Ophunzira a ku Germany a Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) - Njira yowonjezereka (2017)

. 2017; 12 (12): e0189719.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2017 Dec 14. do:  10.1371 / journal.pone.0189719

PMCID: PMC5730190

Julia Brailovskaia, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing - zolemba zoyambirira, Kulemba - kuwunikanso & kukonza* ndi Jürgen Margraf, Kupeza ndalama, Zothandizira, Kulemba - kuwunikanso & kukonza

Phil Reed, Mkonzi

Kudalirika

Phunziroli likufuna kufufuza za Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) mu chitsanzo cha ophunzira a ku Germany kwa chaka chimodzi. Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha FAD sichinapitirire panthawi yafukufuku, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kunasonyezedwa mu chiwerengero cha ophunzira omwe akufika kumalo ovuta a cutoff. FAD inali yokhudzana kwambiri ndi khalidwe la narcissism komanso zosiyana siyana za matenda a maganizo (kudandaula, nkhawa, ndi zizindikiro zovuta). Kuwonjezera apo, FAD imagwirizanitsa bwino chiyanjano chofunika pakati pa kusudzulana ndi zizindikiro zowonongeka, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti anthu odzudzula angakhale pachiopsezo chokhazikitsa FAD. Zotsatira zomwe zikupereka zimapereka chidule cha FAD ku Germany. Zolinga zothandiza za maphunziro amtsogolo ndi zoperewera za zotsatira zamakono zikufotokozedwa.

Introduction

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mopitirira muyeso, monga mowa ndi mankhwala ena, kumadziwika kuti kumayambitsa machitidwe osokoneza bongo. Komabe, zikhalidwe (ie, zosakhala) zosokoneza bongo akadali nkhani yokangana. Pakadali pano, kutchova njuga kwazomweku kwadziwika ngati vuto la matenda amisala mu Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disrupt (5th ed., DSM-5; []). Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta zamasewera pa intaneti zidaphatikizidwa mu gawo la "Meging Meep and Models" la DSM-5 [, ]. Chifukwa chake, pakufunikira kwambiri kafukufuku wokhwimitsa komanso maphunziro omwe apeza umboni wofunikira m'dera lazikhalidwe zosokoneza bongo [, ]. Poganizira kufunikira kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu m'miyoyo ya anthu masiku ano, kafukufuku waposachedwa amayang'ana kwambiri pakugwiritsira ntchito zovuta pama media (mwachitsanzo, [, ]). Pomwe maphunziro ena adafufuza zambiri zomwe zidapezeka pa intaneti [-] ndikuti, mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano wabwino pakati pamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kuvutika maganizo komanso nkhawa, maphunziro ena athetsa kukhudzika kwa masamba ochezera (SNSs) [], makamaka kwa Facebook yapadziko lonse SNS Facebook [, , ].

Pakadali pano, Facebook ili ndi mamembala oposa 2.1 biliyoni []. Kwa ambiri a iwo ogwiritsa ntchito Facebook kwakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku [], ndipo ena a iwo akuwoneka kuti akulephera kuwongolera kagwiritsidwe kake ka Facebook ndikupanga chida chamalingaliro chofunikira kuti akhalebe pa intaneti, ngakhale atakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa za khalidweli [] -Omwe amatchedwa Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) []. FAD imafotokozedwa ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yamatenda osokoneza bongo: kusagona (mwachitsanzo, kulingalira kosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Facebook), kulolerana (mwachitsanzo, kufuna nthawi yowonjezera pa Facebook kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zabwino zogwiritsa ntchito), kusintha kwa machitidwe (mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa malingaliro ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Facebook) , kuyambiranso (kubwereranso kugwiritsitsa ntchito njira yakale pambuyo poyesera kuti muchepetse kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook), zizindikiro zochotsa (mwachitsanzo, kukhala wamantha popanda kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook), komanso kusamvana (mwachitsanzo, mavuto amomwe amayamba chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito Facebook mozama) [, , ].

Ngakhale FAD idapezeka kuti imagwirizanitsidwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, nthambo ya mozungulira (nthawi yogona yogona komanso nthawi zowonjezera masabata ndi sabata), kusowa tulo, kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa, ubale wake ndi zaka, kutseguka, kuvomerezana, komanso chikumbumtima sichinali choyipa [, , , -]. Błachnio et al. [] adafufuza FAD m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Adafotokozeranso za FAD zapamwamba kwambiri ku China komanso zotsika kwambiri ku Poland. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro omwe alipo adawonetsa kuti FAD ipezeka m'magulu osiyanasiyana komanso imalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, kusintha kwa malingaliro aumunthu, komanso umunthu. Komabe, zotsatirazi sizokwanira kuvomereza mwalamulo FAD ngati chizolowezi chakhalidwe. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zamtundu wa maphunziro apano, zomwe zimapereka umboni wochepa pokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi kukonza kwa FAD. Chifukwa chake, kufufuza kwakanthawi kumafunikira kuti mumvetsetse bwino za miliri ya FAD ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamavuto kwa Facebook. Chidziwitsochi ndizofunikira pakukonzekera bwino kwa mapulogalamu othandizira kuti ateteze malingaliro (onani []).

Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro ambiri olingalira za FAD adachokera ku mayiko monga Norway, Malaysia, ndi Turkey (mwachitsanzo, [, , , , ]). Mosiyana ndi izi, ngakhale kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Facebook kwakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku la gawo lalikulu la anthu aku Germany, makamaka achichepere [], chidwi chochepa chokha chaperekedwa ku FAD ku Germany.

