(KUCHITSA) Kuyesera Kugwirizana Kwambiri Pakati pa Intaneti ndi Kuchita Zabwino ku Hong Kong Achinyamata: Kusanthula Kwambiri Pogwiritsa Ntchito Waves Wa Data (2018)

Zoyimira Mwana Zokhudza. 2018;11(5):1545-1562. doi: 10.1007/s12187-017-9494-3.

Yu L1, Shek DTL2,3,4,5,6.

Kudalirika

Pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kake, kafukufukuyu adawunika maubwenzi omwe angakhalepo pakati pa omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo pa intaneti komanso kukhutira ndi moyo komanso chiyembekezo cha chiyembekezo cha achinyamata aku Hong Kong. Kuyambira chaka chamaphunziro cha 2009/10, ophunzira a 3328 Sekondale 1 m'masukulu 28 aku sekondale ku Hong Kong adatenga nawo gawo pamaphunziro a nthawi yayitali (Zaka zakubadwa = zaka 12.59; SD = zaka 0.74). Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali adayankha mafunso omwe akuphatikizapo Kuyesedwa Kwamaintaneti, Kukhutitsidwa Kwamoyo, ndi Kutaya chiyembekezo chaka chilichonse. Kusanthula kwotsutsana ndi ma data atatu omwe adasonkhanitsidwa pazaka zitatu zoyambirira zaunyamata kunawonetsa kuti kusuta kwa intaneti komwe kumayesedwa pa Time 1 kunaneneratu zakukhala moyo wopanda chiyembekezo komanso kutaya chiyembekezo ku Time 2, koma mosemphanitsa. Momwemonso, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa Time 2 kunaneneratu zakukhala moyo wochepa pa Time 3, komanso zovuta zomwe zingakhudze moyo ndikukhala wopanda chiyembekezo pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuyambira Time 2 mpaka Time 3 sizinakhale zofunikira. Zomwe apezazi zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro akuti kukhala ndi thanzi labwino muunyamata ndi zotsatira zake osati zomwe zimayambitsa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Kupititsa patsogolo moyo wabwino ndikupewa kudzipha mwa achinyamata, njira zomwe zimathandizira kuchepetsa zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi intaneti ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

MAFUNSO: Achinyamata achi China; Hong Kong; Mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti; Mapangidwe a longitudinal; Umoyo wabwino

PMID: 30220941

PMCID: PMC6132824

DOI: 10.1007/s12187-017-9494-3

Introduction

Dziko lapansi lalowa nthawi ya intaneti pomwe zida zamagetsi zolumikizidwa zakhala zikuchita gawo pang'onopang'ono. Kuchokera pa 1995 mpaka 2016, kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi omwe amalumikizidwa intaneti kwachuluka kwambiri kuchokera pa ochepera 1% mpaka pafupifupi 46% (International Telecommunication Union ). Pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwasintha kwambiri momwe anthu amakhalira pamoyo wawo, zizolowezi zolowerera zokhudzana ndi intaneti zimalimbikitsidwa. Mu 1995, Goldberg () amagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimafotokoza kudalira kwa zinthu mu Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th edition) (American Psychiatric Association ) kufotokozera machitidwe ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuphatikiza zizindikiro zotsatirazi: kulolerana (kufunika kwa nthawi yayitali pa intaneti), zizindikiro zochotsa mukamachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mosasamala kanthu za kuzindikira kwa mavuto, kuchuluka kwakukulu nthawi yomwe mwawononga pa intaneti, kuyambiranso, komanso zotsatira zoyipa. Mchaka chomwecho, Achinyamata () ndi Griffiths () adafotokoza za anthu omwe adakumana ndi zizindikiro zotere zosagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti, omwe adayala maziko a kafukufuku wamphamvu mderali. Liwu, chizolowezi cha intaneti (IA), lapangidwa kutanthauza kulephera kwa munthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zomwe pamapeto pake zimadzetsa kusokonezeka m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso kuvutika kwamaganizidwe (Achinyamata ). Ngakhale mawu ena adavomerezedwanso (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kuzunza intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta, ndi ena) ndi ofufuza osiyanasiyana, "vuto la intaneti" lingagwiritsidwe ntchito papepala lotsatira.

Kutengera zoyesayesa zoyambirira izi, chidwi chazomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti zakopa chidwi chachikulu pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi ndipo kuchuluka kwa maphunziro opatsa chidwi pantchito iyi kwawonjezeka (Dalal ndi Basu ). Kafukufuku wanthawi zonse adawonetsa kuti chiopsezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti sichikukula makamaka kwa achinyamata padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ziwonetserozi kunapezedwa (Shek et al. ; Wamng'ono ndi Nabuco de Abreu ). Kutengera pa kuwunikira kwadongosolo kwa maphunziro azachipembedzo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zidasindikizidwa pambuyo pa 2000, ofufuza adawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa zomwe zidapezeka pa intaneti kuyambira 0.8% mpaka 26.7% mwa achinyamata (Kuss et al. ). Amakhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa intaneti m'malo osiyanasiyana, zida zoyezera zosiyanasiyana, komanso njira zosemphana zolakwika zomwe zimatengedwa kuti zitha kugwiritsira ntchito intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, ochita kafukufuku ambiri ndi akatswiri azachipatala adawona kuti zizindikiro zosokoneza bongo za pa intaneti ndizofanana ndi zovuta zina zowonjezera (monga kukhutira kwadzidzidzi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zochitika za pa intaneti zomwe zimasintha zosinthika) ndi zovuta zowakakamiza (mwachitsanzo, kuyipa kopweteketsa), ndikutsutsa kuphatikiza kuwonjezera kwa intaneti ku DSM- V ngati matenda osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti sikumadziwika kuti ndi vuto lakudziyimira palokha, vuto limodzi lolumikizidwa pa intaneti la Masewera a Masewera a Pakompyuta lakhala loti likhale gawo la "kafukufuku wopitilira" ku DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association ). Ngakhale pali mikangano mosalekeza pankhaniyi, pali kudziwika pakati pa othandizira kuti ziribe kanthu momwe anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsira ntchito intaneti akufotokozedwera, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti ayenera kusamaliridwa ).

