Kukula ndi Kuvomerezedwa kwa Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) (2014)

Ndemanga: Lin YH, Chang LR, Lee YH, Tseng HW, Kuo TBJ, et al. (2014) Development and Validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PloS ONE 9 (6): e98312. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0098312

Editor: Jeremy Miles, Research and Development Corporation, United States of America

Zilandiridwa: October 18, 2013; Zavomerezedwa: April 30, 2014; Lofalitsidwa: June 4, 2014

Copyright: © 2014 Lin et al. Ichi ndi nkhani yotseguka yotsegulidwa molingana ndi Chilolezo cha Creative Commons Licribution, zomwe zimaloleza ntchito, kugawidwa, ndi kubwezeretsa mwachinthu chilichonse, kupatsa wolemba woyambirira ndi chitsimikizo.

Ngongole: Olembawa alibe chithandizo kapena ndalama zoti afotokozere.

Zofuna zokakamiza: Olembawo adanena kuti palibe zotsutsana.

Introduction

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mopanda chidwi kwa ma foni a smartfoni kwatuluka ngati vuto lalikulu pakukhalitsa ndi kutchuka kwa smartphone. "Kugwiritsa ntchito foni ya Smartphone" kungatengedwe ngati njira imodzi yamalangizo aukadaulo. Griffiths [1] ntchito imatanthauzira kukhudzidwa kwa ukadaulo monga chizolowezi chomwe chimakhudza kulumikizana kwa makina a anthu ndipo sichinthu chachilengedwe. Khalidwe limodzimodzilo, chizolowezi cha intaneti, laikidwa ngati gulu la "zovuta zokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo" mu Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida, 5th (DSM-5) [2]. Ndizotheka kuti zosokoneza pazomwe siziri za mankhwala zimadziwika kuchokera kuzomwe zimapezeka kuti zimapatsa munthu mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti apereke malingaliro okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe komanso chitsogozo chofananira cha kusuta. [3], [4]. Mwachitsanzo, tazindikira zinthu zisanu, mwachitsanzo, kulolerana, kusiya, kuzikakamiza, kuwongolera nthawi, komanso zovuta pakati pa anthu ndi thanzi lanu pazomwe zili pa intaneti [5].

Smartphone imagwira ntchito zapa “foni”, kamera, masewera komanso makanema ambiri, komanso masauzande ambiri a pulogalamu (pulogalamu) yapaintaneti. Chifukwa chake, zizindikilo zina za chizolowezi cha smartphone zitha kukhala zosiyana ndi zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta. Kafukufuku waposachedwa adafufuza zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi pazomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi vuto losokoneza bongo [6]. Idanenanso kuti kusuta kwa foni yam'manja kuyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti ndikumangirira kwamitundu ingapo. Mu phunzirolo, komabe, misinkhu ya nkhanizo inali yotakata (kuyambira zaka 18 mpaka 53) ndipo akazi anali otsogola [6]. Kuphatikiza apo, tanthauzo la "kulolerana" ndi "kusiya" pakale maphunziro [6] sizofanana ndi omwe ali mu DSM [2]. Mosiyana ndi izi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti ndikodziwika bwino kwambiri kuti kumakhala kofala kwambiri kwa ophunzira kusukulu yakukoleji, amuna ndi akazi ndi imodzi mwazofunikira zake [7], ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pamodzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo [8]. Kuyesedwa kwambiri kwa psychometric kuli koyenera kuyesa kutsimikizira kwa zida zogwiritsira ntchito foni ya Smartphone.

Kugwedezeka kwa Phantom ndi kulira kwa mafoni, malingaliro apang'onopang'ono omwe foni yam'manja imadziwika kuti imanjenjemera ndikulira pomwe palibe, ndizowonetsa anthu ambiri. Kafukufuku wathu wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti ma syndromes awiriwa adalumikizidwa ndi nkhawa panthawi yamavuto azachipatala, ndipo kugwedeza kwamphamvu kwa phantom ndi kulira kumalumikizana ndi nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa [9]. Komabe, mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa zochitika ziwiri za foni yam'manja, mwachitsanzo, "phantom vibrate / ringing" ndi "addiction of smartphone", sizikudziwika.