Chifukwa chake, cholinga chachikulu cha kafukufukuyu chinali kufufuza za mliri wa FAD patadutsa chaka chimodzi (magawo awiri a nthawi) pamulingo waku Germany. Poganizira za kusowa kwa chidziwitso pakukula kwa FAD, kufufuza uku kunali ndi mawonekedwe owunikira (onani []). Kutulutsa kwachiwiri kunali kotheka kuyanjana pakati pa FAD ndi zosiyana zamaumoyo osiyanasiyana, komanso thanzi lakuthupi (onani Hypothesis 1 to Hypothesis 5) ndikuwunika ngati mabungwe awa amasintha pakapita nthawi. Njirayi iyenera kuthandiza pakumvetsetsa bwino kwa FAD. Poganizira zotsatira zoyambirira zomwe zidapeza chiyanjano chabwino pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa FAD ndi Facebook, kumbali imodzi, komanso kukhumudwa, nkhawa, komanso kupsinjika, mbali inayo [, , ], tidayambitsa chidwi kuti tipeze mayanjano abwino pakati pa FAD ndi thanzi loipa lamalingaliro (mwachitsanzo, kukhumudwa, nkhawa, ndi zizindikiro za kupsinjika) (Hypothesis 1). Shakya ndi Christakis [] ndi Kross et al. [adalongosola kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Facebook mosalekeza kuti kumalumikizidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi kusintha kosiyanasiyana monga kusangalala ndi moyo komanso thanzi. Chifukwa chake, timaganiziranso zopeza chiyanjano choyipa pakati pa FAD ndi zosiyana zamaganizidwe amisala (mwachitsanzo, kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo, chithandizo cha anthu) (Hypothesis 2), komanso thanzi lakuthupi (Hypothesis 3). Kuphatikiza apo, tidaphatikizaponso umunthu wamakhalidwe omwe amanenedwa kuti amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamawu pazachidziwitso (mwachitsanzo, [-]) pakufufuza kwathu. Mwachilengedwe, anthu amisala amagwiritsa ntchito Facebook kuti adziwonetse komanso kucheza ndi anzawo kuti akwaniritse zofuna zawo [, ]. Ngati anthu oterewa atalephera kulandira chidwi chofunikira, nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi zovuta []. Chifukwa chake, timayembekezera kuti chikhalidwe cha narcissism chikhale chogwirizana ndi FAD (Hypothesis 4). Komanso, timaganiza kuti FAD ikhoza kuyanjanitsa ubale pakati pa narcissism ndi zizindikiro za kupsinjika (Hypothesis 5) (onani. Chithunzi cha 1).

Chithunzi cha 1  

Mtundu woyimira pakati ndi narcissism monga wolosera (X), FAD ngati mkhalapakati (M), ndi mawonekedwe opsinjika monga chotsatira (Y) (Hypothesis 5).

Zida ndi njira

Ndondomeko ndi omvera

Kafukufuku wapano ndi wa pulogalamu ya kafukufuku yemwe akupitilira BOOM (Bochum Optimism and Mental Health) yomwe imafufuza ziwopsezo komanso zoteteza kuumoyo wa m'maganizo [-]. Kuyambira 2011, maimelo oitanira anthu kuphatikiza ulalo woyambira pa intaneti amatumizidwa kwa ophunzira onse omwe adalembetsa ku Ruhr-Universität Bochum, yunivesite yayikulu ya Germany. Pamapeto pa kafukufuku woyambira, wophatikiza mafunso pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zaumoyo wamunthu ndi umunthu, otenga nawo mbali amafunsidwa ngati angavomereze kuphatikizidwa mu dziwe lomwe ophunzira akwatapo pa BOOM ndi kuti alandilidwe kuti akafufuzenso. Kutenga nawo mbali pa kafukufuku wa pa intaneti pa BOOM ndi kwaufulu ndipo kungalipiridwe ndi maphunzirowa.

Mu Disembala 2015, maimelo onse omwe ali ndi chiitano chotenga nawo mbali komanso ulalo wofufuza pa intaneti adatumizidwa kwa anthu 300 ochokera pagulu la ophunzira a BOOM (nthawi yoyamba kuyeza, T1). Chofunikira chokha chotenga nawo gawo chinali umembala wapano wa Facebook. Mu Disembala 2016, iwo omwe adamaliza kafukufuku woyamba (N = 185) adalandiranso kuyitanidwa kwa imelo ku kafukufuku wachiwiri wapaintaneti (nthawi yachiwiri yoyezera, T2) yomwe idaphatikizapo mafunso omwewo ndi kafukufuku waku T1. Pafupifupi, ophunzira 179 (azimayi 77.1%) ochokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana ndi semesters (1.-2 .: 41.3%, 3.-4 .: 23.5%, 5.-6 .: 13.4%, 7. ≤: 21.8%) anamaliza kufufuza konse (zaka (zaka): M = 22.52, SD = 5.00, osiyanasiyana: 17-58). Pomwe 46.3% mwa omwe anali nawo anali osakwatira, 49.2% mwa iwo amakhala pachibwenzi chokhazikika, ndipo 4.5% mwa iwo anali okwatirana. Ethics Committee ya Ruhr-Universität Bochum idavomereza kukhazikitsa kafukufukuyu. Tidatsata malamulo ndi mayiko onse okhudzana ndi kafukufuku wa anthu, ndipo tidalandira chilolezo chofunikira kuti tichitire kafukufuku wapano. Ophunzira adalangizidwa bwino ndikupatsidwa chidziwitso chapaintaneti kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali. A priori kusanthula kwamphamvu zamagetsi (G * Power program, mtundu 3.1) kunawonetsa kuti kukula kwazitsanzo kunali kokwanira pazotsatira zenizeni (mphamvu> .80, α = .05, kukula kwake f2 = 0.15) (cf., []). Zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito phunziroli zilipo S1 Dataset.

