Zizindikiro za intaneti Internet Addiction / Pathological Internet Gwiritsani ntchito ku US University Students: A Qualitative-Method Investigation (2015)

PLoS One. 2015 Feb 3;10(2):e0117372. yani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.

Li W1, O'Brien JE1, Snyder SM1, Howard MO1.

Kudalirika

Kafukufuku wazindikira mitengo yapamwamba komanso zovuta zowonongeka pa Internet Addiction / Pathological Internet Use (IA / PIU) mwa ophunzira aku University. Komabe, kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi IA / PIU mu ophunzira aku yunivesite yaku US amachitidwa kafukufuku wambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amalephera kufotokoza vuto la IA / PIU. Kuti tithane ndi vutoli, tinachita kafukufuku wowunika pogwiritsa ntchito gulu la gulu la 27 US omwe adadzizindikira okha kuti amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti, amakhala maola oposa 25 pa intaneti kwa omwe sanali pasukulu kapena osagwira ntchito- Zochita zokhudzana ndi izi komanso omwe anena zaumoyo ndi / kapena zovuta zamaganizidwe amisili. Ophunzira adamaliza miyeso iwiri ya IA / PIU (Mafunso a Diagnostic Mafunso ndi Chinsinsi Chogwiritsira Ntchito intaneti) ndipo adatenga nawo mbali pagulu lowunika mbiri zachilengedwe zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti; ntchito zomwe amakonda pa intaneti; zotengeka, zogwirizana, komanso zofunikira zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti; ndi thanzi komanso / kapena zovuta zamavuto chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito molakwika intaneti. Malipoti aophunzira omwe ophunzira anali nawo okhudzana ndi zovuta zambiri pa intaneti anali ofanana ndi zotsatira zoyesedwa. Ophunzira adayamba kulowa pa intaneti ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 9 (SD = 2.7), ndipo woyamba amakhala ndi vuto la kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti pazaka zapakati pa 16 (SD = 4.3). Chisoni ndi kukhumudwa, kusungulumwa, ndi kupsinjika zinali zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Kugwiritsa ntchito zoulutsira zachiwawa kunali pafupifupi ponseponse komanso zofala kwambiri m'miyoyo ya ophunzira. Kutaya kugona, kusachita bwino maphunziro, kulephera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumaso, malo opanda pake, komanso kuchepa kwa chidwi chambiri zimanenedwapo kawirikawiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti / kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti. IA / PIU ikhoza kukhala vuto losayamikika pakati pa ophunzira aku US aku yunivesite ndikupempha kafukufuku wowonjezera.

Ndemanga: Li W, O'Brien JE, Snyder SM, Howard MO (2015) Makhalidwe Ogwiritsira Ntchito Zowonerera pa intaneti / Pathological Internet Ophunzira pa US University: Kufufuza kwa Qualitative-Way. PloS ONE 10 (2): e0117372. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372

Mkonzi Wophunzira: Aviv M. Weinstein, University of Ariel, ISRAEL

Zilandiridwa: September 29, 2014; Zavomerezedwa: December 21, 2014; Lofalitsidwa: February 3, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 Li et al. Ichi ndi nkhani yopata yotseguka yomwe idagawidwa pansi pa Chilolezo cha Creative Commons Licribution, zomwe zimaloleza ntchito, kugawidwa, ndi kubwezeretsa mwachinthu chilichonse, kupatsa wolemba woyambirira ndi chitsimikizo

Kupezeka kwa Data: Zambiri zokhudzana ndi a) zitsanzo za ophunzira ndi b) mayankho azinthu ziwiri zomwe zalembedwazi zimanenedwa S1, S2ndipo S3 Matepi. Olemba onse a 42 kuchokera pazokambirana zamagulu a 4 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitu yophunzirayo akuphatikizidwa. Zolemba za gulu lowunikira zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mitu yoyenerera zimapezeka pazopempha kwa wolemba woyamba kapena wolemba mnzake.

Ngongole: Olemba alibe thandizo kapena ndalama kuti lipoti.

Zofuna zokakamiza: Olembawo adanena kuti palibe zotsutsana.

Introduction

M'badwo uliwonse umadziwa bwino komanso kudalira intaneti. Chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku US chakwera 257% pakati pa 2000 ndi 2012 [1]. Mu 2012, Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Survey idawonetsa kuti pafupifupi 90% ya achinyamata aku US komanso achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 12 ndi 30 anali atagwiritsa ntchito intaneti [2]. Ophunzira ku Yunivesite ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti: Pafupifupi 100% ya ophunzira aku US aku yunivesite adafika pa intaneti ku 2010 [3]. Kupezeka kwa intaneti kofikira kumatha kupindulitsa anthu powonjezera mwayi wawo wodziwa zambiri ndikupanga njira yolankhulirana ndi zosangalatsa [4, 5]. Komabe, kulowetsedwa kwa intaneti m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi vuto lalikulu la kuchuluka kwa anthu, kukwera pamlingo wa Pathological Internet use (PIU) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (IA), ndikunyamula zotsatirapo zoipa zofanana ndi zomwe ena amachita [6-9].

Conceptualization wa IA / PIU

Popeza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwachulukirachulukira, momwemonso malipoti a IA / PIU. M'mabuku omwe akupezeka mwachangu m'derali, mawu osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauza njira zosagwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri intaneti. Kwambiri, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mavuto pa intaneti kwatchedwa "Kusintha Kwachangu pa intaneti" kapena "Kutsika Kwapaintaneti", kutanthauzidwa kuti "kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komwe kumabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku [10, 11]. ”Kutanthauzira kumeneku kumagogomeza njira zomwe zizindikiritso za IA zimafanana ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso vuto la kutchova njuga. Makamaka, zizindikiro za IA zimaphatikizapo: a) kutangwanika ndi zochitika za pa intaneti; b) kulolerana kwakukulu; c) Kukula kwa kudalirika kwamaganizidwe ndi zizindikiro za kusiya; d) Kulephera kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti; e) Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuthana ndi zovuta komanso kuchepetsa nkhawa; f) kulowetsa zochitika zina ndi maubale kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi ngakhale azindikira zotsatirapo zoyipa zake [9, 10].

Ena amakhulupirira kuti zizindikirozi zimasiyana. Kwa olingaliro awa, Zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi mavuto obwera pa intaneti amalembedwa kuti "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Pamodzi pa intaneti." Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mosavomerezeka kumadziwika kuti ndizofanana kwambiri ndi vuto lokakamiza kapena kulolera kuposa kusuta [12]. Komanso akatswiri ena amazindikira zovuta zomwe zimachitika pa intaneti, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "Njira Yogwiritsa Ntchito Pathological" kapena "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mavuto paintaneti." Kwa akatswiri amawu awa, PIU imadziwika ndi malingaliro pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ozindikira komanso amakhalidwe, ndipo imawonetsedwa ngati kupweteka koyipa limagwirira kupsinjika ndi kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa pakugwira ntchito kwama psychosocial [13-15].

Zipangizo Zomwe Zimayesa ndi Kuzindikira IA / PIU

Zida zosiyanasiyana zidapangidwa kuti ndizoyenera kuyesa IA / PIU malinga ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Ambiri mwa miyeso iyi, mafunso, komanso njira zodziwira matenda adatengedwa kuchokera ku njira yodziwunikira ya DSM-IV-TR yotsimikizira kudalira kwa zinthu ndi vuto la kutchova juga kwa pathological [16]. Zitsanzo za njira zoterezi ndi Mafunso a Achinyamata Akuzindikira [10, 17], Chizindikiro cha Clinical of Internet Dependency Scale [11], ndi Internet Addiction Diagnostic Criteria [18]. Zida zina adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yazowoneka bwino ndi yoyeserera ndikuwunikira zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi intaneti komanso ntchito zamagulu. Zitsanzo mwanjira izi zikuphatikiza Mulingo Wovuta Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti19] ndi Online Cognition Scale [20]. Kuledzera kwa pa intaneti sikuzindikirika ngati chidziwitso chazachipatala ku DSM-5; komabe, njira zatsopano zodziwonera za Matenda a Masewera pa intaneti (kagawo kakang'ono ka intaneti) zidaphatikizidwa mu Gawo III la DSM-5 [21], zomwe zimaphatikizapo magawo anthawi yamavuto amisala omwe amafunikira kafukufuku wina.

Mbali za IA / PIU zomwe zimayesedwa pochita izi zimadutsana kwambiri ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zodziwira kudalira mankhwala, monga kugona (mwachitsanzo, kuyembekezera komanso kuzindikira kwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti), kulolerana (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti kukwaniritsa mulingo wofanana wokhutira), zizindikiro zochoka, kusawongolera, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuwongolera machitidwe [22]. Komabe, zoyambitsa ndi zoyambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta, ndikukhumba kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti sikunayesedwe kwenikweni [22]. Kuphatikiza apo, zidazi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito malo osadalirika kuti adziwe IA / PIU, chifukwa chake sizikudziwika bwino momwe mungagawanitsire omwe ali ndi vuto pa intaneti ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse.

