Kusakanikirana kwazomwekudziwitsidwa kwa ntchito pa ntchito yokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zomwe zimakhala ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kusewera pa intaneti (2016)

Ndemanga: Psychiatry yomasuliridwa (2016) 6, e721; onetsani: 10.1038 / tp.2015.215

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti pa 26 Januware 2016

M Park1JS Choi1,2, SM Park1JY Lee1,2, HY Jung1,2, BK Sohn1,2, SN Kim2, DJ Kim3 ndi JS Kwon2

  1. 1Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  2. 2Department of Psychiatry and Behaisheral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  3. 3Department of Psychiatry, Chipatala cha Seoul St. Mary, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Kulemberana: Dr JS Choi, Dipatimenti ya Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-Ro 5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea. Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

Adalandira 4 August 2015; Zosinthidwa 24 Novembala 2015; Adalandira 5 Disembala 2015

Pamwamba pa tsamba

Kudalirika

Mavuto a masewera a pa intaneti (IGD) omwe akutsogolera kuwonongeka kwakukulu pazidziwitso, malingaliro ndi ntchito zamagulu akhala akuchulukirachulukira. Komabe, kafukufuku wochepa kwambiri omwe adachitika mpaka pano adalankhulapo zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi mwambowu (ERP) ku IGD. Kuzindikira mawonekedwe a neurobiological a IGD ndikofunikira kuti tifotokozere bwino za matenda amtunduwu. P300 ndi gawo lothandiza la ERP pofufuza zamagetsi am'mutu muubongo. Zolinga za phunziroli lidali kufufuza kusiyana pakati pa odwala omwe ali ndi IGD komanso kuwongolera athanzi (HCs), pofotokoza za P300 ya ERP munthawi yamavuto osaneneka, ndikuwunikanso ubale wamtunduwu pakuwonetsa kwa zizindikiro za IGD pofotokozera ma neurologicalsiological ofunikira a IGD. Odwala makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi omwe adapezeka ndi IGD ndi 23 a zaka-, kugonana-, maphunziro- ndi nzeru quotient-matched HC adatenga nawo mbali pa kafukufukuyu. Panthawi yamawu osamvetseka, ophunzirawo amayenera kuyankha pamitengo yachilendo, yosasunthika yoperekedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Gulu la IGD linawonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu poyankha matembenuzidwe osochera poyerekeza ndi gulu la HC m'mapulogalamu a P300 pamagawo apakati pa centro-parietal electrode. Tidapezanso kuphatikizana komwe kumachitika pakati pa kuuma kwa IGD ndi P300 matalikidwe. Kukhazikika kocheperako kwa gawo la P300 pantchito yosamvetseka kungawonetse kusokonekera pakukonza zidziwitso ndi luso la kuzindikira mu IGD. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuchepa kwa mapangidwe a P300 kungakhale chizindikiro cha neurobiological ku IGD.

Pamwamba pa tsamba

Introduction

Kutchuka kochulukirapo kwa intaneti kwapangitsa kuti gulu lakufufuzira likukula m'magawo osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, chizolowezi cha masewera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.1, 2 Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti kapena masewera a pa intaneti atha kukhala osayang'aniridwa ndipo kumabweretsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu pakuzindikira, zamaganizidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito, ndipo izi zowopsa zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti zikuzindikiridwa kwambiri monga zovuta zazikulu zamatenda amisala pagulu lapadziko lonse.3 Mu 2013, American Psychiatric Association (APA) idaphatikizira masewera a intaneti (IGD) mu gawo la 3 (Njira Zowonekera ndi zitsanzo) za Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha, kusindikiza kwachisanu (DSM-5) ngati njira yophunzirira.4 Komabe, bungwe la American Psychiatric Association lidazindikira kusowa kwa njira zoyenera zodziwunikira komanso kufunikira kwa kafukufuku wina. Maphunziro owonjezera kuti afotokoze mawonekedwe a IGD, kupeza zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe pazodalirika komanso kuvomerezeka kwa njira zenizeni zodziwunikira ndikuwunikira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chilengedwe zimafunikira IGD isanaphatikizidwe ndi mtundu wotsatira wa DSM ngati vuto lodziwika bwino.5

Anthu omwe amasewera pa intaneti kwa nthawi yayitali amawonetsedwa pazochitika ndi zowunikira, ndipo kudziwonetsedwa kosalekeza kwa zithunzi zokongola ndi phokoso losunthika kumatha kupangitsa kutopa kowoneka kapena kowunikira komanso mavuto pamagawo okhudzana ndi ubongo.6, 7 Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri wasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu mu ubongo ndi kapangidwe kake ka IGD.8, 9, 10 Malinga ndi kafukufuku wakale, odwala IGD achepetsa homogeneity yachigawo mu mpumulo wa kanthawi kopumira.11, 12 Gritus wapamwamba wam'tsogolo, yemwe ali ndi koyambira koyambira, amawonedwa kuti ndi wofunikira pakuphatikiza zolemba ndi zowonera.13, 14, 15

