Ndemanga: Kusintha kwa kotekisi yaubongo kumayenderana ndi kusuta. Zinthu zochepa kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka mu insula ndi orbitofrontal cortex zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo - ndipo izi zidapezeka mwa omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Ubongo uwu umasintha wolumikizana ndi magwiridwe antchito ovuta pakuyesa kuyeza kotsogola kotsogola.
PLoS One. 2013; 8 (1): e53055. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0053055. Epub 2013 Jan 9.
Yuan K, Cheng P, Dong T, Bi Y, Xing L, Yu D, Zhao L, Dong M, von Deneen KM, Liu Y, Qin W, Tian J.
gwero
Life Sciences Research Center, Sukulu ya Life Sciences ndi Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Kudalirika
Masewera pa intaneti osokoneza, monga subtype wotchuka kwambiri wa Internet osokoneza, adalandira chidwi chambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, kusiyana kwakapangidwe ka makulidwe achilengedwe a ubongo pakati pa achinyamata omwe amasewera pa intaneti osokoneza ndipo zowongolera zathanzi sizikudziwika bwino; ngakhale chiyanjano chake sichidalumikizidwe ndi luso lotha kuzindikira. Kuganiza kosavuta kwa maginito kumatengera kuyambira paunyamata ndi masewera a pa intaneti osokoneza (n = 18) ndi zaka-, maphunziro- komanso zowongolera zofanana ndi jenda (n = 18) zidapezeka.
Njira yotsata makulidwe a cortical idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ifufuze kusintha kwa makulidwe a cortical mwa anthu omwe amasewera pa intaneti osokoneza.
Ntchito yokhala ndi utoto Stroop idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ifufuze tanthauzo la zovuta zamtundu wa cortical.
Kusinkhitsa deta komwe kwatulutsidwakutukuka kotakata kumanzere kwam'mphepete mwa kumanzere, chimbudzi cha kutsogolo, kotengera koyambira komanso kosakhalitsa kwa kanthawi kochepera ndi masewera a pa intaneti osokoneza; pakadali pano, makulidwe akumtunda wamanzere am'mbuyo mwa chotengera cham'mphepete (ofC), insula, gyrus, lingaliro lamanja la postcentral gyrus, entorhinal cortex ndi infort parietal cortex adachepetsedwa.
Kuwunika kukuwonetsa kuti makulidwe akumanzere akumanzere, koteroko ndi magiriki olumikizidwa kutalika kwa masewera pa intaneti osokoneza ndi makulidwe okhathamira a OFC ophatikizika ndi kuwonongeka kwa ntchito pantchito yautoto-mawu Stroop mu achinyamata omwe ali ndi masewera a pa intaneti osokoneza.
Zomwe zapezedwa mu kafukufuku waposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti zovuta zakuthambo za zigawozi zitha kukhala zazovuta pakuwonetsa zamasewera a pa intaneti osokoneza.
Introduction
Monga nthawi yofunika pakati pa ubwana ndi munthu wamkulu, unyamata ukuphatikizapo kusintha kwa chitukuko cha thupi, maganizo, ndi chitukuko [1]. Kutha kwa luso lodzazindikira kumapangitsa kuti nthawi ino ikhale nthawi yocheza komanso kusinthika ndipo zitha kuchititsa kuti pakhale zovuta zambiri komanso chizolowezi pakati pa achinyamata. [2], [3], [4]. Monga vuto limodzi lodziwika bwino pakati pa achinyamata achi China, vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti tsopano likukula kwambiri [5], [6]. Kugulitsa zamasewera pa intaneti, monga gawo lofunikira kwambiri la IAD, adapeza chidwi chochulukirapo kuchokera kudziko lonse lapansi makamaka kuchokera kummawa kwa Asia, mwachitsanzo China ndi Korea. Achinyamata omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha kusewera pa intaneti amakhala nthawi yambiri akuchita masewera a pa intaneti ndipo sangathe kudziletsa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ngakhale zitakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi zochitika zina, monga kuchepa kwa ntchito komanso kulephera maphunziro. [7], [8], [9], komanso m'malo oopsa [10]. Chifukwa chofalikira, IAD komanso masewera osokoneza bongo pa intaneti apangitsa chidwi cha sayansi kuchokera ku maphunziro padziko lonse lapansi [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18]. Tsoka ilo, palibe chithandizo chovomerezeka cha IAD chifukwa chosamvetsetsa bwino kwamomwe amayambitsa matendawa [12].