Kuwonekera kwa IA / PIU

Kuwonetsedwa pa intaneti kwambiri kungachititse kuti anthu ambiri azigwiritsa ntchito intaneti mosavuta. Ochuluka monga 6% mpaka 11% ya ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku US akuyerekezeredwa kuti ali ndi IA / PIU [7]. Ophunzira atha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kukulitsa mavuto a IA / PIU atapatsidwa kukula kowonjezereka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti pakati pa achinyamata ku US pazaka khumi zapitazi [6]. Kupezeka kwa intaneti pamasukulu aku yunivesite, ufulu waumwini komanso kuchuluka kwa nthawi yosakonzekera, komanso zovuta zamaphunziro / zachikhalidwe zomwe ophunzira ambiri amakhala nazo akamachoka kunyumba koyamba onse amathandizira kuwonjezeka kwa IA / PIU [8, 23].

Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti IA / PIU imakhudza pafupifupi 1.2% mpaka 26.3% ya ophunzira aku University aku US [24-31]. Ambiri mwa maphunziro am'mbuyomu adalandira zolemba kuchokera ku yunivesite imodzi. Kafukufuku wowerengeka adalandira zitsanzo kuchokera ku mayunivesite angapo pofalitsa zomwe zafotokozedwazo kudzera pa mindandanda yamaimelo ya ku yunivesite kapena pa TV. Kafukufuku atatu adayesa IA / PIU potengera njira za DSM-IV zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndikupeza kuchuluka kwa IA / PIU pakati pa ophunzira aku US University anali 1.2% mpaka 26.3% [11, 25, 28]. Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti 4% mpaka 12% ya ophunzira aku University aku US amakwaniritsa zoyeserera za IA / PIU pogwiritsa ntchito Internet Addiction Test [24, 29, 30]. Kafukufuku wina anapeza 8.1% ya ophunzira aku koleji aku US adakumana ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito Internet yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito Pathological Use Scale [31]. Kuwunikira kwadongosolo kwa Moreno et al. mwatsatanetsatane wa maphunziro omwe akuti IA / PIU akuwonjezeka kwa ophunzira aku US University apeza kuti 6 yamaphunziro a 8 akuti kuchuluka kwakukulu kuposa 8% [27]. Zolemba zimanenanso kuti kufalikira kwa IA / PIU pakati pa ophunzira aku US ndikogwirizana ndi malipoti ofanana kuchokera ku China, Greece, Britain, ndi Turkey [32-35].

Zotsatira ndi Zovuta za IA / PIU

Mabuku ambiri apadziko lonse atenga zolemba zamakalata ndi zotsatira zoyipa za thupi ndi zamaganizidwe zokhudzana ndi IA / PIU. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la IA / PIU amatsimikizira zambiri zathanzi lakuthupi, monga kunenepa kwambiri komanso kunenepa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusachita zolimbitsa thupi komanso vuto la kugona [36, 37]; zovuta zamatenda amisala, kuphatikiza zizindikiro zokhumudwitsa, nkhawa yamavuto ndi ena, komanso chidwi deficit-hyperacaction disorder (ADHD) [38-41]; mikhalidwe yapamtima monga kusachita chidwi ndi kufunafuna [42, 43]; kusokonekera kwa mitsempha [44, 45]; zovuta zamakhalidwe, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kudzivulaza, komanso malingaliro ofuna kudzipha [kuyesera]46, 47]; sukulu yosauka komanso magwiridwe antchito [29]; ndimavuto ambiri ndi ubale wapakatikati poyerekeza ndi anzawo popanda IA ​​/ PIU [48].

Zolemba zomwe zang'ambika zikuwonetsa kuti ophunzira ambiri aku yunivesite ali ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana azaumoyo komanso amisala chifukwa cha IA / PIU. Komabe, kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi IA / PIU mu ophunzira aku Yunivesite yaku US adachitidwa mkati mwa kafukufuku wambiri. Ngakhale maphunziro ochulukitsa amapereka tanthauzo lachipatala komanso kafukufuku, nthawi zambiri amalephera kutsimikizira vuto la IA / PIU. Popanda izi, maupangiri apachipatala ena, kuphatikizapo zoyambitsa ndi mitundu yamagwiritsidwe, sadziwika. Kuphatikiza apo, sizikudziwika bwino pazowerengeka izi zomwe anthu akuthupi ndi zamavuto amakumana nazo zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala zovuta kwambiri chifukwa chake zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri kulimbana ndi mankhwalawa.

Phunziro Latsopano

Kuti athane ndi vutoli, gulu lathu lofufuzira linachita kafukufuku wofufuza zinthu zingapo zokhudzana ndi IA / PIU kuphatikiza mbiri yachilengedwe ya zovuta za IA / PIU; zoyambitsa wamba, zogwirizana, komanso zofunikira zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti; makonda omwe amakonda ntchito pa intaneti; Zotsatira zoyipa zamaganizidwe, malingaliro, komanso thanzi chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri. Zotsatira zakuyenereza uku zikuwonetsa zatsatanetsatane za IA / PIU mwa ophunzira aku yunivesite zomwe zingatithandizire kudziwa zomwe zachitika pakufufuza kambiri ndikupeza zonse zokhudzana ndi IA / PIU zomwe zikugwirizana ndi ophunzira aku yunivesite yaku US.

Njira

Tidagwiritsa ntchito njira zowunika bwino kuphatikiza magulu anayi ofunikira kuti tipeze mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane a IA / PIU kuchokera kwa ophunzira aku yunivesite ya 27. Kulemba nawo mbali pagululi kunachitika pakati pa Marichi ndi Epulo, 2012. Ophunzira adagawidwa pagulu limodzi mwa magulu anayi ofunikira kutengera kupezeka kwawo. Pamapeto pake gulu lililonse lomwe linali lolowera pa 6-8, limatenga pafupifupi ola limodzi. Zofotokozera zakusakanikirana adazipeza pagulu laling'ono kuti afotokozere zomwe ophunzira akuchita pa intaneti komanso chikhalidwe pa intaneti.

Magulu owunika amayang'aniridwa pazokambirana pagulu pamutu umodzi kapena zingapo ndi omwe atenga nawo gawo zofananira ndi / kapena omwe ali ndi chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso pamitu yankhani zokambirana [49]. Tidagwiritsa ntchito njira zamagulu mu phunziroli chifukwa: a) chandamale cha anthu, ophunzira aku yunivesite omwe amadzizindikira okha kuti amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti, atha kupereka zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri; ndipo b) zokambirana zamagulu zimakonda kupangitsa chidziwitso chambiri momwe zokambirana zamagulu zimathandizira otenga nawo mbali kuti agawane zomwe akumana nazo mu malingaliro awo momwe amatsutsira zovuta ndi mavuto a mitu yovuta [50].

Gwiritsani Ntchito Gulu ndi Zinthu Zoyimira

Zida zowunikira gulu zili ndi mafunso otseguka a 22 komanso zida zoyesera (Chikalata cha S1). Zokambirana zam'maguluwo zidakhazikitsidwa pang'ono, wophunzitsayo akufunsa mafunso angapo omaliza. Kuwongolera kwamagulu komwe kudapangidwa kunapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi ofufuza kutengera zomwe amafufuza, malingaliro oyenera, komanso kuyesa kwa woyendetsa ndege. Nkhani zazikulu zomwe zidawunikidwa m'magulu omwe akukhudzidwa a) zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti amagwiritsa ntchito, monga zinthu zapaintaneti zomwe amakhala nthawi yambiri, zifukwa zomwe amasangalala ndi zochitikazi, nthawi yayitali yomwe amakhala pa intaneti tsiku lililonse, komanso nthawi yayitali adakhala pa intaneti nthawi zonse akugwiritsa ntchito; b) zochitika, zothandizana ndi zochitika komanso zomwe zimayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti; ndi c) mavuto obwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti, kuphatikizapo zovuta pamthupi, m'maganizo, m'magulu, komanso pantchito. Tinayankhulana mozama patokha ndi ophunzira asanu ndi m'modzi a ku yunivesite kuyesa mafunso omwe tidawagwiritsa ntchito maguluwo.