Pankhani ya Hong Kong, malinga ndi lipoti la 2004 (Tsuen Wan Center ), mozungulira 18.8% mpaka 35.8% yaophunzira asekondale, ndi 37.0% ya ophunzira aku yunivesite anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi intaneti. Kutengera njira yodula kwambiri, Fu et al. () adanenanso kuti pafupifupi 6.7% ya achinyamata aku Hong Kong (azaka 15-19 zaka) adawonetsa zizindikilo zisanu kapena kupitilira apo zosokoneza bongo pa intaneti. Posachedwa, Shek ndi Yu () adawona kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuchokera pa 17% mpaka 26.8% kwa ophunzira aku sekondale ku Hong Kong omwe amagwiritsa ntchito a Little's IAT. Zinaululidwanso kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti kumayamba kuchuluka ndipo kenako kumayamba kuchepa m'zaka zaunyamata (Shek ndi Yu ).

Ngakhale gawo lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kaimidwe ka intaneti pakadalibe kuchokera kwa ofufuza ndi akatswiri ammudzi (Chak ndi Leung ; Fu et al. ; Kuss et al. ; Shek ndi Yu , ). Kufufuza kwatsimikizira kuwonongeka koipa kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti pa thanzi lamunthu wachinyamata, maphunziro, maphunziro am'banja komanso chikhalidwe china, komanso thanzi lamaganizidwe (Engelberg ndi Sjoberg ; Kim et al. ; Lin et al. ; Odaci ndi Çelik ). Kupatula apo, comorbidity pakati pamakhalidwe olimbana ndi intaneti komanso mavuto ena azaumoyo adanenedwapo (mwachitsanzo, Byun et al. ; Ko et al. ; Shapira et al. ). Akatswiri anachenjezanso kuti kutha kwa intaneti kumapangitsa kuti chuma chisawonekere m'mabungwe popanda mfundo zina zokhudzana ndi malamulo (Yellowlees and Marks ; Wamng'ono ndi Nabuco de Abreu ). Popewa kuthana ndi mavutowa moyenera, pakufunika kuwonjezeranso njira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimaphunziridwa kwambiri pakupezerera mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti ndi ubale womwe umapezeka pakati pa intaneti ndi moyo wabwino. Mwachindunji, zapezeka kuti kusuta kwapaintaneti sikumakhudzana ndi kukhutira kwa moyo, chinthu chanzeru pamutu wabwino. Malinga ndi Diener (,, kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo kumafotokozedwa ngati kuyesa kwa moyo wonse wamunthu malinga ndi zomwe munthu akuganiza komanso zomwe akufuna kuchita, zomwe zimawonetsa momwe munthu amakhutira ndi moyo wake wonse. Kutengera kusanthula kwa meta komwe kunachitika mu 31 mayiko akumayiko asanu ndi awiri padziko lapansi, Cheng ndi Li () adazindikira kuti "kuchuluka kwa anthu pa intaneti ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo monga zikuwonetsera zomwe zikuphatikizidwa (kukwaniritsidwa kwa moyo) ndi cholinga (mkhalidwe wazikhalidwe)" (p. 755). Zotsatira zofananira zidasindikizidwa ndi ofufuza m'magulu osiyanasiyana akatswiri (Cao ndi Su ; Ko et al. ; Fu et al. ). Komabe, komwe maubwenzi apakati pa ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti komanso kukhutira kwa moyo sikumadziwika. Chifukwa chake, tikufunika kumveketsa bwino nkhaniyi.

Chizindikiro chinanso chokhala ndi moyo wabwino ndi kusowa chiyembekezo komwe kumatanthawuza malingaliro olakwika kapena zoyembekezera pamtsogolo (Beck et al. ). Anthu omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu chodzikhulupirira amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zabwino sizidzachitika m'miyoyo yawo ndipo palibe chomwe angachite kuti asinthe. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chopanda chiyembekezo chimenecho, zochitika zosakhala bwino za moyo limodzi ndi mawonekedwe osayipa a munthu zimathandizira kukulitsa chiyembekezo. Mitundu yoyipa yaumbanda imaphatikizira a) chithunzi cha zochitika zoyipa kuzosakhazikika, zapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso zamkati; b) Kukhulupirira kuti zochitika zoyipa zimabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa, ndi 3) zomwe zimabweretsa zolemba zabodza zokhudza iwowo (Abramson et al. ). Ndemanga yaposachedwa (Lester ) idawulula kuti kuchokera ku 1978 mpaka 2010 panali kuwonjezeka kwa chiyembekezo pakati pa omaliza maphunziro aku America pazaka zambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti masiku ano achinyamata atha kukhala okhumudwa kwambiri komanso opanda chiyembekezo komwe kuyenera kufufuzidwa kwina.

Kafukufuku wokhudza mgwirizano pakati pa kutaya chiyembekezo ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti ndiwosowa, ngakhale ofufuza ambiri apeza kuti chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti chinali chogwirizana kwambiri ndi zizindikiro za kukhumudwa. Mwachitsanzo, Caplan () adanenanso kuti kukhumudwa komanso kusungulumwa kunaneneratu vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wamtundu, Alpaslan et al. () adatinso kutaya chiyembekezo kunali kwakukulu pakati pa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la kukhumudwa pa intaneti kuposa odwala omwe alibe mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pakafukufuku wina (Velezmoro et al. ),, wosazindikira kuti alibe chiyembekezo adapezeka wolosera zakuzunza pa intaneti chifukwa cha zosagonana m'malo ndi cholinga chogonana. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti osokoneza bongo pa intaneti amakhala ndi chiyembekezo chambiri kuposa anthu omwe alibe intaneti.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cholamula (Davis ) komanso zovuta pamavuto a psychosocial predisposition (Caplan ), kusasinthika kwamaganizidwe amtundu kumayambitsa malingaliro osayenera monga chikhulupiriro chakuti munthu atha kuthetsa vuto lake kudzera pa intaneti. Chifukwa chake, chizolowezi chopezeka pa intaneti chikuyimira "kudzilimbitsa" komwe kumakwaniritsa zosowa za m'maganizo ndi kumathandiza munthu kupewa / kusintha malingaliro omwe akukhudzana ndi zovuta zam'mutu. Ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti kukhoza kukulitsa zovuta za munthu ndikupangitsa mavuto atsopano, akukhulupirira kuti anthu omwe amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti akhoza kukhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi malingaliro omwe adakhalapo kale. Chifukwa chake, kusuta kwa intaneti kuyenera kuonedwa ngati chiwonetsero chachiwiri (kutanthauza, zotsatira) zam'mbuyomu zokhala ndi moyo wathanzi (mwachitsanzo, kukhutira kwa moyo wotsika kapena malingaliro opanda chiyembekezo) m'malo mwazomwe zimayambitsa zovuta za wina (Caplan et al. ; Chak ndi Leung ; Lo et al. ).