Kuti mufufuze njira zachikhalidwe za anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti, kafukufuku yemwe akungochitika kumene anali atachita kale ndipo adawunikiratu zovuta zomwe zimachitika mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti. [19]. Kutengera kagayidwe kakang'ono ka glucose mu orbitof mbeleal cortex (OFC) ndi zigawo zina [20] komanso kuchuluka kwa dopamine D2 receptor kupezeka kwa striatum [21] pagulu la anthu omwe amakonda kusewera pa intaneti, ofufuzawo adatsimikiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito masewera osokoneza bongo pa intaneti kungagawanenso zokhudzana ndi zovuta zamtundu wa m'maganizo komanso zamavuto osokoneza bongo omwe alibe. Pogwirizana ndi malingaliro awa, Ko et al. adazindikira zigawo za neural zokonda masewera a pa intaneti povumbulutsa kutseguka kwa magawo angapo aubongo poyankha makanema ochita nawo masewera olimbitsa thupi pa intaneti, monga OFC, anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) ndi parahippocampus [22], [23]. Kafukufuku wogwira ntchito adazindikira njira zomwe zingatheke kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito masewera osokoneza bongo pa intaneti, komabe, kapangidwe kazomwe zimapangitsa kusewera pa intaneti pazolimba za ubongo wazaka zakukula 'sizodziwika bwino [5], [24]. Ngakhale njira ya voxel-based morphometry (VBM) idawululira zakusokonekera mu ACC, DLPFC, OFC, insula ndikusiya gilus, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the cerebellum in online amakonda masewera osokoneza bongo [5], [24], njirayi imakhala yothekera kwambiri pakusiyana kwa kulembetsa, kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe, komanso kusankha kwa kusintha kwa ma template [25], [26]. Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi momwe timadziwira, owerengeka ochepa adasanthula, mpaka pano, zovuta zakuthwa zamkati komanso mgwirizano wake ndi kusokonekera kwazolakwika mu achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti.
Chifukwa chake, njira yotsata makulidwe a cortical, njira yoyenera kwambiri kuposa VBM, adalemba ntchito mu kafukufukuyu kuti apende kafukufuku wazolimbitsa thupi mu kotekisi mu gulu lokonda masewera [27], [28]. Kutanthauzira zakufunika kwazinthu zilizonse zamakedzedwe a cortical, zovuta zomwe zingatheke pazotsatira izi zidawunikidwa ndi kuwunika kosakanikirana pakati pa zomwe makulidwe amakulidwe a cortical ndi zochita zawo. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawulula kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pazachilendo komanso kutalika kwa chizolowezi cha masewera a pa intaneti [5]. Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuza adazindikira kuthekera kwazovuta kwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi IAD pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa Stroop task [29]. Chifukwa chake, zoyeserera pamachitidwe apano zinali zazitali zamankhwala omwe anali pa intaneti komanso mtundu wa mawu a Stroop. Kuphatikiza kwa zomwe zapezedwa muzochitika zadongosolo lodziwika bwino zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimakhudzidwa pakukonda zamasewera pa intaneti zingakhale chidziwitso china chofunikira pakuzindikira izi.
Njira ndi Zipangizo
Chiwerengero cha 2.1 Ethics
Njira zonse zakufufuzira zidavomerezedwa ndi West China Hospital Subcommittee on Human Study ndipo adachitidwa mothandizana ndi Declaration of Helsinki. Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali pamaphunziro athu adapereka chidziwitso cholemba.
