Chifukwa chiyani Masewera Ena Amatsutsa Kwambiri kuposa Ena: Zotsatira za Kutenga Nthawi ndi Phindu pa Kupirira mu Masewera Ogwiritsira Ntchito (2016)

Richard JE James,¹ Claire O'Malley,^1,2 ndi Richard J. Tunney^1,*

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Kuwongolera machitidwe osiyana siyana pamasewera amtundu wa juga kungakhudze momwe anthu amapitilira kutchova juga, komanso kusintha kwa mikhalidwe yovuta. Izi zitha kukhala ndi vuto pa matekinoloje a m'manja ndi kutchova njuga moyenera. Mitundu iwiri yothandizira ma laboratory yoyenerana ndi iyi ndi gawo lolimbikitsa kutha (PATULO) ndi mayendedwe oyeserera. Zonsezi zitha kufulumizitsa kapena kuchedwetsa kupeza ndi kutha kwa chikhalidwe chamakhalidwe. Timaliza kuyesera komwe kunawonetsera kuchuluka kwa kugwirizanitsa ndi kuyeserera kwapakati (ITI) pamakina oyeserera omwe ophunzirawo anapatsidwa chisankho pakati pa kutchova juga ndi kudumpha pamayeso aliwonse, asanasinthe njuga yopirira inayesedwa, ndikutsatiridwa ndi miyeso ya chinyengo. a ulamuliro, kukhumudwa komanso kusakhudzidwa. Tidaganiza kuti kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kulumikizana ndi kutchova juga kumabweretsa kupirira kwambiri. Timapitilizanso kuyerekezera, poganiza kuti nthawi imadziwika kuti ndizofunikira posonyeza kuyendetsa bwino ndikuthekera kopitilira kutchova juga, kuti kuwonetsa nthawi yayitali pakanthawi kochepa kungakhudze malingaliro olakwika. Kuyanjana pakati pa ITI ndi kuchuluka kwa kulimbikitsidwa kunawonedwa, monga otchova mphamvu olimbitsa omwe amakhala ndi kutchova kwa ITI kwakutali. Omwe adatsutsidwanso adawonetseranso kutha komanso CHINSINSI. Ochita masewera otchova juga amawonetsedwa pamlingo wazambiri wopezera mphamvu. Impulivity idalumikizidwa ndi kupirira kwachulukirachulukira, komanso otchova juga omwe amakhala opsinjika kwambiri mu gulu lalitali la ITI apirira kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuchita pachiwonetsero chadzidzidzi kunalephera kuthandizira lingaliro lachiwiri: kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunawoneka ndikuwonetsa kuti omwe anali nawo phunzirolo adayamba kuwongolera bwino pamene ntchitoyi ikupita.

Kuchedwa, Kuyeserera Koyeserera, ndi ITIs

Kuchulukitsa nthawi yomwe magwirikwiti atha kukhala othandizira polimbikitsa kusewera kupitilira ndipo kungakhale gawo lofunika kutchuka kwamasewera ena. Masewera a lottery mwachitsanzo achulukitsa pakati pa njuga ndipo nthawi zambiri ndimasewera omwe amakonda.Wardle et al., 2011). Ngakhale izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuti ma lottery amapezeka kwambiri (pakati pa kulingalira kosiyanasiyana), m'malo ena (mwachitsanzo, UK) masewera ena amaperekedwa limodzi ndi matikiti a lottery (mwachitsanzo, zikwangwani), kuwongolera kupezeka. Ngakhale izi, anthu ambiri amakonda masewera a lottery kuposa masewera omwe amapezeka, ndipo amatero pafupipafupi. Komabe, chiopsezo chomwe tikuwona kuti chitha kuvulaza ndichotsika kwambiri, ngakhale sizikudziwika ngati 'chizolowezi' cha kutchova juga chagona pamasewera ena (Afifi et al., 2014) kapena mawonekedwe apaderaGriffiths ndi Auer, 2013). Masewera ena apakanema mafoni amapezeranso zotsatira zofananira pakukakamiza kuchepetsedwa pakati pamasewera a masewera monga njuga. Kubetcha kosewerera, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi mafoni (Hing et al., 2014) ndi zovuta njuga (Gray et al., 2012; LaPlante et al., 2014,, imaphatikiza kusewera kosatha komanso kosasangalatsa. Kuzindikira ntchito yokhala ndi nthawi komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi panjira ya juga kumakhala ndi zotsatilapo zofunikira pamitundu yatsopano yotchova juga, monga kutchova juga kwa mafoni (komwe kubetchera kumasewera kumalimbikitsidwa), monga momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito mafoni a m'manja amatha kukulitsa malire pakati pa kutchova njuga. Kusewera kumatanthauza kubetcha komwe kumachitika paphwando (mwachitsanzo, masewera a mpira) pomwe mwambowo umachitika pomwe zochitika zamtundu wakubetcha wager zisanachitike. Griffiths ndi Auer (2013) kutsutsana pamasewera a kubetcha kungakhale kokulira chifukwa ndi kosatha. Komabe, kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kumapitilira kusewera monga kubetcha kumakhalabe zovuta mkati mwa chochitika. Zowona zenizeni pakubetera kwanu (LaBrie et al., 2007) imawulula zomwe zapezedwa: ngakhale pali chiwopsezo chobisika cha njuga, zomwe zapezazo sizinganene motsimikiza kuti izi ndi chifukwa choti zimachitika mosalekeza; ochita masewera otchovera juga amayika ndalama zochepa kwambiri pakubeta. Ngakhale ochita masewera a kubetcha amalandila ndalama zochuluka, wobwezera wapakati anali wotsika kuposa kubetcha pamasewera, ndipo ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi anali otsika mtengo. Grey et al. (2012) Fotokozerani za kufulumira pakati pa wager ndi zotsatira zake kungakhale kothandiza pokopa otchova juga omwe ali pachiwonetsero.