Njira zokhudzana ndi chochitika (ERP) zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti zifufuze ntchito zaubongo ndi njira zamkati zogwirira chidwi ndi kuzindikira chifukwa chakuwunika kwakanthawi kwakanthawi komanso kusazindikira.16, 17, 18 P300 yopanga ERP ndi kulephera kwakukulu komwe kumachitika ~ 300-500 ms pambuyo pazoyambira ndipo ali ndi matalikidwe apamwamba pakati komanso zigawo za scari. Amaganiziridwa kuti amawonetsa chidwi, kukumbukira kapena kukonza zidziwitso zomwe zikubwera, ndipo akuti zidachepetsedwa mu matalikidwe mu chisokonezo chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndi ambiri mwa maphunziro.19 Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wapereka umboni wokhudzana ndi kusokonezeka kwamagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mankhwala osokoneza bongo mu mawonekedwe a deta ya ERP yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa munthawi yamayendedwe ovomerezeka. Oledzera adawonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa gawo la P300, lomwe lili ndi vuto la zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndikugwira ntchito yonyentchera.20, 21, 22 Kupeza kwawonetsa kuti kuchepa kwa ma P300 ma amitaneti awona anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha uchidakwa, zomwe zidafotokozera kuchepa kwa mphamvu yogawa zofunikira za neural polemba zochitika zenizeni ndipo zitha kukhala chifukwa chazovuta zomwe zimachitika.23, 24 Kafukufuku pa kudalira kwa kusuta kwawonetsanso kuchepa kwa ma PplNUMX amplitude pa ntchito yamawu osaneneka mwa osuta poyerekeza ndi maulamuliro,25, 26 ndi Moeller et al.27 adatinso kuti ma am'munsi a P300 otsika amapezeka mwa ogwiritsa ntchito cocaine kuposa omwe amawongolera.

Pazidziwitso zathu, palibe kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu yemwe adayesa momwe mawonekedwe a P300 alili odwala omwe ali ndi IGD pogwiritsa ntchito ovomerezeka, ndipo ndi owerengeka ochepa okha omwe adagwiritsa ntchito njira za ERP kuwunika zomwe zimachitika mu IGD.28, 29 Mwachitsanzo, Dong et al.30 gwiritsani ntchito ntchito yopita / osapita kokaphunzira mayankho oletsa mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo la Internet. Makamaka, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, odwala omwe ali ndi IGD amawonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamalingaliro amawu ndi kuyimitsa kotero ndikofunikira kuti afufuze ntchito za neural zogwirizana ndi kukonza zidziwitso ku IGD. Kafukufukuyu adafananizira njira za ERP zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndikuwunika kwa chidziwitso mu odwala omwe ali ndi IGD omwe ali ndi oyang'anira athanzi (HCs) kuti azindikire mawonekedwe amtundu wa neurophysiological omwe atha kukhala othekera biomarkers a IGD. Tidangoganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa P300 kwa odwala omwe ali ndi IGD poyeserera zomwe akufuna kudzachepetsedwa poyerekeza ndi za HCs. Kuphatikiza apo, tidaganiza kuti pakhoza kukhala ubale pakati pa P300 matalikidwe ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro za IGD.

Pamwamba pa tsamba

Zida ndi njira

ophunzira

Odwala makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi omwe ali ndi IGD ndi 23 wazaka-, kugonana-, maphunziro- ndi nzeru quotient (IQ) -matched HC adatenga nawo mbali pa phunziroli. Odwala onse anali kufunafuna chithandizo kuchipatala chamankhwala cha SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center ku Seoul, South Korea, chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pamasewera a pa intaneti. Institutional Review Board ya SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center idavomereza phunziroli, ndipo maphunziro onse adapereka chidziwitso cholemba usanachitike. Mafunso omwe adafunsidwa ndi dokotala wazachipatala wodziwa bwino adayendetsedwa kuti adziwe matenda a IGD malinga ndi njira ya DSM-5, ndi mayeso a Achinyamata a Internet's Addiction (IAT)31 idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika kukula kwa omwe ali nawo pachiwopsezo. Phunziroli, IAT yosinthidwa yopanga kuyesa masewera a pa intaneti imagwiritsidwa ntchito.32 Kuti timvetse bwino za kusintha kwa pathological komwe kumakhudzana ndi IGD, tidangophatikiza maphunziro omwe ali ndi IAT ambiri osachepera 70 (Ref. 33) omwe amakhala oposa 4 h tsiku lililonse ndi 30 h sabata iliyonse pogwiritsa ntchito masewera a pa intaneti, omwe amaletsa zitsanzo zathu kwa iwo omwe ali ndi IGD yayikulu, ndikuwachotsa omwe anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga vutoli chifukwa chosewera kwambiri pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, Structured Clinical Mafunso a DSM-IV adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira matenda amisala akale komanso apano. Mwa odwala 26 omwe ali ndi IGD, 4 ndi 3 adakwaniritsa njira za DSM-IV zapanikizika ndi nkhawa, motsatana. A HC adalembedwa ntchito kuderalo ndipo analibe mbiri yamatenda amisala. Ma HC adasewera masewera a pa intaneti <2 h patsiku. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)34, Beck Anxcare Inventory (BAI)35 ndi Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (Ref. 36) adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza deta yazachipatala yokhudzana ndi IGD.

Njira zochotseredwa zinali mbiri yakuvulala kwambiri pamutu, matenda okomoka, kubweza m'maganizo, kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro ndi zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kupatula chikonga. Onse omwe anali nawo mankhwalawa anali osazindikira pa nthawi yamayeso. Mtundu waku Korea wa Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III udaperekedwa ku maphunziro onse kuti athe kuyerekezera IQ, ndipo tidaphatikiza maphunziro okha ndi Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III ambiri osachepera 80.