Ophunzira a 2.2
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Young Diagnostic Questionnaire wa intaneti (YDQ) ndi ndevu ndi Wolf [17], [30], Ophunzira a 165 atsopano ndi a sophomore adayang'aniridwa m'miyezi isanu ndi itatu. Ophunzira makumi awiri omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha masewera a pa intaneti adasefedwa ndipo achinyamata a 18 omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti (amuna a 12, amatanthauza zaka
=Zaka za 19.4 ± 3.1, maphunziro 13.4 ± 2.5 zaka) adachita kafukufuku wathu posapatula osewera awiri kumanzere. Anthu okhawo omwe alibe mbiri yaumwini kapena ya mabanja omwe ali ndi vuto la matenda amisala omwe adatengapo nawo phunziroli. Kuti mufufuze ngati kapena padalibe kusintha kwina muubongo, kutalika kwa matendawa kumawerengeredwa kudzera pakuwunika koyambiranso. Tidawafunsa kuti akumbukire moyo wawo pomwe adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pa intaneti, mwachitsanzo World of Warcraft (WOW), yomwe ndi masewera a intaneti ambiri (MMORPG) wolemba Blizzard Entertainment. Mukasewera masewera pa intaneti, osewera ayenera kupanga ma avatera pamayiko awo enieni ndipo osewera ambiri amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake pamasewera omwe ali. Ndi olembetsa 9.1 miliyoni (12 Million pachimake) kuyambira Ogasiti 2012, WOW pakadali pano ndi omwe amalembetsa padziko lonse lapansi MMORPG, ndipo amakhala ndi a Guinness World Record a MMORPG otchuka kwambiri ndi olembetsa (http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/10/04/mists-of-pandaria-pushes-warcraft-subs-over-10-million). Kuti tiwatsimikizire kuti akuvutika ndi vuto la intaneti, tidawabweza ndi njira za YDQ zosinthidwa ndi Beard ndi Wolf. Tidatsimikiziranso kudalirika kwa malipoti omwe amachokera pa anthu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito masewera osokoneza bongo pa intaneti polankhula ndi makolo awo patelefoni komanso omwe amakhala nawo komanso anzawo akusukulu.
Zazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu- komanso zamagulu owongoleredwa oyenera (amuna a 12, amatanthauza zaka=Zaka za 19.5 ± 2.8, maphunziro 13.3 ± 2.0 zaka) zopanda mbiri yaumwini kapena ya banja yamatenda amisala omwe adatenganso nawo kafukufuku wathu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wakale [5], [22], tidasankha zowongolera zathanzi omwe amakhala maola ochepera a 2 patsiku pa intaneti. Kuwongolera kwathanzi kunayesedwanso ndi njira za YDQ zosinthidwa ndi Beard ndi Wolf kuti zitsimikizire kuti sanali kuvutika ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti. Onse omwe adawerengedwa omwe adawonetsedwa anali aku China chakumanja ndipo adayesedwa ndi lipoti lawolawo ndi Edinburgh Handedness Mafunso. Njira zowachotsera magulu onsewa anali 1) kukhalapo kwa vuto la mitsempha lomwe limayesedwa ndi Structured Clinical Mafunso for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida, Chachinayi Edition (DSM-IV); 2) mowa, nikotini kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo poyesa mkodzo; 3) mimba kapena nthawi ya kusamba kwa akazi; ndi 4) matenda aliwonse akuthupi monga chotupa muubongo, chiwindi, kapena khunyu monga momwe zimayesedwera malinga ndi kuyesa kwa zamankhwala ndi mbiri yaudokotala. Hamilton nkhawa wadogo (HAMA) ndi Beck maganizo inventory-II (BDI) adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika zomwe ophunzira onse akuchita pamasabata awiri apitawa. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu zimaperekedwa Gulu 1.
2.3 Kusanthula Kwa Khalidwe
Kapangidwe kautoto-mawu Stroop ntchito kanakhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya E-prime 2.0 (http://www.pstnet.com/eprime.cfm) malinga ndi kafukufuku wakale [31]. Ntchitoyi imagwiritsa ntchito pulani ya block yomwe ili ndi magawo atatu, mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza, zopanda ntchito komanso kupuma. Mawu atatu, Red, Blue ndi Green adawonetsedwa mu mitundu itatu (ofiira, abuluu ndi obiriwira) monga zoyambitsa komanso zopanda tanthauzo. Pakupumula, mtanda unawonetsedwa pakatikati pazenera, ndipo ofunikira amayenera kuyika maso awo pamtandawu osayankha. Zochitika zonse zinakonzedwa m'magulu awiri omwe amakhala ndi magulu osiyanasiyana osakanikira. Wophunzira aliyense adalangizidwa kuyankha mtundu wowonetsedwa mwachangu kwambiri ndikanikizira batani pa Serial Response Box ™ ndi dzanja lake lamanja. Makatani osindikizira a index, pakati, ndi chala cham mphete ofanana ndi ofiira, abuluu, ndi obiriwira motsatana. Ophunzira adayesedwa payekha mchipinda chamtendere m'mene adakhazikika. Pambuyo poyeserera koyambirira, deta yamakhalidwe adasonkhanitsidwa masiku awiri kapena atatu asanafike pa scan ya MRI.