Mabuku ophunzirira oyanjana akuwonetsa kuti kuwonjezereka pakati pa kulimbikitsana kumathandizira kupeza kwamakhalidwe oyenera (Gallistel ndi Gibbon, 2000). Gallistel ndi Gibbon's (2000) dongosolo la nthawi imatsimikizira kuti kuchepa kwa chiwerengero pakati pa zolimbikitsira ndi ITI m'makalasi amachitidwe oyendetsa ntchito ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zolimbikitsira kupeza. Izi zimanenedwa kuti sizimayimira palokha pakulimbikitsa, zomwe zimakulitsa kuchuluka kwa mayesero koma osati zolimbikitsa. Mabuku onena za 'kuyala kochulukitsa', amaphunziridwa makamaka pamikhalidwe yapa classical (Barela, 1999; Stout et al., 2003; Sunsay et al., 2004; Moody et al., 2006; Sunsay ndi Bouton, 2008; Miguez et al., 2014,, wapeza kuti mayesero omwazikana amayendetsa bwino mawonekedwe.

Sizikudziwikiratu kuti ngati kutalikirana kwambiri kumatha bwanji kugwira ntchito. Gallistel ndi Gibbon (2000) nenani kuti nthawi yopanda kulimbikira m'malo mophatikiza mphamvu ndizofunikira, komanso kuti zolimbikitsidwa pakuzimiririka sizikugwirizana ndi kulimbikitsidwa pang'ono. Kafukufuku wina adazindikira zotsatira za ITI pakutha, ndikulimbikitsa kwambiri kuyankha komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi ITI yayifupi (Mackintosh, 1974; Moody et al., 2006).

Kusunga nthawi kumaganiziridwa kuti ndi gawo lofunikira pakulakwitsa kwa ulamuliro (Msetfi et al., 2005, 2007; Baker et al., 2010), kukondera kwazindikiritso komwe kumakhala mu vuto la kutchova njuga (Fortune ndi Goodie, 2012). Maganizo olamulira, ogwirira ntchito ngati chiwonetsero cha ubale pakati pa yankho ndi zotulukapo, atha kupangitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiwopsezo chazovuta zomwe zochitika izi sizigwirizana koma zotulukapo zimachitika pafupipafupi. Zitsanzo zambiri za ntchitoyi zikuphatikiza batani lakuzimitsa lomwe limagwirizidwa ndi kuyatsa kwa kuwala (Alloy ndi Abramson, 1979), kapena ntchito yopanga zamankhwala yoweruza ubale pakati pa mankhwala oyesera ndi kusintha kwa odwala (Orgaz et al., 2013). Momwe anthu osapsinjika amawonetsera zolakwika zamphamvu zimakhudzidwa ndi maubwenzi apakati pa mayeso: ma ITI apakati amayanjanitsidwa ndi chiwongolero champhamvu kwambiri mwa omwe alibe nkhawa (Msetfi et al., 2005). Ovuta otchova njuga amawonetsa kulimbika kwamphamvu pakulamula kwadzidzidzi (Orgaz et al., 2013), ngakhale kuti chiwongolero cha ubalewu sichikudziwikabe bwinobwino: kuwonetsedwa kwakanthawi kokhazikika kumatha kukulitsa malingaliro olakwika, kapena anthu omwe atengeka ndi malingaliro olakwika atha kukhala ndi mavuto otchova njuga. Tinaphatikizanso ntchito yochokera ku paradigm yomweyo monga Orgaz et al. (2013), omwe ophunzira adapemphedwa kuti amalize pambuyo pa slot makina ntchito. Tidayesanso kukhumudwa chifukwa cha omwe akuvutika maganizo akuwoneka kuti akupanga ziweruzo zowonjezereka mu paradigm iyi (Alloy ndi Abramson, 1979) ndi ITI yayitali (Msetfi et al., 2005). Kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro kwadziwikanso kuti njira yokhayo yothetsera kutchova njuga (Blaszczynski ndi Woweruza, 2002).