Komabe, ofufuza ena anena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta kumapangitsa kuti munthu asokonekere komanso kuti asamve bwino, zomwe zimawonongera thanzi (Beard ; Morahan-Martin ndi Schumacher ; Achichepere ndi Rogers ). Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chosamutsidwa, intaneti imatha kusokoneza chitukuko cha munthu mwa kukhala ndi nthawi yokwanira yocheza ndi mabanja ndi abwenzi (Kraut et al. ). Kuchepetsa mphamvu yolumikizana ndi zenizeni zenizeni zenizeni zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti kungapangitse kudzipatula, kukhumudwa, komanso kusungulumwa. Zinanenedwa kuti ena ogwiritsa ntchito ma intaneti olemera amakhala pachibwenzi cha pa intaneti kapena zochitika kunja zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto am'banja komanso zovuta m'mayanjano enieni (Achinyamata ). Panapezanso zomwe zimawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti monga masewera monga zosokoneza kumabweretsa mavuto ku banja (Ahlstrom et al. ).

Pomwe kafukufuku wambiri wachitika pofuna kuthana ndi ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la pa intaneti komanso moyo wabwino, ambiri anali owerengeka komanso zomwe amapeza malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa maphunziro a nthawi yayitali sizigwirizana. Zinapezeka kuti mavuto asanakumanepo ndi zamaganizidwe, monga malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso kusungulumwa zidaneneratu zamakhalidwe olowa pa intaneti pambuyo pake (Wamitundu et al. ; Koronczai et al. ; Yao ndi Zhong ). Mosiyana ndi izi, ofufuza ena adanenanso kuti nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti inali yolakwika ndi moyo wamunthu (Moody ). Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lokonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti adanenanso chisangalalo chotsika komanso chisangalalo cha moyo (Kraut et al. ; Kowert et al. ). Palinso zomwe zapezapo mgwirizano wothandizana pakati pa kuzolowera intaneti ndikukhala bwino m'malingaliro (Senol-Durak ndi Durak ). Mwakutero, maphunziro omwe adalipo sangapereke umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kumabweretsa thanzi labwino kapena mosiyanako.

Poganizira zomwe zapezedwa zakafukufuku wakale, kafukufuku wapanoyo anali ndi cholinga chofufuza mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhala ndi moyo wabwino (kusangalala ndi moyo komanso kusataya chiyembekezo) mwa oyimira achinyamata ku Hong Kong pazaka zitatu. Mitundu ingapo yodutsa pamiyeso yomwe imapangitsa maubwenzi osiyanasiyana pakati pamankhwala ochezera a pa intaneti ndi zizindikiro zaumoyo pakapita nthawi ikanayesedwa pambuyo pakuwongolera zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu (Kuss et al. ). M'mizere yodzaza ndi mbali zotsika, zomwe zimafotokoza kukhazikika kwa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kukhala ndi thanzi labwino zimakhazikika nthawi zingapo, komanso zovuta zomwe zimatsutsana ndizomwe zimapangitsa wina kumanga wina kuchokera nthawi ina kupita ku chitha china. muzifufuza nthawi imodzi. Izi zimathandizira kuchepetsa kukondera pakuyerekeza zowonjezera zamatsenga.

Kafukufuku wapano akuwunikira malingaliro opikisano anayi okhudzana ndi kuwongolera zomwe zingachitike pakati pa vuto lokonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi moyo wabwino: 1) Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kusakhazikika pamtendere sizimathandizirana mwachindunji, koma kugawana kusiyana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe sizinasinthidwe (mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe osasunthika) ; 2) Zizindikiro zaumoyo wamunthu zimakhala ndi zotsatira zachindunji komanso zamtali pazokonda pa intaneti; 3) Kusuta kwa intaneti kumakhudzanso thanzi la munthu, kapena 4) Zowonetsa pa intaneti komanso zizindikiro zaumoyo zimawonetsa kubwezera komanso kuleza mtima. Zomwe wapezazi atachita kafukufukuyu zikuyembekezeredwa kumvetsetsa kwathu za zomwe zimayambitsa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito bongo kwa achinyamata pa intaneti. Zotsatirazi zithandizanso kukulitsa mtundu wa malingaliro a anthu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso njira zopewera komanso kulowererapo zolimbikitsira moyo wa achinyamata.

Njira

Ophunzira ndi Ndondomeko

Kafukufukuyu anali gawo la kafukufuku wamkulu yemwe amayang'anira chitukuko cha ophunzira aku sekondale ku Hong Kong. Kutengera mndandanda wamasukulu onse aku sekondale m'magawo osiyanasiyana a Hong Kong operekedwa ndi Bungwe Lophunzitsira lam'deralo, masukulu a sekondale ya 28 adasankhidwa mwadzidzidzi kuti alowe nawo ntchitoyi, kuphatikiza masukulu a 5 ochokera ku Hong Kong Island, masukulu a 7 ochokera ku Kowloon, ndi 16 masukulu ochokera ku New Madera. Malinga ndi Shek et al. (), kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo zomwe zilipo pakadali pano poyerekeza ndi omwe anali ophunzira pasukulu yasekondale ku Hong Kong. Kuyambira kuyambira chaka cha 2009 / 10 chaka chamaphunziro, tidayitanitsa ophunzira onse omwe akuphunzira ku sekondale 1 kuchokera ku sekondale la 28 kuti achite nawo phunziroli. M'masiku awo a sekondale, ophunzirawo adawunikidwa pachaka pachaka malinga ndi zochitika zambiri za chitukuko chawo kuphatikizapo zizolowera za intaneti, chikhutiro cha moyo, kusowa chiyembekezo, njira za mabanja, ndi zizindikiritso zingapo za machitidwe abwino a chitukuko cha achinyamata. Kafukufuku aliyense asanachitike, zimaphunzitsidwa kuchokera kumasukulu, makolo, ndi kuyankha adapezedwa. Ophunzirawo omwe adatenga nawo mbali adatsimikizidwanso zinsinsi zachidziwitso chawo. Osachepera ofufuza omwe adayendetsa kafukufukuyu m'makalasi ndikuyankha mafunso omwe ophunzira akhoza kufunsa.

