Ndemanga: Masewera ena owonjezerera = zambiri zowonetsa za ADHD
Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 24; 5: 16.
gwero
Department of Internal Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
Kudalirika
MALANGIZO:
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri Internet yakhala ikuphatikizidwa ndi chidwi deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), koma mgwirizano pakati pa masewera apakanema ndi chizindikiro cha ADHD mu achinyamata sukudziwa.
NJIRA:
Kafukufuku wa achinyamata ndi makolo (n = achinyamata a 72, makolo a 72) adachitidwa kuyesa nthawi yonse yomwe adagwiritsa ntchito Internet, wailesi yakanema, masewera a video, komanso Internet masewera apakanema, komanso mayanjano awo ndi maphunziro komanso magwiridwe antchito. Omwe anali ophunzira aku sekondale mugiredi lachisanu ndi chinayi ndi lakhumi. Ophunzira amapatsidwa a Young's osinthidwa Internet Bongo Scale (YIAS) ndikufunsa mafunso okhudzana ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, maphunziro, ntchito, komanso kusungidwa kusukulu. Makolo adapemphedwa kuti amalize Conner 'Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) ndikuyankha mafunso okhudzana ndi zamankhwala / zamisala mwa mwana wawo.
ZOKHUDZA:
Panali mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa nthawi yomwe timathera kusewera masewera opitilira ola limodzi patsiku ndi YIAS (p <0.001), grade grade average (p <kapena = 0.019), ndi zigawo za "Inattention" ndi "ADHD" za CPRS (p <kapena = 0.001 ndi p <kapena = 0.020, motsatana). Palibe kuyanjana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa index ya body mass (BMI), zolimbitsa thupi, kuchuluka kwa omangidwa, kapena "Oppositional" ndi "Hyperactivity" a CPRS ndi makanema ogwiritsa ntchito.
POMALIZA:
Achinyamata omwe amasewera oposa ola limodzi la kutonthoza kapena Internet masewera amakanema akhoza kukhala ndi zambiri kapena zowopsa za ADHD kapena kusasamala kuposa omwe alibe. Popeza zotsatirapo zoyipa izi zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zakuchita bwino kwa ophunzira, zotsatira zowonjezereka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yambiri pamasewera a kanema zitha kuikanso anthuwa pachiwopsezo chovuta chamavuto kusukulu.
Background
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa telegraph m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi kunabweretsa nthawi yatsopano yolumikizirana ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Kupita patsogolo kwamakono kwa ukadaulo kunapangitsa kuti matelefoni, wailesi, komanso wailesi yakanema apangidwe. Posachedwa, intaneti yakhala chidziwitso pakusinthana kwamakono komanso imathandizira njira zambiri zoyankhulirana. M'badwo uliwonse wafotokoza zakukhudzana ndi zoyipa zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi media pa ubale wamunthu ndi anthu ena. Intaneti imakopa achinyamata pazifukwa zambiri ndipo tsopano ndi njira yolumikizirana ndi ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga, maimelo, masewera, maphunziro, ndi nyimbo.
Internet ndi mitundu ina ya media imanenedwa kukhala ndi zofunikira pa thanzi la anthu m'maganizo ndi achinyamata. Kuyanjana pakati pa kuwonera wayilesi yakanema ndi kunenepa kwambiri, vuto lakumvetsera, kusewera kwa sukulu, ndi zachiwawa zanenedwapo [1-6]. Momwemonso, kafukufuku waposachedwa wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti mopitirira muyeso wotchedwa "Internet Addiction" awonetsa zoyipa paumoyo wamagulu [7,8]. Ubale wofunikira pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti ndi chidwi deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) wawonekeranso ana a sukulu ya pulayimale [9]. Kafukufuku wina wanena za kufanana pakati pakukonda masewera azosewerera pakompyuta ndi kutchova njuga kwa mizimu kapena kudalira mankhwala [10-12].
