Facebook Addiction: Vuto Lowonongeka (2016)

Voliyumu 11, Issue 12, Disembala 01, 2016, pp. 7-9

Kusaka mabuku kudachitika pogwiritsa ntchito PubMed ndi Google Scholar. Mawu osakira otsatirawa, komanso zomwe amachokera, adalembedwa kuti: "Zokonda pa intaneti," "Facebook," "malo ochezera," "malo ochezera a pa Intaneti," "chidakwa," "kudalira," ndi "machitidwe osokoneza bongo." Kusaka pa chizolowezi cha pa intaneti adatumiza zolembedwa zambiri, ndipo pamapeto pake zisanu zidawunikiridwa mozama. Kusaka pa Facebook ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikuwonetsa zomwe 58 yapeza, zomwe 25 idawunikiridwa mozama. Zina khumi ndi zisanu za zolemba izi zidangogwiritsa ntchito Facebook.

Kuyesa koyamba kuphunzira kulumikizidwa pa intaneti kunayambira pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri, pamene Kimberly Young, m'modzi mwa ofufuza oyamba m'derali, adapereka njira zodziwira matenda omwe amadziwika kuti ndi "chizolowezi cha pa intaneti" (3). Ngakhale siziphatikizidwe mu DSM-5, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku intaneti kumaganiziridwa kuti kumagawana zina zofunika ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga kulekerera, kusiya, ndi kuyipa kosayenera (4). Masiku ano, chizolowezi cha intaneti chimawonedwa ngati chiwonetsero cha zinthu zomwe zimapezeka pa intaneti, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook mokakamiza kumagwera.

"Zokonda za Facebook" ndi mawu omwe amapangidwa ndi ofufuza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri Facebook pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosintha masinthidwe, osakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa (5). Mwanjira ina, munthu yemwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha Facebook amatha kukhala wopanda mwayi wolephera kwinaku akupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook mopitilira ngakhale zimawakhumudwitsa pamoyo wamunthuyo (6). Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso sikungawonedwe kuti ndiwopanda ntchito pokhapokha kukakamiza; mwachitsanzo, wina atha kukhala nthawi yayitali pa Facebook ndi cholinga chogwira ntchito asakakamizidwe (5). Chifukwa Facebook pakali pano ndi malo otchuka ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndipo maphunziro opatsa chidwi a Facebook amagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro apamwamba a masamba ena ochezera (7,, ndemanga yomwe ilipo ikuyang'ana pa vuto lomwe likubwera la mankhwala osokoneza bongo a Facebook.

Facebook imalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga mafayilo ndikupanga kulumikizana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ena omwe amatchedwa "abwenzi." Anzanu amatha kulumikizana ndi kutumizirana mauthenga ndi kugawana zithunzi, makanema, kapena zokonda zawo pomwe akusunthira zambiri zokhudzana ndi zomwe anzawo akuchita komanso anzawo a abwenzi awo. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuwonjezera mafayilo awo ndi mapulogalamu ambiri; mwachitsanzo, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusewera masewera, kutchova njuga, ndikupanga ma poloti, komanso kuphatikiza masamba ena ochezera monga Twitter ndi Instagram. Facebook itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri kutsatsa ntchito zawo ndikulumikizana ndi omvera awo. Ogwiritsa ntchito amauzidwa zatsopano zapaintaneti ndi chakudya chamawu, zomwe zitha kulimbikitsa kuvomereza mwakuchita ngati zomwe zatsimikizidwa pamadongosolo olimbitsa pakukhazikika kwapakati (8).