Mafunso a Diagnostic Mafunso (YDQ) a Young10] ndi Scaleive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) [51] adagwiritsidwa ntchito yoyeserera IA / PIU ndikutsimikizira kudzizindikiritsa kwa ophunzira ngati ovuta pa intaneti. Tidasankha YDQ chifukwa ndiwofunsa mwachidule komanso wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mabuku omwe alipo ndikuwunika kuchuluka ndi mawonekedwe a IA / PIU pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata akulu (Li et al., 2014). Kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yofanana ndi yomwe maphunziro am'mbuyomu adatithandizira kuyerekeza zomwe tidapeza ndi zomwe zidafalitsidwa. Gulu lathu lidasankha kuphatikiza YDQ ndi CIUS chifukwa CIUS idapangidwa kuti izitha kuyesa kufanana kwa YDQ; Komabe, CIUS imawonetsa katundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa psychometric [51]. Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito miyeso iwiri yokhazikika, gawo limodzi, ndikulimbikitsa kutsimikizika kwa zotsatirazo kudzera pakupangika kwa deta. YDQ ndi CIUS adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti afufuze kuchuluka ndi kuwonongeka kwa IA / PIU. Komabe, palibe malo ovomerezeka oti apange matenda ena azachipatala okhudza IA / PIU pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi. Chifukwa chake, palibe kufufuza komwe kunapangidwa mu kafukufukuyu.

YDQ imakhazikitsidwa kuchokera ku njira ya DSM-IV-TR yothetsera kutchova juga kwa pathological, yokhala ndi mafunso a 8 omwe amayesa zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za IA / PIU kuphatikizapo chidwi, kugona, kulolerana, zizindikiro za kusiya, komanso kusokonekera kwa magwiridwe antchito a psychosocial [10]. Ophunzira omwe adayankha "inde" ku 5 kapena mafunso ochulukirapo adadziwika kuti ali ndi IA pomwe misonkhano iyi ya 3 kapena 4 idawonedwa kuti ili ndi "gawo lopanda IA" [52]. Kudalirika kwamkati kwa YDQ mu kafukufukuyu kunali .69.

CIUS imaphatikizapo zinthu za 14 zomwe zidavoteredwa pamawonekedwe a 5-point Likert-type, kuyambira 0 (never) mpaka 4 (nthawi zambiri). CIUS imawunika kuopsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti mokakamiza / kuphatikiza, kuphatikizapo kuwongolera kuwongolera, chidwi, kugona, kusamvana, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kuthana ndi mavuto komanso kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro. Zambiri zapamwamba zikuwonetsa zovuta zakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. CIUS ili ndi kudalirika kwamkati kosatha pafupifupi .90 [51]. Phunziroli, CIUS inali ndi α = .92. Guertler ndi anzawo adalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito cut 21 ya off XNUMX pakugwiritsa ntchito zovuta pa intaneti [53].

Chikhalidwe

Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Institutional Review Board ndipo adachita mogwirizana ndi Chiyembekezo cha Helsinki. Chilolezo cholembedwa chinaperekedwa kuchokera kwa ophunzira onse gulu laling'ono lisanayambe.

ophunzira

Gulu lathu linagwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira zitsanzo mwanzeru mwa kulemba ophunzira omwe anali ophunzira kapena omaliza maphunziro omwe adalemba kuyunivesite yayikulu kumwera chakum'mawa kwa United States. Kusankha kopindulitsa kunasankhidwa ndi zolinga zotsatirazi: kupanga zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pakati pa ophunzira omwe amadzizindikira okha kuti ndiogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kuzindikira zomwe zimayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, ndikuwona zotsatira za thupi ndi zamaganizidwe. kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri.

Imelo yokulembera anthu ntchito idagawidwa kudzera pa ndandanda yaku yunivesite. Ndondomeko ya ku yunivesiteyo imaphatikizapo ophunzira onse omaliza maphunziro ndi omaliza maphunziro, ophunzira osinthana, ndi alumni aposachedwa (omaliza maphunziro a 2 zaka zapitazi). Mu imelo gulu lofufuzira linayambitsa cholinga cha phunzirolo, zofunika kuchita nawo phunzirolo, ndikuzindikira gulu lofufuzawo ngati ogwira ntchito zothandizira omwe amagwira ntchito ku Sukulu ya Zachikhalidwe. Ophunzira omwe adayankha maimelo ophunzitsira omwe anali ophunzira pasukulu yatsopano kapena omaliza maphunziro omwe adalembetsa ku yunivesite, omwe adadziwonetsa okha ngati ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, omwe akuti amakhala N maola a 25 / sabata pa intaneti chifukwa chosakhala pasukulu kapena chosagwirizana ndi ntchito, ndipo omwe adakumana ndi vuto limodzi kapena zingapo mwakuthupi komanso chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, ali oyenera kuphunzira nawo. Mavuto akuthupi ndi / kapena a m'maganizo adapangidwa mwanjira yotsika kwambiri kuti aphatikizidwe (mwachitsanzo, lipoti lavuto lililonse lamoyo lomwe wophunzirayo adaligwiritsa ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti) kuti athandizire kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu muzochitika ndi intaneti.

Oposa 30 ophunzira adayankha ku imelo pasanathe maola awiri kuchokera pakupemphedwa kwa kafukufukuyu ndipo adawonetsa kufunitsitsa kutenga nawo mbali phunziroli. Ophunzira angapo adawulula kuti amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti> maola 40 pa sabata pazifukwa zomwe sizili kusukulu kapena zosagwirizana ndi ntchito, ndipo adakumana ndi zovuta zingapo zakuthupi ndi zamaganizidwe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri. Poyankha imelo yoyamba kulemba anthu ntchito, ophunzira makumi atatu mphambu asanu ndi anayi adavomera kutenga nawo mbali m'magulu owunikira. Gulu lofufuzira lidayankha kudzera pa imelo kuti ikonzekere nthawi yolingalira ndi onse omwe anafunsidwa 39, ndipo adatsimikiza nthawiyo ndi imelo yachiwiri. Ophunzira khumi ndi awiri adalephera kupita kumagulu omwe adakonzekera pazifukwa zosadziwika. Chifukwa chake, magulu anayi adachitika kuphatikiza ophunzira 27. Ophunzira adapatsidwa gawo limodzi mwamagulu anayi kutengera kupezeka kwawo. Makhalidwe achitsanzo amafotokozedwera Gulu 1. M'badwo wamba mwa omwe anali nawo anali 21 (SD = 3.6), kuyambira 18 mpaka 36. Ambiri (63.0%, N = 17) ophunzira anali azimayi ndipo zitsanzo zinali zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Monga tawonera Gulu 1, Ophunzira adayimira ma honors a 11 ku yunivesite, ndipo 72.5% (N = 20) anali omaliza maphunziro.

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Tebulo 1. Makhalidwe a Ophunzira pa Yunivesite ya 27 Omwe Amadzipatsa Mbiri Yokha Yogwiritsa Ntchito intaneti.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.t001

Kusonkhanitsa Deta

Magulu anayi owunikira anachitika mchipinda chamisonkhano pamasukulu. Gulu lililonse lolingalira limatenga pafupifupi ola limodzi. Chiwerengero cha omwe apezeka pagulu lirilonse kuchokera ku 6 mpaka 8, kuti atsimikizire kuti malingaliro ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana adayimiridwa. Wolemba womaliza adathandizira magulu onse owunika. Wolemba woyamba adatsagana ndi wolemba womaliza ndipo anali ndi udindo wolemba zolemba pagululo. Zolemba zake zidathandizira zolemba polemba kusintha kwa “chilankhulo cha thupi” kapena kulumikizana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu. Kukhalapo kwa owonera ambiri pamagulu a gulu kumathandizira kuwongolera kwa owonerera kuti athandize kudalirika ndi kuvomerezeka kwa zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera pazokambirana zamagulu [54]. Gulu lililonse lisanalowe, ophunzira adamaliza YDQ, CIUS, ndi kafukufuku wofufuza mwachidule wa anthu ambiri. M'magawo otenga nawo mbali, ophunzira adayankha mafunso okhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo pa intaneti ndikuwona kuopsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwaintaneti.

Kusanthula Deta

Mauthenga a pagulu lamagulu amayang'aniridwa adasindikizidwa mawu, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti olemba onse awona ngati ali olondola. Palibe mapulogalamu omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza polemba ndi kusindikiza deta. Ofufuza atatu adapanga ma code kukhala ma ambulera ndi ma subcode (mwachitsanzo, mtengo wama code). Choyamba, ma code adapangidwa kuchokera ku zolinga zakusaka ndikufalitsa malipoti omwe amawongolera kafukufukuyo (mwachitsanzo, zotsatira zakusaka zokhudzana ndi zolumikizana ndi zotsatira za IA / PIU). Kenako, tinakambirana ndikusintha manambala oyendetsedwa ndi chiphunzitso, ndikupereka makalata okhala ndi zilembo ndi matanthauzidwe akuwunikira. Kupitilira apo, mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a DeCuir-Gunby et al. [55], kuzungulira kwachiwiri kolemba anthu kunachitika pamlingo wamatanthauzidwe kudzera mu njira yoyendetsera deta, ndikupangitsa kuti zipangidwe zikhale pamigawo ndi zigawo. Munthawi yolemba izi, tidasanthula ndi kuzindikira mitu yatsopano komanso malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe amatuluka kuchokera ku data yomwe sinatengepo nambala yoyendetsedwa ndi malingaliro, ndipo tatsimikiza ngati nambala zoyendetsedwa ndi chiphunzitsozo zimafunikira kukulitsa kapena nambala yatsopano yomwe ikufunika kupangidwa.