Zotsatira zamasewera azamavidiyo pa achinyamata sizodziwika bwino ngakhale pali umboni wokulirapo womwe uwonetsa mawonekedwe awo otchuka komanso kutchuka [13-15]. Zowonadi, kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a kanema kupitilira kuposa momwe ogwiritsira ntchito kanema wawayilera mwa ana [16]. Mu achinyamata asanafike pa zaka zaunyamata, kunenepa kwambiri kwalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera a vidiyo, koma kafukufuku wina watsutsa izi pakupeza osiyanasiyana [17-19]. Kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi thanzi ndi zamagwiritsidwe ntchito atolankhani sanawunike mwatsatanetsatane masewera a kanema, koma adawaphatikiza ngati gawo lapa TV kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Malo omwe amaphunziridwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zili m'masewera a vidiyo komanso ubale wawo ku machitidwe ankhanza a ana [14,20-22]. Malipoti ena a milandu adalembapo mayanjano pakati pa masewera a kanema ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana monga khunyu, matenda a minofu ndi mafupa, ngakhale kuti mphamvu zamagulu awa sizinakhazikitsidwe [23-27].
Ngakhale adasamala posachedwa, maphunziro ena awonetsa zabwino zomwe zingachitike pamasewera a vidiyo pa chitukuko. Kafukufuku wina wolemba Li et al. adapeza chiyanjano chabwino pakati pa chitukuko cha magalimoto ndi chizolowezi cha ana asukulu zamisukulu yasekondale [28]. Kafukufuku wina wanena kuti zochitika zam'mbuyomu zamakompyuta zimathandizira magwiridwe antchito a laparoscopic simulator madokotala [29]. Kuphatikiza apo, masewera a makanema amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi ngati cholumikizira kuphunzira ndi kuphunzitsa m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza maphunziro azachipatala [30,31].
Mawu oti "masewera apakanema" samasiyanitsa nthawi zonse pakati pa kontrakitala ndi masewera apakanema apa intaneti / pakompyuta koma m'malo mwake, akuwonetsa kusakanikirana kosavomerezeka. Masewera apakanema otonthoza akuphatikizapo Nintendo, Sony Playstation, Microsoft Xbox, ndi ena. Masewera apakanema apaintaneti amatanthauza masewera apakompyuta omwe amasewera pa intaneti pagulu limodzi ndi osewera ena. Ngakhale ndizofanana, pali zofunikira zingapo zofunikira. Masewera otonthoza amatha kuseweredwa ndi anthu ena, koma masewera ambiri ndi "osasewera m'modzi" ndipo amayenera kusewera okha. Masewera apa intaneti, adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito "osewerera ambiri" ndipo amaseweredwa ndi ena pa intaneti, nthawi zambiri kumalo akutali. Masewera a Console ndiotsika mtengo kuposa masewera a pa intaneti, ndipo safuna kompyuta. Mitundu yamasewera apakanema omwe amasewera pa intaneti poyerekeza ndi masewera a console nawonso amasiyana pazomwe zili. Mitu yamasewera a Console imaphatikizapo masewera, kuchitapo kanthu, njira, banja, chithunzi, masewera ochita masewera, komanso kuyerekezera, pomwe mitu yamasewera apakanema yomwe idapangidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti ndiyachindunji ndipo makamaka machitidwe ndi njira. Msika wamasewera wamavidiyo, mosasamala mtundu, ndi mafakitale ochulukitsa mabiliyoni ambiri omwe nthawi zambiri amawunikira ana ndi achinyamata.
Ubwenzi wapakati pa masewera amakanema ndi ADHD sichikudziwika. Zowopsa za ADHD zikupitiliza kukwera ndipo ndizovuta zazikulu pazachipatala, zachuma, ndi maphunziro [32,33]. ADHD ndimavuto ovuta omwe nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuti athandizire kuchokera kwa mwana yemwe wakhudzidwa kapena wachinyamata, aphunzitsi, makolo, ndi asing'anga kuti amupezeke bwino komanso kuthandizidwa bwino [34]. Mulingo wa Conners 'Parent Rating (CPRS) [35] ndicho chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pothandiza kupezeka kwa ana omwe ali ndi ADHD. CRS imakhala ndi mafunso pamafunso a makolo ndi aphunzitsi, ndipo imaphatikizanso magawo angapo kuphatikiza omwe akutsutsa, kutsutsana, kusasamala, ndi ADHD.
