Neurology Tsopano:
Amy MS, MPH
Juni / Julayi 2014 - Voliyumu 10 - Kutulutsa 3 - p 32-36
yani: 10.1097 / 01.NNN.0000451325.82915.1d
Ali ndi zaka 17, Anthony Rosner wa ku Londres, England, anali msilikali m'deralo la World of Warcraft. Anakhazikitsa maufumu, adatsogolera, ndipo adadzidzimutsa m'dziko lopanda pake lomwe likuoneka kuti likukwaniritsa zosowa zake zonse. Panthawiyi, moyo wake weniweni sunalipo. Ananyalanyaza sukulu, ubale, thanzi, ngakhale ukhondo.
"Sindinaonepo mabwenzi anga enieni. Ndinayamba kulemera, ndinayamba kukhala waulesi, ndipo nthaŵi yonse yanga ndinkadumpha pakompyuta yanga, "anatero Rosner, amene ankachita maola a 18 tsiku lililonse, kwa zaka pafupifupi ziwiri.
Rosner adatsala pang'ono kutaya digiri ya kuyunivesite pofuna masewerawa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa NPD Gulu, kampani yofufuza msika wadziko lonse, chidwi chake pamasewera sichapadera. Ana asanu ndi anayi mwa khumi amasewera masewera apakanema. Ndiwo ana 10 miliyoni — ndipo ena a iwo amagunda kiyibodi kapena foni yam'manja asanakwanitse kulumikiza chiganizo. Vuto: ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kusewera mopitirira muyeso usanakwanitse zaka 64 kapena 21 kumatha kuyambiranso ubongo.
Mwachitsanzo, ochita kafukufuku ku China anachita masewera a maginito opanga mafilimu (MRI) pa ubongo wa ophunzira a koleji a 18 omwe amatha maola a 10 pa intaneti tsiku lililonse, akusewera masewera monga World of Warcraft. Poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira lomwe linatha maola osachepera awiri pa tsiku pa intaneti, osewera anali ndi zovuta kwambiri (mbali yoganiza ya ubongo).
Kuyambira kale kumayambiriro a 1990s, asayansi anachenjeza kuti chifukwa masewera a pakompyuta amachititsa kuti ubongo uzilamulira masomphenya ndi kuyenda, mbali zina za malingaliro a khalidwe, malingaliro, ndi kuphunzira zingakhale zopanda chitukuko.
Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa m'magazini ya sayansi Nature mu 1998 wasonyeza kuti kusewera masewera a pakompyuta kumatulutsa mpweya wabwino wa neurotransmitter dopamine. Kuchuluka kwa dopamine kumasulidwa pamene akusewera masewera a pakompyuta kunali kofanana ndi zomwe zimawoneka pambuyo pobaya jekeseni wa mankhwala amthtamine kapena methylphenidate.
Kodi Mumakonda Kugonjetsa?
Zizindikiro zotsatirazi zingasonyeze vuto:
- 1. Kuwononga nthawi yambiri pa kompyuta.
- 2. Khalani otetezeka mukakumana ndi masewera.
- 3. Kutaya nthawi.
- 4. Kufuna kuthera nthawi yambiri ndi kompyuta kusiyana ndi anzanu kapena achibale.
- 5. Kutaya chidwi ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri kapena zosangalatsa.
- 6. Kukhala wodalirika, wokonda, kapena wokwiya.
- 7. Kukhazikitsa moyo watsopano ndi abwenzi pa intaneti.
- 8. Kusanyalanyaza ntchito za kusukulu ndi kuyesetsa kukwaniritsa masukulu.
- 9. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pazinthu zosadziwika.
- 10. Kuyesera kubisa zinthu zosewera.
Komabe ngakhale kuti pali umboni wowonjezereka wokhudzana ndi masewero, khalidwe, ndi matenda a masewera a masewera, lingaliro la kusewera masewera (pa Intaneti kapena ayi) ndi lovuta kufotokoza. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti matendawa ndi osiyana ndi matenda ena, pamene ena amakhulupirira kuti angakhale mbali ya matenda ena a maganizo. Buku lomwe liripo tsopano la Buku Lophatikiza ndi Mawerengedwe a Mavuto a Mental, DSM-V, imanena kuti kufufuza kwina kuyenera kuchitidwa musanakhalepo "Masewera a Masewera a pa Intaneti".
