Ntchito Yogwira Ntchito Yopamwamba Yogwirizana Ndiyi Yogwirizana ndi Kuchepa Kwambiri Kwambiri M'kati mwa Anterior Cingulate Cortex (2014)

Ndemanga: Loh KK, Kanai R (2014) Ntchito Yapamwamba Kwambiri Yama Media Imalumikizidwa ndi Kapangidwe Kaling'ono ka Grey-Matter mu Anterior Cingulate Cortex. PloS ONE 9 (9): e106698. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0106698

Kudalirika

Makina azosangalatsa, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamtundu wanthawi zambiri, zikuchulukirachulukira masiku ano ndipo zalumikizidwa ndi zotsutsana ndi malingaliro komanso malingaliro. Anthu omwe amachita zoulutsa nkhani kwambiri amapezeka kuti amachita zinthu zoipa kwambiri pazolamulira mwazidziwitso ndikuwonetsa zovuta zakudzikoli. Komabe, njira zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi media media-tasking sizikupezeka.

Kafukufuku wapano adafufuza maubwenzi apakati pa zochitika zambiri pazogwiritsira ntchito media ndi ubongo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe aubongo amatha kusinthidwa pakuwonekera nthawi yayitali kuzowoneka zatsopano komanso zokumana nazo. Chifukwa chake, timayembekezera kuti magawo osiyanasiyana azama media azigwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mawonekedwe aubongo.

Izi zidatsimikiziridwa kudzera pa kafukufuku wa Voxel-based Morphometry (VBM): Anthu omwe ali ndi ma Media Multitasking Index (MMI) ambiri anali ndi vuto laling'ono la imvi mu anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Fkulumikizana kosayanjika pakati pa dera lino la ACC ndi kuchuluka kwa mayanjano sikunachitike. Zomwe tapezazi zikuwonetsa kuti zingathe kusintha kaimidwe ka zinthu zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zatsika ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito. Ngakhale mawonekedwe apakati omwe kuphunzira kwathu samatipatsa mwayi woti tifotokoze momwe zinthu ziliri, zotsatira zathu zidabweretsa kuwunika kwapadera pakati pa machitidwe a media osiyanasiyana ndi machitidwe a ACC.

Chiwerengerochi

Ndemanga: Loh KK, Kanai R (2014) Ntchito Yapamwamba Kwambiri Yama Media Imalumikizidwa ndi Kapangidwe Kaling'ono ka Grey-Matter mu Anterior Cingulate Cortex. PloS ONE 9 (9): e106698. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0106698

Editor: Katsumi Watanabe, University of Tokyo, Japan

Zilandiridwa: February 25, 2014; Zavomerezedwa: August 8, 2014; Lofalitsidwa: September 24, 2014

Copyright: © 2014 Loh, Kanai. Ichi ndi nkhani yotseguka yotsegulidwa molingana ndi Chilolezo cha Creative Commons Licribution, zomwe zimaloleza ntchito, kugawidwa, ndi kubwezeretsa mwachinthu chilichonse, kupatsa wolemba woyambirira ndi chitsimikizo.

Ngongole: Ndalama zothandizira pantchitoyi zidachokera ku PRestO yopereka ku Japan Science and Technology Agency. Othandizira ndalamawo analibe nawo gawo pakuphunzira, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula, kusankha kufalitsa, kapena kukonza zolembedwazo.

Zofuna zokakamiza: Olembawo adanena kuti palibe zotsutsana.

Introduction

Makina azosangalatsa, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo yamawayilesi ambiri, kukuchulukirachulukira masiku ano [1] ndipo yalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa mphamvu yakuwongolera [2] komanso zolakwika zamaganizidwe monga kupsinjika ndi nkhawa zamagulu [3], kukhala ndi thanzi labwino [4], komanso kusachita bwino maphunziro [5]. Komabe, pakuphunziraku, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika paziwonetsero zamaubongo omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi media multi-tasking. Kafukufuku wapano adafufuza maubwenzi apakati pa zochita ndi zofalitsa zama ubongo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe aubongo amatha kusinthidwa ndikuwonetsa nthawi yayitali kuzinthu zatsopano [6] komanso maphunziro ndi luso [7], [8]. Kuphatikiza apo, kusiyanasiyana kudera loyera ndi loyera, lomwe limayesedwa kudzera pa Voxel-based Morphometry (VBM) molondola limaneneratu za kusiyanasiyana kwakanthawi kantchito yamagulu ozindikira (onani. [9] kuwunikira). Kutengera ndi zomwe tapeza pamwambapa, tidayerekezera kuti magawo osiyana siyana azama media azitha kuwonetsa kusiyana kwa magawo a ubongo.