Ntchito ndi kachitidwe

Tidagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yonyentchera ya oddball, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuyambitsa zolimbikitsa (85%) komanso zosowa, zosunthika (15%) munthawi ya pseudorandomizedized level X XUMX-dB sound level level. Zokopa mazana atatu zimaperekedwa mwamwambo ndi opanga mawu a STIM 85 (Opanga, El Paso, TX, USA). Stimuli idawonetsedwa pamikhalidwe iwiri yosangalatsa: chothandizira chocheperako chodziwika bwino chimawonetsedwa ngati toni yapamwamba kwambiri (2 Hz); ndipo zotsitsa zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi zimasankhidwa kukhala kamvekedwe ka mawu otsika (2000 Hz). Kutalika kwa kamvekedwe kalikonse kanali 1000 ms (100-ms grow and times times) yokhala ndi ma intertrial nthawi zonse a 10 ms. Ophunzirawo adalangizidwa kuti akanikizire batani lolemba-m'manja mwa dzanja lawo lamanja mwachangu komanso molondola chifukwa chongomvera mawu okha. Ophunzira onse adapatsidwa mwayi wochita ntchitoyo isanayambe. Ophunzira adamaliza mayeso atatu a 1250 mayeso atakhala pampando wabwino.

Kujambula kwa ERP

Zambiri za Electroencephalogram ndi electrooculogram zinajambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yama 64-Quick-cap system (Compumedics) yomwe imanena za mastoid yolumikizidwa mchipinda chotetezedwa ndi mawu. Malo omwe panali njira yapansi anali pakati pa FPz ndi Fz. Ma electrooculograms owongoka komanso owoneka bwino adayesedwa ndi ma elekitirodi oyikika pakatundu wakunja kwa diso lililonse, pamwamba ndi pansi pa diso lakumanzere, motsatana. Zochita zamagetsi zidalembedwa mosalekeza pamlingo wazitsanzo za 250, 500 kapena 1000 Hz. Fyuluta yopitilira band idakhazikitsidwa ku 0.3-100 Hz. Kuperewera kwama elekitirodi onse anali <10 kΩ.

Kusanthula kwa ERP

Ma siginolo a electrophysiological adakonzedwanso kuchokera pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Curry 7 (Composedics). Zojambulazo zidatsitsidwa kaye mu 250 Hz. Deta idasinthidwanso poyerekeza zomwe zimafotokozedwera wamba ndikusefa ndi njira yofikira ku 0.3 kupita ku 30 Hz. Zojambulazo zamagetsi za elexandroencephalogram ndi electrooculogram zidawunikira moyenera kukana zojambula zazikuru monga zomwe zimakhudza kuyenda. Maso amaso ndi mayendedwe amaso adakonzedwa potengera njira yochepetsera zinthu zakale yopangidwa ndi Semlitsch et al.37 Zambiri zidagawika m'magulu a 1000 ms, yomwe inaphatikiza nthawi yoyambira ya 100-ms isanachitike. Mahopu okhala ndi magetsi ochulukirapo a ± 70 μV adatayidwa okha. Mayeso okha omwe anali ndi mayankho olondola pama toni opatuka m'malo anayi a ma midline (FCz, Cz, CPz ndi Pz) ndi omwe amawerengera komanso kuwunikira. Ma electrodes a Midline amasankhidwa nthawi zambiri mu ntchito zosamvetseka zomwe zimafufuza zinthu za P300. Ma waveforms a ERP kwa aliyense mgululi anali ndi mayeso ocheperako osapumira a 35. Gawo la P300 limatanthauzidwa kuti ndiwokongola kwambiri pazenera nthawi pakati pa 248 ndi 500 ms pambuyo kotsatsira. Mamapu apamwamba a P300 matalikidwe adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Scan 4.5 pulogalamu (Composedics).

Kusanthula kusanthula

Zowerengera, zaumoyo komanso zamakhalidwe zidasinthidwa ndikuwunika njira imodzi yosiyanasiyana (ANOVA) kapena χ2-iwo kwambiri, ndi gulu lochiritsa (IGD ndi HC) ngati chinthu chapakati. Pankhani ya zotsatsa zotsekedwa za ERP, matalikidwe ndi kutalika kwa gawo la P300 zidawunikiridwa mosiyana ndi ANOVA yobwerezabwereza yomwe ili ndi malo a electrode (FCz, Cz, CPz ndi Pz) monga mkati mwa mutu ndi gulu monga chinthu chapakati . Pankhani ya kuphwanya kwa sphericity, kusintha koyenda pang'ono kumayikidwa, ndikukonzedwa P-zomwe zidanenedwa. Makhalidwe a P300 omwe adalumikizidwa ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ma intergroup adawunikira kuti athe kusanthula ndi zosintha zachipatala pogwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zolumikizana za Pearson ziwiri. Zotsatira ndi P-value <0.05 zimawoneka ngati zofunika. Zosintha zomwe zikuwonetsa zazikuluzikulu zidawunikidwanso ndi posachedwa kuyerekezera pogwiritsa ntchito ma ANOVA amtundu umodzi. Zofufuza zonse zowerengera zidachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya SPSS v18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).

Pamwamba pa tsamba

Results

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi zamankhwala

Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu kwamagulu komwe kunalipo pazokhudza zaka, kugonana, maphunziro ndi IQ. Odwala omwe ali ndi IGD anali ndi mipata yambiri pa IAT (F(1, 47)= 450.99, P<0.001), BDI (F(1, 46)= 49.92, P<0.001), BAI (F(1, 46)= 11.17, P<0.01) ndi Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (F(1, 46)= 57.50, P<0.001) poyerekeza ndi HCs. Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso zamankhwala zomwe ophunzira akutenga nawo mbali zimaperekedwa Gulu 1.