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza ubale womwe uli pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a kanema ndi zizindikiro za ADHD. Magawo ena omwe adawerengedwa adaphatikizapo body index index (BMI), sukulu, ntchito, kutsekeka, komanso zochitika pabanja.
njira
Kupanga ndi njira
Nditalandira chilolezo cha IRB, maphunziro adalembedwa kusukulu yasekondale ya ku Vermont. Chilolezo kuchokera kwa oyang'anira masukulu chinapezedwa ndipo kulumikizana kunachitika ndi ofesi yoyang'anira ndi aphunzitsi amasukulu. Kafukufuku adagawidwa ku 9 yonseth ndipo 10th ophunzira pasukulupo (n = 221). Kafukufukuyu anaphatikiza magawo a ophunzira (masamba asanu) ndi makolo (masamba awiri) kuti amalize pawokha, komanso fomu yovomerezera yomwe imafunika kuti asayine ndi wophunzira komanso kholo kuti achite nawo phunzirolo. Zotsatira zonse za kafukufuku sizinali zachidziwikire. Kafukufuku anasonkhanitsidwa (n = 162) kudzera ku Office Guidance Office. Kafukufuku 18 sanasiyidwe chifukwa cha mayankho osakwanira. Dziwe lomaliza lili ndi 144; 72 iliyonse kuchokera kwa makolo ndi ophunzira. Kuwerengera kwamphamvu koyambirira kunakhazikitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kufotokozedwa kwa 10% m'matenda a achinyamata ndipo anaitanitsa ophunzira onse a 200 kuti akhale ndi mphamvu ya 0.80. Komabe, zotsatira zazikulu zowerengera zidakwaniritsidwa pambuyo pa kusanthula kwa mafunso a 144 ndikutiyambitsa kuti phunziroli litha.
Njira
Nthawi yomwe timathera kusewera masewera a kanema, kuwonera kanema wawayilesi, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo yochepera ola limodzi, ola limodzi mpaka awiri, maola atatu kapena anayi, kapena kupitirira maola anayi. Zofufuza za ophunzira zimaphatikizira a Young's Internet Addiction Scale, osinthidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito masewera apakanema (YIAS-VG; kusasinthika kwamkati, alpha = 0.82) [36]. Selo iyi idavomerezedwa m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu ammagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zidamuwonetsa pa intaneti [13,36]. Mafunsowa akuwonetsa zoyipa zamasewera pakanema pakugwira ntchito ndi maubwenzi kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a kanema mopitilira muyeso, kunyalanyaza ntchito ndi moyo wapagulu, kuyembekezera, kusadziletsa, komanso kulimba mtima. Makolo adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Conners 'Parent Rating Scale (CPRS; kusasinthasintha kwamkati, r = 0.57) [35]. CPRS imagawa machitidwe m'magulu anayi: otsutsa, hyperactivity, osasamala, ndi ADHD. Zinthu zina zikuphatikiza jenda, zochitika pabanja, masewera olimbitsa thupi pa sabata, kutsekeka m'mwezi watha, ntchito, komanso ntchito zamaphunziro. Banja limatchulidwa kuti kukhala ndi makolo okwatirana kapena kukhala ndi kholo limodzi lomwe banja lawo lidasudzulidwa kapena kupatukana. Ntchito zamaphunziro zidayesedwa ndi makalasi onse a kalasi yoyamba komanso kalasi yomaliza yomwe adapeza m'makalasi onse a Masamu ndi Chingerezi kuti magawo awiriwa amavomerezedwa ngati maphunziro oyambira m'makalasi apamwamba onse.