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kukhazikitsa gawo lodziyendetsa lokha potengera zomwe zimachitika pa intaneti komanso zomwe zimachitika mu smartphone, ndikuzindikira omwe ali osokoneza bongo. Tidaganiza kuti bongo wa smartphone uli ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zikufanana ndi zomwe zimachitika pa intaneti komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga kulolerana, kusiya, kukakamiza, komanso kusokonezeka kwa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku. Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) idapangidwa makamaka pamaziko a Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) yokhala ndi dongosolo labwino lazinthu zisanu. Kafukufukuyu adawunika kudalirika ndikutsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Smartphone Addiction Inventory yatsopano.

Njira

ophunzira

Akuluakulu onse a 283 achinyamata adalembedwa kuchokera ku dipatimenti yoona za zamagetsi ndi dipatimenti ya Computer and Communication Engineering yama University awiri ku Northern Taiwan nthawi ya Dec. 2012 mpaka Jul. 2013. Njira yolembera anthu ntchito idakhazikitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwapamwamba kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa smartphone pakati pa ophunzira awa. Ophunzira onse omwe ali ndi smartphone adachita nawo kafukufukuyu. Mwa awa, 260 anali amuna ndi 23 anali akazi, ali ndi zaka 22.9 ± 2.0. Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan University Hospital, omwe adatsata kufunika kolemba chilolezo chidziwitso kuchokera kwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali, popeza izi zidawunikidwa mosadziwika. Kufufuza kwazachipatala konse kunachitika mogwirizana ndi mfundo zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Declaration of Helsinki.

Kukula kwa SPAI

Madokotala awiri oyenerera, a Lin ndi Chang, omwe ali ndi vuto lokhudzana ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso okonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, adasintha 26-chinthu Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) pakuwunika kwa "smartphone." Kuwerenga kwa psychometric kwa mtundu wosinthidwa wa CIAS kunachitidwa ndi Lin ndi chilolezo cha Chen, momwe ma subscales asanu adadziwika ndi kuwunika kwa kufufuza kwa zinthu [5]. Mawu akuti '' intaneti '' adasinthidwa kukhala '' smartphone ''. Mtundu wachi Mandarin Wachinesewe wa muyeso unatsirizidwa ndi gulu la akatswiri. Kukonzanso komaliza kunaphatikizapo izi: (1) Item 4 ndi 6 zidasinthidwa ndi chinthu chofanana 2 ndi 3 ya 12-chinthu Chovuta Chagwiritsidwe Pafoni [10], chifukwa chinthu choyambirira sichingakhale chomveka pongogwiritsa ntchito "kugwiritsa ntchito foni yam'manja" m'malo mwa "kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti" (2). Chifukwa chapadera pakugwiritsa ntchito foni yam'manja, chinthu 21, mwachitsanzo, "kuwonera ma smartphone mukamadutsa mumsewu; kuseweredwa ndi foni yam'manja pomwe mukuyendetsa kapena kudikirira, ndikuwonetsa ngozi "adawonjezeredwa kumapeto kwa sikelo (3). Pa chinthu 23, chiganizo chidasinthidwa kuchokera pachiyambi "Ndimakhala ndi chizolowezi chogona pang'ono kuti nthawi yochulukirapo pa intaneti." monga "ndimakhala ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito foni yam'manja ndipo kugona bwino komanso nthawi yonse yogona yatsika." (4) Pa chinthu 25, chiganizo chidasinthidwa kuchokera koyambirira "Ndimalephera kudya chakudya nthawi zonse chifukwa ndimagwiritsa ntchito intaneti" Zowunikirazo (3) ndi (4) zinali malinga ndi kuthekera kwa kuthekera kwa foni yam'manja yosiyanitsidwa ndi “Zachikhalidwe” kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kudzera pa kompyuta. Ophunzira adafunsidwa kuti azivotera zinthu pamiyeso ya Likert ya 4-point, 1 = sindikuvomereza mwamphamvu ", 2 =" sindikuvomereza pang'ono ", 3 =" ndikugwirizana pang'ono "ndipo 4 =" ndikuvomereza mwamphamvu, kuti masanjidwe onse a SPAI kuyambira 26 mpaka 104.