Njira

Umoyo wamaganizo

Kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo. Kukhutitsidwa kopanda malire ndi Life Scale (SWLS) [] anayeza kukhutira kwa moyo wapadziko lonse ndi zinthu zisanu (mwachitsanzo, "Mwanjira zambiri, moyo wanga uli pafupi ndi momwe ndimafunira.") adavotera pamlingo wa 7-point Likert wadogo (1 = ndikutsutsana mwamphamvu, 7 = ndikuvomereza mwamphamvu). Zambiri zapamwamba zikuwonetsa kukhutira kwakukwanira kwa moyo. Zowerengeka zonse zimatha kuyambira zisanu ndi ziwiri mpaka 35. SWLS ili ndi zida zabwino zama psychometric. Kutsimikizika kwake ndi kusankhana kwasonyezedwa kale [, ]. Kudalirika kwamkati mwazinthu kwapezeka kuti ndi Cronbach's α = .92 []. Kudalirika kwamakono kunali αT1 = .89 / αT2 = .89.

Chithandizo chamagulu. Kuti muyese kugonjera koyerekeza kapena zoyembekeza zamagulu ena mwachidule mtundu wofunsa mafunso wa mafunso a Mafunso a Zandalama (F-SozU K-14) [] adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Muli ndi zinthu za 14 (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikumvetsetsa zambiri komanso chitetezo kuchokera kwa anthu ena.") Ovotera pamakwerero a 5-point Likert (1 = sizowona konse, 5 = zoona kwambiri). Kwambiri kuchuluka kwathunthu, ndikoyenera kuti anthu ambiri azigwirizana. Zowerengeka zonse zimatha kuchokera ku 14 mpaka 70. Chida ichi chili ndi phindu la kusinthana ndi kusinthaku komanso tsankho lokhazikika. Kudalirika kwamkati mwazamba akuti α = .94 [, ]. Kudalirika kwamkati kwamakono kunali αT1 = .91 / αT2 = .93.

Kukhumudwa, kuda nkhawa, kupsinjika. Magulu a Kukhumudwa a Kukhumudwa a 21 (DASS-21) [], mtundu wachidule wa DASS-42, unayezera kukhumudwa, nkhawa, ndi kupsinjika sabata sabata yatha pazinthu zitatu zamagulu a 7 (mwachitsanzo, kuvutikako kwakukulu, "Sindikuwoneka ngati ndikumva bwino." ; kuchuluka kwa nkhawa, "Ndinkachita mantha popanda chifukwa chomveka."; kupanikizika pamalingaliro, "Ndinkakonda kuthana ndi zovuta.") ovotera pa 4-point Likert wadogo (0 = sizinkagwira ntchito kwa ine konse, 3 = imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ine kwambiri kapena nthawi yambiri). Mulingo wambiri pamiyeso itatu umawonetsa kukhumudwa, nkhawa, komanso kupsinjika. Ziwerengero zonse pamlingo uliwonse zimatha kuyambira zero mpaka 21. DASS-21 ndi chida chokhazikitsidwa bwino mu zitsanzo zosakhala zachipatala komanso zamankhwala zokhala ndi zikhalidwe zabwino zofanana zama psychometric monga mtundu wautali wa 42-chinthu []. Kudalirika kwake kwamkati kumanenedwa kuti kumasiyana pakati pamiyeso itatu (kukhumudwa: α = .83; nkhawa: α = .78; stress: α = .87) []. Kudalirika kwamkati kwamakono kunali αT1 = .86 / αT2 = .88 pamlingo wokulira, αT1 = .80 / αT2 = .79 pamlingo wa nkhawa, ndi αT1 = .87 / αT2 = .88 pamlingo wopsinjika.

Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD). FAD kutsatira masiku a chaka chatha adayesedwa ndi mtundu wachidule wa Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) [] zomwe zikuphatikiza zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi (mwachitsanzo, "Khalani opanda mpumulo kapena kuda nkhawa ngati mukuletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook?") malinga ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zidayamba kukhudzidwa (monga, kulolera, kulolerana, kusintha masinthidwe, kubwereranso, kusiya, kusamvana) kuvoteledwa pa Kukula kwa 5-point Likert (1 = osowa kwambiri, 5 = nthawi zambiri). Zambiri zapamwamba zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwambiri kwa FAD. Zowerengeka zonse zimatha kuyambira zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka 30. Mtundu wa 6-chinthu wa BFAS wawonetsedwa kuti uli ndi katundu wabwino wofanana ndi wa 18-chinthu. Kudalirika kwamkati mwa mtundu wachidule kwapezeka kuti ndi α = .83 / .86 [, , ]. Kudalirika kwamakono kunali αT1 = .73 / αT2 = .82. Mpaka pano, zambiri zodulidwadula zopanga FAD sizinafufuzidwe. Poganizira kafukufuku pazokonda zina, Andreassen et al. [] adafotokozera njira ziwiri zomwe mabungwe azovuta amakumana ndi vuto la BFAS: njira yomasulira zokhudzana ndi mipando yolipitsa polipiritsa (mfundo yotsika: N 3 pazinthu zinayi zokha za zisanu ndi chimodzi), kapena njira yosasamala yokhudza kupangika kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu: ≥ 3 pazinthu zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi).