2.4 MRI Dataququisitions
Kuyeza kwa magnetic resonance kunachitika pa 3-T scanner (Allegra; Nokia Medical System) ku Huaxi MR Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Zithunzi zolemetsa kwambiri za 3D T1 zapikika zidayesedwa kuti zikhale za makulidwe a cortical ndi magawo otsatirawa: TR=1900 ms; TE=2.26 ms; kolowera mbali=90 °; mu ndege matrix resolution=256 × 256; magawo=176; gawo lazowonera=256 mm × 256 mm; kukula kwa voxel=1 × 1 × 1 mm. Zithunzithunzi adaziwunika ndi akatswiri amisala kuti adziwe momwe amapezera matenda.
Kafukufuku wa Zakuyerekeza wa 2.5
Tisanawunitsidwe makulidwe a cortical, tinali titayang'anitsitsa mtundu wa data waiwisi wa mapaipi amtsogolo. Zithunzi zopotoza komanso zaluso sizinaphatikizidwe. Mwamwayi, palibe mutu womwe unachotsedwa malinga ndi muyezo. FreeSurfer 5.0 (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kukula kwa cortical kuchokera pazithunzi zojambula zamagalasi. Makulidwe amtundu wa kumaloko amayesedwa pamaziko a kusiyana pakati pa malo ofanana pakati pa malo ofikira ndi ofiira. Mwachidule, nkhani yoyera yamatumbo idagawidwa pazithunzi zolemera T1 ndipo mawonekedwe a imvi yoyera akuyerekezedwa. Zofooka zojambula pamiyeso yoyera ndi yaimvi zidakonzedwa, pomwepo zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati poyambira pakuwunika kosaka kwa algorithm pofufuza mawonekedwe a pial. Pamtunda wa nkhani yoyera imachita kukwera, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa maphunziro akuya kwa gyri ndi sodium kunali kwofanana. Ubongo womwe wakonzanso mutu uliwonse umakhala wopunduka ndikulembetsedwa kuzungulira pomwe. Kuti mupeze mapu amasiyana makulidwe a cortical, zosanjazo zinakonzedwa pamtunda ndi kernel ya Gaussian yosalala yotalika theka la 10 mm. Chifukwa chakuti chiwonetsero cha BDI chinali chosiyana kwambiri pakati pa magulu awiriwa, kuyerekeza kachulukidwe ka makulidwe am'kati mwa magulu kunayesedwa ndi kusanthula kwa vertex-by-vertex kwa covariance (ANCOVA) kuphatikiza BDI ngati covariate. Kukonza kufanana kambiri, p mamapu adatsekeredwa kuti apereke chiwonetsero chabodza chakuyembekezeka (FDR) cha 0.05. Masango okhala ndi ma vertexes omwe akuwonetsa makulidwe osiyanitsa kwambiri pakati pa magulu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi pa intaneti ndi magulu owongolera adafotokozedwa. Makulidwe apakati amtunduwo adachotsedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengetsa kusiyana kwa% kuti awonetse kukula kwake. Kuti mufufuze mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa zomwe makina amakhudzana ndi makina a cortical ndikulowerera pamasewera pa intaneti, kusanthula kwamaganizidwe onse aubongo pakati pa makulidwe a cortical ndi kuyesa kwamakhalidwe (ie nthawi yayitali ndi zolakwa za kuyankha kwa Stroop) zidayambitsidwa mu kafukufuku waposachedwa. Mtengo wambiri wa tsango lomwe likuwonetsa kuyanjana kwakukulu ndi chidziwitso chamachitidwe (FDR, p<0.05) adachotsedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera zolumikizana. Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, tidayang'ana kwambiri zigawo zamaubongo okhala ndi makulidwe osiyana siyana pakati pamankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti ndi magulu owongolera.