Aliyense mwa ofufuza adawunikiranso pawokha ndikulemba zolemba zamagulu ogwiritsa ntchito polemba zomwe zaperekedwa kuti apititse patsogolo kudalirika ndi kutsimikizika kwa zomwe zapezedwa ndikuphunzira kudzera mu mawunikidwe osanthula [54]. Kusiyana kwa zolemba pakati pa olemba kunathetsedwa kudzera pakukambirana ndi mgwirizano. Mapatani adazindikiridwa ndikugawidwa palimodzi ndi onse omwe amafufuza, mpaka kusanthula kunawonetsa kuyanjana ndi kukwera. Njira zothandizira kupititsa patsogolo kwa kafukufukuyu zinaphatikizanso kukhazikitsa njira zowerengera anthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo kuti tisonkhanitse zofananira (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zodzipangira tokha, mafunso a demographic pazogwiritsa ntchito kale). Kuphatikiza apo, kufotokozera pafupipafupi komanso kufunsana pakati pa gulu lofufuzira zimathandizira kumasulira komveka bwino kwa ma code onse ndikuwunika milandu yoyipa [54].

Results

Zotsatira Zofotokozera

Ophunzira adalongosola momwe adagwiritsidwira ntchito pa intaneti poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti komanso nthawi yayitali yomwe adakhala pa intaneti mgawo umodzi wopitilira ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe ophunzira amafotokoza kuti amakhala pa intaneti tsiku lililonse kuyambira pa 5 maola mpaka "tsiku lonse," chifukwa chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafoni a m'manja (mwachitsanzo, mafoni am'manja ndi makompyuta) omwe amapezeka ndi zambiri (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikumva ngati ndili ngati pafoni nthawi zonse kumayang'ana ”). Ophunzira ambiri adawona kuti sangathe kusiyanitsa molondola kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti pantchito ya sukulu kapena zokhudzana ndi ntchito chifukwa cha zinthu zosagwirizana ndi sukulu / zosagwirizana ndi ntchito (mwachitsanzo, "Ngati ndikulemba pepala, ndiye kuti ndatsegula msakatuli wanga, kapena ndili pafoni yanga) ”. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yomwe ophunzira amatenga nawo gawo pa intaneti nthawi yayitali kuyambira pa 3 mpaka tsiku lonse (mwachitsanzo, "Chilimwe chawo chikadzakhala, ndidzakhala pa [intaneti], ngati tsiku lonse" Pamagawo amenewo, ophunzira adalongosola zochitika zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo kugula pa intaneti, kuwonera makanema, ndi kusakatula masamba. Ophunzira ena adafotokozera kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yayitali kwa nthawi yayitali, kuphatikizapo kusewera masewera apakanema komanso kuwona makanema (mwachitsanzo, makanema apa TV ndi makanema) pa intaneti.

Zaka zomwe ochita nawo kafukufuku adanenanso kuti adayamba kupeza intaneti kuyambira pa 6 mpaka 19, ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 9 (SD = 2.7). Zaka zomwe ochita nawo kafukufuku adanenanso kuti poyamba amaganiza kuti ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuyambira 10 mpaka 32, ali ndi zaka zapakati pamavuto a 16 (SD = 4.3). Gulu 2 Ikunena za omwe adadzidziwitsa IA / PIU.

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Tebulo 2. Makhalidwe Ogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti a Ophunzira pa 27 Omwe Adziyankha Kuti Vuto Logwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.t002

Pafupifupi theka (48.1%, N = 13) yaophunzirayo idawunikira kasanu kapena kupitirira pa Young's Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ), ndipo chifukwa chake adalemba pamwamba pamawu oyenera a IA. Wina 40.7% (N = 11) adakwera atatu kapena anayi pa YDQ, kuwonetsa kudukiza kumeneku kwa gawo laling'ono la IA. Pafupifupi sampuli yonseyo imadutsa njira yodulidwira yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti molingana ndi Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS). Opitilira theka (63.0%, N = 17) ya ophunzira adagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuthawa mavuto kapena kuthana ndi vuto. Zokhudza zotsatira zoyipa zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, 63.0% (N = 17) ya ophunzira adanenanso kuti kugona; 44.4% (N = 12) adatinso anyalanyaza ntchito yakusukulu komanso ntchito zina za tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pakati pa YDQ ndi CIUS kunali .79.

Zotsatira Zabwino

Mitu yayikulu ikuluikulu yatuluka m'magulu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi: a) zomwe zimayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazinthu zomwe siziri zasukulu kapena zosagwirizana ndi ntchito, b) zochitika zokhudzana ndi intaneti, komanso c) zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso pa intaneti. Chith. 1 iwonetsa chiwonetsero chazomwe zili ndi mitu yoyenera ndi mawu ang'onoang'ono, chonde onani Chith. 1. Pofuna kukhazikika pamalingaliro, malingaliro omwe amuna ndi omwe ali nawo pagulu amapatsidwa. Posavuta owerenga, ma pseudonyms aperekedwa kwa ophunzira, kuti zomwe zaperekedwa ndi munthu yemweyo zimadziwika.

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Mkuyu 1. Chithunzithunzi cha Mitu ndi Makhalidwe Abwino.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.g001

Mutu 1: Zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mutuwu udadziwika ndi zochitika zam'malingaliro, zokhudzana, komanso zofunikira zomwe zimakweza chidwi cha ophunzira aku koleji kuti agwiritse ntchito intaneti pazosagwirizana ndi sukulu / zosagwirizana ndi ntchito. Mituyi idaphatikizapo: a) malingaliro ndi malingaliro, b) kusungulumwa, ndi c) kupsinjika ndi kuthawa. Ophunzira ambiri adazindikira kuti zoposa izi zimapangitsa kuti Intaneti igwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zosiyanasiyana.

Kwa ophunzira angapo, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika pa intaneti kunayambitsidwa ndi kukhudzika kwamphamvu komanso kusangalala. Kwa ena, zolimbikitsana zamphamvu zimadza ndimaganizo olimbikitsa (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikakhala kuti ndayamba kusangalala, ndikufuna kuti anzanga adziwe. Ndimamva kuti ndikufuna kuzilemba pa Facebook" ["Andrew", mzungu]. Kwa ena, kusokonezeka maganizo kunali poyambitsa vuto lalikulu (mwachitsanzo, "Ngati ndili ndi tsiku loipa ndiye kuti ndiyenera kulandira mphotho ya ..." ["Lily", mayi waku Asia]. Mosasamala kanthu za kutengeka mtima, opezekapo ambiri adawona kuti kumverera kwazomwe zimapangitsa kukhala ndi chidwi chochita zina zapaintaneti. "Nancy," mayi waku Asia anafotokozera kuti akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu inayake pa intaneti ngati njira yothandizira chisoni:

Ngati ndili wokhumudwa kwambiri, sindingathe kulowa pa Facebook, sindikufuna kuyankhulana ndi aliyense. Sindigwiritsa ntchito chilichonse ngati malo ochezera a pa intaneti, koma ndipitadi ku Tumblr kuti ndione zinthu zoseketsa ngati ola limodzi.

Ophunzira ena adapeza kuti amagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti nthawi zambiri zotsutsana monga njira yothanirana ndi nkhawa zawo posagwirizana. Pomwe ena amatenga nawo mbali akuti "ndikusintha mbiri yanga nthawi zonse," ena adanenanso za ena. "Jessie," mayi waku America waku America, anati:

Ngati ine ndikhala ndewu ndi winawake, kapena kusokonezeka, kapena sewero… Ine ndingolemba pa Facebook kuti ndione ngati anena chilichonse zokhudzidwa, kapena chilichonse chokhudza ine, kapena china chake chonga icho.

Kuphatikiza apo, ophunzira anali ndi zokonda zosiyana zogwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera momwe munthu amadzikonzera, pomwe ena akudziwa kwambiri njira izi kuposa ena. Mayi wina wa ku Asia, "Alice," adafotokoza momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito kuyambira ali ku koleji, nati:

Ndazindikira kuti ndimapita pa intaneti ndikakhala wachisoni kuposa wokondwa. Ndikakhala achisoni, ndimangofuna kucheza ndi mnzanga wochokera kutsidya lina kudzera pama foni akutali kapena china chake. Chifukwa chake ndimangocheza nawo pa intaneti. Ndipo ndikakhala wokondwa, sindimakonda kupita pa intaneti.