Chiphunzitso cha Narcissism

Kuti muwone umunthu wa narcissism, mwachidule Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-13) [] yopangidwa ndi zinthu za 13 zokakamizidwa zosankha (0 = low narcissism, mwachitsanzo, "Sindimakonda ndikadzapeza ndikupanga anthu.", 1 = high narcissism, mwachitsanzo, "Zimandivuta kuyendetsa anthu." ) adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kwambiri kuchuluka, kuposa msambo wa narcissism. Zowerengeka zonse zimatha kuyambira zero mpaka 13. NPI-13 yawonetsedwa kuti ili ndi zofanana zama psychometric zofanana ndi kutalika kwathunthu kwa 40-chinthu komanso kusungitsa kupuma kwapang'onopang'ono [, ]. Imaperekanso kuchuluka konse komanso masamu atatu amsukulu (mwachitsanzo, utsogoleri / ulamuliro (LA), chiwonetsero cha grandiose (GE), mwayi / kudalirana (EE), onani []). Phunziro lomwe lilipo pano limangoyang'ana kuchuluka kwamawu. Kafukufuku wakale adanena kudalirika kwamkati mwa α = .67 / .73 [, ]. Kudalirika kwamkati kwamakono kunali αT1 = .53 / αT2 = .60.

Kukhala wathanzi

The EuroQuol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ VAS) [, ] -Mawonekedwe azithunzi kuyambira 0 (mkhalidwe waumoyo woyerekeza kwambiri) kupita ku 100 (mkhalidwe wabwino kwambiri waumoyo wazachipatala) - adazindikira omwe akuchita nawo gawo lamoyo. Zambiri zapamwamba zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa thanzi lathanzi. Kutsimikizika kwa EQ VAS kwawonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wakale [].

Kugwiritsa ntchito media

Pafupipafupi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma SNS kudavoteredwa pamawonekedwe a 7-point Likert (0 = konse, 6 = kuposa kamodzi patsiku). Zambiri zapamwamba zimagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi. Kuphatikiza apo, ochita nawo kafukufuku adafunsidwa ngati alinso mamembala a SNS ena kuposa Facebook (ie, Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr, kapena SNS ina iliyonse: 0 = ayi, 1 = inde) ndi ma SNS angati omwe amagwiritsa ntchito yonse [].

Kusanthula kusanthula

Kafukufuku wa Statistical adachitika ndi Statistical Package for the Social Sayansi (SPSS) 24 ndi mtundu wa Macro Process 2.16.1 (www.processmacro.org/index.html). Pambuyo pofufuza mosiyanasiyana pazosinthidwa zomwe zasinthidwa, kusintha kwawo kotheka pakati pa T1 ndi T2 kunawunikiridwa mwa kusanthula kawiri kawiri ka kusinthasintha (mkati mwa maphunziro a ANOVA). Mgwirizano wapakati pazosinthidwa zomwe adayesedwa adawunika poyerekeza malumikizidwe a zero-order bivariate ndikuwunika zingapo. Chotsatira, mtundu woyimira pakati womwe waperekedwa Chithunzi cha 1 idasinthidwa. Ubale woyambira pakati pa narcissism (wolosera, X) ndi mawonekedwe opsinjika (zotsatira, Y) adawonetsedwa ndi c (zotsatira zake zonse). Njira ya narcissism kupita ku FAD (mkhalapakati, M) idatsutsidwa ndi a, ndipo njira ya FAD yopsinjika idasonyezedwa ndi b. Zotsatira zopanda pake zikuyimiriridwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa njira a ndi njira b, ndi njira C ' zinawonetsa zotsatira zachindunji za narcissism pazovuta za kupsinjika pambuyo pakuphatikizidwa kwa FAD mu chitsanzo. Mphamvu yakuyankhira idayesedwa ndi njira ya bootstrapping (zitsanzo za 10.000) zomwe zimapereka maulendo olimbitsa chidaliro (CI 95%). Poona zolakwika za momwe kukula kwa kappa-squared (κ2) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwunikira, PM (gawo latsatanetsatane kufikira zotsatira zathunthu) linagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo loyimira pakati [].

Results

Kusanthula kofotokozera ndi kufananiza pakati pa T1 ndi T2

Zosintha zonse zomwe zinafufuzidwa zinali pafupi ndikugawidwa nthawi zonse (zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi mayeso a Kolmogorov-Smirnov, kusanthula kwa skew, kurtosis, ndi histogram). Matepi Tables11 ndi And22 fotokozani zakulongosola kwawo. Komanso, Gulu 1 ikuwonetsa zotsatira za ANECA zamkati moyerekeza T1 ndi T2. Ngakhale zofunikira zathanzi lachepa kwambiri (pang'ono pang'ono eta2 = .04), malingaliro azizindikiro zakutaya mtima (pang'ono pang'ono2 = .06) ndi nambala yotanthauza yama SNS omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito (gawo la eta2 = .02) linakula kwambiri. Zotsatira zomwe zidafotokozedwazo zinali zochepa.