Gulu 1 - Zowerengera anthu ndi zikhalidwe za odwala omwe ali ndi IGD ndi HCs.

Table 1 - Maonekedwe a anthu komanso zaumoyo za odwala omwe ali ndi IGD ndi HCs - Tsoka ilo sitingathe kupereka zolemba zina zomwe zingatheke pa izi. Ngati mukufuna thandizo kuti mupeze chithunzichi, chonde lemberani help@nature.com kapena wolembaGome lonse

 

Zotsatira za khalidwe

Kuthamanga kwa magulu awiriwa sikunasinthe kwambiri. Ngakhale odwala omwe ali ndi IGD adayankha pang'onopang'ono kuyerekeza ndi ma HC, palibe zotsatira zazikulu zamagulu zomwe zidawonedwa. Zotsatira zamakhalidwe abwino zimaperekedwa Gulu 2.

Gulu 2 - Zotsatira zamakhalidwe (mitengo yolondola komanso nthawi yoyankha) ndi mfundo za ERP (amplitudes and latency of P300) mwa odwala omwe ali ndi IGD ndi HCs.

Table 2 - Zotsatira za kukhazikika (kuchuluka kwa zolondola ndi nthawi yankhani) ndi ma ERP (matalikidwe ndi kutalika kwa P300) mwa odwala omwe ali ndi IGD ndi HCs - Tsoka ilo sitingathe kupereka zolemba zina zomwe zingatheke pa izi. Ngati mukufuna thandizo kuti mupeze chithunzichi, chonde lemberani help@nature.com kapena wolembaGome lonse

 

Miyeso yapamwamba kwambiri ya ERP

Makina opangira ma ERP opatsa chidwi pazosintha zamagetsi anayi akuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 1. Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu za malo a electrode (F(1, 45)= 16.73, P<0.001) ndi gulu (F(1, 45)= 4.69, P= 0.029) ya ma PPNNUMX amplitudes anapezeka. Amplitude ya P300 yoyesedwa ku CPz inali yapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa masamba anayi a electrode. Palibe kuyanjana kwakukulu komwe kunawonedwa pakati pa tsamba la elekitirodi ndi gulu la ma P300 matalikidwe. Odwala omwe ali ndi IGD adawonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa P300 kuposa HCs ku CPz (F(1, 47)= 8.02, P<0.01) koma osati ku FCz, Cz ndi Pz. Potengera ma latency a P300, palibe zoyipa kapena zoyanjana zomwe zinali zofunikira kwambiri.

Chithunzi 1.

Chithunzi 1 - Mwamwayi ife sitingathe kupereka zovuta zowonjezera kwa izi. Ngati mukufuna thandizo kuti mupeze chithunzichi, chonde tumizani help@nature.com kapena wolemba

(Mzere wakwera) Makina oyerekeza zochitika zakatundu wambiri (ERP) amasintha pamagawo atatu a ma elekitirodi (FCz, Cz ndi Pz) poyankha njira zosokera pantchito yomvera ya odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti (IGD) ndi kuwongolera kwaumoyo (HCs ). (Mzere wotsika) Chithunzi chakumanzere chikuwonetsera kusintha kwakukulu kwa ma ERP pamagawo apakati pa centro-parietal electrode (CPz). Mamapu apamwamba akuwonetsa kugawa kwa khungu la P300 m'magulu awiri. Chithunzi cha mbali yakumanja chikuyimira kulumikizana pakati pa mayeso a Achinyamata a Internet a Addiction (IAT) ndi matalikidwe a P300 pa midline centro-parietal electrode.

Chithunzi chokwanira ndi nthano (106K)

 

Maubwenzi apakati pa P300 amplitude ndi zosintha zamankhwala

Malangizo ofunikira adapezeka pakati pa P300 amplitudes ndi ma IAT scores (Chithunzi 1). Zambiri za IAT zidalumikizidwa molakwika ndimatalikidwe a P300 ku CPz (r= -0.324, P= 0.025). Palibe kuwongolera kwakukulu komwe kwapezeka pakati pa P300 amplitudes ndi BDI, BAI ndi Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 zambiri.

Pamwamba pa tsamba

Kukambirana

Tinafufuza ntchito yamagetsi yamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osamvetseka poyankha zolakwika. Ntchito yosamvetseka yamaphunziro mu kafukufukuyu ikhoza kukhala yosavuta kwambiri, ndipo magwiridwe antchito sanasiyanane kwambiri pakati pa odwala omwe ali ndi IGD ndi HCs. Komabe, kafukufuku wapano adapeza kusiyana kwa ERP pakati pa magulu awiriwa pantchito yosamvetseka. Chifukwa chake, kusiyana kwa ERP pakati pamagulu sikunakhale chifukwa cha kusiyana kwamachitidwe koma kusintha kwamitsempha yamagulu m'gulu la IGD. Pogwirizana ndi zonenedweratu zathu, matalikidwe a gawo la P300 poyankha matayilo osokera adatsika mwa odwala IGD poyerekeza ndi ma HCs pakatikati pa centro-parietal electrode. Kuchepetsa uku mu matalikidwe a P300 mu ovomerezeka a oddball ntchito kumawonetsa kuti odwala omwe ali ndi IGD akuvutika ndi kusowa kwa kayendetsedwe kazidziwitso ndi magwiridwe antchito. Zotsatira izi ndizogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyo wa ERP ndi anthu omwe akuvutika ndi zovuta zina, omwe adawonetsa kuchepa mu matalikidwe a P300.19, 22, 38, 39