Ambiri mwa ophunzirawo adanenanso kuti kusowa mtendere kumapangitsa chidwi chawo chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Ophunzira adakambirana za pa intaneti ngati njira yawo yofunika kwambiri yothanirana ndi mavuto. "Tom," mzungu, adafotokoza zomwe adakumana nazo motere: "Ndikatopetsedwa, ndiye chinthu choyamba kupita." Ena amawoneka kuti amagwirizanitsa intaneti ndi mitundu yapadera yopuma yopanda kusowa (monga kuseka, kulumikizana ndi ena, ndi kubwezeretsa zambiri). "Mike," bambo waku Africa waku America adati: "Nthawi zonse ndikakhala kuti ndatopa, ndikasokonezeka, ndimangolowa pa intaneti kuti ndipume, mwina kuseka kapena awiri." Kwa omwe akupanga nawo gawo, kuphatikiza "Mike," intaneti inali njira yopumulitsira nthawi iliyonse yopsinjika chifukwa cholumikizidwa mosavuta pazida zam'manja zokhala ndi chidziwitso chazidziwitso: "Ndikuganiza kuti mukatopetsedwa, nthawi zonse mumafuna kutsata chinthucho; monga kukwera basi kupita nawo kukalasi, kumakhala wotopetsa, kulibe abwenzi, umangofika chifukwa choti watopa. ”

Kuphatikiza pa kusangalatsidwa, kumva, komanso kusungulumwa, zopsinjika za kusukulu ndi zina zimapangitsa ophunzira kuti azifuna kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mayi wa ku Asia, "Sue," adanena kuti akufuna "kupewa zinthu, ndiye ndimayatsa intaneti. Simuyenera kuchita kuganizira chilichonse. Ingoonerani ndi kulandira. ”Kwa ena, intaneti inali nthawi yopatula:

Ndimaganiza za ine, ngati ndikapanikizika kwambiri ndi sukulu, ndikamafuna nthawi yopuma, kapena ndikakhala ndi vuto ndimakonda kupita kukompyuta kuti ndikachoke kusukulu, ndichokere ku vuto la ola limodzi kapena awiri [ , ”Mzimayi waku Africa waku America].

Kwa ena, kuthera nthawi pa intaneti kunali kovuta kwambiri kuwongolera ndipo pamapeto pake amawonjezera nkhawa zawo zoyambirira:

Ndili ngati, ngati ndakhala pa intaneti kwa maola a 8, ndipo sindinachite chilichonse, ndimapanikizika ndipo ndimadziuza kuti "mungachite bwanji izi, kuwononga nthawi yayitali chonchi?" Ndimakwiya. ndi ine, koma chifukwa chakwiya, ndiyang'ana china choseketsa ["Sue," mayi waku Asia].

Ophunzira ena adawona chidwi chofuna kuthawa udindo wawo chifukwa chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. "Sarah," mayi waku Asia, anafotokozera izi motere: "Kwa ine, monga kuzengereza, sindikufuna kuchita china chilichonse, chifukwa chake ndimangofuna, kuti ndikhale wocheza. Sindikufuna kuchita homuweki yanga. ”

Mutu 2: Zochita zokhudzana ndi intaneti. Mutuwu ukufotokozera zomwe ophunzira omwe akuchita pa intaneti amakonda ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisangalala ndi zinthuzi. Ambiri mwa omwe adachita nawo zinthu zambiri pa intaneti. Mutu waphatikizidwa ndi: a) malo ochezera, b) ntchito ya kusukulu, ndi c) zochitika zina pa intaneti.

Ambiri mwa omwe awotengapo mbali adanenanso za mtundu wina wa media. Media media imaphatikizapo ntchito monga Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, ndi Tumblr. Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa masamba azisamba pa foni yam'manja, ambiri amatenga nawo mbali pazomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ngati gawo la zochita zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku (mwachitsanzo, "Ngati sindikugona, ndiye kuti ndili pa Twitter kapena pa Facebook pafoni yanga ... tsiku lonse" ["Lidiya," mayi waku Africa waku America]. Kuchuluka kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito a tsiku ndi tsiku kunkachokera wamba (mwachitsanzo, "Kwa ine, ndimakonda kugawana malingaliro kapena malingaliro kapena zosinthika ndi otsatira pa Twitter kapena Facebook. Monga momwe mumaganizira za chinthu, mumakhala ngati 'O, ndidzatumiza mawu') "[" Jessie, "mayi waku Africa American) kukakamiza (mwachitsanzo," Chimakhala chizolowezi kuti ndikadzuka m'mawa, chinthu choyambirira ndimachita ndikuwonetsetsa Facebook, ngati mobwerezabwereza. Ngati simutero uzimva ngati ukukusowa kena kake ”[“ Sue, ”mayi waku Asia]. Kutuluka kwa malo ochezera pama TV ambiri kumapereka mwayi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti athe kulumikizana ndi anzawo. Ena mwa omwe adafotokoza adagwiritsa ntchito mawebusayiti angapo. "Sharon," mayi waku America waku Africa, adafotokoza momwe amagwiritsira ntchito motere:

Nthawi zambiri ndimakonda kutsitsimutsa chakudya changa pa Facebook, kapena kuyang'ana otsatira anga pa Twitter kuti muwone zomwe aliyense akukamba, ndipo [ngati] anthu atumiza mbiri [pa Twitter], ndiye ndipita kukayang'ana pazithunzi zawo za [Facebook] ndikuwona zomwe adalemba.

Ophunzira ena ngati "Mkristu", mayi waku Africa waku America, wanena kuti pakugwiritsa ntchito tsamba limodzi kwambiri:

Pali masiku omwe ndidalembera ma 100 nthawi… Ndidzuka ndikuyang'ana pa Twitter, kapena ndikakwera basi kupita ku kalasi, ndimayang'ana Twitter, kapena mkalasi, ndimayang'ana Twitter, ndikudya nkhomaliro. Ndidzayang'ana pa Twitter, ndipo ndisanagone ndiyendera Twitter.

Ngakhale ena omwe adatenga nawo mbali adawunikira kufunika kwa makanema pa moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku, ambiri adafulumira kufotokoza ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito zomwe intaneti imakwaniritsa. Monga "Mkristu", mayi wa ku Africa waku America, adati: "Intaneti siyangokhala Facebook ndi Twitter ndi Pinterest komanso imelo, ndi Google, ndi nkhokwe ya laibulale pa intaneti." M'malo mwake, ophunzira ambiri adanena kuti aphunzitsi amafunikira ophunzira kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pomaliza ntchito yawo yophunzirira, kuphatikiza kulemba mabulogu, kutenga makalasi apaintaneti, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba za kalasi. "Matt," bambo waku Asia, anali wokonda kwambiri kufunika kwa intaneti pamaphunziro ake, nati, "Kafukufuku wanga amafunikira chidziwitso chapadera chomwe intaneti imapereka bwino. Kwa ine, moyo wabwino ukuwonjezeka. ”Ophunzira ena anali okonda kunena, kuti kupeza ntchito zapa sukulu / zokhudzana ndintchito pa intaneti zonse zinali thandizo komanso cholepheretsa. "Mkristu," mayi waku Africa waku America, adati: "Muli pa Facebook, ndi Google, ndi imelo yanu, ndi Twitter, ndipo mukulemba pepala, ndipo mukuwerenga kena kake. Zingokhala ngati kusunthira pansi kosalekeza. ”Ponseponse, ophunzira adavomereza kuvuta kwa intaneti komanso kufunika kwa malo amodzi. Mayi wachizungu, "Kate," anati: "Nthawi zambiri ndimagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pophunzitsira komanso kumveketsa bwino mitu. Dulani intaneti kwathunthu, sindikudziwa momwe ndingapulumukire ku yunivesite. ”