Gulu 1  

Ziwerengero zofotokozera ndikutanthauza kufananiza pakati pa T1 ndi T2 mfundo za umunthu, thanzi ndi malingaliro, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zofalitsa (zosintha mkati mwa ANOVA).
Gulu 2  

Ziwerengero zofotokozera (ma frequency) ogwiritsira ntchito media (T1 ndi T2).

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa polythetic, otenga mbali asanu ndi atatu (4.5%) adafika pamlingo wovuta kwambiri wa T1 ndi 15 (8.4%) adafika ku T2. Malinga ndi kugoletsa kochita kupanga, chiwonetsero chovuta cha cutoff chinachitika kwa mmodzi (0.6%) yemwe anali nawo ku T1 komanso atatu (1.7%) omwe anali nawo ku T2. Poganizira za zomwe zidapezekapo pazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za FAD, zomwe amafotokozera amafotokozeredwa mosiyanasiyana (onani Gulu 3). Mtundu wamachitidwe pazinthu zonse ku T1 anali 1 mpaka 4, mndandanda wazinthu zonse ku T2 unali 1 mpaka 5. Zomwe amatanthauza sizinasiyana kwenikweni. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti pamene T1 mtengo ≥ 3 wa Item 5 (kuchoka) idafikiridwa ndi 2.2% ya omwe adatenga nawo gawo (mtengo wa 3: anthu atatu; kufunika 4: munthu m'modzi), ku T2 7.3% ya omwe adagwira nawo adafika mtengo ≥ 3 wa chinthu ichi (mtengo 3: anthu asanu ndi anayi; kufunika 4: anthu atatu; kufunika 5: munthu m'modzi).

Gulu 3  

Ziwerengero zofotokozera ndikutanthauza kufananiza pakati pa T1 ndi T2 ya zinthu za BFAS (mkati mwa maphunziro ANOVA).

Mayanjano a FAD ogwiritsira ntchito media, umunthu, zamaganizidwe ndi thanzi

Ku T1, FAD yolumikizidwa bwino kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito SNSs (r = .42, p <.001). Malumikizidwe ndi mitundu ina yofufuzidwa sinakhale yofunika. Mosiyana ndi izi, ku T2, FAD inali yokhudzana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito SNSs (r = .37, p <.001), narcissism (r = .26, p <.001), kukhumudwa (r = .22, p <.01 ), nkhawa (r = .32, p <.001), ndi zipsinjo (r = .20, p <.01). Poyerekeza kulumikizana uku pakati pa T1 ndi T2, kulumikizana pakati pa FAD ndi zisonyezo za nkhawa (pa T1: r = .02, ns) kunawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu kwambiri (kukula kwake: Cohen's q = .32, medium medium; see []). Ku T2, kunalinso kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa narcissism ndi zipsinjo (r = .16, p <.05). Kuwerengera kwapakati pa nthawi komwe kunaphatikizapo FAD ku T2 ndi zina zonse zofufuzidwa ku T1 kunawonetsa kuti FAD idalumikizidwa bwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito SNSs (r = .33, p <.001) komanso narcissism (r = .19, p <. ZOCHITIKA 05). FAD ku T1 inali yokhudzana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito SNSs pa T2 (r = .33, p <.001).

Kutengera kulumikizana kwakuthupi pakati pa kukhumudwa ndi zizindikiro za nkhawa, ndi FAD ku T2, ndi maphunziro aposachedwa omwe adafotokozera kukhumudwa ndi zizindikiro zodandaula kuti ndizotheka kulosera za FAD [, , ], kusanthula kwakanthawi pamzera wowerengera kudawerengeredwa. Kutsatira kafukufuku wakale (mwachitsanzo, [], mtundu wa regression udaphatikizaponso kukhumudwa ndi zisonyezo zakusintha monga zosintha palokha ndi FAD monga kusiyanasiyana komwe kumadalira, kuwongolera mitundu ndi zaka. Panalibe kuphwanya lingaliro la multicollinearity: malingaliro onse ololerana anali> .25, ndipo mitundu yonse yazinthu zotsika mtengo inali <5 (onani []). Mtunduwo udalongosola kusiyana kwa 10.7%, F (4,174) = 5.230, p <.01. Zizindikiro zokhazokha zomwe zimawonetsa zotsatira zazikulu (standardized beta = .310, p <.01; 95% CI [.142; .587]).

Gawo lotsatirali, ubale wapakati pa narcissism ndi FAD ku T2 udafufuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane. Narcissism imagwirizanitsidwa bwino kwambiri ndi zinthu zambiri za FAD (Chinthu 1, salience: r = .23, p <.01; Item 2, kulolerana: r = .18, p <.05; Item 4, kubwereranso: r = .20 , p <.01; Chinthu 5, kuchotsa: r = .27, p <.001; Chinthu 6, kusamvana: r = .16, p <.05). Ubwenzi wokha ndi Item 3 (kusintha kwamaganizidwe) sikunakhale kofunika (r = .11, ns).

Mtundu wophatikizira womwe umaphatikizapo narcissism monga kusiyanasiyana pawokha komanso FAD monga kusiyanasiyana, kuwongolera kusiyanasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso zaka, adalongosola 7.1% ya kusiyanasiyana, F (3,175) = 4.450, p <.01. Ngakhale jenda ndi zaka sizinapeze zotsatira zofunikira, zotsatira za narcissism zidakhala zofunikira (standardized beta = .259, p <.001; 95% CI [.187; .655]).