Kafukufukuyu apano adatengera mafunde atatu omwe adasonkhanitsidwa zaka zapakati pa junior sekondale, mwachitsanzo, Nthawi 1: ophunzira atangolowa sekondale (Sekondale 1; n = 3328); Nthawi 2: ophunzira atakhala chaka chimodzi kusekondale (Sekondale 2; n = 3638); ndi, Nthawi 3: pomwe ophunzira amaliza maphunziro awo ku sekondale junior (Sekondale 3; n = 4106). Pakati pa mafunde atatu, ophunzira 2023 adafananizidwa bwino ndi chidziwitso chathunthu, chomwe chimaphatikizapo ophunzira aamuna 1040, ophunzira achikazi 959, ndi ophunzira 24 omwe sananene za amuna kapena akazi. Makhalidwe oyambira mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo adafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Gome ​Table1.1. Kafukufuku wowerengera omwe amafanizira omwe adangomaliza kafukufuku woyamba ndi omwe adamaliza kufunsa mafunso pamafunde onse (mwachitsanzo, ophatikizidwa mu kafukufuku wapano) sanawonetse kusiyana kulikonse pakukula kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso chuma chabanja. Ophunzirawo adaphatikizidwa phunziroli (zaka = 12.53 ± 0.66 zaka) anali ocheperako poyerekeza ndi omwe adangomaliza kafukufukuyo pa Time 1 (zaka = 12.59 ± 0.74 zaka), t = 2.99, p = .01. Potengera zosintha zomwe zikuchitika phunziroli, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunadziwika pakukhutira m'moyo (t = -1.34, p > .05) ndi kusowa chiyembekezo (t = −.63, p > .05), pomwe ophunzira omwe adamaliza kufunsa mafunso pamafunde onse amafotokoza zambiri pazokonda pa intaneti kuposa omwe adangomaliza kafukufuku wa Wave 1 (t = -3.89, p <.001).

Gulu 1

Mbiri yakuzama ndi mafotokozedwe ofotokoza zosinthasintha zazikulu pamafunde awiri

Gulu 1Gulu 2Gulu 3Gulu 4Kuyerekeza pakati pa Gulu 1 ndi Gulu 4
Wave 1 (N a = 3328)Wave 2 (N a = 3638)Wave 3 (N a = 4106)Milandu yolingana (N = 2023) b
Age12.59 ± 0.7417.33 ± 0.7214.65 ± 0.8012.53 ± 0.66t = 2.99, p = .01
Genderx 2 = 0.02, p = .88
 Male1719 (52.2%)1864 (52.1%)2185 (53.7%)1040 (52.0%)
 Female1572 (47.8%)1716 (47.9%)1885 (46.3%)959 (48.0%)
FESx 2 = 0.62, p = .43
 CSSA225 (6.8%)208 (5.8%)212 (5.2%)129 (6.4%)
 Osati CSSA2606 (79.1%)2932 (81.2%)3308 (81.4%)1636 (80.9%)
 Unknown465 (14.1%)472 (13.1%)545 (13.4%)258 (12.8%)

FES Mkhalidwe Wachuma Banja

aZiwerengerozi zidachokera kwa omwe adamaliza kafukufukuyo pamafunde osiyanasiyana

bZambiri pamsanjayi zidayezedwa pa Wave 1 kuchokera pagululi

Zida

Internet Addiction

Makhalidwe osokoneza bongo a Achinyamata a achinyamata adayesedwa ndi mayeso a Achinyamata a 10-chinthu chowonjezera pa intaneti (IAT) adamasuliridwa ku Chitchaina ndikuvomerezeka mu zitsanzo zingapo za achinyamata ku Hong Kong (mwachitsanzo, Shek et al. ; Shek ndi Yu ). Ofunsidwa adafunsidwa kuti ayankhe ngati adawonetsa machitidwe omwe afotokozedwayu chaka chathachi. Chiwerengero chamakhalidwe oluluzika okhudzana ndi intaneti omwe adanenedwa ndi omwe adagwira nawo ntchito adagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita kafukufuku ngati chisonyezero cha kusuta kwa intaneti. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wapereka umboni wazinthu zabwino zama psychometric a IAT (Shek ndi Yu ). Pa kafukufuku wapano, alpha ya Cronbach ya IAT nthawi zitatu kuchokera 0.77 mpaka 0.81 ndipo mautanthauzidwe apakati pazinthu zonse anali pamwamba .26 (onani Mndandanda ​Table2),2,, ndikuwonetsa kusasinthika kwamkati mwa sikelo (Clark ndi Watson ).

Gulu 2

Chata ya alpha coefficients yamiyala nthawi iliyonse yamafunde atatu (n = 2023)

ScaleWaveAlpha wa CronbachKutanthauza kulumikizana kwa chinthu
IATNthawi 1 (Wave 1).77.26
Nthawi 2 (Wave 2).79.27
Nthawi 3 (Wave 3).78.27
SWLSNthawi 1 (Wave 1).85.54
Nthawi 2 (Wave 2).87.59
Nthawi 3 (Wave 3).87.58
HOPELNthawi 1 (Wave 1).85.54
Nthawi 2 (Wave 2).86.56
Nthawi 3 (Wave 3).87.59

Kukhutira ndi Moyo Scale (SWLS)

Kukhutira kwa moyo wa ophunzira kumayezedwa ndi 5-chinthu SWLS yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (Diener et al. ). Shek () adamasulira mafunso mu Chitchaina kuti awone kuwunika kwa anthu aku Hong Kong pamiyoyo yawo. Ophunzira adafunsidwa kuti adziyese pamalingaliro azinthu zisanu pamiyeso ya 6-point Likert (1 = sindimagwirizana kwambiri; 6 = ndikuvomereza mwamphamvu). Zolemba zazikulu za SWLS (kuyambira 1 mpaka 6) zidagwiritsidwa ntchito phunziroli. Nthawi iliyonse, SWLS idawonetsa ma psychometric abwino okhala ndi Cronbach's α kuyambira pa .85 mpaka .89 ndipo amatanthauza kulumikizana kwapakati pazinthu kuyambira pa .54 mpaka .62 (Gome ​(Table22).

Mulingo Wotaya Chiyembekezo ku China (HOPEL)

The 5-product Chinese Hopelessness Scale (Shek ) zosinthidwa kuchokera kwa Beck et al.'s (muyeso wapachiyambi udagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kuzindikira kuti ophunzira alibe chiyembekezo. Anthu anafunsidwa kuti ayese momwe angavomerezere ndi chilichonse chokhudza miyoyo yawo pamlingo wa Likert 6 (1 = sindimagwirizana kwambiri; 6 = ndikuvomereza mwamphamvu). Choyimira china chimati "mtsogolo zimawoneka zosamveka komanso zosatsimikizika kwa ine". Pakafukufukuyu, kuchuluka kwa sikelo kunagwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza kuti ophunzira alibe chiyembekezo m'miyoyo yawo. C α ya Cronbach inali .85, .87, ndi .89 pamagawo atatu owunikira, motsatana.