Kukakamiza Kwambiri Mbali Mbali ndi Kukhudzika

Kusintha kwakanthawi kogwiritsa ntchito (PATIRO) ndichizolowezi momwe mikhalidwe yolimba yofooka imapitilira kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kuphatikiza wachibale kumathandizo omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi (Mackintosh, 1974; Bouton et al., 2014), monga nthawi yayitali yotayika mu njuga (Dickerson, 1979; Fantino et al., 2005; Horsley et al., 2012). Zovuta zolimbitsa pang'ono zadziwika mwa otchova juga pafupipafupi¹, omwe amatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa zongopeka zosangalatsa kutulutsa mayanjano amenewa (Horsley et al., 2012), kusintha komwe kumatha kuchitika kuyambira pachiwonetsero chazovuta za kutchova njuga. Horsley et al. (2012) Nenani kuti ngakhale kulimbikitsidwa pang'ono kukugwiriridwa kuti ndikofunikira mu kutchova njuga, umboni wake ndiwochepa. Kulephera kuzimitsa kwazindikirika ngati chizindikiro cha kutchova njuga (Weatherly et al., 2004). Kulephera kuzimitsa komanso mwachindunji (mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kulephera kuletsa njuga, kutchova juga kuposa momwe zimafunidwira) kapena mwanjira ina (mwachitsanzo, kuthamangitsa kutayika) kumafanana ndi zizindikiritso za Kusuta kwa Kutchova Juga (Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013) kapena zovuta kutchova juga (Lesieur ndi Blume, 1987).

Ndizosadabwitsa kuti PATSO yalumikizidwa ndi njuga, ndipo chidwi chachikulu chaperekedwa pakuwerenga izi m'makina oyendetsa. Makina a Slot amakonda kukhala ndi mphamvu zotsika kwambiri (ngakhale izi zimasiyanasiyana pamakina apakompyuta), ndipo otchova juga amapitiliza kusewera ngakhale atayika kwambiri. Pali mabuku omwe agwiritsa ntchito makina owonetsa kutsimikizira zotsatira za kulimbikitsidwa pang'ono panjira yophunzirira ogwira ntchito. Lewis ndi Duncan (1956, 1957, 1958a,b) adachita zoyeserera zingapo pogwiritsa ntchito njuga yoyeserera kuti ayese zolimbikitsa pang'ono, napeza kuti kutaya mphotho zochepa kumalumikizidwa ndi kupirira kwambiri. Poon ndi Halpern (1971) anagwiritsa ntchito Paradigm yofananira poyesa Capaldi's (1966; Capaldi ndi Martins, 2010) malingaliro olimbitsa pang'ono mwakusintha kwayeso pakuwongolera makina owerengeka ndi mayeso ochepa apezedwe. Kassinove ndi Schare (2001) opusitsa akuluakulu komanso zoponyera zina pang'onopang'ono pakuwonongeka kwofananira kwa makina ofanana, kupeza kuti kufupika kwakukhudza anthu omwe amalimbikira kutchova njuga koma osapambana.

Magawo osiyanasiyana olimbitsa omwe angakhudze momwe zimakhalira zimatha kuzimitsa (Madden ndi al., 2007; Haw, 2008a) Kutchova juga kumagwira ntchito mwachisawawa, komanso gawo la magawo osiyanasiyana. Popeza ndizosamveka bwino kuposa magawo osiyanasiyana, zimakhala zothandiza kusiyanitsa momwe magawo azisinthasintha amasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Kugawa kwenikweniko kuchuluka kwa mayesedwe kufikira kuyankha kumatsimikizika pokhapokha poyerekeza magawo amotsatira dongosolo L; kuchuluka kwa mayesero kumatsika pambuyo poti kusewera pang'ono koma kumapitilira mosakwanira kosakwanira kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi ndandanda yosinthika nthawi zambiri imakhala (koma sikuti) ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa ziyeso zolimbikitsidwa kumagawananso, ndipo pali malire pamiyeso ya mayesero machitidwe asanakhazikitsidwe (Haw, 2008a). Kafukufuku woyerekeza magawoli sanawonetse kusiyana konse; Hurlburt et al. (1980) sanapeze kusiyana pakati pa magawo osinthasintha amtundu wa juga, ngakhale kuti zofowoka zapezeka ndi kafukufukuyuHaw, 2008b). Crossman et al. (1987) sanapeze kusiyana pakati pa magawo atatu olimbitsa thupi (osasintha, okhazikika ndi osasankhika) mwa nyama. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuti magawoli osasinthasintha amawonetsa kulimba mtima kwambiri poyerekeza ndi magawo okhazikika, makamaka pamene kuchuluka kwa mayeselo kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri (Madden ndi al., 2007).