Kusanthula deta
Zosintha zomwe zimadalira manambala (BMI, grade, YIAS-VG, CPRS) zidawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a wophunzirayo komanso mayeso a Mann-Whitney. Njira yomalizirayi idakhazikitsidwa ndimikhalidwe yapakatikati ndipo ndiyo njira yosankhika poyesa kukula kwazitsanzo zazing'ono. Zambiri zimanenedwa kuti "inde / ayi" (zogonana, ntchito, kusungidwa, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso zochitika pabanja) zidawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a chi-mraba. Zotsatira zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofunikira ngati p ≤ 0.05. Nthawi yomwe amathera kusewera masewera apakanema, kuwonera kanema wawayilesi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndizosiyana pawokha. Nthawi zomwe amayerekezera zinali za wophunzira yemwe amakhala yochepera ola limodzi kapena kupitilira ola limodzi pazinthu zina. Kudula kwa ola limodzi kunagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa kunaperekanso kugawa kwamitundu yayikulu pakati pamagulu awiriwa ngakhale kuti nthawi zina zimafananizidwa.
Results
Gulu lowerengera limaphatikizapo ophunzira a 72; Amuna a 31 ndi akazi a 41 ali mgawo la 9 ndi la khumi. Avereji ya zaka zapakati pa 15.3 ± 0.7 zaka. Nkhani zaanthu zikuwonetsedwa m'Tebulo Table1.1. Pafupifupi 32% ya ophunzira adagwira ndipo 89% anali ndi makolo omwe anali okwatirana. Ophunzira khumi adasungidwa kamodzi m'mwezi watha ndipo ophunzira awiri adachita nawo nkhondo yomenya chaka chatha. Ophunzira anayi adamwa mowa ndipo wophunzira m'modzi adati tsiku lililonse amasuta. Ophunzira awiri adanenanso kuti ali ndi matenda a ADHD ndipo anayi adanenedwa kuti ali ndi nkhawa komanso / kapena nkhawa.
Tanthauzo la BMI kwa achinyamata omwe amaonera kanema wochepera ola limodzi pa TV anali 20.28 ± 2.33 ndi 22.11 ± 4.01 kwa iwo omwe adawonera kanema wopitilira ola limodzi (p = 0.017, Table Table2).2). Panali chizolowezi chopita pa BMI yapamwamba kuti achinyamata azigwiritsa ntchito zoposa ola limodzi akusewera masewera a kanema, koma zotsatira zake sizinali zazikulu. Palibe kuyanjana komwe kunapezeka pakati pa BMI ndi nthawi yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti.
Ophunzira omwe adasewera makanema kwa ola limodzi anali ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pazambiri pa YIAS-VG (p <0.001 pamasewera a kanema wa pa intaneti ndi pa intaneti, Table Table3).3). Zochita zina zimalumikizidwa ndi njira yolowera YIAS-VG, koma sizinali zazikulu.
Panali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kosaganizira (p ≤ 0.001 pamasewera osewerera pa intaneti komanso a console) ndi ADHD (p = 0.018 ndi 0.020 pamasewera a console ndi intaneti, motsatana) Khalidwe mwa iwo omwe adasewera masewera a kanema kwa ola limodzi (Table3).3). Palibe mayanjano ofunikira omwe apezeka pakati pa ziwopsezo kapena magawo otsutsa a CPRS ndi kugwiritsa ntchito masewera amasewera. Palibe ubale wofunikira womwe udapezeka m'magulu anayiwo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kapena TV.
Panali chizolowezi chofika ophunzira ochepa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndikuchita masewera a kanema kwa ola limodzi, koma zotsatira sizinali zazikulu (Table4).4). Komabe, magiredi otsika kwambiri amapezeka pakati pa ophunzira omwe amasewera masewera a kanema kwa ola limodzi ndikupitilira kalasi yonse (GPA, p = 0.019 ndi 0.009 ya masewera a console ndi intaneti, motsatana).