Phantom kugwedeza komanso kufunsa kwa mafunso

Kuti tipewe kuyankha mosakondera, wofunsayo anangonena kuti: "Tikupemphani kuti mutenge nawo mbali pazofufuza zam'manja." Mafunso omwe adaphatikizidwawa anali ngati wofunsayo adakumana ndi kugwedezeka kwa phantom ndikulilira m'miyezi itatu yapitayo [9], [11]. Kwa omwe anenetsa phantom kugwedezeka kapena kulira, tafunsanso momwe zinkakhalira zovuta pamakina anayi a Likert, mwachitsanzo, 1 = "palibe kugwedezeka kwa phantom / kulira", 2 = "osavutanso konse" 3 = "zovuta pang'ono" , 4 = "zovutitsa" kapena "zovutitsa kwambiri" malinga ndi kafukufuku wakale wamachitidwe [9].

Kusanthula kusanthula

Mayeso onse owerengeka adachitika pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS mtundu 15.0 ya Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Ziwerengero zofotokozera zamtundu wonsewo zidachitika kuti ziwonetse kuchuluka kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Kukhazikika kwa SPAI kunayesedwa ndikuwunika kosanthula pogwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu yowerengera kuyerekezera ndikusinthasintha kwa promax. Chiwembu chazomwe zidalamulidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi matrix adagwiritsidwa ntchito kusankha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zatulutsidwa. Choyika pa> 0.30 chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa zinthu pachinthu chilichonse. Malumikizidwe apakatikati amawerengedwa kuti athe kudalirika poyesa kuyeserera, ndipo alpha ya Cronbach imawerengedwa kuti igwirizane mkati. Malumikizidwe a Pearson pakati pazowonjezera (zinthu) ndi kugwedeza kwamphamvu / kulira adawonetsedwa.

Results

Factor kapangidwe ka SPAI

Zambiri za SPAI mu kafukufukuyu zinachokera ku 26 mpaka 82 (zikutanthauza: 51.31 ± 11.77). Zotsatira zakuwunikira zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1. Zinthu zinayi zokhala ndi eigenvalues ​​zopitilira 1 zidachotsedwa, palimodzi ndikufotokozera 57.28% yonse. Kukwanira konse kwa zitsanzo za 26-chinthu kuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, ndipo mtengo wapamwamba wa 0.93 unanenedwa. The p-Kuyenera kwa mayeso a Bartlett kunali kochepera kuposa 0.001, zomwe zidawonetsa kuti kuwunika kwa chinthu kunali koyenera.

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Tebulo 1. Kuwunikira kwa Factor kwa Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI).

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0098312.t001

Kusasinthasintha kwamkati komanso kudalirika kotsimikizika

Alpha ya Cronbach pamlingo wonsewo inali 0.94, pazinthu zinayi, "machitidwe okakamiza", "kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito", "kusiya", ndi "kulolerana" anali 0.87, 0.88, 0.81, ndi 0.72, motsatana. Tidapezanso ophunzira 85 kuti ayesere kudalirika kwamasabata awiri oyeserera (kudalirana kwapakati) kwa SPAI ndi 4 subscales, zomwe zidapangitsa 0.80-0.91 (p<0.001).