Ntchito yamakina omwe timalemba mu lipotili idapangidwa kuti ochita nawo anafunsidwa kuti aziyika pachiwopsezo ndalama zomwe adapambana pakuyesera, koma kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe amapambana kumawonjezeka. Zolimbitsa mphamvu zotsika zimayesa kupanga zochitika zofanana ndi kubetcha ndalama zenizeni. Chimodzi mwazomwe zidayesedwa pamakina ambiri ndizoti maphunziro awa ankakonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu yolimbikitsira makina enieni (Kassinove ndi Schare, 2001; Harrigan, 2007). Makina oyendetsa makina atatu a reel slot ali ndi mwayi wopambana wa 9%, koma izi zimasiyana pamakina amakompyuta.Harrigan ndi Dixon, 2009). Pofufuza za njuga (mwachitsanzo, MacLin et al., 2007; Dixon et al., 2011) mitengo yapamwamba yolimbitsa (20%) yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonjezera paradigms. Tinaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito mulingo wolimbikitsira wa 30%, wogwiritsa ntchito ndandanda yolimbikitsira yofananira ndi juga ya makina enieni.

Kudzidziwitsa komweko kunayesedwa kuti ndi kungoyeserera kumangonena kuti kutchova juga kulimbikira ngakhale kutayika, ndipo ndi njira yovuta yanjuga. Breen ndi Zuckerman (1999) anapeza kuti otchova juga omwe amalimbikitsa 'kuwathamangitsa' kuwononga nthawi yayitali pamasewera a juga pomwe kuthekera kopambana kumachepera pomwe kuyesako kukupitilira. Kusokonekera kwadziwika kuti ndi chifukwa choyambitsa njuga zovuta, otchova njuga (MacLaren et al., 2011; Kräplin et al., 2014) onetsetsani kuti mwachita chidwi kwambiri.

Kuti tiwone ngati izi zikuthandizira kutchova juga kwa pang'onopang'ono, tinayesa magawo awiri pomwe ITI ndi kuchuluka kwa kulimbikitsidwa kunapusitsidwa. Ophunzira adagawidwa pagulu limodzi mwa magulu anayi ndikuwonetsedwa pakulimbikitsa kwapamwamba kapena kotsika, komanso ITI yayitali kapena yayifupi pakati pa njuga. Mayanjano adazimitsidwa ndalama zambiri zitapambana. Ophunzira pambuyo pake adamaliza ntchito yoweruza mwadzidzidzi yomwe adaweruza kuyesera kwa mankhwala oyesera. Mabuku okhathamiritsa pang'ono amalosera kuti anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wochepa wolimbikitsanso amakhala nthawi yayitali. Maakaunti oyeserera onena za kutha kwa zinthu amalosera kuti mayesero ochulukirachulukira ayenera kuletsa kuyankha mwachangu, osati chifukwa chokhazikika pa akaunti yomwe sipayenera kukhala kusiyana. Ochita kutchova juga amayenera kupirira mpaka atayika, motengera zoyeserera zam'mbuyomu zomwe zikuyang'ana kupirira pa kuthamangitsa.

Design

Kuyesera kunali mapangidwe a 2 × 2 pakati paophunzira maphunziro, kuchuluka kwa kuphatikiza ndi ITI ndizomwe zimayendetsedwa. Miyezo yolimbikitsira inali 0.7 ndi 0.3. ITIs mwina inali yayitali (10 s) kapena yifupi (3 s).

Pazoyesereratu zilizonse ophunzira anapatsidwa mwayi woti achite njuga kapena ayi. Chiyeso chomwe ophunzira adasankha kuchita kutchova juga chidali chodalira. Zotsatira za kutchova njuga komanso kuchuluka kwa omwe adapambana ndalama zidalembedwanso. Gawo lakutha linagawika m'magawo a mayeso a 10 kuti asanthule. Ophatikizidwawo adapatsidwa ntchito yoweruza mwadzidzidzi. Mu zigamulo zodzidzimutsa zomwe zinali gawo limodzi la magawo oyeserera omwe mankhwalawo adathandizira, ndi chiwopsezo chokhwima chomwe chimaperekedwa ndi otenga nawo mbali. Impulivity ndi kukhumudwa kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11; Patton et al., 1995) ndi Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1961) motero. BIS-11 ndi muyeso wa chinthu cha 30 chomwe chimayeza zinthu zitatu mwatsatanetsatane mosamalitsa, kusakonzekera, komanso kuyendetsa galimoto (Patton et al., 1995). BDI ndi muyeso wa chinthu cha 24 chomwe chimayeza kwambiri kupsinjika, amasankha kupsinjika kwa nkhawa ndikukhala ndi kusasinthika kwamkati mwamphamvu (Beck et al., 1988). Palibe miyeso ina iliyonse yamalingaliro kapena chikhalidwe yomwe idatengedwa kupatula yomwe idanenedwayi.

ophunzira

Onse omwe anali nawo pa 122 adasankhidwa kuchokera ku University of Nottingham kuti atenge nawo mbali pa kafukufukuyu (kumatanthauza zaka zaka X XUMUMX, SD = 3.96, jenda - akazi a 69 ndi amuna a 53)². Kafukufukuyu adachitika motsatira, ndikuvomerezedwa ndi University of Nottingham School of Psychology Ethics Review Committee. Ophunzira onse adapereka chilolezo cholembedwa isanayambike kuyesa.