Mutu wotsiriza, "ntchito zina za pa intaneti," umaphatikizapo zinthu zosangalatsa monga kuonera makanema apa vidiyo, kusewera masewera apakanema apa intaneti, kusakatula zosangalatsa, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndi mawebusayiti azinthu, kutumiza kuma forum (mwachitsanzo, Reddit), ndi zosaka zina. Zochita izi nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa molumikizana ndi ntchito komanso / kapena media. Mayi wina wa ku Africa ku America dzina lake Angela, anati: “Ndimamvetsera nyimbo pa intaneti ndikugwira homuweki yanga, kukonza chipinda changa, kapena kusewera Zelda (vidiyo yamasewera), kapena kuwona ena akusewera Zelda nthawi yomweyo. ”Ophunzira ena ankachita nawo chinthu chimodzi nthawi imodzi, nati amakonda zinthu zina kuposa ena. Zitsanzo zikuphatikiza kutulutsidwa kwa nkhani ("Ndikuganiza kuti gwero langa lalikulu la nkhani lili pa intaneti. Ndawerenga nyuzipepala za 3 kapena 4 pa chakudya changa, ndipo nkofunika kwambiri" [“Matt,” bambo waku Asia]), masewera a pa intaneti ("Ine sewera ndi anthu osawerengeka pa intaneti, ndikuchita nawo zinthu zina, monga ndimasewera masewera a basketball. Mumakonda kusewera nawo, ndikuwasewera "[" Tom, "mzungu]), ndikutsitsa makanema (“ Kwa ine , kuwonongera nthawi yayitali makanema ndi makanema, kuposa kuchita zosewerera. Izi zimasintha pakapita nthawi, kuchokera pa kuwonera makanema kupita kwinakwake ”[" Matt, "bambo waku Asia]. Mayi wina wachizungu, dzina lake "Claire," ananena kuti kugula zinthu pa intaneti ndikosangalatsa kwambiri. Amati "Ndimadana ndi kupita kumalo ogulitsira, ndipo ndimadana ndi kuyesa zovala, tsopano sindiyenera kutero. Ndili pomwepo paintaneti. ”Mosasamala kanthu za chochitikacho, mawu akuti" zochitika zina za pa intaneti "akuwonetsa ntchito zofunikira pa intaneti komanso chidwi pa intaneti, komanso zimatsimikizira kuopsa kogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Kaya ophunzira akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kupititsa patsogolo kulumikizana ndi anzawo komanso malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ntchito yakusukulu, kapena zosangalatsa, intaneti imapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingalimbikitse kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. M'malo mwake, ophunzira adazindikira kuti anzawo ndi aprofesa amathandizira ndikugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zomwe zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo kwa iwo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chotenga IA / PIU. "Kate," mayi wachizungu, adalongosola zomwe ena akuyembekeza motere: "Kuyang'ana imelo yanga, zili ngati sindimasangalala nayo, ndimamva ngati ndiyenera, ndiyenera kuyankha wina kuntchito atanditumizira imelo, kapena sindikudziwa ngati ndiyenera kutero. ”

Mutu 3: Zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti. Mutu wake "zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso pa intaneti" umadziwika ndi zomwe ophunzira atenga nawo mbali pazakanthawi kochepa komanso kwakanthawi kogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mitu yayikulu imakhala ndi zotsatira zakuthupi komanso zamaganizidwe, kugwira ntchito kwa malingaliro, komanso kuchititsa ntchito. Ngakhale sizotsatira zonse zomwe zinali zopanda pake, otenga nawo mbali anali oyenera kunena zovuta, makamaka zokhudzana ndi thanzi ndi ntchito.

Ophunzira adakambirana zotsatira zoyipa zaumoyo chifukwa chakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti. Ophunzira ochepa adanenapo za nkhawa zathanzi. Zovuta izi zimaphatikizapo kusowa tulo (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikuganiza kuti kusowa tulo. Ndikudziwa ngakhale ndikamaliza ntchito, zimakhala ngati 12 kapena 1. Ndikhala nditakhala ngati 3 chifukwa ndikuchita zina mwadzidzidzi pa pa intaneti ”[“ Nancy, ”mayi waku Asia], kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi (mwachitsanzo," Ndilinganiza kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ngati ndikhala pamenepo, kumangowerenga zinthu, komanso ngati 'sindinachite bwino kwambiri' masewera olimbitsa thupi '[“Kevin,” mzungu], komanso mawonekedwe osawoneka bwino (mwachitsanzo, "... m'badwo wathu uli ndi mbiri yoyipa chifukwa cholemba zambiri ndikukhala" ["Mike," munthu waku Africa waku America). Mzungu, "mzungu," adanenanso za kusokonezeka kwa thanzi lam'mutu ndi thupi, nati: "Ndimadziderera, ndimakhumudwa ndikakhala kuti ndimaliza nthawi yayitali pa intaneti tsiku lina, m'malo mochita zina zakuthupi kapena kutuluka panja. ”

Ophunzira ena amayang'anitsitsa kwambiri pazomwe adakumana nazo pazakuwala. Kwa ena otenga nawo mbali, mkwiyo ndi kukhumudwa zinali zizindikiro zofala kwambiri. "Heather," mayi waku Africa waku America, adati: "Chinthu choyambirira masana ndicho kukhala pa Facebook kapena pa Twitter. Ndikamva china chake chopusa, chimandikwiyitsa tsiku lonse. ”Momwemonso" Lucy, "mayi waku Asia, adazindikira kusiyanasiyana kwake kwatsiku ndi tsiku:

Ndikuganiza kuti zimandimva ngati ndikumwa blah nditakhala pa intaneti kwa nthawi yayitali, monga momwe ndimamverera ngati ndawononga nthawi yayitali. Ndikuganiza kuti ngakhale nthawi zina sindimacheza ndi anthu nthawi yayitali masana, ndimakhala wokwiyitsa.

Otsatira ena adanenapo zokumana nazo komanso kukhumudwa atagwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Kwa ena, zachisonizi zimayamba chifukwa chofanizira moyo wawo ndi zomwe anzawo adaika pa TV. "Andrew," mzungu, yemwe adakwaniritsidwa ponena kuti:

Nthawi zambiri anthu ambiri amakhala ndi gawo labwino kwambiri pamoyo wawo, kotero nthawi ina ndikupita kumeneko, ndikungowona ngati "O, ndikusangalala kwambiri, ndipo ndili pagombe, ndikugawana ndi atsikana otentha." muli ngati "Ndili m'chipinda changa chopanda, ndipo ndili ... ndikugwira ntchito ku McDonald's." Ndikukayika ... moyo wawo ndi ... wabwino kwambiri kuposa wanga. Koma ndikakhala wokhumudwa kale, ndikulowa pa intaneti ndikuwona, ndimakhala ngati "Eya bambo, ndikuyamwa."

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ophunzira pa intaneti komanso malipoti azaumoyo mwina zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi zomwe akuchita pa intaneti komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito pa intaneti. Monga "Heather," mayi waku Africa waku America, adati: "Ngati ndiwe wocheza, ndiye kuti [media media] amamuwonjezera. Zili ngati kutulutsa mwachangu… Koma ngati simutero, ndiye kuti mukungoyang'ana. ”Mawu monga awa akuwunikira zomwe zili pa intaneti kapena modabwitsa pa intaneti. Ndiye kuti, intaneti ingalimbikitse moyo wa ophunzira; komabe, zikagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso komanso m'njira zomwe zimathandizira ndikulimbikitsa kudzipatula pakati pa anthu, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kungachepetse kuchuluka komanso mawonekedwe amachitidwe ochezerana ndi nkhope. Ophunzira ena adadandaula kuti kuyang'anana kwa nkhope zawo kudalepheretsedwa ndi momwe anzawo amagwirira ntchito pa intaneti. Mayi wina wa ku Asia, "Nancy," adafotokoza zomwe zidamuchitikira motere:

Ndili ndi izi, makamaka ndikudya ndi munthu, amatulutsa foni yawo ndikuyamba kuyang'ana Facebook, Twitter, kapena china chake, ndimayang'ana pa iwo ndipo ndimakhala ngati "kwenikweni, uzichita pamaso panga pompano? ”

"Den," bambo waku African American, adazindikira kuti kudalira intaneti pochita ndi ena kumatha kudzetsa kusalankhula kwa nkhope ndi nkhope: "Mukakhala muli ndi kompyuta, mumakhala nthawi yopereka uthenga wabwino ... Koma mukamayang'anizana maso ndi maso, [munthuyo] amakhala wamiseche, osati kwenikweni. ”Kuphatikiza apo, pamawu omwe anthu ambiri akunena," Lidiya, "mayi waku Africa waku America, anatsimikiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika kumamukhumudwitsa. Limbani, ndikuti: "Ndikapita kunyumba, m'malo molankhula ndi azakhali anga ndi abale ake, ndimangokhala pakama, ndikusewera ndi laputopu yanga kapena foni yanga. Osamacheza kwenikweni ndi wina aliyense. Chifukwa chake sindilankhula ndi aliyense. ”

Komanso, ophunzira ena adawona zabwino zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Intaneti imathandizira kulumikizana ndi mabanja, abwenzi, komanso chithandizo chamdera. "Fred," bambo waku America waku Gulu lachiwiri, adalongosola motere:

Ndimamva ngati muli pa Twitter, muli ngati olumikizidwa. Ngati muli pasukulu, aliyense ali pafupi. Koma nthawi yomweyo, Twitter imapangitsa kuti ikhale pafupi… Ndimamva kuti mumangodziwitsa anthu zomwe mukuchita pagulu, kuti azikhala nanu ngati mukufuna.