Maubwenzi apakati pa kusuta kwa foni yam'manja ndi kugwedezeka kwa phantom / kulira

Gulu 2 imawululira kuti ma subscales anayi a SPAI anali ndi zolimbitsa mwapakatikati mpaka mkati mwa mawonekedwe a X -UMX-0.56. Kugwedezeka kwa phantom sikunaperekenso kuwongolera kwakukulu ndi subscale iliyonse ya SPAI. Kuyimbira kwa phantom kunali ndi kupendekera kotsika kwambiri ku "machitidwe okakamiza" ndi "chidziwitso chowonongeka", koma osayanjana ndi "kusiya" kapena "kulolerana".

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Tebulo 2. Zowongolera, njira, ndi kupatuka kwina kulikonse pamasamba a Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) ndi phantom vibration / ringing syndrome.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0098312.t002

Kukambirana

Tidakhazikitsa SPAI pamaziko a CIAS ndikukhazikitsa mawonekedwe ake anayi: machitidwe okakamiza, kuwonongeka kwa ntchito, kusiya, ndi kulekerera, mwa kufufuza kwa zinthu. OZotsatira za ur ziwonetsa kuti chizolowezi cha smartphone chili ndi zinthu zingapo zofanana ndi zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zovuta zomwe zimapezeka mu DSM-5. Izi zothandizira zinaonetsedwa kusasinthika kwamkati ndikodalirika koyesedwa kwa sabata la 2-sabata. Smartphone ili ndiubwino wolumikizidwa pa intaneti, kusinthika ndi kulumikizana kwenikweni. Zizindikiro zakusuta kwa smartphone zitha kusiyanasiyana ndi zomwe zimapezeka pa intaneti [5] kapena "kugwiritsa ntchito foni yam'manja" [10]. Mwachitsanzo, chinthu 25 "Sindingathe kudya popanda kugwiritsa ntchito foni ya smartphone" chosinthidwa kuchokera ku chinthu choyambirira chinali cha "mavuto oyang'anira nthawi" mu CIAS, adawonetsedwa ngati zisonyezo zochotsa mu SPAI.

"Khalidwe lodzikakamiza" limaonedwa kuti ndiye chimake cha uchidakwa, ndipo limafotokozedwa kwambiri kwa anthu omwe amadalira mowa [12] komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti [13]. Vutoli 7, "Ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito foni yamtunduwu kubweretsa mavuto paubwenzi wanga wapakati, kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe timagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti sikumatsimikiziridwa", chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukakamiza kumayambira chimayambitsa zizindikiro ziwiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndikupanga chisankho pakuphunzira kwakale kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni pamavuto [10]. Idawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito foni yam'manja sikungayimitsidwe ngakhale anthu omwe ali osokoneza bongo atadziwa zoyipa zake. "Khalidwe lokakamiza" mu SPAI idaphatikizapo zinthu zinayi, kulolerana, kusiya, kukakamiza komanso mavuto ena azaumoyo mu CIAS yoyambirira. Zinthu izi zidalinso ndi zinthu zomwezo mu "Kusokonezeka kwa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku", "Kuyembekezera mwachidwi", "Kuchotsa", "Kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso", "Kulekerera", koma palibe chilichonse mu "Ubale wokhazikika pa intaneti" wa Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) [6]. Zimangotanthauza kuti zizindikiritso zimasintha kuchokera pakompyuta- kukhala zokhudzana ndi smartphone komanso kuthekera kwachulukirachulukidwe m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