Komabe, akatswiri amavomereza kuvomereza ali ndi makhalidwe oipa. Ubongo waumunthu umakakamizika kufuna kukhutira mwamsanga, msanga msanga, ndi kusadziwiratu. Onse atatu amakhutira mu masewera a pakompyuta.
David Greenfield, Ph.D., yemwe anayambitsa The Center for Internet ndi Technology Addiction ndi wothandizira pulofesa wa zachipatala ku yunivesite ya Connecticut School of Medicine. Iye anati: "Kusewera masewera a pakompyuta kumasefukira m'katikati mwa zosangalatsa za ubongo ndi dopamine." Izi zimapatsa anyamata masewera-koma kwa kanthaŵi kochepa chabe, akufotokoza. Ndi zonse zomwe zimawonjezera dopamine mozungulira, ubongo umapeza uthenga kuti ubweretse zochepa za neurotransmitter iyi yovuta. Zotsatira zomaliza: osewera akhoza kutha ndi kuperewera kwa dopamine.
Tengani masewera monga choncho kuchokera kwa achinyamata omwe ali osokonezeka ndipo nthawi zambiri amasonyeza mavuto amakhalidwe, zizindikiro zowonongeka, ngakhale kuzunza, malinga ndi Dr. Greenfield.
Masewera: Upangiri wa Makolo
Pokhala ndi nkhani zakusewera makanema kusandutsa ana kukhala opezerera anzawo kapena zombi - komanso akatswiri ochulukirachulukira akuchenjeza za kuopsa kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri pazenera, zitha kukhala zokopa kuletsa makompyuta ndi mafoni anzeru kwathunthu. Osatero, akutero akatswiri.
Ngati muletsa kusewera masewerawa, mudzataya mwayi uliwonse woti mukope zochita za ana anu. Njira yabwinoko: kusewera nawo, atero a Judy Willis, MD, katswiri wa zamaubongo komanso membala wa American Academy of Neurology yochokera ku Santa Barbara, CA, yemwe akuwonetsa kuti ayambe ndi masewera aulere pa intaneti.
Chinsinsi choonetsetsa kuti ana anu ali ndi mgwirizano wabwino ndi masewero a pakompyuta (ndipo, inde, pali chinthu choterocho) amatanthauza kuonetsetsa kuti akugwiritsa ntchito zochitika zosangalatsa kunja kwa masewerawa. Malangizo ochepa:
- ▸ KHALANI TCHERU Malinga ndi a David Greenfield, Ph.D., yemwe adayambitsa The Center for Internet and Technology Addiction komanso wothandizira pulofesa wazamisala ku University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 80% ya nthawi yomwe mwana amakhala pakompyuta alibe chochita ndi ophunzira. Kuyika makompyuta, mafoni anzeru, ndi zida zina zamasewera pamalo apakati-osati kumbuyo kwa zitseko-kumakupatsani mwayi wowonera zomwe akuchita. Phunzirani momwe mungayang'anire mbiri yakusaka kwamakompyuta kuti mutsimikizire zomwe ana anu akhala akuchita pa intaneti.
- ▸ KUKHALA MALAMULO Ikani-ndipo yesetsani-malire pa nthawi yowonekera. "Nthaŵi zambiri ana samatha kulongosola molondola nthaŵi imene amathera masewerawo. Komanso, iwo amatsitsimutsidwa mosadziwika kuti apitirize kusewera, "akutero Dr. Greenfield, yemwe amalimbikitsa osachepera maola awiri kapena awiri owonetsera masabata. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zozizira moto, malire a zamagetsi, ndi maimelo pa mafoni a m'manja ndi pa intaneti angathandize.
- ▸ START TALKING Kambiranani za kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso masewerawa koyambirira ndi ana anu. Khazikitsani zoyembekeza kuti ziwathandize kuwongolera njira yabwino mavuto asanayambe. Kuyankhulana sikutanthauza kuti ndi nkhani wamba. M'malo mwake, ndikupatsa mwana wanu mwayi wogawana nawo zomwe amakonda komanso zokumana nazo.
- ▸ KUDZIWA KID YANU Ngati mwana wanu akuchita bwino pazomwe akuchita, kusukulu, masewera, ndi zochitika zina, ndiye kuti kuchepetsa maseŵero a masewera sikungakhale kofunikira. Chinsinsi, amati akatswiri, akusunga kukhalapo m'miyoyo yawo ndikudziŵa zofuna zawo ndi ntchito zawo. Komabe, ngati muli ndi mwana yemwe ali ndi mkwiyo, mungakonde kuchepetsa masewera achiwawa, amasonyeza Tom A. Hummer, Ph.D., pulofesa wothandizira pulogalamu ya psychiatry ku Indiana University School of Medicine. Indianapolis.