Intaneti idawoneka kuti ndiyofunikira kwambiri kwa omwe ali nawo paubwenzi wautali wautali. Mayi wina wa ku America ku America, "Angela," adafotokoza phindu logwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti azicheza ndi mabanja omwe amakhala kutali, nati: "Ndikuwona kuti ndizothandiza. Pali achibale ambiri omwe sindinalankhulane nawo kwenikweni ... Chifukwa chake ndimangotumizira imelo mwachangu ndikuti, 'muli bwanji,' m'malo mowayimbira foni. ”

Ntchito zamaphunziro, gawo lomaliza, limalongosola momwe ophunzira adazindikira zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti pantchito yonse yasukulu ndikuchita bwino. Ophunzira ambiri adawona mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti pa maphunziro awo. "Lidiya," mayi waku Africa waku America, adati: "Ndikumva kuti ngati sindikugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, mamasukulu anga akhala bwino nthawi ya 10." Ophunzira ena, monga "Jessie," mayi waku Africa waku America, adanenanso izi chifukwa cholephera. kuganizira kwambiri: "Kutha kumangoyang'ana pa chinthu chimodzi kwa nthawi yayitali ndikumalephera… sindingathe kuyang'ana kwa mphindi za 2." Ophunzira ena adazindikira kuti ntchito yawo idawonongeka chifukwa chazolowera intaneti. "Nancy," mayi waku Asia, adati: "Ntchito yanga kusukulu idawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ... kukhala pa intaneti kuli ngati kumangochedwetsa, pamapeto pake mumafika poti 'Ndikufuna izi zichitike ...' Simunafike pompo. ”Nthawi zambiri, ophunzira ananena kuti ngakhale intaneti inali yofunikira kusukulu, zotsatirapo za kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso pa intaneti zinali zotsutsana ndi zolinga zawo kusukulu.

Kukambirana

Kafukufukuyu adafufuza nkhani zingapo zokhudzana ndi IA / PIU mwa ophunzira aku yunivesite yaku US kuphatikiza mbiri yachilengedwe yamavuto owonjezera pa intaneti; zoyambitsa wamba, zogwirizana, komanso zofunikira zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti; makonda omwe amakonda ntchito pa intaneti; Zotsatira zoyipa zamaganizidwe, malingaliro, komanso thanzi chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri. Kafukufukuyu sanayesere kudziwa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli pa intaneti kwa ophunzira aku Yunivesite ku US. M'malo mwake, tidafuna kutifotokozere mwatsatanetsatane za zomwe ophunzira adakumana nazo pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti / intaneti pobwereza mwachindunji mawu omwe ophunzira akutenga nawo mbali pagululo. Kupitilira apo, mitu yoyenera yomwe imachokera pazokambirana zamagulu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zapezeka kuchokera ku kafukufuku wakale.

Ophunzira ambiri adavomereza kuti zinali zovuta kuwerengera nthawi yokwanira yomwe amakhala pa intaneti patsiku chifukwa mapulani opanda malire pazida zam'manja (mwachitsanzo, mafoni ndi mapiritsi) zikutanthauza kuti intaneti imapezeka nthawi zonse. Komabe, ophunzira adatha kudziwuza okha mosasamala komanso molondola pazoyenera zonse komanso zodziwika bwino, kutsimikizira zotsatira zoyenera komanso kuchuluka. Ophunzira ambiri adanena kuti sangathe kusiyanitsa molondola kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti pazinthu zokhudzana ndi sukulu kapena zokhudzana ndintchito kuchokera pazomwe sizili kusukulu / zokhudzana ndi ntchito. Kafukufuku wina wapereka lingaliro labwino la kuyanjana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti ndi IA / PIU mwa ophunzira aku yunivesite [26, 56]; komabe, zitha kukhala zolondola kwambiri kusiyanitsa kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti pantchito ndi / kapena zolinga zokhudzana ndi sukulu kuchokera pa kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti kuchitira chisangalalo [29]. Zochita zokhudzana ndi intaneti zosagwirizana ndi sukulu / ntchito, ochita nawo masewerawa anachita masewera olimbitsa thupi pa intaneti. Kugwiritsa ntchito zapa TV kunali kofala kwambiri pakati pa zitsanzo. Ubwenzi waphunziro ndi ophunzira pa intaneti ndi wamphamvu komanso osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale amawona zovuta komanso zoyipa zomwe zimadza chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso, amathandizanso maubwino a intaneti pantchito yawo yophunzirira.

Zotsatira zoyesedwa zinawonetsa kuti kusakhazikika mtima (mwachitsanzo, kukhumudwa, kukwiya), kusungulumwa, ndi kupsinjika ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito komanso zokhudzana ndi ntchito ndizomwe zimapangitsa ophunzira ambiri kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri. Tsoka ilo, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati njira yothanirana ndi malingaliro osalimbikitsa m'maganizo kungathandizenso maboma awa kwa nthawi yayitali. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati njira yothandizira kupanikizika kungafanane ndi kudzipereka nokha ndi mowa ndi mankhwala ena othandizira [13]. Theorists akuti vuto kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi njira yabwino yopewera zoipa mbiri yopanda pake komanso kuvutika m'maganizo [13, 15]. Kwa ophunzira mu phunziroli, zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika zinali zokhudzana ndi mkwiyo komanso kukhumudwa. Zolinga zakhumudwitsidwa zimasiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, kudziimba mlandu chifukwa chokhala nthawi yayitali komanso yopanda pake pa intaneti, kukwiya ndi zomwe anthu ena amachita pa intaneti); komabe, ophunzira adagwiritsa ntchito intaneti mozama zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziziwonjezera mavuto. Ophunzira ambiri anali ndi chidwi chofuna kuchita nawo zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, kusakatula masamba achisangalalo) akamavutika, makamaka ngati intaneti (mwachitsanzo, makompyuta a laputopu komanso zida zam'manja zopezeka pa intaneti) zikupezeka. Achinyamata okwera msanga, otengeka, ndi achabechabe / okonda kudziona ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha amakhalidwe olowerera [57, 58]; Chifukwa chake, ndizodabwitsa kuti ophunzira ambiri m'maphunzirowa adagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati njira yoyamba yothanirana ndi mavuto. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi maiko ena apeza kuti achinyamata omwe ali ndi IA / PIU adagawana zofananira zamtundu komanso kupsa mtima kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zizolowezi zawo, kuphatikizira kufunitsitsa7, 9, 42].

Ophunzira adafotokoza zotsatilapo zosiyanasiyana zaumoyo ndi zamavuto okhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa intaneti. Ophunzira ambiri adalephera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumaso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amakhala pa intaneti. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adalumikiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti ndi kunenepa kwambiri komanso kunenepa kwambiri [59] ndipo akatswiri a maphunziro azachipembedzo anena kuti kukula kwambiri kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka intaneti pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata kungakhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa vuto la kunenepa kwambiri ku US, China, ndi kwina kulikonse [60]. Ophunzira ambiri mu phunziroli adatchulapo chizolowezi chogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakusowa tulo. Kupeza kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu omwe awonetsa kuti ophunzira omwe ali ndi vuto la IA / PIU nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi vuto la kugona, kusowa tulo, komanso kusowa tulo [30, 61]. Ophunzira 'mu phunziroli adazindikira kuti kugona kwawo kocheperako kunali makamaka chifukwa chazengereza pa intaneti. Ophunzira ena adataya nthawi yawo yakugona kuti athamangire ntchito kusukulu chifukwa chokhala nthawi yayitali komanso yopanda pake pa intaneti.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kovuta / kwamavuto amawebusayiti achichepere ndi achikulire omwe akungoyeserera ayesedwa ndi kulembedwa [62-64]. Ophunzira ambiri mu phunziroli adawona momwe atolankhani amasangalalira, powona kuti zoulutsazi zimatha kusewera ndi kulepheretsa chidwi cha nkhope ndi nkhope, kutengera mtundu ndi mtundu wa wogwiritsa ntchito. Mosiyana ndi zotsatira zakafukufuku wakale, zomwe zidapezeka kuti ophunzira aku yunivesite nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi kucheza ndi anthu ena macheza kuti athe kuthana ndi zizindikiro za kukhumudwa [24, 25, 29], ophunzira ena mu phunziroli adazindikira kuti akakhala "achisoni" kapena "otaya mtima" amakonda kuonera makanema kapena kusakatula ma blog ndi / kapena ma bulletin board (mwachitsanzo, Reddit) pa intaneti. Ophunzira adaletsa kupewa kucheza ndi anthu ena pa intaneti pomwe akukumana ndi zodetsa nkhawa.