Pa kafukufuku waposachedwa, Media-Multitasking Index (MMI, [2]) imatengedwa ngati njira yodziyimira ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Zambiri za MMI zakhala zikugwilizana ndi zochitika pa payekha pakuwongolera ntchito [2], [10],[11]. Mwakutero, zimagwira monga njira yodalirika yolumikizirana ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka ubongo. Tinkayembekeza kuti gawo la MMI la munthu lithe kuwonetsa kusiyana kwa maubongo, makamaka paziwongola dzanja ndi magawo osiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adasinthanitsa magawo a magawo amtsogolo a cortical mukuwongolera kuzindikira [12], [13], [14], [15]. Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wa lesion wa [16], zigawo zapadera zimakhudzidwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana osakanikirana: ma anterior ndi ma posterior cingulates akukhudzidwa ndikukumbukira koyambiranso, ndipo zigawo zoyambirira zimakhudzidwa ndikukumbukira ndi kulinganiza. Mwakutero, timayembekezera kuti tipeze mayanjano pakati pa zochita zama media ndi kusintha kwamaderali m'maderowa. Zochita zama multitasking zimalumikizana kwambiri ndi umunthu (mwachitsanzo, neuroticism ndi kuposerera [3]), zomwe, zimaneneratu za kusiyana kwamaumboni [17]. Mwakutero, kuyanjana pakati pa media multitasking ndi ubongo mawonekedwe kungasokonezedwe ndi kusiyana kotereku. Kuti mufufuze izi, maubwenzi apakati pa MMI ndi Big Tano amakhudzidwa.

Tidapeza zambiri za MMA, Big STUN STISIT ndi maginito a resonance imaging (MRI) mu 75 achikulire athanzi omwe amadziwa bwino zamakompyuta komanso maukadaulo atolankhani. Kuti tiwone ubale pakati pa media multitasking zochita ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka ubongo, tidayamba kuwongolera zamtundu wa MMI ndi zigawo zokhala ndi imvi pamlingo wonse wamaubongo kudzera pa VBM yokwanira [18]. Tawunikanso kuyanjana pakati pa zikhalidwe zazikulu za Big Five ndi ma MMI. Kuti tiunikire zakuwoneka bwino kwa magwiridwe antchito omwe timapeza, tidasanthula kupumula kwa ntchito zaubongo kuti tithandizire kuyanjana pakati pa ziwonetsero za MMI ndikugwirizana kolumikizana muubongo.

Njira

ophunzira

Akuluakulu athanzi la 75 (amatanthauza zaka = 24.6, SD = 5.0, amuna a 38) omwe adalembetsa ku University College London (UCL) dokotala wochita nawo psychology adatenga nawo gawo phunziroli pakadali pano atapereka chidziwitso cholembedwa. Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi komiti yamalamulo a UCL am'deralo (code application application: 2213 / 002). Tidawawuza ophunzira kuti aphatikizire ophunzira aku yunivesite ndi antchito omwe amadziwa bwino zamakompyuta ndi ma TV atolankhani. Adabwezeredwa ndalama chifukwa chokhala nawo. Pakati mwa omwe anali nawo pa 75 omwe adatenga nawo gawo pa kafukufuku wa VBM, deta ya fMRI idasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera pagulu la omwe anali nawo pa 40. Jenda, zaka, kuchuluka kwa maphunziro ndi ma MMI sizinasiyane kwambiri pakati pa zitsanzozo (Gulu 1).