- ▸ LANDIRANI Kwa achichepere ena, masewera amtunduwu amakhala chinthu chosagwirizana. Ngati mwana wanu akuwonetsa zamankhwala osokoneza bongo, thandizo likupezeka. Njira zamankhwala zochiritsira zimachokera ku chithandizo chamankhwala chopita kunja mpaka masukulu okhalamo ambiri komanso mapulogalamu a odwala.
Koma sikuti masewera onse ndi oyipa. Masewera a vidiyo amatha kuthandizira ubongo m'njira zingapo, monga kuwona bwino, kuwona bwino kusintha pakati pa ntchito, komanso kukonza bwino chidziwitso. "Mwanjira ina, masewerawa akuwonetsedwa bwino," akutero a Judy Willis, MD, katswiri wazamisala, wophunzitsa, ndi membala wa American Academy of Neurology (AAN) ku Santa Barbara, CA. Iye anati: “Zimatha kupereka chidziwitso ku ubongo mu njira yomwe imakulitsa kuphunzira,” akutero.
KUSINTHA KWA DZIKO PA GAMES
Masewera apakanema adapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe amphatso zomwe sizimayembekezereka. Kulimbana kodziwa kuti mutha kuwina (kapena kupha warlock), koma osadziwa nthawi yeniyeni, kumakusungani mumasewera. "Ndizofanana ndendende ndi makina olowetsa zinthu," akutero Dr. Greenfield. Wosewerayo amakhala ndi chikhulupiriro chosagwedezeka, patapita kanthawi, kuti "izi ikakhala nthawi yoti ndimenye. ”
Bongo Lanu pa Masewera: Umboni Woyesa
Ichi ndi chojambula champhamvu chaubongo womwe ukukula wachinyamata, womwe umakhala wosavuta. "Malo oyambilira - komwe kumaweruzidwa, kupanga zisankho, komanso kuwongolera zomwe zimachitika - zimakonzedwanso nthawi yayitali paubwana," akufotokoza a Tom A. Hummer, Ph.D., wothandizira pulofesa wofufuza zamankhwala ku Indiana University School of Medicine. ku Indianapolis. Malo oyang'anira olamulirawa ndiofunikira pakuyeza zoopsa ndi mphotho ndikuyika mabuleki pakufunafuna mphotho zapompopompo (monga masewera) pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga zakanthawi yayitali (monga mayeso am'magazi sabata yamawa).
Dera laubongo silimakwanitsa kufikira zaka 25 kapena 30, zomwe zitha kufotokoza chifukwa chake achinyamata amakhala ndi mwayi wosewera maola ambiri osanyalanyaza zofunikira monga chakudya, kugona, ndi ukhondo. Popanda ma lobes okhwima okhwima, achinyamata ndi achinyamata sangathe kulemera zoyipa ndikuletsa machitidwe omwe angakhale ovulaza monga kusewera makanema kwambiri, zomwe zimakhudzanso chitukuko chakutsogolo.
Masewera achiwawa achiwawa amakhudzanso akatswiri ambiri. Pakufufuza kwa achinyamata a 45, kusewera masewera achiwawa a mphindi za 30 pokhapokha adatsitsa zochitika kumadera oyambilira a ubongo poyerekeza ndi omwe adachita nawo masewera osachita zachiwawa. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti mphindi za 10-20 zamasewera achiwawa zimawonjezera zochitika mu ubongo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chisangalalo, nkhawa, komanso zochitika, pomwe nthawi yomweyo zimapangitsa kuchepetsa zochitika kumanja zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka malingaliro ndi chiwongolero chachikulu.
Kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine komwe kumachokera pamasewera ndikwamphamvu kwambiri, atero ofufuza, atha kutseka madera oyambira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake opanga masewera ngati Rosner amatha kusewera kwa maola 18 molunjika. "Ana amadzipangira okha pakompyuta ndipo amakhala pamenepo kwa maola 8, 10, 25, 36," akutero Dr. Greenfield.