P300 imawerengedwa kuti iwonetsera zowonetsera zamagetsi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi makina owonera ndi kukumbukira. Ngati zolimbikitsira zomwe zikubwera mu ntchito yosamvetseka sizili zofanana ndipo nkhaniyo imagawa zida zowunika kuti zikhale ndi chiyembekezo, kuyimiridwa kwazinthu zakutsogolo kwatsimikizika ndikusintha kwa P300 kuphatikiza mphamvu zamalingaliro.18, 40 Chifukwa chake, gawo la P300 likuwonetsa chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri- ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kukumbukira. Kuwunikira komwe kumapangitsa kuti maubwenzi apangidwe azikhala pakati pa P300 amplitudes ndi zizindikiro zazikulu za IGD. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwa matembenuzidwe a P300 omwe awonedwa akhoza kukhala okhudzana ndi chipatala cha IGD ndipo atha kukhala chizindikiro cha IGD.

Makina a neural opanga P300 amafufuzidwa kwambiri.41, 42 Ngakhale maubongo enieni a neural a P300 samamveka bwino, kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti gawo la P300 limapangidwa ndi njira ya neural mzunguko pakati pa zigawo za kutsogolo ndi temporo-parietal.43, 44 Gawo lapakale la P300 limangotanthauza P3b yolimbikitsidwa ndi chandamale, pomwe gawo lina la P300 ndilo P3a lomwe limasindikizidwa ndi buku kapena zoyambirira. P300 yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito phunziroli ikunena za P3b. Gawo la P300 (kapena P3b) lingachokere ku zigawo za temporo-parietal, ndipo P3a ikhoza kuchokera kumadera apatsogola.45, 46 Kim et al.12 adatinso kupuma komwe boma limagwira mu kusintha kwakukulu kwa girus wapamwamba komanso posterior cingrate cortex mwa odwala IGD. Popeza posterior cingulate cortex ndi gawo la gawo lolowera pamsewu komanso dera la parietal, lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi oscillations otsika pafupipafupi m'malo ena a ubongo panthawi yopumula, ndikofunikira kuti chisamaliro chiziwunikira komanso kudziwunikira chifukwa zimaphatikizira ntchito zazidziwitso zogwirizana ndi kuphatikiza chiwongolero cha oyang'anira komanso kuthekera kochotsa paukadaulo wopanikizika.47 Girus yokwezeka kwakanthawi imayesedwa kuti ndi yofunika pokonza nkhani zowonera komanso ndilimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikuphatikizira kwa malingaliro ndi zowoneka, komanso m'malingaliro okhudzana ndi malingaliro.15 Kuchulukitsa kwa P300 kwa odwala omwe ali ndi IGD omwe adapezeka mu phunziroli pakadali pano kungayimire kusintha kwa mitsempha m'magawo a temporo-parietal, omwe amagwirizana ndi zomwe apeza m'mbuyomu.12 Kuphatikiza apo, izi zikuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwa ma PplNUMX amplitudes kungaphatikizidwe ndikuwonetseredwa mobwerezabwereza kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazowonetsa komanso zowonjezera pamasewera pa intaneti, mwa odwala IGD.

Ngakhale makina enieni a neurotransmitter omwe amayambira m'badwo wa P300 samadziwika bwino, maumboni ena amatanthauza kuyimira pakati pa neurotransmitter m'badwo wa P300. Ponena za gawo la P3b, ntchito ya norepinephrine, yomwe imachokera ku locus coeruleus, ingathandizire m'badwo wa P300 (kapena P3b) mwa anthu.48, 49 Kumbali ina, Polich ndi Criado50 adanenanso kuti P300 matalikidwe owongolera komanso odwala omwe ali ndi matenda osakhazikika mwendo anali ofananirako, koma adachepa kwambiri mwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a Parkinson, omwe ali ndi kuchepa kwa dopamine mu ubongo. Pogarell et al.51 ndinapezanso kuti striatal dopamine D2 / D3 receptor recomporatedated hantle ndi P300 matalikidwe poyankha zingwe zomwe amalimbana ndi odwala omwe ali ndi nkhawa. Ndiye kuti, matalikidwe amtundu wa P300 amathandizidwa ndi dopaminergic yafupika. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adanenanso kuti kusuta kwa intaneti kapena IGD kumalumikizidwa ndi zonyansa mu dopamine mphoto yamalipiro. Kim et al.52 anapeza kuchepa kwa dopamine D2 receptor kupezeka kwa magawo a striatum, kuphatikiza pakati pa dziko lapansi la dorsal caudate ndi putamen wamanja, mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD. Zovuta mu P300 matalikidwe a odwala omwe ali ndi IGD ikhoza kukhala chisonyezo cha kusokonekera kwa dopaminergic system ku IGD, zomwe zimawonedwa kwambiri pamavuto ena osokoneza bongo.53