"Magwiridwe olimbitsa thupi" akuphatikiza (1) zinayi mwa zinthu zisanu zofanana zamavuto othandizira mu Vuto la Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafoni Am'manja, (2) zinthu zitatu zokhudzana ndi mavuto ogona omwe amachokera ku "vuto losamalira nthawi" mu CIAS ndi (3) chinthu 24 chochita "Kuchuluka kwa nthawi ya foni yamakono pa smartphone" ndikukhala okhutira ngati kale ". Chowunikira cha mavuto okhudzana ndi kugona ndikugwirizana ndi ubale wamadzulo ndikugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwachangu pazofufuza zathu zam'mbuyomu [13]. Kafukufuku wa Epidemiological sanawonetse kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kokha komanso "nthawi ya chophimba" imakhudza kugona [14], komanso kafukufuku wazamoyo anati kuwala kwa buluu komwe kumatulutsa diode kumakhudza dongosolo la circadian [15]. Umboniwo wafotokozeranso momwemonso mu kusuta kwa foni yamakono. Pali zinthu ziwiri, 12 ndi 24, zomwe zidawonekera pazomwe zimayendetsa "kuwonongeka kochita" komanso "kukakamiza". Popeza zizindikiro zakusokonekera kwa ma smartphone zitha kuyambitsa "ziwonetsero zantchito", zopakidwa pamtanda zidalipo.

Ndondomeko 2, 4 ndi 16 ya zinthu zisanu ndi imodzi mwa “kuchoka” zochokera pazinthu zomwezo za CIAS. Vutoli 2 ndi 4 limafanananso ndi chinthu 19 ndi 23 ya chinthu chochotsa mu SAS. Kuphatikiza apo, chinthu 25 ndi chofanana ndi chinthu chofananira "Kubweretsa foni yanga kuchimbudzi ngakhale nditha kufulumira kukafika" ku SAS. Idalongosola chizindikiro chapadera chodziwika bwino cha smartphone chifukwa cha kutengeka kwake. Mu chinthu 14, "opener" omwe adawonetsedwanso ku SAS, koma adatsimikizika kulumikizana ndi malo ochezera. Ndikudziwika kuti wodwala yemwe amadalira zakumwa zoledzeretsa amayamba kudzipatula m'mawa, chifukwa chake amafunika chakumwa ngati "chotsegula m'maso"[16]. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa foni yam'manja ndi mwayi wofika pa intaneti, "kutsegulira maso" ndikofunikira komanso chizindikiritso chodziwika bwino chofuna kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito foni yamakono. Vutoli la 19 "kumva kuti ndikufuna kugwiritsanso ntchito foni yanga ya smartphone nditangomaliza kugwiritsa ntchito" likuyendetsa pakati pa "kuwonongeka kochita" ndi "kuchoka". Pafupifupi, kuchotsera kwa zinthu sikunachitike "atangoimitsa". Tinkakonda chinthuchi "kusiya" poganizira chisonyezo chapadera chodzigulitsira pakugwiritsa ntchito foni yamakono.

"Kulekerera" komwe kuli ndi zinthu zitatu mu SPAI koma zomwe zimatsitsa ndizokwera kwambiri pazinthu ziwiri zoyambirira. Kulekerera kunatanthauzidwa kuti kuthera nthawi yochulukirapo pakugwiritsa ntchito mafoni a smartphone, zomwe zinali lingaliro lofananira lololera mu DSM [2] koma zosiyana ndi tanthauzo "nthawi zonse kuyesera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito foni yam'manja koma nthawi zonse kulephera kutero" mu SAS [6]. Komabe, ndizosangalatsa kuti chololera chili ndi eigenvalue yotsika kwambiri mu SPAI ndi SAS [6]. Zowunikira zosiyanasiyana za kulolera mu foni yam'manja kuchokera pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndizofunikira kudziwa. Anthu asinthana zidziwitso zambiri pagulu lawo lothandizira kuyambira chiyambi chogwiritsa ntchito ma smartphone. Monga anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma cannabis omwe nthawi zambiri samadziwa kuti adalekerera [17], Zizindikiro zakulekerera mu bongo la smartphone sizitha kuzindikirika. Kuleza mtima kumakhala kovuta kudziwa chifukwa cha mbiriyakale ikamayambira payokha ikaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina [17]. Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali pa kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito ma smartphone ndi intaneti pamakompyuta, mwachitsanzo, amatha kulowa m'malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kudzera m'njira zonse ziwiri. Chifukwa chake, kulekerera kuyenera kudziwitsidwa ndi chidziwitso cham'mbali, monga chinthu 1, mwachitsanzo, "Ndinauzidwa kangapo kuti ndakhala ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri pa foni yamakono." Kafukufuku, "kulolerana" kumatha kusiyanitsa iwo omwe anali ndi vuto lofooka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ma foni a m'manja ndi omwe sanachitepo kanthu [10]. Umboni ukusonyeza kulekerera ndi chizindikiro chofunikira. Zomwe zimalekerera zimakhala ndi zinthu zochepa kwambiri (zinayi) mu CIAS yoyambirira [5], ndipo panali kusowa kwenikweni kwa lingaliro la "kuchepa kwakukulu pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka komweko" zomwe zimafunikanso kulekerera ku DSM [2]. Pakukonzanso kwotsatira, lingaliroli liyenera kuwonjezeredwa mkati.