Panalibe umboni wa kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa magulu. Kuwunikira njira imodzi (ANOVA) komwe kumachitika kamodzi kunachitika pa mafunso onse, ndi ma ANOVA a BIS [F(4,166) = 1.543, p = 0.192] ndi BDI [F(4,166) = 0.662, p = 0.619] sizinali zofunikira.

Kayendesedwe

Ophunzira adasankhidwa mwachisawawa pamodzi mwa magawo anayi. Gawo loyamba la kuyesereraku, ophunzira adapemphedwa kuti azichita nawo gawo la PATU pogwiritsira ntchito makina oyeserera (chithunzi Chithunzi11). Ophunzira adauzidwa momwe makina opanga amagwirira ntchito, komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimalipiridwa pamtundu uliwonse wazopambana. Makina oyeseza anali makina osavuta a mzere umodzi wokhala ndi ma reel atatu. Ophunzira adapeza ndalama ngati zithunzithunzi zitatu zitatu zikufanana. Panali zithunzi zisanu zosiyana (ndimu, chitumbuwa, peyala, lalanje, ndi mwayi zisanu ndi ziwiri), zopambana ma 10, 15, 20, 25p, ndi 30p. Mwayi wazotsatira zonse zopambana zomwe zinali zofananira zinali zofanana, ndiye kuti zotsatira zopambana zinali 20p ($ 0.35).

 

CHITSANZO CHA 1

Chithunzithunzi cha makina owonetsa omwe adapatsidwa adapatsidwa ntchito yanthawi yolimbitsa.

Pamayeso aliwonse, ophunzira anali kupatsidwa chisankho pakati pa kutchova juga ndi kudumpha. Mabataniwo adawunikidwa kuti ophunzira athe kudziwa zisankho ziwiri zomwe anali nazo. Mosasamala kuti adasankha kutchova njuga kapena ayi, zithunzi zomwe zili pazowonjezera zitatu zomwe zidawonetsedwa pazenera zimatsitsimutsa ms X XUMUMX iliyonse kuti ipereke mawonekedwe osuntha. Ku 500, 1500, ndi 3000 ms, imodzi mwanjira yoyambira (kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja) inasiya kugwedezeka. Ngati reel ikufanana ndipo amene akutenga nawo mbaliyo atatchova njuga, ophunzirawo adapatsidwa ndalama zofananira ndi zithunzi zomwe zimakhala kumbuyo. Ngati ma reel sanalingane, adataya wager yomwe adapanga, yomwe idakonzedwa ku 4500p ($ 3, yofanana ndi kuzungulira US $ 0.03). Zolakwika ndi zotayika zidatsagana ndi mayankho owoneka ndi omvera omwe ankasiyana pazotsatira zonse. Malingaliro awa anali osiyana ngati gulu litadula njuga. Nthawi yonseyi ophunzirawo adadziwitsidwa za momwe ziriri pano. Pakati pa kuyesa kulikonse, mabatani omwe ali pazenera adakhalabe ofiira, kutanthauza kuti ophunzirawo sakanatha kupanga winanso. ITI yokhala ndi ITI yapafupi ndi 0.05 ms, ndi 3000 ms yokhala yayitali ITI.

Ochita nawo masewerawa adawonetsedwa ndi mayeso a machitidwe a 10 masewerawa asanayambe kupereka mbiri kapena kuchotsa ndalama kwa wosewera. Ophunzira adadziwitsidwa nthawi yoyesa itatha. Mayeso oyeserera atangoyambira, ochita nawo masewerowa adasewera mpaka atafika pakutsimikizira, atakhala kuti adapambana kuposa $ 10.00 (US $ 15.40) kubanki. Ophunzira atangotsutsa, adawonetsedwa pakuyesa kwa 50, komwe sizinali zotheka kuti apindule ndalama zilizonse kuchokera pamakina opanga, kenako ntchitoyi idatha zokha. Kuwonongeka kunayesedwa ndi kuponderezana ndi chikhalidwe chawo cha njuga; ophunzira sanadziwitsidwe za gawo lakutha pamapeto pa kuyeseraku. Mayeserowa anali ndi mayesero opambana (omwe sanalipe), ndipo gawo lomwe linali litatha silinapambane kapena ndalama. Mchitidwewu ndi magawo omwe amawonongeka anali ofanana pamakhalidwe aliwonse, kupatula omwe anali nawo pa ITI omwe anali nawo.