Mkhalidwe Wachuma Pabanja (FES)

Mkhalidwe wachuma wabanja mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali adawunikidwa potengera zomwe ena ananena zakuti banja la omwe akutenga nawo mbali alandila Comprehensive Social Security Aid (CSSA) kapena ayi. Ku Hong Kong, mabanja omwe alandila CSSA nthawi zambiri amawonedwa kuti ali ndi mavuto azachuma (Shek ndi Lin ; Shek ndi Tsui ). Pomwe panali njira yoyamba yosonkhanitsa deta, ophunzira a 79.1% ananena kuti mabanja awo sanalandire CSSA, 14.1% ya ophunzira idawonetsa kuti sadziwika, ndipo 6.8% idati idalandira CSSA (Table ​(Table11).

Dongosolo Losanthula deta

Structural equation modelling (SEM) yokhala ndi pulogalamu ya AMOS 23.0 adalemba ntchito kuti ayang'anire mtanda wokhala ndi gawo lalitali. Choyamba, zoyeserera za mitundu itatu yosinthika, chizolowezi cha intaneti, kukhutira kwa moyo, ndi chiyembekezo zinayesedwa pamafunde aliwonse. Chachiwiri, makina anayi opikisana ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa nthawi zitatu ophunzira ali ku sekondale 1, Secondary 2, ndi Secondary 3 kuti awunikire zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zidatsitsidwa. Mtundu woyamba (M1) ukhoza kuonedwa ngati mtundu wokhazikika, womwe umangokhala ndi zotsatira zowongolera zomwe zimasinthasintha mafunde awiri, koma sizinakhale ndi vuto lililonse. Mtundu wachiwiri (M2) ndi chitsanzo cha kuphatikizira zomwe zimaphatikizapo zonse zotsatira za mtima monga momwe zidanenedwera mu M1 ndi zotsatira zoyipa kuchokera pakukhutira kwa moyo komanso kusataya chiyembekezo panthawi yapambuyo pake (Nthawi 1 ndi Time 2) kuzolowera intaneti pambuyo pake (Nthawi 2 ndi Nthawi 3). Mtundu wachitatu (M3) umayimira njira yodutsidwira yophatikizira zonse zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale wolumikizana komanso zotsatirapo zake kuchokera pakukonda pa intaneti nthawi yakale zimaloza ku kukhutira kwa moyo ndi kusataya chiyembekezo pambuyo pake, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zidasinthidwa chifukwa cha njira zomwe zidatchulidwa mu M2. Mtundu wachinayi (M4) umatchedwa mtundu wobwereza wophatikiza M2 ndi M3, womwe umaganiza kuti pali ubale wolumikizana pakati pa chizolowezi cha intaneti ndi zizindikiritso ziwiri zaumoyo pakapita nthawi. Mwa mtundu uliwonse, tidaloleza kulumikizana pakati pa kusintha kwaposachedwa ndi kusintha kwa zolakwika za chisonyezo chilichonse pa Time 1 ndi chizolozera chofananira pa Time 2 ndi Time 3, monga chizolowezi chochita pachithunzithunzi chachitali chautali (Gollob ndi Reichardt ). Mitundu inayi yophatikizidwa ikuwonetsedwa mu mkuyu. ​Firiji.11 (malonda).

Fayilo yakunja yosunga chithunzi, chithunzi, ndi zina zambiri. Dzina la chinthu ndi 12187_2017_9494_Fig1_HTML.jpg

Mitundu yoyeserera

Chachitatu, kupewa zomwe zingayambitse kuchuluka kwa anthu pa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso thanzi lawo, jenda la omwe akutenga nawo gawo (amuna = 1; wamkazi = 0), zaka, komanso chuma chabanja (CSSA = 1; non-CSSA = 0 ) pa Time 1 adaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu yazosokoneza momwe zingathere monga momwe kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu (Kuss et al. ; Yu ndi Shek ). Zinkaganiziridwa kuti izi zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu zimalumikizana mwachindunji ndi mawonekedwe a Wave 1, ndipo zimangolumikizidwa mosakhudzika ndi zosintha zomwe zimayesedwa pambuyo pake pakupanga mayeso obwereza mafunde.

Results

Ziwerengero zofotokozera zamitundu yonse yomwe imaphunziridwa zidawerengedwa ndikufotokozedwa mwachidule mu Mat ​Tables11 ndi ​and2.2. Njira yolumikizirana kwa magawo apakati komanso kotalikirana pakati pa zosinthika zinali momwe amayembekera kutengera zolemba zomwe zilipo, ndizokonda pa intaneti zosagwirizana ndi kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo, komanso zokhudzana ndi chiyembekezo zopanda chiyembekezo nthawi zonse komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Kukhala wokhutira ndi moyo wopanda chiyembekezo kunakwaniritsidwa.

Table ​Table33 ikuwunikira mwachidule za mtundu woyenera wa mitundu yonse yoyesera ndi mitundu inayi yophatikizidwa. Titha kuwona kuti mitundu yonse ya miyezo (MM1 mpaka MM9) idawonetsa kuyenera kwazinthuzo, ndikuwonetsa kuti zida zowunika za chisangalalo cha moyo, kusataya chiyembekezo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zidali zomveka komanso zodalirika pamafunde atatu (Anderson ndi Gerging ). Zotsatira zakukwanira bwino kwa mitundu inayi yophatikizidwa iyi kunawonetsa kuti zitsanzozo ndizoyenerana ndi zomwe zapezeka mafunde atatu mokhutira bwino (CFI 95 .XNUMX, NFI 92 .XNUMX, TLI = .95, ndi RMSEA = .03). Popeza mitundu yonse yamapangidwe ndi mitundu yosaoneka, amafanizidwa ndi mayeso amtundu wa chi-square (Bentler ndi Bonett ), ndipo zotsatira zake zimafotokozedwa m'Gome ​Table33.