Amuna anali othekera kwambiri kuposa akazi kuthera nthawi yoposa ola limodzi patsiku akusewera kapena masewera apakanema apaintaneti (p <0.001 ndi p = 0.003, motsatana). Amuna makumi awiri adanena kuti amasewera makanema opitilira ola limodzi patsiku motsutsana ndi wachinyamata m'modzi yekha yemwe adanenapo kusewera masewera apakanema apaintaneti kwa ola limodzi. Panalibe ubale wofunikira pakati pa jenda ndi nthawi yomwe amawonera akuwonera TV kapena intaneti. Sitinapeze mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa nthawi yomwe timagwiritsa ntchito pazofalitsa zilizonse ndi ophunzira omwe ankagwira ntchito, anali ndi makolo okwatirana, omwe amasungidwa m'ndende mwezi uliwonse, kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pafupipafupi.
Kukambirana
ADHD pakati pa ana ndi achinyamata amadziwika chifukwa cha majini komanso chilengedwe [37]. Mwa zoulutsira nkhani, ndizogwiritsa ntchito intaneti zokhazo zomwe zadziwika kuti zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ADHD. Kuzindikira kwa ADHD kumadalira pazowonjezera kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi, makolo, ndi asing'anga. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuwonjezeka kwa ADHD ndi zizindikiro zosasamala kwa achinyamata omwe amasewera masewera a kanema kwa ola limodzi patsiku.
Kukula kwa ADHD mu achinyamata akuti ali 4-7% [37,38]. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuchuluka kwa 8.3% kutengera kupezeka kozindikirika ndi kholo. Sizinali zotheka kudziwa mtundu weniweni wa ADHD pokhapokha pazowoneka zaiwisi za CRPS. Zizindikiro zowonjezera kapena zowopsa za kusasamala ndi machitidwe a ADHD adapezeka mwa ophunzira omwe adasewera masewera a kanema kwa ola limodzi, koma kuphunzira kopitilira kumafunikira kuti mumvetsetse bwino mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa masewera a kanema ndi ADHD. Sizikudziwika ngati kusewera masewera a kanema kwa ola loposa limodzi kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa zizindikiro za ADHD, kapena ngati achinyamata omwe ali ndi zizindikiro za ADHD amatha nthawi yambiri pamasewera a kanema.
Kafukufukuyu sanapeze kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a makanema ndi njira zotsutsa kapena zankhanza. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wasonyeza kuyanjana pakati pa zachiwawa m'masewera a vidiyo ndi machitidwe ankhanza [4,14,20,21]. Ndizotheka kuti masewera a kanema amangotengera zikhalidwe zamtunduwu m'magulu omwe amakonda kuchita zachiwawa kapena molumikizana ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanza mu media. Mphamvu ya phunziroli sinapangidwe kuti muzindikire kusiyana koteroko, mwakutero palibe zongobisika zomwe zingachitike.
Zotsatira zakuwonera kanema pa BMI zanenedwapo m'maphunziro angapo [1,2,5,6]. Tidapeza mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa BMI yowonjezereka ndikuwonera kanema wawayilesi oposa ola limodzi. Kusewera masewera a kanema kwa ola lopitilira sikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa BMI. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adapeza ubale wamphamvu pakati pa BMI ndi masewera a kanema m'magulu ang'onoang'ono [18,19]. Zomwe tapezazi zikuwonetsa kuti kuyanjana kumapitilira kuubwana.
Nthawi pa intaneti sinalumikizidwe ndi BMI yowonjezereka; njira yochepetsera BMI idapezeka mwa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti zoposa ola limodzi. Zotsatira zathu zikuonetsa kuti malingaliro omwe aperekedwa pakadali pano ochepetsa nthawi ya masewera a pavidiyo ndi ana ayenera kutsatiridwa [6].
Makanema onse otonthoza komanso paintaneti adalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa zizolowezi zomwe zidayesedwa ndi YIAS-VG. YIAS-VG imawunika momwe masewera apakanema amakhudzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu kuphatikiza zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, maubale, kugona, ndi malingaliro atsiku ndi tsiku. Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa YIAS-VG kumatanthauza kuti kusewera masewera apakanema kwa ola limodzi patsiku kumakhudza ubale ndi zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku. Sitinatanthauze kuchepa kwa YIAS-VG kuti tidziwe kugwiritsa ntchito "masewera" amakanema koma zambiri pagulu lathu sizinali zokwanira kuti ziwoneke ngati umboni wa "Internet Addiction" [13,36].