Atamaliza Paradigm ya PATU, ophunzira adapemphedwa kuti apange ziganizo zadzidzidzi zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oyesera okhudzana ndi kubwezeretsa odwala. Paradigm yoweruza mwadzidzidzi idasinthidwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku yemwe adafalitsidwa kale (Orgaz et al., 2013). Mu paradigm ophunzirawa adafotokozeredwa zambiri zamankhwala opeka omwe adapangidwa kuti azichiritsa matenda opatsirana a pakhungu omwe amakhala ndi zotsatira zosasangalatsa pakagwa / vuto. Ophunzirawo adapatsidwa mwayi wosankha pakati pa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo, ndipo adapatsidwa mayankho okhudza zomwe zimachitika posachedwa (ngati wodwalayo adasintha kapena ayi). Paradigm idapangidwa kuti ipangitse malingaliro owongolera kukhala ndi zotsatira zazitali - kuchuluka kwa zotsatira zomwe amafunikira (wodwalayo achire) anali okwera (0.8), ndipo anali osagwirizana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pomwe. Atapanga chisankho chawo, ophunzirawo adauzidwa zakusankhazo, ndipo panali kupumira pang'ono (3500 ms) asanaperekedwenso ndi lingaliro.

Pambuyo pa mayeso aliwonse a 10, ophunzira adapemphedwa kuti aweruze kuwongolera kwa mankhwalawa. Ophunzira adafunsidwa kuti aweruze kuwongolera kwa mankhwalawa pamlingo kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 100. Izi zinayimiriridwa ndi bala yomwe ili mkati mwa chinsalu, pomwe adapatsidwa ndemanga yanambala yomwe adasankha, potengera momwe adadutsira podutsawo. Ophunzira atha kubwereza kuwaza mozungulira pokhapokha atakondwera ndi zomwe adasankha, ndipo adapemphedwa kuti atsimikizire kusankha kwawo pogwiritsa ntchito batani losiyana.

Njira Yofotokozera

Kuti muwone kutalika kwa kuzimiririka kwa gulu lirilonse, kuchuluka kwa njuga zomwe zidapangidwa zidafotokozedwa pamiyeso isanu ya mayeso a 10. Kusanthula deta kudachitika magawo awiri. Poyamba, ma projekiti ophunzirira ANOVA adachitika paziwonetsero zakutha ndi zadzidzidzi, ndi 5 (block) × 2 (ITI) × 2 (Rate of Reinfortage) kapangidwe kosakanikirana ANOVA ikuchitidwa. Dongosolo losakanikirana la 10 × 2 × 2 ANOVA lidachitika pa zigamulo zadzidzidzi za 10 zomwe ophunzira adapanga. Poyesa zotsatira za kusiyana pakati pa machitidwe a juga ndi kutchova njuga zolimbikira, mitundu ya mayendedwe achizungu akuyerekezedwa pa kuchuluka kwa mayeso omwe atsekeredwa panthawi yakupezeka ndi kutha. Izi zinkachitika m'njira zitatu. Choyamba, mtundu woyambirira udapangidwa pomwe palibe ochita kupanga omwe adalowa mumtunduwo. Kenako, mtundu wachiwiri wolumikizira unapangidwa momwe ITI, mulingo wolimbitsa, kuchuluka kwa BIS, zambiri za BDI ndi nthawi yolumikizana pakati pa ITI ndi mulingo wolimbikitsira unaphatikizidwa. ITI ndi mulingo wolimbitsira anali ma dummy coded (okwera ROR = 1, otsika = 0; yochepa ITI = 1, yayitali = 0), ndipo zotsatira za BIS / BDI zidapulumutsidwa ndi njira ya 0. Izi zikufanizidwa ndi mtundu wachabechabe womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa chiyezo choyerekeza (LRT). Ma LRT amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana poyerekeza mitundu iwiri, monga kusanthula kwa kalasi yaposachedwa (Collins ndi Lanza, 2010,, kapena pakati pa mitundu iwiri yoyang'anira, monga ili. Izi zimafanizidwa ndi fanizo lathunthu momwe mawu ogwiritsira ntchito amayenderedwa kudera lililonse.

Pakadali pano, dongosololi lidayesedwa kuti liwone ngati detayo ili yoyenera kugawidwa ndi poisson. Mwachikumbumtima, kuyang'ana kwa poisson kumaganizira kuti zofunikira zake ndizofanana ndizofanana. Ngakhale kupatuka pa lingaliro ili sikukhudzanso maumboni onse, pomwe zochulukirapo (kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kuposa izi) ndizowonjezera zomwe zimapangitsa zolakwika zokhazokha, kukulitsa chiopsezo chakupezeka kwabwino. Ngakhale zolakwika zoyenera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha izi (Cameron ndi Trivesi, 2009), njira ina ndikuyerekezera mtundu wopanda tanthauzo wa zomwe zikuchitika, zomwe zimaphatikizanso gawo lina lazowonjezera. Pazinthu zopezeka, izi zidatengedwa. Pazambiri zakutha, pomwe datayo idachulukitsidwa kwambiri kuchuluka kwake, motero zolakwika zoyenera zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mtundu wa regression.

