Kusamvana pakati pa tsankhu ndi zowona za Masewera a Gaming: Kodi kukhalapo kwa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mowa kumawononga osamwa bwino kapena kumapangitsa kufufuza kwasayansi? (2017)

Ndemanga pa pepala la "Ophunzira" lotseguka pazokambirana pa World Health Organization ICD-11 Gaming Disorder "

J Behav Addict. 2017 Aug 17: 1-4. pitani: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.047.

Lee SY¹, Choo H², Lee HK¹.

Kudalirika

Kuphatikizidwa kwa zovuta za Gaming Disorder (GD) mu 11th Kukonzanso kwa International Classification of Matenda (ICD-11) beta draft posachedwapa kunatsutsidwa, ndipo mkangano unapangidwira kuti achotsedwe ku "kupeŵa kuwonongeka kwa chuma." Komabe, Mawu osocheretsa awa akukhulupiriridwa kuti akuchokera pansi pa kulingalira kwa vutoli lomwe likukula. Zoterezi zingawononge thanzi labwino komanso umoyo wabwino wa anthu okhudzidwa. Kotero, kuopsa kwa vutoli kunatsindika mwachidule mu pepala lathu loyankhira. Tinapereka mwachidule momwe mipikisano ya mtundu umenewu inakhazikitsidwira m'dera lathu. Kuphatikizanso, tinayankha zokambirana zomwe zapangitsa kufufuza ndi ufulu wa ana. Nkhani yoti GD imakhudza ufulu wa ana ndi kusokoneza anthu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi angabwere kuchokera ku chikhulupiriro chonyenga chakuti ichi chatsopano cha digito ndi choipa kapena chosasokoneza. Mawu ngati amenewa angakhale oona mwa ena, koma osati onse, milandu. Kusakhutira kuzindikira mphamvu zowonongeka za masewera, komanso kuumirira kuchitira GD monga vuto laumwini, kukumbukira nthawi yomwe chidakwa chinali kuwonedwa ngati vuto la umunthu. Maganizo awa owopsa amachititsa anthu kukhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha thanzi ndikuwanyengerera. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa matendawa kumathandizanso kukhazikitsa kafukufuku ndi mankhwala m'munda. Kuphatikizidwa kwa GD mu ICD-11 yomwe ikubwerayo ndi gawo loyenera pa njira yoyenera.

Keywords: Masewera a Gaming, ICD-11, matenda, khalidwe loledzera, Kusewera kwa masewera a pa intaneti

Introduction

Pepala lotsutsana la Aarseth et al. (2016) akutsutsa kuti kuyambitsidwa kwa Gaming Disorder (GD) mu 11th Kubwezeretsa Kudzala Mtengo Wathu wa Matenda (ICD-11) kudzachititsa "kuvulaza kwambiri kuposa zabwino" kumabweretsa nkhawa zambiri. Olembawo akuoneka kuti akunyalanyaza zovuta za masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi mawu opanda pake akuti "odwala angakhale ovuta kuwapeza." Koma, chiŵerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera akukula mofulumira (Korea Creative Content Agency, 2016). Ngakhale kuti zowawa za GD zakhala zachidziwikire m'munda, tikufuna kuthetsa nkhaniyi mwachidule.

Chachiwiri, tidzakambirana za kafukufuku zokhudzana ndi kupanga ma GD.

Pomaliza, tikambirana za "khalidwe loopsya," "manyazi," kapena "ufulu wa ana" (Aarseth et al., 2016). Zomwe takumana nazo ku Korea, komwe mavuto a masewera a intaneti akufala kwambiri, adzagawidwa.

Zotsatira zovulaza za gd ziri zomveka ndipo siziyenera kunyalanyazidwa

Chimodzi mwazomwe zidafotokozedwa ndi Aarseth et al. (2016) ponena za chidziwitso cha kafukufuku wamakono ndikuti kukula kwa vutoli sikudziwika bwino. Yankho lathu pamutuwu ndi "Kodi izi ndi zofunika bwanji pakupanga matenda a maganizo?" Chimodzi mwazowerengera zowonongeka za masewera ovuta, zomwe tazitchula posachedwa m'nkhani yatsopano The New York Times, adawonetsa kuti "kwambiri" 1% ya osewera osewera amasokonezedwa ndi GD (Ferguson & Markey, 2017). Chiwerengero ichi chikufanana ndi kukhalapo kwa schizophrenia. Malingaliro omwewo, schizophrenia sayenera kuphatikizidwa mu ICD-11 ngati matenda a maganizo.