Results
Zotsatira zathu zinawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa zovuta zamasewera pa intaneti kunali pafupifupi 12.1% pakufufuza kwathu pang'ono. Malinga ndi zomwe adadziwuza pa intaneti, omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pa intaneti amathera maola a 10.2 ± 2.6 tsiku lililonse komanso masiku a 6.3 ± 0.5 pa sabata pamasewera pa intaneti. Achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti amakhala maola ambiri patsiku ndi masiku ambiri pa sabata kuposa zomwe akuwongolera (p<0.005) (Gulu 1).
Zotsatira za Khalidwe la 3.1 ya XNUMX
Magulu onse awiriwa adawonetsa Stroop zotsatira, komwe nthawi yankho inali yotalikirapo panthawi yopanda mphamvu kuposa momwe zimakhalira (pazosewerera pa intaneti: 677.26 ± 75.37 vs 581.19 ± 71.59 ndikuwongolera: 638.32 ± 65.87 vs 548.97 ± 50.59; p<0.005). Gulu logwiritsa ntchito masewera osokoneza bongo pa intaneti lidachita zolakwika zambiri kuposa gulu lolamulira panthawi yazovuta (8.56 ± 4.77 vs 4.56 ± 2.93; p<0.05), ngakhale kuchedwa kuyankha kumayesedwa ndi nthawi yochitira (RT) panthawi yazovuta zomwe sizinachitike zinali zosiyana kwambiri pakati pa magulu awiriwa (98.2 ± 40.37 vs 91.92 ± 45.87; p> 0.05).
Zotsatira Zakutsata kwa 3.2
Pambuyo pa kuwongolera zaka, maphunziro, jenda, HAMA ndi BDI, panali madera angapo omwe anali ndi makulidwe ochulukirapo a achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera kwaumoyo, komwe kumakhala ndi lateral OFC (−9%), insula cortex ( −10%) ndi gyrus yolumikizana (−10%), pamodzi ndi kumbuyo kwacentcentral gyrus (−13%), entorhinal cortex (−13%), ndi parietal cortex wotsika (N10%) (Chithunzi 1). Kuphatikiza apo, makulidwe ochulukirapo a cortical kumanzere precentral cortex (+ 14%), precuneus (+ 13%), frontor cortex (+ 10%), and inferior temporort (+ 11%) and mid temport cortices (+ 11%) adawonedwa pa achinyamata omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chomenya pa intaneti (Chithunzi 1).
The cortical makulidwe akumanzere precentral kotekisi (r=0.7902, p=0.0001) ndi precuneus (r=0.7729, p=0.0002) idaphatikizidwa bwino ndi nthawi yayitali ya achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti (Chithunzi 2). Manzere akumanzere achilankhulo (r=−0.8102, p<0.0001) idawonetsa kulumikizana koyipa kwambiri ndi kutalika kwa chizolowezi cha masewera a pa intaneti (Chithunzi 2). Kuphatikiza apo, makulidwe akonse a kumanzere kwa OFC anali okhudzana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zolakwika panthawi yomwe achinyamata amakhala osavomerezeka ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti (r=−0.5580, p=0.0161) (Chithunzi 3).