Kusanthula pakati

Monga momwe tanenera Chithunzi cha 2, kuwunika koyerekeza ma bootstrapped kumawonetsa kuti FAD imayimira mokwanira ubale pakati pa narcissism ndi zizindikiro za kupsinjika. Panjira c (zotsatira zake zonse) ndizofunikira (p <.001), path C ' (mwachindunji zotsatira) zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuphatikizidwa kwa FAD modutsa sikumakhala kofunika (p = .125). Zotsatira zopanda pake (ab) imakhala yofunika, b = .086, SE = .046, 95% CI [.018; .204]; PM: b = .275, SE = 6.614, 95% CI [.024; 2.509].

Chithunzi cha 2  

Mtundu woyimira pakati kuphatikizapo zotsatira.

Kukambirana

Kafukufuku wapano ndi wa ntchito yayitali yayitali yofufuza za FAD ndi maubwenzi ake ndi umunthu, thanzi lamaganizidwe ndi thanzi lakuthupi ku Germany. Poganizira kuti ndizochepa chabe zomwe zimadziwika pakupanga ndi kukonza FAD, ntchito yomwe idalipo idaphatikizapo nthawi ziwiri zoyezera zonse zomwe zidafufuzidwa kuti zitsimikizire njira ya FAD ndi mabungwe ake. Tapeza zotsatira zazikulu zomwe zimathandizira kumvetsetsa bwino kwa FAD.

Kutanthauza mitundu ya FAD (T1 ndi T2) ya ophunzira athu achi Germany anali otsika modabwitsa kuposa mtengo womwe Andreassen et al. [] (M = 13.00, SD = 5.20) mu sampuli ya ophunzira ku Norway, komwe Facebook malinga ndi kuchuluka kwake kuli ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi kawiri konse monga ku Germany (www.internetworldstats.com/stats4.htm).

Ngakhale sitinapeze kusintha kwakukulu pamlingo wa FAD patadutsa chaka chimodzi, kuchuluka kwa omwe adakwanitsa kufika pamlingo wovuta wa FAD adawonjezeka modabwitsa: Kuyika polythetic: 4.5% mpaka 8.4%; kupangidwira monote: 0.6% to 1.7%. Makamaka, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti modabwitsa kuti ambiri omwe adatenga nawo mbali anali ndi mfundo zapamwamba zotsogola ku T2 kuposa T1. Izi zikugogomezera tanthauzo lochokeratu pamaganizidwe ogwiritsira ntchito Facebook: Ogwiritsa ntchito ochulukirapo amakhala ndi mantha popanda mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito Facebook (onaninso []). Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale yemwe amafotokoza kuti kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zazikulu zakugwiritsa ntchito kwanzeru pa intaneti []. Kuchulukitsa kuchulukirapo kumatha kukhala kogwirizana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "Kuopa Kuphonya (FoMo)": Kuopa kuphonya chidziwitso chofunikira cha anthu komanso kutaya kutchuka, kawirikawiri kufotokozedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito a Facebook omwe sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito SNS nthawi zambiri momwe angafunire. FoMo yapezeka kuti ingayanjanitse bwino ubale wamalingaliro ofunikira kuti akhale ake ndi chifukwa chomwe amafunikira kutchuka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook. Kuphatikiza apo, zidalumikizidwa bwino ndi zizindikiro zopsinjika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Facebook [, ].

Pomwe ma hypotheses athu adatsimikizidwira mwanjira ina ku T2, ku T1, FAD sinali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi zosinthika zomwe zinafufuzidwa. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuti ophatikizira ambiri adakwanitsa kufika pa T2 kuposa T1. Chifukwa chake, ku T1, FAD anali ndi chiyanjano chofooka ndi moyo wa ophatikizawo komanso thanzi lamaganizidwe kuposa T2. Kuphatikiza apo, asanafike pamapeto omaliza, kusiyana kumeneku kumatsimikizira kufunikira kwa njira yayitali ya FAD ndi mayanjano ake omwe akuwoneka kuti akusintha pakapita nthawi.

Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SNS kwambiri akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi FAD. Komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti kwathunthu sikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi FAD kumatsimikizira kufunika kosiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu ya zochitika pa intaneti pakufufuza kugwiritsa ntchito media. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wakale, ku T2 FAD, idalumikizidwa bwino ndi zosinthika zitatu zaumoyo wamaganizidwe (kutsimikizira Hypothesis 1). Kuyerekeza pakati pa malumikizidwe ku T1 ndi ku T2 kunawonetsa kuti makamaka kuyanjana kwabwino pakati pa FAD ndi zizindikiro za nkhawa kunachuluka pakapita nthawi. Udindo wa zizindikiro za nkhawa malinga ndi FAD, wofotokozedwanso ndi kafukufuku wakale (mwachitsanzo, []), idasindikizidwa ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kwakubwezeretsa. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pazinthu zonse za FAD, chinthu chochotsedwacho chikuwonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu kwambiri ndi zisonyezo za nkhawa (r = .34, p <.001). Chifukwa chake, titha kuganiza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zizindikilo zowonjezereka, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito Facebook kupeza mpumulo komanso kuthawa (onani []), khalani ndi mwayi wowonjezereka wopanga FAD. Chifukwa cha nkhawa zawo, amakhala ndi mantha komanso kuda nkhawa chifukwa chotsatira. Chifukwa chake, kudzipatula ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zawo zazikulu, makamaka chifukwa akuopa kuphonya zinthu posagwiritsa ntchito Facebook. Komabe, sitinayeze FoMo kapena mtundu wina uliwonse wa Facebook wokhudzana ndi nkhawa. Chifukwa chake, kutanthauzira kumeneku kwa zotsatira zathu kumakhala kotsegulika kuti tikambirane.