Kutsika pang'ono sikukutanthauza kuti khalidwe silingayambe chifukwa cha matenda. Ngakhale chiwerengerochi ndi 0.3% kapena 1%, odwala amayenera kulandira chithandizo chokwanira. Ukulu wa vutoli ndi wachiwiri ndi kufunika kwake. Zotsatira zotsatirazi ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa pakukhazikitsidwa kwa matenda a maganizo: kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa maganizo, ngati kuchira kumafuna kusamala, kuchuluka kwa zoopseza ku thanzi labwino, komanso phindu loletsa vutoli.

Zopweteka za GD zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino zimaphatikizapo kunenepa kwambiri chifukwa cholephera kugwira ntchito, imfa kuchokera ku mitsempha yambiri, kapena kuopsa kwa ngozi (Ayers et al., 2016; Hull, Draghici, & Sargent, 2012; Lee, 2004; Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz, 2004). Masewera olimbitsa thupi amakhalanso ndi zotsatira zowonongeka pa umoyo wa maganizo. Zingayambitse kuchepetsa kugona ndi masana, kusemphana kwa mabanja, kukhumudwa, kukhumudwa, kudzipha, ndi zina zotero (Achab et al., 2011; Amitundu et al., 2011; Messias, Castro, Saini, Usman, & Peeples, 2011; Wei, Chen, Huang, & Bai, 2012; Weinstein & Weizman, 2012).

Sikuti GD imangopititsa patsogolo thanzi, koma ngati zosamalidwa sizikuyendetsedwa bwino, GD ingathenso kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mwayi wamtsogolo wokhudzana ndi ntchito kapena chitukuko cha anthu. Makamaka, ana okhudzidwa sangakhale ndi mphamvu zawo zonse chifukwa cha kutaya mwayi wophunzira ndikulitsa luso lofunika.

Ife tikuganiza kuti zifukwa za olemba kuti kupanga ma GD kudzasokoneza ufulu wa ana ndi kukulitsa mikangano pakati pa ana ndi makolo kumatanthawuza kuti kusewera ndi nkhani ya ana (Aarseth et al., 2016). Komabe, zaka zambiri za masewera ndi osewera omwe amagula masewerawo kwenikweni 35 ndi zaka 38, motsatira (Entertainment Software Association, 2016). Choncho, mavuto a masewera sali okha kwa ana ndi achinyamata.

Mkhalidwe wa ku South Korea umasonyeza kuti mavuto a masewera samangokhala kwa ana ndi achinyamata okha komanso amakhudza makolo. Pafupifupi ana onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chiopsezo cha anthu omwe amachitira nkhanza zachipatala omwe adalandira mauthenga pawailesi a 2016 omwe ali ndi makolo omwe ali ndi vutoli. Iwo ananyalanyaza maudindo awo monga makolo pofuna kusewera mpira, ndipo adalanga ana awo chifukwa cholowerera (Kim, 2016). Poganizira kuwonjezeka kwa maseŵera a pa intaneti ndi masewera padziko lonse lapansi (Entertainment Software Association, 2016; Korea Creative Content Agency, 2015), mavutowa samangokhala ku East Asia.

Zovomerezeka mufukufuku: zowonjezera chifukwa chokhazikitsa zoyenera

Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimabwerezedwa m'mapepala onse chikugogomezera kusowa kwa deta komanso mgwirizano wa GD. Timavomerezanso kuti izi ndizofooka zazikulu za kafukufuku omwe alipo kale. Mwachidziwitso, kuperewera kwambiri kwa deta yachipatala kumatsimikizira kufunikira kokonzekera. Popanda njira yoyenera yoyezetsa matenda, kodi zingatheke bwanji kulandira zitsanzo zachipatala zowonongeka ndi malo oyamba? Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zofunikira za GD ku ICD-11 kumayembekezeredwa kuti apititse patsogolo kafukufuku wapamwamba kusiyana ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zida zosadziŵika bwino, makamaka zodzikuza kuti ziwone masewero ovuta.

Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) likugogomezera kufunika kwa ICD-11 pakupereka "chiyankhulo chodziwika kuti matenda ndi owonetsetsa" (Bungwe la World Health, 2017). Dongosolo lachipatala lomwe linasonkhanitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi "chinenero chofala" lingakhale lofanana ndi lofanana ndilo kusiyana ndi magulu osiyanasiyana ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, motero, kutulutsa chidziwitso chokwanira pa vuto lomwe likukambirana. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zina zambiri, monga zowona kapena zenizeni za nkhaniyo, zingathe kuthandizidwa bwino ngati zofunikira zili zoyenerera.

Umboni umene unasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zovomerezeka pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za GD zingathandize kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya maphunziro atsopano ofufuza. Umboni woterewu udzatitsogolera momveka bwino pa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisamakhale zovuta. Ngakhale kuti zofunikira za GD zosankhidwa mu ICD-11 siziphatikizapo zizoloŵezi zozoloŵera za kulekerera, kuchotsa, kapena kunyenga, monga momwe amachitira ndichinenero chachisanu cha Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha (DSM-5), njira yotsimikiziranso ikutha kufotokoza zoyenera zowonongeka pamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njuga. Ngati kufufuza kovomerezeka kukusonyeza kuti zofukufuku sizikugwirizana ndi njira yophunzitsira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi kutchova njuga, zikutanthauza kuti pakufunika kufufuza kafukufuku.

Ngakhale timavomereza kuti pakufunika kufufuza komwe kumafufuza malire pakati pa masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi ovutitsa ena mwa kutsutsa ndondomeko yovomerezeka yomwe imapangidwira kukhazikitsa matendawa, ziyenera kuwonetsedwanso kuti njira zowonjezera komanso zofufuza sizingagwirizane ndi kafukufuku. Njira ziwirizi zikhoza kutsogolera kafukufuku wamtsogolo mderali.

Makhalidwe abwino ndi ufulu wa ana: momwe mndandandawo unayambira ku South Korea

Kukhalapo kwa khalidwe labwino pamaseŵera osewera, omwe olembawo adanena, kungakhale kovomerezeka kwina, koma sikutsimikiziridwa. Kodi umboni wovomerezeka ulipo kuti kukhala ndi makhalidwe amantha? Kuwonjezera apo, kupanga masewerawa sikutanthauza kuti maseŵera angakhale ovulaza, kapena kuti onse othamanga ndi odwala. Ngati anthu samatanthauzira mozama cholinga chimenechi, maganizo olakwikawa ayenera kuthandizidwa kudzera mu masewera a anthu komanso zachitukuko cha umoyo, m'malo moletsa kulembedwa kwa matendawa. Chisankho chokhazikitsa kapena kupanga matenda a maganizo sikuyenera kupangidwa chifukwa choopa kuthetsa kusokonezeka.

Olembawo adachenjeza kuti dongosolo lomwe likuperekedwa lidzadziwitsa milandu yambiri yonyenga. M'malo mwake, timakhala ndi nkhawa pazochitika zonyenga. Popanda njira yodziwiratu, kodi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe angayambitse masewerawa angapezeke kuti, ndipo angapeze kuti thandizo lovomerezeka? Kusakhala ndi matenda oyenerera kudzapitirirabe kuyika anthu okhudzidwa ndi mabanja awo kunja kwa kayendetsedwe ka thanzi la anthu, osatetezedwa, komanso opanda thandizo.