Kukambirana
IAD ndi chikhalidwe chatsopano chomwe chataya mwayi wakulephera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndipo wakopa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi [7], [9], [12], [13], [14], [15], [17]. Malinga ndi ziwerengero kuchokera ku China Youth Internet Association (chilengezo chomwe chidapangidwa pa febulo 2, 2010), kuchuluka kwa IAD pakati pa achinyamata akumatauni aku China kuli pafupifupi 14% ndi 24 miliyonihttp://edu.qq.com/edunew/diaocha/2009wybg.htm). Kuphatikiza apo, IAD yadzetsa zotsatira zoyipa m'moyo weniweni komanso kukhala gwero lalikulu laupandu wachinyamata ku China [8], [12], [13], [17]. Zotsatira zake, chidwi chochulukirapo chiyenera kulipidwa kwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi subtype wotchuka kwambiri wa IAD, mwachitsanzo, bongo. Kafukufuku wambiri wogwira ntchito wazindikira njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazokonda zamasewera pa intaneti ndipo adanenanso kuti zitha kugawana zovuta zofanana zamaganizidwe ndi mitsempha yamavuto osokoneza bongo omwe alibe mankhwala [20], [21], [22], [23]. Tsoka ilo, zovuta za cortical makulidwe mu achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti komanso kuyanjana pakati pa kuwonongeka kwa chiwongolero chazidziwitso ndi kusiyana kwa kotengera sikumadziwika. Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kupeza zovuta za kutha kwa unyamata mozindikira zamasewera omwe ali pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, mautoto amtundu wa mawu a Stroop adasankhidwa ngati mawonekedwe owunika kuti awone zotsatira za kusiyana kwa makulidwe amtundu wa cortical. Tikukhulupirira kuti zomwe tapeza zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zolemba zotsatsa zomwe zingapangitse kuti anthu amvetsetse, azindikire, komanso azitha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti.
Zambiri pazomwe zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha pa intaneti amathera maola a 10.2 ± 2.6 tsiku lililonse komanso masiku a 6.3 ± 0.5 pa sabata pamasewera pa intaneti, omwe ali ochulukirapo kuposa momwe amakhalira oyang'anira (Gulu 1). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawulula kuti kusokonekera kwamphamvu yakuwongolera achichepere omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha masewera a pa intaneti [29], [32]. Kuti mutsimikizire kulephereka kwa chizindikiritso chokwanira mu achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti, kuyesa kwa mtundu wa Stroop kunayambitsidwa mu kuphunzira kwathu. Zogwirizana ndi zomwe zapezedwa kale [29], omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ali ndi zolakwa zambiri kuposa gulu loyendetsa panthawi yopanda vuto. Zotsatira zathu zidawonetsa kuti achinyamata omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chawebusayiti cha pa intaneti adawonetsa kulephera kuzindikira kwamphamvu koyezedwa ndi mayeso amtundu wa Stroop. Zotsatira zoyeserera zinawonetsa kuti zigawo zina zaubongo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito yayikulu zikuwonetsa kutsika kwa magulu a masewera a pa intaneti, monga otsala ofananira ndi OFC, insula cortex ndi entorhinal cortex; enawo adawonetsa kukhuthala kwamphamvu, monga lamanzere kumanzere, ndewu yamkati ndi pakatiChithunzi 1). Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunika komwe kunachitika kunawonetsa kuti makulidwe a zigawo zingapo adakhudzana kwambiri ndi nthawi yomwe achinyamata amakhala ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti (Chithunzi 2), omwe anali kumanzere kwa girasi, ndendende ndi girisi yoyankhula. Kuphatikiza apo, makulidwe ochulukirapo a kumanzere kwa OFC adalumikizidwa ndi kusokonezeka kwa kuzindikira komwe kumayesedwa ndi mtundu wa mawu Stroop (Chithunzi 3). Zomwe zapezedwa pano zikuwonetsa kuti panali zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masewera azoseweretsa pa intaneti azikokedwa ndi makulidwe a zigawo za ubongo. Kulumikizana pakati pa zomwe makulidwe a cortical makulidwe ndi kuyesa kwazomwe zikuchitika kungachititse kuti timvetsetse zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masewera azisokoneza bongo pa bongo.
Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, tazindikira kuti kuchepa kwa cortical kumanzere kwa OFC (Chithunzi 1). OFC ili ndi gawo lalikulu pantchito yopanga mphotho ndi kupanga zisankho [33] monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi zotsimikizika kuchokera ku maphunziro am'mbuyomu osokoneza bongo [34]. Malowa ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri la preortal cortex ndipo ali ndi kulumikizana kwachilengedwe kwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphunzira ndi mphotho, monga basolatal amygdala ndi nucleus accumbens (NAc). Pogwiritsa ntchito maulumikizi, OFC ili mwapadera kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso kuti zigwirizane mtsogolo ndikugwiritsa ntchito phindu la zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kapena zikuyembekezeredwa, ndipo pomaliza pake kuwongolera zisankho [33]. Zambiri zowunikira kuchokera kuzowerengera zomwe zidawonjezera pazinthu zomwe zikuwonetsa zozizwitsa mu OFC zidatsimikiza kuti zowonongeka mu OFC zimayenderana ndi kusokonekera kwa chiwongolero ndi kupanga zisankho [33]. Akin kuchepa kwa luso la kupanga zisankho pazakumwa zake, achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto lokonda masewera pa intaneti adawonetseranso machitidwe omwe amachitika chifukwa chakuwonongeka kosankha zochita, mwachitsanzo, okakamiza kufunafuna intaneti ngakhale akudziwa zotsatira zoyipa [12], [13], [35]. Kuphatikiza apo, kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa makulidwe a cortical a OFC ndi magwiridwe antchito nthawi ya mayeso a mtundu-Stroop adapezeka pakuphunzira kwathu kwapano (Chithunzi 3). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawulula mgwirizano pakati pa kusokonezedwa ndi Stroop komanso kagayidwe kakang'ono ka glucose ku OFC pakati pa anthu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cocaine [36]. Ubale wamaubongo awa unawonetsa kuti mawonekedwe osayenerera a OFC amayenderana ndi opuwala wamkulu pakati pa achinyamata omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha masewera a pa intaneti. Zotsatira zathu zidapereka umboni wambiri pakusintha kwapangidwe ka OFC mwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha masewera a pa intaneti.
Tawonanso kuchepa kwamakulidwe a insulini mu achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale wa VBM [24]. Insulayo idawonetsedwa monga dera lomwe limagwirizanitsa mayiko olankhulirana kuti azitha kuzindikira komanso kusankha zochita [37] ndipo kusokonezeka kwa chinyengo kumatha kubweretsa chisankho chosayenera [38]. Posachedwa, osuta omwe ali ndi kuwonongeka kwa ubongo wophatikizira insulayo adapezeka kuti amakonda kusokoneza chizolowezi cha kusuta kuposa omwe amasuta omwe ali ndi vuto lowononga ubongo [39]. Omwe adalipo kale adadziwika ndi kuthekera kwakuya kusiya kusuta fodya popanda kuyambiranso. Zotsatira zathu zidatsimikiza kuti insulayo ikhoza kukhala gawo lovuta kwambiri pamasewera olimbitsa thupi pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, makulidwe oonda kwambiri a ufulu wotsika wa parietal lobule, gritus wa postcentral ndi entorhinal cortex adawonedwanso (Chithunzi 1). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti parietal lobule yotsika mtengo ndiyofunikira pakuwongolera [40], cueine-elicited cocaine kulakalaka [41] ndi kulakalaka masewera [22]. Kwa geptus wa postcentral, kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adazindikira kuwonjezeka kwachigawo m'magulu azinthu zam'mbuyomu kumaphunziro ndi IAD [42]. M'matenda aubongo amunthu, dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) imapezeka mu entorhinal cortex [43] ndipo mitundu ya receptor ya DRD4 idalumikizidwa ndi kufunafuna kwachabe [44]. Achinyamata adawonetsa zofunafuna zazing'ono komanso zoika moyo wawo pachiwopsezo, zomwe zimatha kuphatikizidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kuyambira kuzunza mpaka kumayamba mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe akupita patsogolo [1]. Zogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale wa VBM [24], tazindikira kuti kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa zilankhulo zaunyamata kwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa ku gilus komwe kumachitika panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala [45], [46]. Tinapereka umboni wa sayansi pakukula kochulukirapo kwa kakhonde kotsika kwa parietal lobule, tsamba lamanja la postcentral gyrus ndi entorhinal cortex mu kafukufuku wapano (Chithunzi 1). Zachidziwikire, kuyesayesa kowonjezereka ndikofunikira kuzindikira mbali zolondola za zigawo zaubongo izi mu masewera osokoneza bongo a pa intaneti.