Ambiri mwa omwe adagulitsidwa adapezeka pazotsitsa zotsimikizika kuti ziwonjezere. Kufufuzaku kunawonetsa kuti ambiri mwa otchova juga omwe ali olimbitsa thupi pang'ono, mkhalidwe wa ITI wautali unayimitsa njuga zosakwana ziwiri kuti ziwonongedwe ndikuchitika ndipo awa anali malo akutali kwambiri. Ophunzira awa (n = 3) adanenedwa kuti alibe tanthauzo kuti adachita £ 10 ngati amangokhala, mwina atangoima pomwe adapambana $ 10 kapena adayimilira kuti akhalebe pamwamba pa £ 10, popanda kusintha kwadzidzidzi. Ophunzirawo sanatengedwe kusanthula kwina.

Zochita Kutchova Juga

Kuti muwerenge momwe zimakhalira ndi momwe zimakhalira pakukhazikika kwazinthu zokhudzana ndi kupeza, mawonekedwe amtundu woyipa wamalingaliro omwe anali ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera zotsatira zoyipa za kuwonekera, pomwe zomwe zomwezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazodziletsa komanso zowoneka bwino monga chidziwitso cha kutha. Izi zinaulula kuti mtundu woletsedwa (Table Table11) inali yabwino kwambiri kuposa mtundu wachabechabe (G² = 22.74, p <0.001), koma mawonekedwe athunthu anali osayenera kuposa mtundu woletsedwa (G² = 6.359, p = 0.784). Izi zidawulula kuti ophunzira atenga nawo gawo lokwanira pamasewera olimbikira omwe amapezeka kuti atengeke.

 

Gulu 1

Tchulani mtundu woyipa wosasinthika wa deta.

Ntchito Yachitatu

ANOVA yochitidwa pa data yawonongeka idawulula zotsatira zazikulu za block, F(2.541,292.187) = 131.095, p <0.001, η2p = 0.533, pomwe mzere wosiyanawo unali wofunikira, F(1,115) = 229.457, p <0.001, η2p = 0.666, ndi muyeso wolimbikitsira, F(1,115) = 82.912, p <0.001, η2p = 0.419, koma palibe zotsatira zazikulu za ITI, F(1,115) = 1.455, p = 0.23. Panali kulumikizana pakati pa chipika ndi kuchuluka kwa kulimbikitsira, F(2.541,292.187) = 22.801, p <0.001, η2p = 0.165, ndi kulumikizana kwina pakati pamlingo wolimbikitsira ndi ITI, F(1,115) = 6.317, p = 0.0133, η2p = 0.052. Panalibe kuyanjana pakati pa block ndi ITI, F(2.541,292.187) = 1.124, p = 0.334, kapena kulumikizana mwa njira zitatu, F(2.541,292.187) <1. Zotsatira zazikulu za block zidawonetsa kuti mayankho adatsika pomwe chiwerengero chidakulira (mwachitsanzo, omwe akutenga nawo mbali azimitsidwa). Izi zidalumikizana ndi kulimbikitsidwa, popeza omwe akutenga nawo gawo adakwanitsidwa kuzimitsa mwachangu kwambiri, ndikuwonetsa kupezeka kwa PATU. Mphamvu yayikulu yamphamvu ikutsimikizira zomwezo. Kuchuluka kwa kulimbikitsana ndi kulumikizana kwa ITI kunawonetsa kuti pakakhala kulimbikitsidwa kocheperako ndi ITI yayitali, ophunzirawo amatchova juga kwakanthawi kuti athere (chithunzi Chithunzi22). Chipika ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zolimbikitsira, komanso kulumikizana pakati pa chipika ndi mulingo wolimbitsa zonse zinali zazikulu kukula (η2p > 0.12), pomwe kulumikizana pakati pamphamvu yolimbitsa ndi kulumikizana kwa ITI kunali kochepera mpaka pakatikati.

 

CHITSANZO CHA 2

Zambiri zakutha kwa magulu onse, m'mayesero a 10.