Mosiyana ndi izi, pakhala mauthenga amphamvu ndi othandiza omwe akuchokera ku makampani osewera masewera olimbana ndi kupanga ndi kupewa GD. Ku South Korea, boma linakakamizidwa kuti lichitepo kanthu pazofuna zawo kuti zichepetse zotsatira zake zoipa, ndipo zakhazikitsa ndondomeko zingapo pofuna kuthetsa mavuto a masewera. Kuchokera ku 2006, kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wokhudza mavuto okhudza intaneti wakhala akuchitidwa, koma izi zatha mwachidule zokhudzana ndi masewera. Mu 2011, Korea Creative Contents Agency (KCCA) inasankhidwa kuti ikhale yotsogolera kafukufuku wapachaka pazaka zapadera. Komabe, atanena kuti ndizovuta, ndi 5.6% chabe ya osewera omwe amasewera oposa 8 hr / tsiku, KCCA inatsutsidwa chifukwa chochepetsa vutoli (Lee, Lee, Lee, & Kim, 2017). Chigamulo cha underreport chinawonjezeka chifukwa chakuti KCCA ikugwirizana ndi Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism, yomwe ikuyang'anira ntchito yopanga masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Makampani opanga maseŵero ndi bizinesi yaikulu ku South Korea; kotero, Bill "Shutdown" inangopereka chisankho pa April 2011 pambuyo poyesa kale kale (Korea Creative Content Agency, 2015). Lamuloli limaletsa kupereka masewera kwa ana aang'ono osasinkhuka zaka 16 pakati pa pakati pa usiku ndi 6 AM. Lamulo la "Kutseka" posakhalitsa linatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi makampani opanga maseŵera ndipo pempho la malamulo linaperekedwa lisanakhazikitsidwe mu November 2011. Malamulo atsopanowa anafunsidwa ngati akuphwanya ufulu wa ogwira ntchito pamasewera, ufulu wa ana omwe ali pansi pa zaka za 16 komanso ufulu wa makolo.

Zinatenga zaka ziwiri ndi theka kuti khothi lalamulo lipereke chigamulo chomaliza. Khotilo lidagamula zisanu ndi ziwiri kapena ziwiri kuti lamuloli likugwirizana ndi malamulo. Inanena kuti masewera a pa intaneti pa se sangakhale cholakwa; Komabe, poganizira kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pakati pa achinyamata, kuvuta kwa kusiya kwadzidzidzi (mwachitsanzo, chizolowezi chomachita) masewera a pa intaneti komanso zovuta zoyipa zakusokoneza bongo, kuchepetsa mwayi wopeza nthawi yolembedwa kwa ana ochepera zaka 16 sikunali kuponderezana. Idaweruzanso kuti malire pakati pa zabwino zalamulo ndi zotayika zimasungidwa bwino poganizira chidwi chofunikira chachitetezo cha ana ndikuletsa kukula kwa zizolowezi zamasewera pa intaneti (Lee et al., 2017).

Mu 2013, Bill Comprehensive Addiction Management Bill, kuyimilira ndi kuthandizira ntchito zothandizira komanso kuteteza GD pamodzi ndi njuga, mowa, ndi zinthu zopanda pake, zinaperekedwa. Kafukufuku amene anachitika pakati pa akuluakulu a 1,000 kumayambiriro kwa 2014 adawonetsa kuti 87.2% mwa iwo omwe anafunsidwa amakhulupirira kuti maseŵera a pa intaneti ali ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo, pamene 84.2% anali kulandira ndalama zatsopano, 12.2%Lee & Park, 2014).

Cholinga chatsopano chokhazikitsa malamulo chinayambitsa kutsutsana kwakukulu pa GD ku Korea. YS Lee, katswiri wa zamaganizo, adalemba kalata kwa mkonzi wa nyuzipepala yaikulu ya tsiku ndi tsiku kuti lamulo latsopanoli "lidzanyansidwa" ana ndi achinyamata ngati "oledzeretsa." Iye adatsutsa kuti masewerawo amatha kukhala masoka achilengedwe osinthika. Anapitiriza kunena kuti maseŵerawo anali ndi zinthu zabwino, komanso kuti ntchito yowonetsera malamulo iyenera kuimitsidwa musanakhale umboni wina wa sayansi womwe unalembedwa kuchokera ku maphunziro oyenerera ndi a nthawi yayitali (Lee, 2013). Nkhani yolembedwa ndi Aarseth et al. (2016) mofanana kwambiri ndi mfundo za Lee.

Polimbikitsidwa ndi zomwe Lee ananena, YC Shin, pulezidenti wa Korea Academy of Addiction Psychiatry panthawiyo, analemba kalata yomvera ku nyuzipepala imodzimodziyo kuti agogomeze kuti nkhani yoyamba ndi Lee sinali yoimira maganizo ambiri. Anayambitsa mkangano wopanda chidwi: Lee wakhala akuyang'anira malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, athandizidwa ndi Gaming Culture Foundation, yomwe imathandizidwa ndi mafakitale osewera. Shin adanenanso kuti GD ndiwotsimikizirika kuti ndizofunika ku thanzi labwino,Shin, 2013).