Monga chizolowezi cha Facebook ndichowonekeranso pa phunziroli, zida zowonera pakalipano zidapangidwa motengera miyambo ya zizolowezi zina zikhalidwe (5). Zambiri mwa miyeso imeneyi zimazikidwa pazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe ndizoyambitsa bongo.9). Mwachitsanzo, Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale imakhazikitsidwa ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyezedwa pamakwerero a Likert, chinthu chilichonse chikusonyeza chizindikiro cha chizolowezi: 1) salience ("Mumatha nthawi yayitali mukuganizira za Facebook kapena kukonzekera momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito" ); Kulolerana kwa 2 ("Mumamva kuti mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook kwambiri ndi zina"); Kusintha kwa malingaliro a 3 ("Mumagwiritsa ntchito Facebook kuti muiwale za mavuto anu"); 4) kuyambiranso (“Mwayesa kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook popanda kuchita bwino”); 5) kusiya ("Mumakhala osakhazikika kapena ovuta ngati mukuletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook"); ndi 6) mikangano ("Mumagwiritsa ntchito Facebook kwambiri zomwe zakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi ntchito / maphunziro anu)" (10). Ngakhale miyeso iyi idavomerezedwa payokha payokha, kuwunika kwa zinthu kumavumbula zosayenerana pakupanga, kuwonetsa kusowa kwa kuvomerezeka (5). Uku kusowa kwa mgwirizano pokhudzana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kuzindikira komanso kuzindikira kwa Facebook ndi gawo lalikulu la mikangano m'dera lino lofufuzira.

Kuledzera kumalumikizidwa ndi kusayenda bwino pakati pa zochitika ziwiri zazikulu zaubongo: dongosolo lamphamvu la amygdala-striatal system ndi chiwonetsero chakutsogolo cha ubongo. Pakukonda mankhwala osokoneza bongo, dongosolo la amygdala-striatal limakhala lothandiza kwambiri, limapangitsa chidwi champhamvu, pomwe preortal cortex imakhala yopatsa chidwi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asiye kulephera kuchita zinthu zomwe zingayambitse pambuyo poti zachitika.11). Turel et al. (12) adayang'ana kutengapo gawo kwa machitidwe a neural awa mu bongo la Facebook. Ophunzira adamaliza fomu yofunsira Facebook. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito go / no-go paradigm yokhala ndi MRI yogwira ntchito, ochita kafukufukuwo adawunika momwe maubongo awa adayankhira mosiyana pakati pa zisonyezo za Facebook ndi zizindikiro zamagalimoto ndikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi ubongo. Adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kusuta kwa Facebook kumalumikizidwa ndi hyperacaction mu amygdala-striatal system. Komabe, chizolowezi cha Facebook sichinalumikizidwe ndi zosintha mu zochitika zapambuyo ya kotekisi, ndikutanthauza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha Facebook atha kukhala ndi mwayi wosiya kuyimilira12). Mchitidwewu wolimbikitsa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kusunthika kosasintha kosiyanasiyana ndikofanana ndi zomwe zimawonetsedwa pakukonda zamasewera pa intaneti (13). Ngakhale kafukufukuyu ali ndi malire ndi kapangidwe kake, zopezeka izi zikuwonetsa kuti zosokoneza bongo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti komanso zosokoneza bongo zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana pathophysiology.

Zolankhula za Facebook zimakonda kuphunzitsidwa kwambiri ophunzira aku koleji ndipo zimapangitsa kuti azimayi azikonzekera bwino. Makhalidwe ena monga kuphatikizira, narcissism, kuchuluka kwa mitsempha, komanso kusadzikayikira kumadzichotsera ulemu kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito Facebook mokakamiza (10, 14). Malinga ndi luso la a Caplan, anthu osungulumwa, omwe ali ndi nkhawa omwe amakonda njira zodyera pa intaneti amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta (15). Pogwirizana ndi izi, ofufuza adapeza ubale pakati pa kuda nkhawa ndi kukhumudwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwachangu Facebook (16), ndikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi thanzi loperewera m'maganizo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook ngati kuthawa kwawo tsiku ndi tsiku. Komanso, Muench et al. (17) adanenanso kuti kusakhazikika pamtendere, monga kufanizira anthu ena ("Ndikuona kuti ena ali ndi moyo wabwino kuposa ine"), kuopa kutayika ("Ndikuwona ngati ndikusowa zochitika zocheza bwino kwambiri kuposa ena"), komanso kuwopa mayeso olakwika pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ("Ndimadandaula za zomwe anthu ena amaganiza za ine"), zimayenderana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi kwa Facebook. Komabe, palibe chiyanjano pakati pa zinthu zomwe zimakonda Facebook ndi kukhalapo kwa ubale wabwinobwino wamtundu wina, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chizolowezi cha Facebook chimayendetsedwa makamaka ndi kusatetezeka m'malo motayirira chifukwa cha ubale wabwino (17).

Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono, Facebook imatha kuyendetsa ubale ndikupititsa patsogolo kudzidalira (18); Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kumatha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa m'moyo. Facebook ikhoza kukhala yopweteka pamachitidwe azamaphunziro, monga Kirschner et al. (19) adapeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito a Facebook ali ndi ma degree ochepera pama degree ndipo amathera maola ochepa akuwerenga kuposa omwe sa Facebook. Mwa omwe adanenanso kuti zimapangitsa kuti asachite bwino maphunziro awo, 74% idati kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook posachedwa kuwapangitsa kuti azikhala ngati akugwira ntchito (19). Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachangu kwa Facebook kwawonekeranso kuti kusokoneza tulo. Anthu omwe amapezeka pamiyeso yambiri ya Facebook amaleza nthawi yogona komanso kukwera nthawi zonse mkati mwa sabata komanso kumapeto kwa sabata poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ziwonetsero zotsika kwambiri za Facebook (10). Ufulu wodziwonetsera pawokha ungapangitse ogwiritsa ntchito a Facebook kukhala ndi chizolowezi chodziwonetsera okha pa intaneti, ndipo ofufuza apeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zambiri zokhudzana ndi anthu ena kumatha kupangitsa kuti anthu azidana. Ndiye kuti, anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito Facebook nthawi zambiri amatha kuvomereza kuti ena ali ndi moyo wabwino kuposa iwowo komanso kuti moyo ndi wopanda chilungamo, pomwe iwo omwe amakhala ndi moyo wotukuka kwambiri pa intaneti amawoneka kuti ali ndi malingaliro amoyo wa anthu ena (20). Pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chokhudzana ndi kukhumudwa, Tandoc et al. (21) ati kuti nsanje yomwe imayamba chifukwa cha mpikisano wodziwika bwino imapangitsa kuti anthu asakhale ndi nkhawa. Adapeza kuti kusilira kumayambitsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito Facebook pakuwunikira zomwe zidanenedweratu zakupsinjika, ndikuwunikira kutanthauza kudziwitsa dala zinthu za ena (21). Kuphatikiza apo, pankhani yokhudza zibwenzi, Elphinston et al. (22) adapeza chilumikizano chogwiritsa ntchito Facebook mozikakamiza komanso kusakhutira ndi ubale chifukwa cha nsanje ndi machitidwe owonera.

Pakadali pano, palibe njira zochiritsira zokhudzana ndi bongo la Facebook, chifukwa chake ofufuza amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.6). Njira zokhudzana ndi matenda amisala zimaphatikizapo chidziwitso chamadongosolo othandizira komanso upangiri wa multilevel. M'mbuyomu, makasitomala amaphunzitsidwa kuti azikonzanso bwino zikhulupiriro zina zoyipa ndi kuganiza koopsa, monga "aliyense ali ndi moyo wabwino kuposa ine." Pomaliza, makasitomala amatsogozedwa magawo akusintha pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso okhudzana ndi banja komanso anzawo. Othandizira a Pharmacologic nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa potengera ma comorbidities omwe alipo, monga kupsinjika (6).

Zolakwika za Facebook ndi vuto lomwe likubwera, ndipo kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito Facebook mokakamiza ali pachiwopsezo. Umboni wambiri umachokera pazophunzira zam'magawo omwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podzidziwitsa pakati pa anthu omwe amaphunzitsidwa ndi ophunzira aku koleji. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamtsogolo akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzirira zazitali pakati pa anthu ochulukirapo. Zambiri zofunikira zitha kuthandiza kumvetsetsa zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akuyembekeza tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo zolumikizira zawo zimathandizira kukulitsa mamba ndi kuvomerezeka. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, kafukufuku ochulukirapo akufunika kuti atsimikizire kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Facebook kukhala kofunikira kwambiri.