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Tebulo 1. Kufanizira pakati pa mawonekedwe a demographic ndi ma MMI ambiri omwe akutenga nawo mbali pakufufuza kwa VBM ndikuwunikira komwe kumagwira ntchito.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0106698.t001

Nkhani Yosinthidwa Ya Media Multitasking

Mtundu wosinthidwa wa Media Multi-tasking Mafunso [2] idaperekedwa kwa onse omwe atenga nawo mbali. MMI idapereka njira yokhazikika yochitira zinthu mwatsatanetsatane. Funsoli linali ndi magawo awiri akuluakulu: Gawo loyamba lidatchula mitundu ya atolankhani ya 12 ndipo ophunzira adalemba kuchuluka kwa maola sabata iliyonse omwe amakhala akugwiritsa ntchito sing'anga iliyonse. Mu mtundu womwe wasinthidwa momwe munapangidwira pano, mitundu ya 10 media idasungidwa [2]: Sindikizani media, TV, makanema, makompyuta, nyimbo, kuyimba ndi mawu pogwiritsa ntchito mafoni kapena telefoni, kutumiza mauthenga nthawi yomweyo, Kutumiza mauthenga ndi Short Messaging Service (Email), maimelo, kutumiza ma webusayiti ndi zinthu zina pogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta. "Vidiyo kapena masewera apakompyuta" adasinthidwa kuti aphatikizire masewera pama foni am'manja. Nyimboyi "yomwe sinali nyimbo" idasinthidwa "ndikugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti". Masinthidwe adapangidwa kuti awonetse bwino zomwe zikuwoneka pakadali pano. Gawo lachiwirilo linali ndi masanjidwe omwe amakhudzidwa ndi omwe akutenga nawo mbali omwe amawonetsa kuti agwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse yama sing'anga momwe amagwiritsira ntchito sing'anga yapakatikati. Kuchulukitsa kwa nthawi imodzi kunanenedwa pamlingo wa 1 mpaka 4 (1 = "never", 2 = "Kanthawi kochepa", 3 = "Nthawi zina" ndi 4 = "Nthawi yayitali"). Mayankho a omwe adatenga nawo mbali adakonzedwa motere: "Sizinatero" = 0, "Kanthawi kochepa" = 0.33, "Nthawi ina" = 0.67 ndi "Nthawi yayitali" = 1. Chidule cha mayankho omwe afotokozedwanso kwa sing'anga iliyonse atatulutsa mawuwo amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa atolankhani omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo pogwiritsa ntchito sing'anga yayikulu. MMI idawerengeredwa potengera mtundu wotsatira: Momwe mi ndi kuchuluka kwa ofalitsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo pogwiritsa ntchito pulayimale yapakatikati, i; hi ndi kuchuluka kwa maola sabata iliyonse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sing'anga yoyamba, i; hokwana ndi chiwerengero chokwanira cha maola sabata iliyonse chogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse yazowonera.

Zoyambira Zisanu Zisanu

The Big Five Inventory (BFI; [19]) idapereka muyeso wachidule komanso wodalirika wa chinthu cha 44 pazinthu zazikulu za Asanu (zinthu zazikulu za 8), kuvomerezedwa (zinthu za 9), kulimbikira (zinthu za 9), neuroticism (zinthu za 8) komanso kutseguka kwa zochitika (zinthu za 10). Tidatengera BFI kuti ifufuze mayanjano omwe ali pakati pa MMI ndi mawonekedwe a Big Five mu zitsanzo zathu.