Ngakhale kulimbika kwambiri, ndalamazo sizinachitike. Komabe, mafakitale akusewera akuthandizira kuthetsa kayendetsedwe ka malamulo kamene kakuphwanya zofuna zawo. BK Kim, pulezidenti wakale wa kampani yosewera masewera omwe adafalitsa lipoti loyamba la padziko lapansi lokhudza kufa ndi maseŵera (Lee, 2004), posachedwapa anakhala woimira malamulo ndipo adanena momveka bwino kuti atha kuthetsa malamulo a masewera (Lee, 2016).

Ngakhale kuti zovuta zowonongeka kuchokera ku formalization ya GD sizingathetsedwe kwathunthu, tikuwona mwayi waukulu wopindula chifukwa cha zotsatirazi. Mwachitsanzo, anthu onse adzalandira chitsimikizo chodalirika chokhudzana ndi masewera. M'mbuyomu, kusewera kwa nthawi yaitali kwasokonekera ndi kusewera kwa masewera ndi anthu, ndipo omwe amavutika ndi masewera ovuta nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa ndi aphunzitsi kapena osakhala odziwa ntchito zothandizira. Chifukwa cha kusamvetsetsana ndi kusokonezeka, chisokonezo ndi mantha osayenerera pankhani ya masewera adakula. Motero, kupanga ma GD kungachepetse "makhalidwe oipa."

Pomaliza, timadziwa komanso kulemekeza ufulu wa ana. Mau oyamba a mawonekedwe omwe angapangidwe angathandize kuti maphunziro apangidwe apamwamba azikhala othandiza, pokhapokha ngati akugwiritsira ntchito kuwonetsa umboni wa sayansi. "Kumasewera ozunguza bongo," omwe amatchulidwa ngati vuto lalikulu la kuphwanya ufulu wa ana, amanenedwa ku China ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu omwe si akatswiri. Sitikukhulupirira kuti ma ICD-11 adzalanditsa mitundu ina kutsata chitsanzo choopsa cha China. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, zingayambitse kuchepetsa kuphwanya ufulu wa ana mwa kulimbikitsa chisamaliro. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za matenda omwe ali padziko lonse lapansi monga WHO, machitsanzo osayenera ochotseratu amatha kuchotsedwa pang'onopang'ono, popeza mavutowa angathe kuyang'aniridwa ndikuyang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri othandizira azaumoyo omwe ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi odwala.

Mawuwo

Mtsutsano wa GD sungathe kuthetsedwa mwamsanga, makamaka kulingalira za magulu ambiri ofunika omwe akukhudzidwa mu nkhaniyi. Komabe, kuyesayesa kulikonse kapena kukana mavuto a masewera kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu kuchokera ku thanzi labwino komanso malingaliro abwino. Khama lokhazikitsa mavuto a masewera pakati pamabanja pakati pa makolo ndi ana wakhala, mpaka pano, imodzi mwa njira zabwino kwambiri zogulitsa masewera. Komabe, "kuthetsa mikangano" ndi "kusalana" sizinthu zokhudzana ndi GD. Zokambirana zimenezo zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mavuto akuluakulu, omwe amakhudza zotsatira zovulaza za GD zomwe zimafuna kuti anthu omwe ali ndi maudindo awo azichita mwamsanga.

Timavomereza ndi lingaliro lakuti ambiri othamanga ali ndi thanzi ndipo amasangalala kusewera ngati zosangalatsa. Komabe, izi sizili choncho kwa osewera osewera mpira. Kulephera kuvomereza zovuta zomwe zingakhale zovuta kumaseŵera, komanso chithandizo cha GD monga vuto, zimatikumbutsa nthawi yomwe uchidakwa umawoneka ngati "vuto la umunthu." Izi siziwathandiza anthu omwe akusowa thandizo, koma zimangowonjezera manyazi kuti osewera osasamala amakhala "osokonezeka" chifukwa cha zolakwa zawo. Timakhulupirira kuti WHO ikuyendetsa nthawi yoyenera komanso yodalirika pa njira yoyenera.

Zopereka za olemba

S-YL analemba zolembedwazo; HC inathandizanso kwambiri kulembera; HKL inayambitsa mfundo ndi kuyang'aniridwa.

Kusamvana kwa chidwi

Olembawo amanena kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

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