitike. Izi zimachitika pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, kugawa zachilengedwe kumachitika mwachisawawa, kotero kuti mayankho ambiri ayenera kupangidwa asanapeze zofunikira. Chachiwiri, kudalirika kwazinthu zodalirika nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopanda tanthauzo - mwachitsanzo, kwa mitundu ina, mitengo yazipatso imatha kugwira ntchito chifukwa chothandizana ndi mphotho (kupezeka kwa zipatso), koma mayiyu ndi osadalirika popeza mitengo yazipatso ilibe zipatso pafupifupi chaka chonse. Popeza kusowa kwazidziwitso pazinthu ndi zochitika, titha kunena kuti ngati kusatsimikizika kwa mphotho sikunali kolimbikitsa, machitidwe ambiri amatha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakulephera (komanso kutaya mphamvu) komwe nyama zimakumana nako. Malingaliro obwezeretsa akuwonetsa kuti, pamene chinthu chofunikira kapena kuyerekezera kwamwambidwe kumakhala kotsika, njira zoyeserera zimalembedwera kubweza kulephera kwaneneratu; chilimbikitso chimakhala ngati njira yochedwetsera kutha (Anselme, 2013). Mwanjira ina, kulola nyama kuti ipirire mu ntchito ndikotheka kokha ngati machitidwe ake amachititsidwa ndi kusowa kolosera (mwachidziwikire, mosatsimikizika) m'malo ndi mphotho yakeyokha. Lingaliro lokakamiza lingathe kufotokozera chifukwa chake kutayika kuli kofunika kwambiri polimbikitsa otchova njuga: popanda mwayi wosalandira mphotho, phindu limakhala loyembekezereka motero masewera ambiri amakhala opepuka (Costikyan, 2013). Kuphatikiza apo, lingaliro ili limapereka tanthauzo kwa umboni kuti, monga kuchepa kwa thupi (Nader et al., 1997), kulephera kwamalingaliro monga kusowa kwa chisamaliro cha azimayi kumathandizira kumasulidwa kwa mesolimbic DA komanso, motsatana, kulimbikitsa kufunafuna chakudya (Lomanowska et al., 2011). Kuperewera kwa malingaliro ndi malingaliro kumawonekeranso ngati chifukwa cha mchitidwe wonga njuga mumtunda wa nkhunda ndi anthu (van Holst et al., 2010; Pattison et al., 2013). M'malo mwake, mitundu yonse ya kufooka kumachitika chifukwa cholephera kuneneratu momwe mungapezere / kupeza zoyenera - kaya ndi chakudya, maubale, mwayi wogwira ntchito ndi kusewera, etc. Nthawi zambiri, kulephera uku ndi chifukwa cha umphawi wachilengedwe. Chifukwa cha izi, madera osawuka akufanana ndi madera osawonekeranso ndipo malingaliro okakamiza akuwonetsa kuti, pazochitika zonsezi, kulimbikitsidwa kwakukulu kumayesedwa kuti apirire pantchito yovuta yopeza zothandizira.

Poganiza kuti kutanthauziraku ndikolondola, machitidwe otchova juga mwa anthu atha kukhala opatsika kuchokera ku mitundu yakale ya mammalian omwe mamembala awo omwe amalimbikitsidwa ndi kusatsimikizika kwa mphotho anali ndi mwayi wopulumuka m'malo ovuta, mwamphamvu. Kutchova juga kwachikhalidwe kungakhale kukokomeza kwachizolowezi komwe makonda a kasino ndi masewera amwayi amachita. Zachidziwikire, zoyambitsa zosatsimikizika sizifunikanso kuti zizikhala m'zikhalidwe zambiri zakumadzulo. Komabe, kutchova juga kutha kukhala kulanda njira yodzisinthira yolinganizidwa kuti ithetse kusatsimikizika mwa kuyambitsa zokopa, ngakhale zili choncho kapena chifukwa chotayika mobwerezabwereza. Kodi kutchova juga kwamatenda kumatha kuthetsedwa bwanji? Tikuganiza kuti psychopathology iyi iyenera kuthandizidwa moyenera, kutengera chiwopsezo cha PG iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, kukonda kupititsa patsogolo zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za PG posankha zosangalatsa komanso mayanjano ocheperako kumachepetsa chikhumbo chake chofuna kuwonjezera chidwi. Pagulu la anthu, njira imodzi yololeza kuthana ndi vuto la kutchova juga kwa matenda amisala ikhoza kukhala kuti otchova juga kumakasino amatha kupambana nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe amataya koma phindu lochepa kwambiri (lofanana ndi lomwe amalipidwa) kuti apangitse kutchova juga kukhala kosangalatsa. Kufufuzanso koyenera kumafunikira kuti mudziwe zomwe zimalimbikitsa masewera osokoneza bongo ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko cha masewera omwe sagwiritsa ntchito chiwopsezo chathu cha phylogenetic.

Zothandizira

Lolembedwa ndi:

Bryan F. Singer, University of Michigan, USA

Kuwunikira by:

Nichole Neugebauer, University of Chicago, USA