Ngakhale FAD idali yokhudzana ndi zosiyana zamaumoyo zamagetsi ku T2, palibe chilichonse mwazomwe chimasintha chokhudza thanzi la m'maganizo chomwe chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi FAD (zotsutsana ndi Hypothesis 2). Zotsatira zosiyana zoterezi zimapereka chithunzi cha zochitika ziwiri zamatenda amisala zomwe zimalimbikitsa thanzi labwino komanso loyipa kuti likhale logwirizana koma lodzipatula modzikakamiza pa thanzi lamatenda amisala ambiri [, ]. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale tidapeza kuchepa kwakukulu kwa thanzi lakuthupi pambuyo pa chaka chimodzi, FAD imawoneka kuti siyogwirizana mwachindunji ndi thanzi lakuthupi (zotsutsana ndi Hypothesis 3).

Zotsatira zathu zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuti ngakhale ovutirapo ovuta ku T2 adafikiridwa ndi othamanga kwambiri kuposa T1, ambiri mwa otenga nawo mbali anali ndi tanthauzo la FAD panthawi yovuta. Chifukwa chake, ambiri aiwo samavutika mwachindunji ndi zotsatira za FAD, kumbali imodzi, komanso zidziwitso, kumbali ina, phindu la kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina adanenanso za kuyanjana kwabwino pakati pa chithandizo chachuma ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook, makamaka kuchuluka kwa abwenzi a Facebook [, ]. Komabe, monga owerengeka omwe adachitapo kafukufuku wautali akuwonetsa, kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook mosalekeza kumatha kusokoneza chisangalalo cha moyo komanso thanzi lamthupi (mwachitsanzo, []).

Malinga ndi zomwe tikuyembekezera, tidapeza ubale wabwino pakati pa narcissism ndi FAD (kutsimikizira Hypothesis 4). Kuphatikiza apo, FAD idasiyanitsa mokwanira mgwirizano pakati pa narcissism ndi zizindikiro za kupsinjika (kutsimikizira Hypothesis 5). Chifukwa chake, FAD ikhoza kukhala chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mfundo zapamwamba zamatsenga. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Facebook kumakhala ndi tanthauzo lenileni kwa anthu amisala. Pa Facebook, amatha kuyambitsa maubwenzi ambiri apamwamba ndi abwenzi atsopano a Facebook ndikupeza omvera ambiri pazodzikonzera bwino. Makamaka omwe ali ndi abwenzi a Facebook, apamwamba ndiye mwayi woti atchuke ndi kutamandidwa kumene akufuna; pomwe mdziko la intaneti sitha kukhala otchuka popeza momwe olumikizirana angathandizire kuzindikira kuti ndi ogwirizana komanso amadziona kuti ndi ofunika [, , ]. Anthu aku Narcissistic amagwiritsa ntchito mayankho abwino kuchokera kwa ochita nawo mgwirizano kuti athe kudzidalira komanso kudzipatsa ulemu []. Chifukwa chake, titha kuganiza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mosavomerezeka amawononga nthawi yambiri akuganizira za Facebook kuposa ena - akukonzekera momwe angadziwonetsere pawebusayiti komanso kulumikizana kwawo ndikuwonetsa mayankho olandilidwa. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Facebook ndizowoneka bwino kwa ma narcissists, zitha kuwapangitsa kukhala osatetezeka kwambiri ku FAD. Mofananamo, ku T2, narcissism idakhudzana kwambiri ndi zinthu zambiri za FAD. Mayanjano apamwamba kwambiri adapezeka kuti amachotsa zinthuzo, kupendekera, ndikuyambiranso.

Komanso, zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti FAD imayanjanitsa ubale pakati pa narcissism ndi zizindikiro za kupsinjika. Kutanthauzira komwe kungachitike ndikuti ma narcissists amakonzekera kudzipanga kwawo kuti akope chidwi cha omvera. Mokulirapo omvera, zimakhala zovuta kuchita chidwi ndi onse omwe akuchita, ndipo mwayi wolandila mayankho olakwika ukuwonjezeka. Izi zimawonjezera kuyeseza kwanu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ma narcissistic ndi nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito Facebook, yomwe imawonjezera kusatetezeka kwawo ku FAD. Pamene kuchuluka kwawo kwa FAD kumakulirakulira, amakumana ndi zizindikilo zambiri monga kusiya ndikubwezeretsanso, zomwe zimawonjezera kudandaula kwawo. Kutanthauzira kumeneku ndikotsegulira kukambirana ndipo kuyenera kuonedwa mosamala, makamaka chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwamkati mwa gawo la narcissism ndi gawo lalifupi la FAD yokhala ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha.

Zolepheretsa ndi kufufuza kwina

Zachidziwikire kuti kafukufuku wathu ali ndi zoperewera zomwe zimachepetsa kukula kwa zotsatira zathu ndi zomwe zitha kuchokerapo. Tinagwira ntchito ndi chitsanzo cha ophunzira kuphatikiza makamaka ogwiritsa ntchito azimayi a Facebook. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, tidafanizira zomwe zapezeka mu kulumikizana kwa zero-oda bivariate pakati pa FAD ndi zina zomwe zidafufuzidwa ku T1 ndi ku T2 ndi zotsatira zakulumikizana koyenera koyang'anira jenda. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu iwiri yolumikizana yomwe yapezeka (kufananitsa konse: q <.10, []). Komabe, kuphatikiza kwa zitsanzo zathu kumapangitsa kuti zotsatira zathu zizikhala zambiri. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kufufuzanso kubwereza kwawo pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chokulirapo ndi choimira china.