Kupatula kupendekeka kotsika kwa cortical, kukula kwa cortical kwamanzere kumanzereku kumadziwika mu phunziroli (Chithunzi 1), yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi zithunzi zojambula, chidwi komanso kutulutsa kukumbukira [47]. Kafukufuku wakale wa pa intaneti yemwe adawonetsera zamasewera adawululira za kuyambitsa kwamasewera a masewera olimbitsa thupi [23]. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyambitsa kunaphatikizidwa ndi kukopa kwamasewera, kulakalaka komanso kuzunza kwamasewera pa intaneti [23]. Adatinso kuti makulidwe a intuneus amathandizira kukonza nyimbo zamasewera, kuphatikiza zomwe zakumbukiridwa ndikuthandizira kulimbikitsa chidwi chofuna kusewera pa intaneti [23]. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwakukula kwa cortical yotsikitsitsa yokhala ndi kotekisi yoyang'ana pakatikati ndikuwonekeranso kwapakatikati kwapakati kunawonedwa mu kafukufuku wapano (Chithunzi 1). Cortex yotsika mtengo [41] ndi kotchinga pakati [48] mwakhala mukufunitsitsa kuti mupezeke ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Chifukwa chake, tidanenanso kuti kukula kwa cortical kwa precuneus, kotsika kwakanthawi kochepa kotengera kotseguka pamakina ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti kungaphatikizidwe ndi kulakalaka kwa masewera a masewera.
Kukula kwakakulidwe kwamphamvu kwa precentral cortex ndi gawo laling'ono lam'kati lapansi kunazindikiranso mu kafukufuku waposachedwa (Chithunzi 1). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adazindikira kuti ubongo wa munthu umatha kudzisintha machitidwe ena kuti usinthe mu zochitika zakunja kapena mkati [49], [50], [51], [52]. Achinyamata omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha masewera a pa intaneti amakhala nthawi yayitali pamasewera a pa intaneti kwa zaka zambiri kukhala aluso modabwitsa komanso olondola pakulemba mbewa ndi kujambula kiyibodi kuti azicheza bwino ndi wosewera ndi malo ovuta panthawi yamasewera a WOW. Popeza kuti precentral cortex idakhudzidwa kwambiri pokonzekera ndikuwongolera kayendedwe [53], [54], [55], [56] ndikusintha kwamachitidwe am'kati mwa kanthawi kochepa kochititsidwa ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu a VBM [51], [57], tikuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwa makulidwe m'mbalizi kungaphatikizidwe ndi njira yopezera luso lokwezera kuchokera pa "rookie" kupita ku "wosewera osewera". Komabe, magawo enieni a zigawo zikuluzikulu mu achinyamata omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha masewera a pa intaneti amafunika kufufuza kwina pamaphunziro amtsogolo pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kake kokwanira.
Phunziro lathu lidagwiritsa ntchito magawo awiri ndipo funso limabuka ngati kusiyana kumeneku kunali zotsatira kapena kutsimikizika kwa chizolowezi cha intaneti. Ngakhale, kulumikizana kwanthawi yayitali pazolowera zamasewera pa intaneti zitha kuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwa makulidwe a ubongo m'maphunziro aposachedwa anali zotsatira za chizolowezi cha masewera a pa intaneti, funso ili lingayankhidwe kokha pofufuza za kanthawi kochepa ka zomwe zachitika pakompyuta. plasticity imasintha pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kazitali mtsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, miyezo yochulukirapo yowunikira monga mphotho, zolakalaka ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi kukumbukira ndizofunikira kufotokozera zomwe zapezeka mu phunziroli.
Kutsiliza
Zotsatira zathu zongoganiza zatsika kutsika kwa cortical kumanzere kwamaofesi amanzere a OFC, insula cortex, gyrus yolondola, kumbuyo kwa gastus, entorhinal cortex, ndi inforthinal cortex kwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti; komabe, makulidwe amakonongekero akumanzere precentral cortex, precuneus, frontor cortex, otsika a temporolo a tempire ndi apakati anakwezedwa. Kusanthula kwa ziwonetsero kunawonetsa kuti kukula kwa kotakata kumanzere kwa kotala, kumanzere ndi kulumikizana kwachilichonse komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi nthawi yayitali ya chizolowezi cha intaneti komanso makulidwe achilengedwe a OFC omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi ntchito yolakwika panthawi yamtundu wa mawu a Stroop mu achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti. . Zomwe zapezedwa mu kafukufuku waposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti zovuta zakuthwa kwamaderawa zitha kukhala zowonjezereka pakuwonekera kwa pathophysiology yamasewera ochezera pa intaneti.
;