Gulu 3

Ziwerengero zofotokozera zakusinthika kwa ophunzira omwe adamaliza mafunde onse asanu ndi limodzi a mafunso

ZosiyanasiyanazosiyanasiyanaKutanthauza ± SDSkewnessKurtosisIA1LS1HL1IA2LS2HL2IA3LS3HL3
IA10-102.15 ± 2.251.190.92-
LS11-63.98 ± 1.05-0.48-0.05-XXUMUM**-
HL11-62.59 ± 1.110.680.13.26**-XXUMUM**-
IA20-102.28 ± 2.331.160.82.55**-XXUMUM**.21**-
LS21-63.85 ± 1.06-0.46-0.07-XXUMUM**.56**-XXUMUM**-XXUMUM**-
HL21-62.66 ± 1.100.560.04.27**-XXUMUM**.47**.29**-XXUMUM**-
IA30-101.17 ± 2.171.661.55.44**-XXUMUM**.14**.56**-XXUMUM**.10**-
LS31-63.59 ± 1.05-0.29-0.37-XXUMUM**.51**-XXUMUM**-XXUMUM**.61**-XXUMUM**-XXUMUM**-
HL31-62.67 ± 1.060.50-0.01.21**-XXUMUM**.43**.26**-XXUMUM**.57**.29**-XXUMUM**-

IA1 Kusuta kwa intaneti pa Time 1 (Wave 1); LS1 Kukhutira kwa moyo pa Time 1 (Wave 1); HL1 Kusataya chiyembekezo pa Time 1 (Wave 1); IA2 Kusuta kwa intaneti pa Time 2 (Wave 2); LS2 Kukhutira kwa moyo pa Time 2 (Wave 2); HL2 Kusataya chiyembekezo pa Time 2 (Wave 2); IA3 Kusuta kwa intaneti pa Time 3 (Wave 3); LS3 Kukhutira kwa moyo pa Time 3 (Wave 3); HL3 Kupanda chiyembekezo pa Nthawi 3 (Wave 3)

Zambiri za IA zinali potengera mayankho a "Inde" ochokera ku IAT kuchuluka, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa zizolowezi zapaintaneti zomwe zimayesedwa ndi IAT; zambiri zokhutiritsa za moyo ndi kusowa chiyembekezo zidawerengedwa kutengera zinthu zambiri za SWLS ndi HOPEL

**p <.001

Choyamba, mtundu wokhazikika (M1) wopanda njira yodutsa-yoyerekeza adayerekezedwa ndi mtundu wa causal (M2) womwe umafotokoza zovuta zomwe zidapangitsa kuti moyo ukhale wokhutira komanso wopanda chiyembekezo pa Time 1 ndi Time 2 pazowonjezera pa intaneti pa Time 2 ndi Time 3, motero. Zotsatira sizowonetsa kusintha kwakukulu (Δx 2 = 8.91, Δdf = 4, p > .05). Chachiwiri, mtundu womwe udasinthidwa (M3) wokhala ndi zovuta zakubwera pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti nthawi yoyamba (Time 1 ndi Time 2) pakukhutira pamoyo wamtsogolo ndikusowa chiyembekezo (Nthawi 2 ndi Nthawi 3) zimapereka chidziwitso choyenera kuposa mtundu wokhazikika (Δx 2 = 93.74, Δdf = 4, p <.001). Chachitatu, pomwe mtundu wobwezeretsanso (M4) umakwanira bwino kuposa M1 (mtundu wokhazikika) ndi M2 (mtundu wa causal), mtunduwu sunasinthe kwambiri mtunduwo poyerekeza ndi M3, mtundu womwe udasinthidwa (Δx 2 = 8.57, Δdf = 4, p > .05). Chifukwa chake, M3 imawoneka ngati mtundu woyenera kwambiri potengera mawonedwe, ngakhale M4 idawonetsa kusintha pang'ono poyerekeza ndi M3 (p = .04 pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso amtundu umodzi) womwe ungafunenso kuwunikidwa. Mwanjira ina, zomwe zidafotokozedwazi zidathandizira lingaliro loti kuzolowera intaneti kumapangitsa kukhutira ndi moyo komanso kukhala wopanda chiyembekezo mtsogolo, koma mosemphanitsa (Gulu ​(Table44).

Gulu 4

Zolemba zamtundu woyenera za mitundu yoyezera ndi mitundu yapangidwe (N = 2023)

lachitsanzoKufotokozerax 2dfCFINFITLIRMSEAZofaniziraΔx 2Δdfp
MM1Nthawi ya IA 1144.0933.97.96.96.04----
MM2Nthawi ya LS 16.241.001.001.00.02----
MM3HL Nthawi 11.431.001.001.00.00----
MM4Nthawi ya IA 2154.5933.97.96.96.04
MM5Nthawi ya LS 218.241.001.00.99.04
MM6HL Nthawi 24.731.001.001.00.02
MM7Nthawi ya IA 3179.7233.97.96.95.05----
MM8Nthawi ya LS 37.641.001.001.00.02----
MM9HL Nthawi 311.531.001.00.99.04----
M1Chitsanzo chokhazikika4304.641794.95.92.95.03----
M2Citsanzo4295.731790.95.92.95.03M1 vs. M28.914.06
M3Mtundu wosinthika wa causal4210.901790.96.93.95.03M1 vs. M393.744.00
M4Njira yobwezera4202.331786.96.93.95.03M1 vs. M4102.314.00
M2 vs. M493.404.00
M3 vs. M48.574.07

MM Choyimira (monga, MM1 Choyimira 1)

chithunzi ​Chithunzi22 adawonetseranso njira zomwe zimasinthidwa ndikutsatiridwa kwa mtundu wa causal (M3). Choyamba, pa Time 1, jenda (kukhala wamwamuna) kunali kogwirizana ndi kutaya chiyembekezo (β = .08, p <.001) komanso kuchepa kwachuma m'mabanja (kulandira CSSA) kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wachinyamata wokhutira (β = −.08, p <.001). Chachiwiri, achinyamata omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa Time 1 anali ndi vuto lakuthwa kwa chiyembekezo cha nthawi 2 (β = .21, p <.001), komanso zoyipa zomwe zakhudza moyo wawo pa Time 2 (β = −.12, p <.001), atatha kuwongolera zovuta zawo komanso kukhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Chachitatu, kuyambira Nthawi 2 mpaka Nthawi 3, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika kunaneneratu kuti moyo usanakhutire (β = −.10, p <.01), pomwe kuneneratu kopanda chiyembekezo sikunali kofunikira (β = .04, p > .05).

Fayilo yakunja yosunga chithunzi, chithunzi, ndi zina zambiri. Dzina la chinthu ndi 12187_2017_9494_Fig2_HTML.jpg

Caversal Causal Model (M3): Maubale omwe ali pakati pamankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti, kukhutira ndi moyo, komanso kusowa chiyembekezo pamafunde atatu (N = 2023)