Zomwe zidapezedwa pano zidapezedwa ndi njira zodzichitira pa intaneti zomwe, ngakhale zili zotsimikizika kuti sizikudziwika, zimakhala zofunidwa kuti zitheke. Chifukwa chake, timalangiza maphunziro amtsogolo omwe ali ndi kapangidwe kofananira kuti aphatikizepo chida choyezera chizolowezi cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, mwachitsanzo The Balanced Inventory of Desential Responding (BIDR) [], kuwongolera kuthana ndi zotsatira za kukhudzika kwachikhalidwe kwa anthu amawerengera.

Monga tanena kale, kuyeza FAD, tidagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe achidule a Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, gawo lodzilemba nokha lokhala ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha. Mulingo uyu akuti uli ndi ma psychometric abwino ofanana ndi mtundu wautali [, , ]. Pakafukufukuyu, zawonetsa kukhutira pamikhalidwe yodalirika. Komabe, kuti tikwaniritse mawonekedwe a FAD ophatikizika ndikuwongolera kutsimikiza kwa muyeso, timalangiza kufufuza kwina kuyang'ana pakupanga zida zovuta kwambiri kuyeza FAD. Poganizira kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chomakonda kwambiri samakonda kuchepetsa momwe amakhalira, njira zoyenera ndi kuwonera ziyenera kuphatikizidwa kuti ayese FAD. Kuphatikiza apo, poganizira kuti ntchito zokhudzana ndi thupi monga kuthamanga kwa magazi komanso kuthamanga kwa mtima zawonetsedwa kuti zikugwirizana ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti [], chidwi chiyeneranso kuyikidwa pazoyang'anira za FAD.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kusintha kwa zinthu za FAD sikunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi zamasala, ngakhale anthu amisala amalandila chidwi ndi ndemanga zabwino pa Facebook zomwe zingawonjezere kusangalala kwawo [], ndipo, kuphatikiza apo, zitha kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zawo za Facebook ndikuwopseza kukulitsa FAD. Chimodzi mwazinthu izi zitha kukhala kuti anthu amisala amakumana ndi kusintha kwakanthawi kwakanthawi ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Facebook komwe sikungayerekezedwe ndi chinthu chimodzi cha FAD. Kuti mufufuze ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kusintha kwa malingaliro, narcissism ndi FAD mwatsatanetsatane, njira zina monga Positive and Negative Afitive schedule (PANAS) [] - zopangidwa m'maphunziro zowonetsa mayanjano ofunikira pakati pamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi momwe zimakhalira (mwachitsanzo, [, ]) - ziyenera kuphatikizidwa kuti ziyereketse momwe zimakhalira Facebook asanagwiritse ntchito.

Kafukufuku wapano ndi gawo loyamba pakufufuza kwa FAD ku Germany. Poganizira zotsatira za kafukufuku zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti zochitika zosiyanasiyana pa Facebook zitha kusintha thanzi la m'maganizo [, ], ntchito yamtsogolo iyenera kuyang'ana kutalika ndi magwiritsidwe ntchito a Facebook ndi zochitika za payekha za Facebook. Izi zithandizanso kumvetsetsa kwa chitukuko ndi kukonza kwa FAD. Kuphatikiza apo, poganiza kuti Facebook ndiyotchuka kwambiri, koma osati kawirikawiri, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito SNS (onani Gulu 2), pafupipafupi pakugwiritsa ntchito ma SNS ena kuyenera kuphatikizidwanso pakufufuza kwamtsogolo.

Pomaliza, zomwe zapezekazi zimapereka chiwonetsero choyamba cha FAD ku Germany, ndikugogomezera kufunika kwakufunika kowonjezeraku pazofufuza izi. Kutsatira kwathu pachaka chimodzi kukuwonetsa kuti anthu ochulukirapo amafikira kuchuluka kotsika poyerekeza ndi chaka cham'mbuyomu, komanso kuti malingaliro osalimbikitsa a thanzi, makamaka zizindikiro za nkhawa, amagwirizana kwambiri ndi FAD. Komabe, kuti tipeze zowerengera, zotsatira zomwe zilipo zikuyenera kuchitika pamlingo wokulirapo, wazaka komanso wamkazi wogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonjezera pamiyeso yopanga malipoti.

 

Kusamalitsa mfundo

S1 Dataset

Dataset adagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula pakuphunzira kwapano.

(SAV)

Kuvomereza

Olembawa amathokoza Holger Schillack ndi a Helen Copeland-Vollrath chifukwa chowerenga zolemba zawo.

Ndondomeko ya Zothandizira

Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi Alexander von Humboldt Profesa yemwe adapatsidwa kwa Jürgen Margraf ndi Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation. Kuphatikiza apo, tikuvomereza thandizo la Open Access Publication Funds a Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Othandizira ndalamawo analibe nawo gawo pakuphunzira, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula, kusankha kufalitsa, kapena kukonza zolembedwazo.

Kupezeka kwa Deta

Deta zonse zoyenera zili mkati mwa pepala ndi ma fayilo Opatsirana Othandizira.

Zothandizira

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