Ndipo kwa ana onga Rosner, amene akumva ngati kutayika kwa masewera, kuchita bwino mdziko lamasewera kumatha kupereka malingaliro olimba ndi chidaliro chosowa pa moyo wawo weniweni. "Mukakhala m'modzi mwa osewera masewera apamwamba ngati World of Warcraft, makumi a osewera ambiri amakhala pansi panu, motero mumakhala ngati mulungu weniweni," akufotokoza Dr. Greenfield.
"Ndidapanga Blood Elf Paladin yotchedwa Sevrin, ndinakhazikitsa gulu langa-QT Yacht Club - ndikuchita ngati ntchito yanthawi zonse, kusungabe tsamba lawebusayiti, kupeza osewera atsopano, ndikukonzekera ndikuwukira," atero a Rosner, omwe adakwanitsa kutchuka msanga pagulu lamasewera. “Anthu omwe sindimadziwa amanditumizira meseji ndikundiuza kuti ndinali wodabwitsa. Zinali zosiyana kotheratu ndi zomwe ndinali nazo m'moyo weniweni. ” Posachedwa World of Warcraft idayamba kuposa china chilichonse.
MALO OPHUNZIRA PA GAMES
Kuchita chilichonse mobwerezabwereza kumasintha ubongo. Ndi nthawi ndi khama, mumakhala bwino pantchito yomwe mukuchita, kaya ndikuwombera mdani mumasewera akanema kapena kumenya baseball. Zochita zobwerezabwereza ndi malingaliro awo zimathandizira kulumikizana pakati pama cell amubongo, ndikupanga njira za neural pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana aubongo wanu. Mukamachita zochitika zina, m'pamenenso mphamvu ya neural pathway imakhala. Ndiye maziko ophunzirira.
"Gwiritsani ntchito kapena pewani" sizimangotanthauza minofu yokha m'thupi, komanso ubongo. Njira zachikhalidwe zomwe sizigwiritsidwa ntchito pamapeto pake zimadulidwa.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000, kafukufuku wambiri adati maphunziro azidziwitso ndi ozindikira anali achindunji pantchito yomwe idalipo. Limenelo ndi limodzi lamavuto okhala ndi zida zambiri zophunzitsira ubongo: ndizosavuta kuti anthu azichita bwino pazinthu zazing'ono zomwe apatsidwa - titi, kukonza mndandanda motsata zilembo kapena kumaliza mawu ozungulira - koma ntchitozo sizimamasulira nthawi zonse kuganiza kwabwino. Masewera apakanema akuwoneka kuti akusiyana ndi mitundu ina yamaphunziro aubongo.
"Mosiyana ndi zida zina zophunzitsira ubongo, masewera a pakompyuta amayambitsa zolipiritsa, kupangitsa kuti ubongo ukhale wofunitsitsa kusintha," akufotokoza motero a Sh Sh Green Green, Ph.D., pulofesa wothandizira zama psych ku University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa, mwachitsanzo, kusewera masewera a kanema wogwirizira kumawonjezera luso lowona, monga kutsatira zinthu zingapo, zinthu zomwe zimasintha m'maganizo, ndikuzisunga ndikuziwongolera m'malo a kukumbukira kwa ubongo. Izi zimachitika ngakhale masewera olakwika kwambiri.
Masewerawa amafunikiranso osewera kulingalira za njira yonse, kugwira ntchito zingapo nthawi imodzi, ndikupanga zisankho zomwe zingakhudze mwachangu komanso kwakanthawi. "Izi zikufanana kwambiri ndi ntchito zambiri masiku ano," akutero Dr. Willis. "Achinyamata awa atha kukhala okonzeka kusinthana ntchito mosavuta, kuti azolowere zatsopano, ndikusintha malingaliro awo ngati njira zatsopano zikubwera."
Maluso othandiza, kukhala otsimikiza, koma kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri amathanso kukhala mavuto. Kupatula apo, ana akayamba kuzolowera kugwira ntchito zambiri komanso kukonza zambirimbiri nthawi imodzi, zimawavuta kuyang'ana pa zokambirana mkalasi.
MALO OGWIRITSITSA NTCHITO ANATULUKA PAKATI PA VIDIYO
Momwe maseweredwe azisangalalo amachitidwira samangokopa achinyamata ndi malingaliro, chidwi, komanso mkwiyo (makamaka pamasewera achiwawa); imathandizanso kulimbikitsa zizolowezi izi.
Ngakhale makampani angapo ayesa kupanga masewera opindulitsa a ana omwe ali ndi vuto la kuchepa kwa chidwi (ADHD), sanachite bwino kwenikweni. "Ndizovuta kupanga masewera osangalatsa ana omwe ali ndi chidwi, koma osasangalatsa kotero kuti masewerawa amalimbikitsa machitidwe ngati a ADHD," akutero Dr. Hummer.