Kusiyana Kwaumwini

Poyesa magawo amomwe kusiyanasiyana kwamtundu wa juga wolimbikira, njira yotsogola ya poisson idagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuchuluka kwa kutchova njuga kuzimiririka The LRT idawonetsa kuti choyimitsidwa choyambirira chinali chokwanira bwino pamtunduwu poyerekeza ndi mtundu wakale (G² = 581.15, p <0.001). Mitundu yoletsa kusintha (Table Table22) idawonetsa kuti mitengo yotsika komanso yolimbitsa thupi ya ITI yolosera zamtundu wautali wolosera. Mawu awa adalumikizana mwanjira yomweyo monga projekiti ANOVA. Njira yina yosinthira kuphatikiza magwirizano pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana idachitidwa pambuyo pake (Table Table33) ndi mitundu yofananira ndi yolembetsa mu Table Table11. A LRT kuyerekezera ndi mitundu yonse yotsimikizika ndi yosasintha yowonetsa zowerengera zawonetsa kuti mawonekedwe athunthu anali oyenererana ndi tsokalo (G² = 66.44, p <0.001). Izi zidawulula zovuta zomwe zidachitika kale, komanso kuti kudzidalira komwe kunanenedweratu kunaneneratu kutchova juga kwakanthawi. Panali zochitika zomwe zikusonyeza kuti izi zimalumikizana ndi kulimbikitsidwa, pomwe anthu osapupuluma akuwoneka kuti akupirira pang'ono. Zambiri pamiyeso iwiri yama psychometric yomwe idalumikizidwa, ndipo panali kulumikizana m'njira zitatu pakati pa ITI, kuchuluka kwa kulimbikitsidwa ndi BDI, ndi anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri pakulimbikitsidwa, gulu lalifupi la ITI lotchova juga kwakanthawi kuti lithere (chithunzi Chithunzi33).

 

Gulu 2

Mtundu wololeza wa poisson wosasintha ndi zolakwika zolimba.

 

Gulu 3

Mtundu wathunthu wa kusakatula kwazidziwitso zokhala ndi zolakwika zazikulu.

 

CHITSANZO CHA 3

Bokosi la nkhawa ndi kuchuluka kwa kutchova njuga kuti ziwonongeke chilichonse cha mikhalidwe inayi.

Ntchito Yoweruza Mwadzidzidzi

Kusanthula kwa chiweluzo chodzidzimutsa kwawonetsa kuti tanthauzo lalikulu la chipika, F(6.526,737.416) = 3.735, p = 0.001, η2p = 0.032. Kuchulukitsa kwakukulu kwa block kumakhalanso ndi mzere wosiyanitsa, F(1,113) = 10.312, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.084, kuwonetsa kuti ophatikizidwa adayamba kuwongoleredwa pomwe pamapeto pake amaweruza za kufunika kwa mankhwalawo (chithunzi Chithunzi44). Zotsatira zazikulu za ITI, F(1,113) <1, ndi mulingo wolimbitsa, F(1,113) <1, sanawonedwe. Kuyanjana pakati pa block ndi ITI, F(6.526, 737.415) <1, chipika ndi mulingo wolimbitsa, F(6.526,737.415) <1, ndi ITI ndi mulingo wolimbikitsira, F(1,113) = 1.109, p = 0.295, sizinali zazikulu. Njira zitatu zolumikizirana pakati pa chipika, mulingo wolimbikitsira, F(6.526,737.416) = 1.048, p = 0.399, sizinali zazikulu kaya.

 

CHITSANZO CHA 4

Zambiri za zigamulo zadzidzidzi za 10 zomwe ophunzira adapanga.

Ngongole. Kufufuzaku komwe kunaperekedwa mu lipotili kunathandizidwa ndi a Economic and Social Research Council (ES / J500100 / 1) ndi Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP / GO37574 / 1).

¹Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti zitsanzo zawo za otsogola kwambiri (n = 19) inali ndi atatu okha otchovera njuga, ndipo kuchuluka kwa njira ya DSM-IV Pathological Guga yomwe yatsimikiziridwa inali 2.3, kuwonetsa kuti uwu ndi kusiyana komwe kumapezeka m'misika yotsika pang'ono yovuta.

²Ambiri mwa omwe adachitapo kanthu pamikhalidwe yawo adatha (n = 18). Ophunzira omwe adachoka adasungidwa. Onse omwe ataya nawo gawo adamaliza kukhumudwa ndi kukakamizidwa. Ambiri mwa omwe adatsikira (82%) anali otsika kwambiri kwa kulimbikitsidwa, chikhalidwe chachikulu cha ITI. Mayeso osakhala a parametric adachitika kuti awone ngati onse omwe atuluka adasiyana ndi ena onse omwe anali mgululi. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunawonedwa mu kuchuluka kapena kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka, kapena kuchuluka komwe anali kutchova juga asanafike poti ayesere (mayeso osayinidwa a Wilcoxon, p > 0.05). Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali adafotokozedwa mwachidule atachotsedwa kuyeserera. Ophunzira omwe adatuluka anena kuti achoka kuyeserera chifukwa kutalika kwa kafukufukuyu kumatsutsana ndi zochitika zina (mwachitsanzo, zokambirana).

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