Tinafotokozera kuti kugwedezeka kwa phantom ndi kulira kwa smartphone ndi mabungwe odziyimira pawokha aukadaulo a smartphone potengera kupendekera kotsika kwambiri. Ngakhale m'zipangidwe zisanu ndi chimodzi za SAS, kulira kwa phantom sikungatchulidwe pazinthu zilizonse.

Poyerekeza ndi kafukufuku wakale [6], pali zinthu zitatu zazikulu zazikulu zophunzirazi. Choyamba, onse omwe anali nawo pa sukulupo ndi omwe amakhala mwana wamwamuna woyamba kukoleji, omwe ndi omwe amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo [7]. Chachiwiri, mawonekedwe anayi a SPAI amagwirizana kwambiri ndi zinthu zinayi, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, kusiya, kulekerera, komanso kubwereza koyipa, komwe kusiyanasiyana konse kwapaukadaulo wamaintaneti [18]. Chachitatu, tidagwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo lenileni la kulolerana ndi kuchoka mu DSM m'malo mongofotokoza mwachidule kufotokozera kwa zinthu zonse zomwe zili mgawo lomwelo.

Pali njira zingapo zomwe tiyenera kudziwa tikamamasulira zomwe tapeza. Choyamba, kufufuza konse kunadziwikitsa okha, ndipo njira yowonjezereka ikufunika kuti iwunikenso momwe zilili. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito idalemba kuchuluka komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yeniyeni ya smartphone [19], [20]. Chachiwiri, anthuwa anali ophunzira okha aku koleji, omwe amaletsa zomwe zapezedwa. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuwunikira momwe ma psychometric amagwiritsidwira ntchito mu kuchuluka kwa anthu. Chachitatu, pali zinthu zitatu zokha pazomwe zimalekerera, zomwe zikuyenera kukulitsidwa kuti chipangidwe chake chikhale chokhazikika. Pomaliza, monga mmodzi wa oyendetsa ndege pamtunda uno, maziko a kafukufuku omwe alipo anali osakwanira.

Mwachidule, zotsatira kuchokera ku phunziroli zimapereka umboni kuti SPAI ndi chida chovomerezeka chodziyimira chokha chodalirika chodziwonetsa momwe munthu angakwaniritsire chida cha smartphone. Kusasinthika kwakanthawi kokhala ndi vuto lokhudzana ndi zinthu komanso kusokoneza bongo mu DSM kumatanthauza kukhala ndi "chizolowezi" chofanana mu kukhudzidwa kwa ma smartphone.

Kuvomereza

Tithokoza Mr. Yu-De Liao, Ms. Yu-Jie Chen ndi Ying-Zai Chen chifukwa chothandizira paukadaulo wawo.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Ndimawerengera zomwe anakonza: Y. Lin. Adachita izi: LRC Y. Lee HWT. Adasanthula zomwe zalembedwa: TBJK SHC. Zothandizira / zida zopangidwira / zida zowunikira: LRC. Wolemba pepala: Y. Lin.