Phunziro la pano lili ndi malire. Choyamba, zitsanzo zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pofukufukuyu zinali zazing'ono, kuchepetsa zomwe zimapezeka. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro amtsogolo omwe ali ndi zitsanzo zokulirapo amafunikira kuti azindikire molimba mtima zomwe zikuwonetsa pa IGD. Ngakhale chiwerengero cha omwe adatenga nawo kafukufukuyu chidali chochepa, tidalamulira za kuchuluka kwa anthu monga zaka, kugonana, maphunziro, IQ komanso kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa. Palibe aliyense mwa omwe anali kulandira mankhwala. Ntchito zamagetsi zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi mankhwala.54, 55 Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zathu sizimapatula zotsatira zamankhwala pa ERPs. Chachiwiri, odwala omwe ali ndi IGD anali ndi ma Scores apamwamba kwambiri pa BDI ndi BAI poyerekeza ndi ma HC. Kuti muthane ndi zovuta zomwe zingakhale zosokoneza, kusanthula kwa covariance ndi BDI ndi BAI zambiri monga momwe ma covariates adachitidwira pa P300 matalikidwe, komanso kusiyana kwakukulu m'matchulidwe a P300 kumakhalabe pakati pa magulu awiri. Kuphatikiza apo, pomwe tidasanthula mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD atapatula omwe ali ndi vuto la kukhumudwa kapena nkhawa, zotsatira zake zinali zazikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, sitinapeze kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa P300 matalikidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa BDI ndi BAI. Chachitatu, sikelo ya IAT yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kuwuma kwa IGD inali njira yankhani yakudziwonera, yomwe ikhoza kukhala yopanda cholinga. Chachinayi, mawonekedwe amtundu adagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita kafukufukuyu, koma kuwunika kwakutali powonera omwe atenga nawo gawo pakapita nthawi kungakhale kopindulitsa pakuwunikira chitukuko. Pomaliza, sitinali ndi gulu loyang'anira matenda monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pakufufuzaku, ndikofunikira kuyerekeza omwe ali mu IGD ndi zovuta zina zowonjezera kuti amveketse bwino maubongo amtundu wa IGD. Ngakhale zili ndi malire awa, zomwe zapezazi zimathandizira kuti timvetsetse kusintha kwa zinthu za P300 komanso kuyanjana kwa chinthuchi ndi zoperewera za neuropsychological zomwe zimakhudzana ndi IGD.

Pomaliza, zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa P300 matalikidwe a gulu la IGD poyerekeza ndi a gulu la HC panthawi yamawu osaneneka. Kuphatikiza apo, matalikidwe amtundu wa P300 adalumikizidwa molakwika ndi zovuta za IGD, zomwe zitha kuyimira kusowa kolondola pakuwunikira komanso ntchito zazidziwitso, komanso ubale womwe uli pakati pa chinthuchi ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwatsamba la intaneti. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wapezekazi zikuwonetsa kuti kuchepetsa kwa P300 matalikidwe omwe amachitika muubongo wogwira ntchito kungakhale cholembera wa neurobiological ku IGD, komwe kungapereke chidziwitso chowonjezereka mu njira zamitsempha zoyambitsa vuto ili. Kuti muwone ngati kusintha kwa mapangidwe a P300 am3 mu odwala omwe ali ndi IGD kungatengedwe ngati wopanga mawonekedwe kapena wopanga boma, maphunziro owonjezera a kutalika ndi kusanthula kwa P300 matalikidwe m'mitu yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha IGD ikuyembekezeka. Zovuta za P300 zitha kupezeka paliponse pachiwopsezo cha IGD, P300 yothandizira ERP imatha kuonedwa ngati yopanga mtundu wa IGD. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene zovuta za P300 zitha kukhala zofananira komanso kusintha kwa chizindikiro pambuyo pa kuyesa kwakutali kwa odwala omwe ali ndi IGD, mndandanda wa P300 ukhoza kuwonedwa ngati chikhomo cha boma cha IGD. Kenako, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunika kudalirika kwa IGD, kapena kupewa komanso kuchitapo kanthu poyambira odwala omwe ali ndi IGD.