Makina angapo pa kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti kulowa pa intaneti kwachepetsa malo opumira omwe ophunzira amakhala otopa msanga ndipo akuwonjezera zovuta kuganizira kwambiri zofunikira, sukulu / ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito. Theorists anena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri kungasokoneze ubongo kugwira ntchito m'njira zomwe zimachepetsa kuthekera kwazowunikira [65]. Komanso, kafukufuku wakale adalumikiza chidwi-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ndi IA / PIU mwa ophunzira aku yunivesite yaku Korea [41, 66]. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsa kuti zomwe zapezazi sizingakhale zachikhalidwe.

Kuphatikiza apo, mosiyana ndi zambiri zomwe zalembedwa [9], omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu adachita masewera olimbitsa thupi pa intaneti. Kupeza kumeneku kungakhale chifukwa cha zomwe zikuchitika, zomwe ambiri anali azimayi. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti abambo amatha kusewera kwambiri masewera a kanema kwambiri ndikukhala ndi mavuto monga kusewera makanema pa vidiyo kuposa azimayi [23, 67]. Zikhalidwe zimathandizanso kuti magawo otsika a makanema apa intaneti amasewera omwe afotokozedwa mu zitsanzo izi azigwirizana ndi omwe ophunzira aku University aku East Asia [23]. Kuphatikiza apo, makanema apavidiyo pamwambowu atha kulengezedwa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha momwe kafukufukuyu adalengezedwera ndikuwonetsa zomwe ophunzira adakumana nazo pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti. Ophunzira atha kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chakuti amayenera kukambirana zomwe akumana nazo pa intaneti, m'malo momasewera masewera pa intaneti kudzera pamasewera ena (mwachitsanzo, Xbox 360). Kuchepetsa masewera olimbitsa thupi mopitirira muyeso komanso / kapena kovuta kumathandizanso kuchepetsa kunena pagulu.

Pomaliza, kafukufukuyu adapanga mafunso ambiri monga momwe adayankhira. Makamaka, zomwe apeza phunziroli zimawunikira zowonjezera pazotsatira zingapo zakale zomwe zidafotokozedwazo m'mabukuwa sizikudziwika bwino, kapena mwanjira ina yowunikira mwachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi sampuli yonse (99.7%, 2 SD kuchokera ku zovuta) idayamba kupeza intaneti isanalowe koleji (M = 9 wazaka, SD = 2.7); ndipo ophunzira ambiri sanadziwonetse okha kuti ali ndi mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri mpaka atatsala pang'ono kufika zaka 20 / atalowa koleji. Zotsatira zam'mbuyomu zikusonyeza kuti zaka zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti adalumikizidwa ndi IA / PIU [34, 56]; Komabe, kufufuza kwina sikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lotere [26]. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akufunika kufotokozera ngati kuyambika koyambirira kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri kungakhale kolosera zamtsogolo za IA / PIU.

Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kufanana pakati pa IA / PIU ndi zikhalidwe zina. Ndizoona mu nkhani yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso thanzi m'maganizo momwe kumayambiriro kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kumawonetsa njira yovuta kwambiri komanso kudalitsitsa kwaumphawi kuposa momwe zimayambira [68]. Komabe, chifukwa palibe kafukufuku wamtali yemwe amafufuza momwe IA / PIU ikukulira, sitingathe kudziwa chilichonse chokhudzana ndi IA / PIU yayitali pakati pa ophunzira awa. Kafukufuku wowonjezera wa mbiri yachilengedwe ya IA / PIU mu ophunzira aku yunivesite yaku US ndi zotsatira zovuta zokhudzana ndi thanzi komanso malingaliro amathandizanso kudziwa njira zopewera ndi kuchitira mankhwala ndipo potero zitha kuwonjezera luso lawo.

Monga tanena kale, ophunzira mu phunziroli amakhala maola ambiri pamalo ochezera a pa TV. Kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa TV angakuwuzeni kuti mupangike zizolowezi m'malo mochita zinthu zowonjezera, ngakhale kuti maphunziro apitapo adanenanso kuti ophunzira adapeza kuti Facebook ndiyowonjezera [62]. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka ndikofunikira kuti adziwe zowonjezera pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito media pakati pa ophunzira aku yunivesite. Makamaka, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kusamalira kukhalapo kwa zizindikiro zochotsa pamene ophunzira akulephera kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamtsogolo akhoza kukhala wofunikira kuwunika zochitika zomwe ophunzira amachita pa malo ochezera (mwachitsanzo, kuyika masamba pa malo ochezera a pa intaneti makamaka kusakatula zolemba za anthu ena) ndi momwe zochitika zosiyanasiyana zimathandizira zotsatira za chipatala pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chikhalidwe chawo . Kafukufuku wopanga zida zamagetsi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mawebusayiti azovuta atha kupindula angapindule ndi mafunso omwe amafunsira magawo osiyanasiyana. Pomaliza, maphunziro ena amafunikira kukhazikitsa njira zodziwira matenda omwe amatha kusiyanitsa molondola ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi ophunzira omwe ali ndi IA / PIU. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti awone ngati ophunzirawo sangathe kuthandizapo komanso ngati angapindule ndi njira zothana ndi chisamaliro.

Zowerengera ndizophatikizira kukula kwachitsanzo, malo amodzi omwe amafufuza, ndi kufufuzira zomwe zapezazo. Zinthu izi zitha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zotsatira. Imelo yomwe idatumizidwa ku bungwe lonse la ophunzira ku yunivesiteyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chowunika; komabe, ndizotheka kuti ophunzira amadzisankhira phunziroli ndipo mwina angakhale osiyana ndi ophunzira omwe ali ndi mavuto a IA / PIU omwe anakana kuyankha imelo yokulembera anthu ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, miyezo yokhazikika ya IA / PIU yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito phunziroli ilibe zambiri kapena zodula zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa kuti zizisiyanitsa IA / PIU ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwachizolowezi. Chifukwa chake, tikudalira zomwe ena akutenga nawo mbali ndikudziwonera okha, zomwe zikugwirizana mwachilengedwe.

Ngakhale izi zili ndi malire, yunivesite yomwe kafukufukuyu adachitapo sasiyana ndi mayunivesite ena ambiri aboma ndipo zitsanzo zomwe zidawerengeredwa zinali zosiyanasiyana pankhani ya mtundu ndi jenda. Kupitilira apo, zomwe ophunzira akudzilingalira paokha komanso mayankho oyenera okhudzana ndi zovuta zomwe akudziwa kuti amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti zimawonjezera chidwi pazomwe zapezedwa ndikuthandizira kufotokozera zotsatira zakafukufuku wakale zokhudzana ndi IA / PIU mwa ophunzira aku University, kuphatikizapo mbiri yachilengedwe ya PIU, zoyambitsa ndi mawonekedwe a IA / PIU, ndi zotsatira za IA / PIU. Ophunzira ambiri omwe tidaphunzira adatsimikiza za zovuta zomwe adakumana nazo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti / intaneti. Zikuwoneka kuti ophunzira ambiri omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha mavuto a IA / PIU ku US samalandira njira zothanirana kapena zowathandiza pavuto lawo logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Ngakhale gulu lalikulu la mabuku ochokera kumayiko ena lalandira zisonyezo zoyipa za IA / PIU mwa ophunzira aku yunivesite, oyang'anira masukulu oyang'anira mayunivesite ndi mabungwe ena azaumoyo amavutika kuzindikira IA / PIU m'masukulu ophunzirira kuyunivesite ndikupereka chithandizo chifukwa chosowa zida zothandizira matenda kulowererapo koyenera [7, 23]. Tikukhulupirira kuti zomwe tapezazi zithandizira kufufuza kwina m'dera lino.

Kuthandiza Information

S1_Document.docx
 
 

Chikalata cha S1. Mafunso Ofufuza pa Zochita za Sociodemographic ndi IA / PIU, ndi Chitsogozo cha Zokambirana za Gulu.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.s001

(DOCX)

S1 Table. Zikhazikitso Zambiri Zomwe Zikhala Ndi Ophunzira pa 27 Omwe Amadziyesa Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zapaintaneti Kwambiri.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.s002

(DOCX)

S2 Table. Data Set ya Achinyamata Akufunsa Mafunso (N = 27).

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.s003

(DOCX)

S3 Table. Data Set for the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (N = 27).

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.s004

(DOCX)

Zopereka za Wolemba

Ndinazindikira ndikupanga zoyesazo: WL MOH. Adachita izi: WL MOH. Anasanthula zomwezi: WL JEO SMS. Zida zopangidwa ndi zida / zida / zowunikira: WL JEO MOH. Adalemba pepala: WL JEO SMS MOH.

Zothandizira

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