M'malo mwake, ana omwe ali ndi ADHD nthawi zambiri amasewera masewera amakanema kuti adzaze mphamvu zawo ndikuwonetsa zokopa, zovuta zamagalimoto, ndi mphotho yomweyo. M'derali, ubongo wa ADHD umagwira ntchito m'njira yomwe imalola ana awa kuti azitha kuyang'ana kwambiri, kotero kuti asawonetse zisonyezo, monga kusokonezeka, pomwe akusewera.
"Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kuchokera ku chithandizo chamankhwala ndichakuti: mumamuuza bwanji mwana yemwe wayendetsa dziko lapansi pa intaneti ndipo akukumana ndi chidwi chachikulu kuti agwire ntchito zenizeni, zomwe sizosangalatsa kwenikweni?" Atero Dr. Greenfield.
Ndibwino kuti mukuwerenga Mikwingwirima yake imakhala yotalikirapo kwa mwana yemwe ali ndi mkwiyo komanso chikhalidwe chake. Ngakhale akatswiri asakugwirizana pazomwe (ngati pali) zomwe zimapangitsa masewera achiwawa kukhala ndi zochitika zenizeni zenizeni, kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kusewera masewera achiwawa ndi malingaliro ankhanza ndi chikhalidwe.
Kwa mwana yemwe ali kale ndi munthu wankhanza, izi zingakhale zovuta, akutero akatswiri, chifukwa masewera apakanema amapatsa mphwayi malingaliro amenewo. M'malo mwake, maphunziro awiri osiyana adapeza kuti kusewera masewera achiwawa achiwawa kwa mphindi zochepa za 10-20 kumawonjezera malingaliro achiwawa poyerekeza ndi omwe adasewera masewera osavomerezeka.
Komabe, si masewera onse omwe ali ofanana - ndipo momwe munthu aliyense amachitira ndi masewerawa ndi osiyana, nawonso. "Kufunsa zomwe zotsatira za masewera apakanema kuli ngati kufunsa zomwe zotsatira zake ndikudya chakudya," akutero Dr. Hummer. “Masewera osiyanasiyana amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zitha kupindulira kapena kuwononga kutengera zomwe mukuyang'ana. ”
Kwa Rosner, kusewera kunali kovulaza. Amakhoza bwino, anaphonya ntchito, ndipo analephera kumaliza chaka chake choyamba ku koleji. "Pano ndinali ku yunivesite, pamapeto pake ndinakwanitsa kukwaniritsa loto langa loti ndikhale wotsogolera mafilimu, ndipo ndinali kutaya," akutero. Mlangizi wake wamaphunziro adamupatsa zosankha ziwiri: kumaliza zolemba zake zonse za chaka choyamba patadutsa milungu itatu, kapena kulephera ndikubweza chaka choyamba. "Sindikufuna kukhumudwitsa ine kapena makolo anga, chifukwa chake ndidachotsa World of Warcraft ndikuyamba ntchito yanga," akutero.
Atatembenuka pamasewera, Rosner adapeza magwero ena achisangalalo. Analowa nawo masewera olimbitsa thupi, adayamba DJing ku yunivesite yake, ndipo adayamba kuchita zambiri pagulu. Iye anati: “Sindinakhulupirire zomwe ndinali kusowa.
Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, World of Warcraft adatsogolera Rosner kuti akwaniritse maloto ake opanga mafilimu. Zolemba zake, IRL - Mu Moyo Weniweni, amafotokoza zamomwe adakumana ndi Sevrin komanso momwe adaphunzirira zosiya masewera. Anthu opitilira 1 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi adawonera kanema wake, yemwe amawonera pa YouTube pa bit.ly/1fGbYEB. Zinajambulidwa pamaphwando apakanema, pa TV, komanso m'manyuzipepala komanso magazini.
Masiku ano, masewera ndi njira imodzi yokha yosangalalira Rosner. Amaseweranso World of Warcraft nthawi zina. Koma kusewera sikulamuliranso moyo wake. "Anthu amafunsabe za khalidwe langa, Sevrin," akutero Rosner, "koma ndazindikira kuti ndikupindulitsa kwambiri kukwaniritsa luso lanu pamoyo weniweni."
© 2014 American Academy of Neurology
;