Pamwamba pa tsamba

Kusamvana kwa chidwi

Olembawo amanena kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

Pamwamba pa tsamba

Zothandizira

  1. Wachinyamata KS. Zolakwika pa intaneti: kutuluka kwa matenda atsopano azachipatala. CyberPsychol Behav 1998; 1: 237-244. | nkhani |
  2. Kuss DJ, Wolemba Griffiths. Zowonetsa pamasewera pa intaneti: kuwunikanso mwatsatanetsatane kafukufuku wamphamvu. Int J Ment Health Chidakwa 2012; 10: 278–296. | nkhani |
  3. Christakis DA. Chidwi cha pa intaneti: mliri wazaka za 21st? BMC Med 2010; 8: 61. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  4. American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disrupt: DSM-5. 5th edn, American Psychiatic Association: Arlington, VA, USA, 2013.
  5. Petry NM, Rehbein F, DA Wamitundu, Lemmens JS, Rumpf HJ, Mößle T Et al. Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wowunika zovuta zamasewera pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano ya DSM-5. Kuledzera 2014; 109: 1399-1406. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  6. DellaCroce JT, Vitale AT. Matenda oopsa komanso diso. Wotsogolera Opin Ophthalmol 2008; 19: 493–498. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  7. Bovo R, Ciorba A, Martini A. Zochitika zachilengedwe ndi majini omwe ali ndi vuto lakumva. Kukalamba Kwachipatala cha Exp 2011; 23: 3-10. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  8. Ko CH, Liu GC, Hsiao S, Yen JY, Yang MJ, Lin WC Et al. Zochita zamaubongo zokhudzana ndi kukopa kwamasewera pazokonda zamasewera pa intaneti. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43: 739-747. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  9. Ding WN, Sun JH, Sun YW, Zhou Y, Li L, Xu JR Et al. Makina osinthika osinthika opumulira a boma mwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti. PLoS Mmodzi 2013; 8: e59902. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  10. Feng Q, Chen X, Sun J, Zhou Y, Dzuwa Y, Ding W Et al. Kuyerekeza kwamiyeso yama vooxel yamawonedwe azithunzi ojambulidwa ndi maginito ophatikizira a achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti. Makhalidwe Abwino a Behav 2013; 9: 33. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  11. Dong G, Huang J, Du X. Kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito amtundu wopumula wamaubongo muzochita zamasewera pa intaneti. Behav Ubongo Funct 2012; 8: 41. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  12. Kim H, Kim YK, Gwak AR, Lim JA, Lee JY, Jung HY Et al. Kupumula kwa boma komweko ngati chikhomo kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti: kuyerekezera ndi odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lakumwa mowa komanso kuwongolera athanzi. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 60: 104-111. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  13. Foxe JJ, Wylie GR, Martinez A, Schroeder CE, Javitt DC, Guilfoyle D Et al. Makina owerengera-somatosensory multisensory processing in auditory association cortex: kafukufuku wa fMRI. J Neurophysiol 2002; 88: 540-543. | Adasankhidwa | ISI |
  14. Beauchamp MS, Lee KE, Argall BD, Martin A. Kuphatikizidwa kwazinthu zowunikira komanso zowoneka bwino zazinthu zam'mutu wapamwamba kwambiri. Neuron 2004; 41: 809-823. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | ISI | CAS |
  15. [Adasankhidwa] Robins DL, Hunyadi E, Schultz RT. Kutsegulira kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kochepa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mawu omvera. Kuzindikira Ubongo 2009; 69: 269-278. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  16. Donchin E. Zokhudzana ndi ubongo zokhudzana ndi chochitika: chida pakuphunzira kukonza kwa chidziwitso cha anthu. Begleiter H (ed). Zotheka Kukhala Ndi Mphamvu ndi Kuchita Zinthu. Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1979; 13-88.
  17. Porjesz B, Begleiter H. Zotsatira za mowa pazinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi. Mowa woledzera 1996; 2: 207-247.
  18. Polich J. Kusintha P300: lingaliro lophatikiza la P3a ndi P3b. Kliniki ya Neurophysiol 2007; 118: 2128-2148. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | ISI |
  19. Campanella S, Pogarell O, Boutros N. Kuthekera kokhudzana ndi zochitika pazovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuwunikiranso kolemba polemba zolemba za 1984 mpaka 2012. Clin EEG Neurosci 2014; 45: 67-76. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  20. (Adasankhidwa) Patterson BW, Williams HL, McLean GA, Smith LT, Schaeffer KW. Kuledzera komanso mbiri ya banja lauchidakwa: Zotsatira pazowoneka komanso zowunikira zokhudzana ndi zochitika. Mowa 1987; 4: 265-274. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  21. Pfeff) um A, Ford JM, White PM, Mathalon D. Kuthekera kokhudzana ndi zochitika mwa amuna omwe amamwa mowa mwauchidakwa: Matalikidwe a P3 amawonetsa mbiri ya mabanja koma osamwa mowa. Mowa Wotulutsa Zakumwa za Mowa 1991; 15: 839-850. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  22. Cohen HL, Wang W, Porjesz B, Begleiter H. Auditory P300 mwa zidakwa zachinyamata: mayankho am'madera. Mowa Wotulutsa Zakumwa za Mowa 1995; 19: 469-475. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  23. Begleiter H, Porjesz B, Bihari B, Kissin B. Zomwe zingachitike muubongo mwa anyamata omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha uchidakwa. Sayansi 1984; 225: 1493-1496. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | CAS |
  24. Hada M, Porjesz B, Chorlian DB, Begleiter H, Polich J. Auditory P3a kuchepa kwamaphunziro amwamuna omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha uchidakwa. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 726-738. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  25. Neuhaus A, Bajbouj M, Kienast T, Kalus P, Von Haebler D, Winterer G Et al. Kulimbikira kosagwira ntchito kutsogolo kwa lobe activation mwa omwe kale amasuta. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 186: 191-200. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  26. Mobascher A, Brinkmeyer J, Warbrick T, Wels C, Wagner M, Gründer G Et al. Kuthekera kokhudzana ndi zochitika za P300 ndikusuta-kafukufuku wowerengera anthu. Int J Psychophysiol 2010; 77: 166-175. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  27. Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Fischer CJ, Dougherty DM, Reilly EL, Mathias CW Et al. Matalikidwe okhudzana ndi chochitika cha P300 omwe angakhalepo mwamphamvu komanso kutengeka mtima m'mitu yodalira cocaine. Neuropsychobiology 2004; 50: 167-173. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  28. Dong G, Zhou H, Zhao X. Amuna omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti akuwonetsa kuthekera kolamulira: umboni wochokera ku Stroop task-color. Neurosci Lett 2011; 499: 114–118. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | ISI | CAS |