Kukambirana

Zambiri mwa maphunziro apitayi pa chiyanjano pakati pa intaneti ndi ubwino wachinyamata kwa achinyamata zakhazikitsidwa pamapangidwe osiyana siyana. Zomwe zili choncho, deta yautali kuchokera kwa woimira chitsanzo ndi yofunikira kuti ochita kafukufuku amvetse ngati kukhala ndi moyo wabwino ndi chiopsezo cha chizoloŵezi cha achinyamata pa intaneti kapena zotsatira zake. Phunziroli likugwira ntchitoyi pofufuza mgwirizano wa nthawi yaitali pakati pa intaneti ndi zizindikiro ziwiri za moyo wabwino, kukhutira moyo ndi kusowa chiyembekezo, mwachitsanzo chachikulu cha achinyamata a ku Hong Kong.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe a mapangidwe atatu a mawonekedwe, zotsatira zake zinkatsitsimutsa njira yowonongeka yomwe inachititsa kuti kusuta kwa intaneti kuwononge kuchepa kwaumwini pambuyo pa chikhalidwe choyambirira ndi zotsatira za kugonana, msinkhu, ndi chikhalidwe cha zachuma cha banja. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino chomwe chinagwirizanitsa zochitika zina sikunali kuthandizidwa. Zotsatirazi zimapereka chidziwitso chatsopano ku chiyanjano cha maubwenzi pakati pa machitidwe ozunguza intaneti ndi ubwino wachinyamata. Mosiyana ndi maphunziro a magawo awiri, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mapangidwe apangidwe ndi machitidwe olingana ndi njira yowonongeka yopenda zowonongeka ndi kubwereza.

Zinapezeka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti kunaneneratu za moyo wocheperako wa achinyamata komanso kusataya chiyembekezo kwakanthawi, koma zovuta zomwe zidawonetsa pazomwe zikuwonetsa bwino pazikhalidwe zomwe zidawonetsedwa pa intaneti sizinali zofunikira. Ngakhale izi zikutsimikizira mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso thanzi la munthu, chitsogozo cha bungweli chimangogwirizana ndizomwe zapezedwa kale (Cao et al. ; Ko et al. ; Whang et al. ). Mwachitsanzo, padapezeka zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la m'maganizo omwe analipo kale amakhala atha kutengeka kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (mwachitsanzo, Lemmens et al. ). Kafukufuku wolemba Bozoglan et al. () idawulula kuti kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo wotsika, kudzikweza, komanso kusungulumwa kwakukulu kunaneneratu za kusuta kwa intaneti kwa ophunzira aku yunivesite. Phunziro lina lalitali (Lemmens et al. ), kukhala ndi moyo wotsika m'maganizo kunapezeka kuti ndizoyambitsa kuposa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi masewera a pakompyuta. Dzuwa ndi Shek () idanenanso kuti kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo kumayanjanitsa ubale pakati pa malingaliro abwino ndi mndandanda wazikhalidwe zamavuto achinyamata chifukwa kuganiza moyenera chokhudza moyo kumachepetsa mayendedwe abvuto mtsogolo popangitsa kuti achinyamata azitukuka. Zotsatira izi zidasinthidwa kuti zisonyeze njira yodutsika kuchokera ku kupeza bwino ndikuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Pakalipano, ophunzira ochepa amakhulupirira kuti pali ubale wolumikizana pakati pa thanzi ndi kusuta kwa intaneti: pomwe munthu wosakhala bwino amatha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati njira yothanirana ndi mavuto omwe amakumana nawo. , kumizidwa mu intaneti yeniyeni kumabweretsa zovuta zenizeni m'moyo komanso kusungulumwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti moyo wawo ukhale wopanda vuto. Tsoka ilo, mtundu wobwezeretsawu sunapeze chithandizo champhamvu mowerengera kumeneyu.

Pali malongosoledwe angapo omveka pazopezekazo. Choyamba, zomwe zapezidwazo zitha kuonedwa ngati umboni wa chiphunzitso chofikira. Ndiye kuti, achinyamata omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti amaika zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina ndipo amakhala ndi mwayi wopita kwawo akakhala pa intaneti. Ziribe kanthu ngati wachinyamata ali ndi vuto lakale kapena ayi, ndikumuchotsa komwe kumamulekanitsa ndi moyo wake womwe umayambitsa zovuta (monga, banja, kuwerenga, mavuto amthupi) komanso kuchepa kwa thanzi . Mwachitsanzo, zovuta zakugona nthawi zambiri zimanenedwapo chifukwa cha kusuta kwa intaneti (Chen ndi Gau ; Kodi et al. ), ndipo kusowa tulo kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwanthawi yokhutira ndi moyo (Piper ; Van Praag ndi Ferrer-i-Carbonell ) komanso malingaliro apamwamba opanda chiyembekezo (McCall and Black ). Mwakutero, mavuto akuthupi omwe amayamba chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika angakhudze moyo wanu.

Chachiwiri, ngakhale mavuto amisili omwe analipo kale monga nkhawa, nkhawa, komanso nkhawa zitha kuchititsa kuti achinyamata azichita zolaula pa intaneti, mavuto omwewo sangakhale olimba kuti achinyamata azitha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Pali zinthu zina zomwe zikuthandizira kukulitsa ndi kusamala kwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, kukhudzika kwamunthu wamkulu (Lee et al. ), kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwaulere (Achinyamata ), kulimbikitsidwa kwamakhalidwe oyenera pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro opeza bwino, kuchepetsedwa kusungulumwa), chikhulupiriro chodziwitsa kuti intaneti ndi bwenzi lomwe limachepetsa nkhawa za wina (Davis ), popanda zinthu izi, kukhala wathanzi kwamalingaliro pawokha sikungachititse khansa yowonjezera pa achinyamata. Chachitatu, ndizothekanso kuti ubale womwe umakhalapo pakati pa kukhala wathanzi ndi kusuta kwa intaneti umasinthidwa ndi zinthu zina monga kayendedwe ka makolo. Ofufuzawo adawona kuti achinyamata amafotokoza kwambiri zochita za makolo awo zomwe siziwonetsa zomwe amakonda pa intaneti kuposa zomwe zimawonetsa kuwongolera makolo (Li et al. ). Zikuwoneka kuti, kufufuza kwakuya kambiri kumafunikira kuti tiwone momwe oyang'anira osiyanasiyana angathere komanso kuti ayesenso njira yobwezeretsera yomwe idapezeka kuti ili pofunika mu kafukufukuyu. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale kuli kwakuti chithandizo chobwereza sichili cholimba, kusiyana kwakukulu kwakukulu kwa chi kukusonyeza kuti pakufunika kufufuza mtunduwu pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde amtundu wautali.

Zomwe zapezekazi zili ndi tanthauzo lakuganiza komanso lothandiza kwa ofufuza ndi akatswiri omwe akuchita ndi achinyamata. Mwachangu, poti kafukufuku wochepa kwambiri adasanthula kuyanjana kwakutali pakati pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kusowa chiyembekezo, kupeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kumawonjezera kukhudzika kwa achinyamata kwa kusataya chiyembekezo kwa nthawi. Makamaka, zikuwonetsa kuti kukhala ndi thanzi labwino sichinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa munthu kukhala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti. Kuthekera kwina ndikuti omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino amathanso kukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Komabe, anthu omwe amakhala ndi thanzi labwino sangakhale ndi vuto lodzilimbitsa komanso amangokhala osachita zambiri pa intaneti. Zomwe zapezekazi zikusonyeza kuti pakufunika kuyang'ana ubale womwe ungachitike pakati pa moyo wathanzi ndi vuto.