GPA inali yotsika mwa iwo omwe amasewera masewera apakanema kwa ola limodzi. Ngakhale gulu lowerengera ili linali ndi GPA yayikulu kwambiri, kusiyana pakati pa "A" (ochepera ola limodzi lamasewera apakanema) motsutsana ndi "B" (yopitilira ola limodzi lamasewera apakanema) ndikusintha kwakukulu mkalasi. Kwa ophunzira omwe sadziwa zambiri pamaphunziro, izi zitha kukhala zofunika kwambiri. Panalinso chizolowezi chopita ku GPA yotsika mwa ophunzira omwe amawonera kanema kwa ola limodzi. Ma TV ochulukirapo akuti amaphatikizidwa ndi kusachita bwino kwa sukulu [6].
Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti kusewera makanema apa intaneti komanso ola limodzi patsiku kumatha kukhala ndi zovuta m'maphunziro azachinyamata. Kuyanjana uku sikudalira "kukhala osokoneza" masewera amakanema kapena kusewera kwakanthawi kochuluka. Kuphatikiza apo, panalibe kusiyana pakati pakusewera masewera apakanema pa intaneti kapena pa kontrakitala. Kulimbikira kwamasewera apakanema kumatha kuyambitsa ubale womwe umadalira nthawi ino pakati pamasewera apakanema ndi zovuta zamakhalidwe, ngakhale zili pa intaneti kapena pamakina otonthoza.
Zosiyanasiyana zingapo za kafukufukuyu zilipo. Kuyerekeza kwapakati pamasewera azakanema ndi ADHD sikulola kuti ubale wamagwiritsidwe-oyambitsa akhazikike. Chifukwa chake, ndizosatheka kunena ngati kusewera masewera a kanema kumabweretsa kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro za ADHD, kapena ngati achinyamata omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zowonjezera za ADHD amakonda kuthera nthawi yayitali kusewera masewera a kanema. Kafukufuku wopindulitsa kuti ayang'ane chibwenzicho ali ndi zifukwa zomveka. Omwe anali nawo sanali oimira magulu onse. Ophunzira ambiri omwe anavomera pa kafukufukuyu anali a Caucasus, osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena mowa, anali ndi makolo okwatira, ndipo anali bwino kusukulu. Chifukwa chake, kuyanjana pakati pa masewera amakanema ndi ADHD m'magulu ena sikungasokonezedwe. Phunziroli linapangidwa kuti liwunike achinyamata omwe amatha nthawi yoposa ola limodzi akuchita masewera a kanema. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kupendanso gulu lomalizirali mwatsatanetsatane kuti muwone ngati pali mgwirizano pakati pa nthawi yomwe mumasewera masewera a vidiyo ndi zizindikiro za ADHD kapena magwiridwe antchito, kapena ngati ubale wina ulipo pakati pa omwe amawononga nthawi yambiri pochita izi.
Kutsiliza
Pazidziwitso zathu, uwu ndi kafukufuku woyamba kupeza kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a kanema ndi zizindikiro za ADHD mwa achinyamata. Kuunika za ziwopsezo za ADHD nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuzindikira kuzungulira kwanyumba komanso maphunziro. Maubwenzi a makolo, kulera ana adakali aang'ono (mwachitsanzo, kubereka asanachitike), kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti kumalumikizidwa ndi ADHD pambuyo pa moyo. Kuzindikiritsa izi ndi zina zomwe zimayambitsa ADHD kumabweretsa njira zopewera komanso zam'mbuyomu.
Zowonjezera A
Zowonjezera B
Zolemba
Nkhaniyi idasinthidwa kutulutsidwa. Beck Depression Inventory idayamba kulembedwa mu Zakumapeto A (Gome (Table5),5), koma adachotsedwa pazifukwa zaumwini.
Zothokoza
Tithokoza Diantha Howard chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi ziwerengero komanso a Juliette Chan chifukwa chothandizidwa nawo. Tili othokoza kwa Linda Barnes ndi Sarah Smith Conroy chifukwa cha thandizo lawo.
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