  29. Littel M, Berg I, Luijten M, Rooij AJ, Keemink L, Franken IH. Zolakwitsa pokonza ndi kuyankha zoletsa m'masewera osewera apakompyuta: kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zochitika. Chiwerewere 2012; 17: 934-947. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | ISI |
  30. Dong G, Lu Q, Zhou H, Zhao X. Zokakamiza zomwe zingalepheretse anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo pa intaneti: umboni wamagetsi kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa Go / NoGo. Neurosci Lett 2010; 485: 138-142. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | ISI | CAS |
  31. Wachinyamata KS. Psychology yogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta: XL. Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mopitirira muyeso: mlandu womwe umaphwanya anthu ena. Psychol Rep 1996; 79: 899-902. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  32. Mwana KL, Choi JS, Lee J, Park SM, Lim JA, Lee JY Et al. Neurophysiological yamavuto amasewera pa intaneti komanso vuto la kumwa mowa: kafukufuku wopumula wa EEG. Tanthauzirani Psychiatry 2015; 5: e628. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  33. Choi JS, Park SM, Lee J, Hwang JY, Jung HY, Choi SW Et al. Kupumula kwa boma beta ndi gamma pakuchita zosokoneza bongo pa intaneti. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89: 328–333. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  34. Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M. Beck zowerengera zovuta (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561-571. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | ISI | CAS |
  35. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Otsogolera RA. Chiwerengero cha kuyeza nkhawa zamankhwala: katundu wama psychometric. J Fufuzani Chipatala cha Psych 1988; 56: 893. | nkhani | CAS |
  36. Barratt ES. Impulsiveness subtraits: zokondweretsa ndikuwonetsa zambiri. Spence JT, Itard CE (eds). Kusonkhezera, Kukhudzika ndi Umunthu. Elsevier: Amsterdam, Holland, 1985, pp 137-146.
  37. Semlitsch HV, Anderer P, Schuster P, Presslich O. Njira yothetsera yodalirika komanso yovomerezeka ya zinthu zojambulidwa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku P300 ERP. Psychophysiology 1986; 23: 695-703. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | CAS |
  38. Suresh S, Porjesz B, Chorlian DB, Choi K, Jones KA, Wang K Et al. Auditory P3 mwa zidakwa zachikazi. Mowa Wotulutsa Zakumwa za Mowa 2003; 27: 1064-1074. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  39. Sokhadze E, Stewart C, Hollifield M, Tasman A. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zochitika zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zimachitika mwachangu pakumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cocaine. J Neurother 2008; 12: 185-204. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  40. Donchin E, Coles MG. Kodi chigawo cha P300 ndichowonetseranso momwe nkhani ikusinthira? Khalani ndi Ubongo Sci 1988; 11: 357-374. | nkhani | ISI |
  41. Halgren E, Marinkovic K, Chauvel P. Opanga zida zakumvetsetsa mochedwa pantchito zowerengera komanso zowoneka bwino. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998; 106: 156-164. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | ISI | CAS |
  42. Eichele T, Specht K, Moosmann M, Jongsma ML, Quiroga RQ, Nordby H Et al. Kuyesa kusinthika kwakanthawi kwamphamvu kwa ma neuronal activation ndi kuthekera kokhudzana ndi mayesero amodzi ndi MRI yogwira ntchito. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 17798-17803. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | CAS |
  43. Soltani M, Knight RT. Zoyambira Neural za P300. Crit Rev Neurobiol 2000; 14: 199-224. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | CAS |
  44. Linden DE. P300: imapezeka kuti muubongo ndipo imatiuza chiyani? Wasayansi 2005; 11: 563-576. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  45. Ford JM, Sullivan EV, Marsh L, White PM, Lim KO, Pfeff) um A ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa matalikidwe a P300 ndi kuchuluka kwa imvi kuderalo kumadalira momwe chidwi chikuyendera. Electroencephalogr Chipatala Neurophysiol 1994; 90: 214-228. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  46. Verleger R, Heide W, Butt C, Kömpf D. Kuchepetsa kwa P3b mwa odwala omwe ali ndi zotupa za temporo-parietal. Kuzindikira Ubongo Res 1994; 2: 103-116. | nkhani |
  47. Fox MD, Raichle INE. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi muzochitika zamaubongo zomwe zimawonedwa ndimagwiridwe antchito amagetsi. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8: 700-711. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | ISI | CAS |
  48. Kok A. Pogwiritsa ntchito matalikidwe a P3 ngati njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Psychophysiology 2001; 38: 557-577. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | CAS |
  49. Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD. Lingaliro lophatikiza la locus coeruleus-norepinephrine ntchito: kupindula kosinthika ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino. Annu Rev Neurosci 2005; 28: 403-450. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | ISI | CAS |
  50. Polich J, Criado JR. Neuropsychology ndi neuropharmacology ya P3a ndi P3b. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 60: 172-185. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | ISI |
  51. Pogarell O, Padberg F, Karch S, Segmiller F, Juckel G, Mulert C Et al. Njira zopangira Dopaminergic pozindikira zomwe akufuna-P300 zokhudzana ndi zochitika zomwe zingachitike ndi striatal dopamine. Psychiatry Res 2011; 194: 212-218. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  52. [Adasankhidwa] Kim SH, Baik SH, Park CS, Kim SJ, Choi SW, Kim SE. Kuchepetsa striatal dopamine D2 receptors mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Neuroreport 2011; 22: 407-411. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa | CAS |
  53. Hesselbrock V, Begleiter H, Porjesz B, O'Connor S, Bauer L. P300 omwe angatengeke kukhala matalikidwe monga chizolowezi chomwa mowa mwauchidakwa-umboni wochokera ku kafukufuku wothandizirana pa chibadwa cha uchidakwa. J Yotulutsa Sci 2001; 8: 77-82. | Adasankhidwa |
  54. d'Ardhuy XL, Boeijinga P, Renault B, Luthringer R, Rinaudo G, Soufflet L Et al. Zotsatira zakusankha kwa serotonin komanso anti-depressants pazowunikira za P300. Neuropsychobiology 1999; 40: 207-213. | nkhani | Adasankhidwa |
  55. Liley DT, Cadusch PJ, Grey M, Nathan PJ. Kusintha kwamankhwala osokoneza bongo komwe kumayenderana ndi zochitika zamagetsi zamagetsi. Thupi Rev E 2003; 68: 051906. | nkhani |