Zomwe zapezazi zimapereka lingaliro latsopano momwe zingalimbikitsire moyo wa achinyamata. Makamaka, ofufuza anena kuti kusataya chiyembekezo ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu cha kukhumudwa ndi kudzipha (Minkoff et al. ,, ndikuti kutaya chiyembekezo kumabweretsa chidziwitso choperewera kuphatikizaponso kuvutikira ndikuchepetsa kupirira, nkhawa ndi chisoni, kutsika kudzikweza komanso kulephera kuzindikira kusinthika kwa zochitika zoyipa. Kuchepetsa chiyembekezo cha achinyamata ndikulimbikitsa moyo wawo, njira ndi zida zomwe zingathandize kuunika ndi kuwongolera machitidwe osokoneza bongo pa intaneti ayenera kuganiziridwanso. Mwachitsanzo, Kafukufuku wanena kuti njira zamakhalidwe abwino zomwe zimayang'ana mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti zitha kukhala zothandiza pochepetsa zizindikiro zake (King et al. ; Jorgenson et al. ; Winkler et al. ; Wamng'ono ). Kutengera njirayi, othandizira akatswiri kusukulu kapena mdera angayang'ane momwe achinyamata akuwonera zinthu pa intaneti (monga kuthandiza achinyamata kuti azilemba zochitika zawo za pa intaneti), kuwongolera malingaliro olakwika a achinyamata za intaneti, kusamalira nthawi yophunzitsira komanso kuphunzitsa maluso a kukhazikitsa. Kulowerera kwa Multilevel komwe kumaphatikiza upangiri aliyense payekhapayekha komanso kulowererapo kwa mabanja kwapezanso chothandiza pakuchepetsa nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti komanso mavuto okhudzana ndi psychosocial (Shek et al. ). Achinyamata akakhala kuti samakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, amatha kukhala ochezeka kwambiri komanso kulimbikitsa kulumikizana komwe kungathandize kulimbikitsa chiyembekezo cha tsogolo la achinyamata (Stoddard et al. ). Mwachiwonekere, monga zinthu zina zomwe zingathandizire pakukonda kwa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, njira za mabanja), tiyenera kupendanso izi. Pomaliza, othandizira osiyanasiyana kuphatikiza aphunzitsi, makolo ndi ophunzira omwewo ayenera kukhala osamala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zomwe zapezekazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu opewera umboni ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Zowerengeka zingapo za kafukufuku wapano ziyenera kudziwika. Poyamba, ngakhale tagwiritsa ntchito njira yokhala ndi zithunzi zazitali zomwe tazipeza zaka zitatu kuti tichotsere ubale wopezeka pakati pa achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti ndikukhala bwino pakati pa achinyamata, umboni wokhazikitsidwa ndi maphunziro omwe ali ndi zoyeserera amafunika kutsimikizira zoyambitsa ndi zotsatirazi. ubale. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo atha kutenga mayeso omwe amayesedwa mwachisawawa kuti apitenso kuyesa ngati kusintha kwa zomwe achinyamata akuchita pa intaneti kungawonjezere moyo wawo komanso kusowa chiyembekezo. Chachiwiri, pomwe tidalamulira zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa anthu pakuphatikizira zomwe zimayesedwa pa Time 1 pamitundu yazodzala, zimaganiziridwa kuti zinthu izi zitha kukhala ndi chiwongolero chachindunji pazokonda pa intaneti, kukhutira kwa moyo, ndi chiyembekezo zopanda chiyembekezo zoyesedwa pa Time 1, ndi zotsatira zoyipa zokha pa izi zopanda zipatso zomwe zimayesedwa pambuyo pamafunde amtsogolo kudzera pamavuto awo. Komabe, ndizotheka kuti kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kungasinthe munthawi yonse (mwachitsanzo, chikhalidwe cha mabanja) ndipo pakhozanso kuyanjana pakati pa anthu ndi izi zikuwonekera pambuyo pake. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro amtsogolo atha kuphatikizira izi ngati ma covariate pamafunde aliwonse mukamaunika ubale womwe umapezeka pakati pa intaneti komanso moyo wabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, zapezeka zikuwonetsa kuti mayanjano oyipa pakati pamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso thanzi amakhala olimba mwa akazi achikulire kuposa amuna. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kudziwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi muubwenzi wachinyamata pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowerengera magulu.

Zowonjezera zomaliza ndikuti zovuta zomwe zidatsalira pamaphunziro omwe adachitika phunziroli anali ochepa mphamvu, makamaka zotsatira za kukhudzidwa kwa intaneti pa Time 2 pakusowa chiyembekezo komanso kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo pa Time 3. Kutanthauzira kwina kungakhale kuti thanzi la achinyamata mu chaka chatha cha maphunziro a sekondale ya junior amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zina kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, monga kupsinjika kwa mayeso olowera kusukulu ya sekondale. Chifukwa chake, kusiyanasiyana kowonjezereka komwe kungafotokozedwe ndi vuto la intaneti kuli ndi malire. Komanso, zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chisawawa pa intaneti posataya chiyembekezo komanso kusangalala ndi moyo zitha kusinthidwa ndi zinthu zina, monga momwe ophunzira adagwirira ntchito, zomwe sizinafufuzidwe pano. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo, zotsatira zoyeserera za zotsatira zamaphunziro ophunzira ndi kuzindikira kutsutsana pa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa intaneti ndi moyo wabwino ziyenera kuunikidwanso. Ngakhale zovuta zomwe zimapezeka mu phunziroli laposachedwa zinali zochepa, zopezazo zitha kuonedwa ngati zothandiza.

Zothokoza

Kafukufuku wautali mu Project PATHS ndikukonzekera pepalali amathandizidwa ndi ndalama ndi Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust. Magawo a kafukufukuyu aperekedwa pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wokhudza "Kupanga tsogolo Labwino kwa Achinyamata: Udindo Wokhazikika wa Chitukuko cha Achinyamata, Banja ndi Gulu", Hong Kong, pa Meyi 12, 2016.

Zowonjezera Zowonjezera

Lu Yu, Foni: (852) 2766 4859, [imelo ndiotetezedwa].

A Daniel Tan Lei Shek, [imelo ndiotetezedwa].

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