Kupeza Zambiri za MRI

Scanner ya 1.5 T Motorola Avanto (Motorola Medical, Erlangen, Germany) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ikhale ndi zithunzi zoyesedwa mwamphamvu za T1 pamiyeso ya aliyense omwe atenga nawo mbali (MPRAGE; 1 mm3 maxic voxels; 160 magawo; TR = 2730 ms; TE = 3.57 ms). Zoyeserera za MRI zogwira ntchito zidapezeka ndikugwiritsa ntchito kukwera kwa T2 * - zolemetsa zama gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (EPI) zomvekera kwambiri pakuyerekeza kwa BOLD. Kupeza kulikonse kumakhala ndi magawo a 32 oblique, 3.0 × 3.0 mm resolution, 2.0 mm mu makulidwe ndi 1.0 mm kagawo kagawo. Magawo a EPI adalumikizidwa payekhapayekha pamutu uliwonse kuti athetse zofunikira kuchokera kumkono wam'mphuno ndikukulitsa chophimba cha zigawo za orbitof mbeleal ndi posterior parietal cortex, pomwe akupereka chivundikiro pamtunda wapaulendo. Mwakutero kusuntha komaliza kunayambira pakati pa 8 ° mpaka 16 °. Kutalikirana kwakanthawi pakati pamagawo awiri ofanana ndi 2528 ms yokhala ndi cholembera cha 90 madigiri ndi 44 ms echo nthawi. Magawo owonera anali 192 × 192 mm. Kusintha kwa ndege mu digito kunali ma pixel a 64 × 64 okhala ndi kukula kwa pixel kwa 3.0 × 3.0 mm. Zambiri zidapezeka ndi 32-chiteshi mutu. Panthawi yogwira ntchito ya MRI, ophunzirawo adalangizidwa kuti azingokhala chete, kukhala otseguka, osaganizira chilichonse. Kuyendetsa kumodzi komwe kumakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ma 180 ndipo ma voliyumu oyambilira a 6 adachotsedwa pakuwunika kuti asasokoneze maginito osasunthika. FMRI yopumula yomwe idatenga idatenga mphindi pafupifupi 7.5.

Voxel-Based Based Morphometry (VBM) Analysis

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM; [20]) ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popenda maubwino a neuroimaging yomwe imathandizira kusanthula kwanzeru kwa mawonetsero azithunzi za MRI zisanachitike. Makina oyendetsa ma T1 okhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu adasinthidwa ndi VBM kudzera pa Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8, Wellcome department of Cognitive Neurology). Zithunzizo zidagawika pakati pazitsitsi ndi zoyera. Diffeomorphic Anatomical Usalembe Kudzera mwa Exponentiated Lie Algebra (DARTEL) pambuyo pake adachitidwa kuti alembetse zithunzi za imvi. Kuonetsetsa kuti buku loyimira imvi lidasungidwa pambuyo pa kalembedwe, zithunzi zolembedwa zidasinthidwa ndi Jacobian ndizomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi DARTEL. Zithunzi zolembetsedwa zokhala ndi imvi zidakonzedwa bwino ndi Gaussian kernel (m'lifupi mwathunthu = 10 mm) kenako zidasinthidwa ndikukonzedwa ngati Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) stereotactic danga kuti liwunikenso kwambiri.

Kusanthula kambiri komwe kunachitika pazithunzi zofananira za imvi zokhala ndi zambiri za MMI monga regressor yayikulu. Zaka, jenda komanso kuchuluka kwa maubongo anaphatikizidwa ngati zida zopanda chidwi ku mayiko onse. Kuti tipeze ma voxels omwe kuchuluka kwa imvi pamalowo kunaphatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ma MMI, tinatsata njira yolimbikira p <.05 Ndi cholakwika chanzeru-banja

Ntchito Yogwirizanitsa Ntchito

Kuti tichite ntchito yolumikizira yantchito, tidagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe olumikizira aboxbox a 13 (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/conn; [21]) kuphatikizapo njira zowonjezera za SPM8. Njira zowonjezerera, zolembedwa mu dongosolo, zinaphatikizapo kukonza kwa kagawo, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa manambala pa voliyumu yoyamba (kutanthauza kukonza), kulembetsa mgwirizano wamagulu a MRI munthawi yofananira ya MRI yolumikizana, magawo a zithunzi kukhala tinthu tating'ono Mitundu yofanana ndi imvi, nkhani yoyera ndi madzi a m'magazi (CSF), ndi kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a MNI muyezo komanso kuzungulira kwa malo ndi fayilo ya Gaussian (FWHM = 8 mm). Zambiri zowerengera nthawiyo zidaseweredwa ku 0.01 Hz-0.1 Hz.

Pakuwerengera njira yolumikizira njere, tidagwiritsa ntchito tsango limodzi lopezeka mu kusanthula kwa VBM monga mbewu dera-la chidwi (ROI). Kutanthauza nthawi zomwe zidatulutsidwa ku ROI zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati regressor modabwitsa pamawonekedwe angapo. Kuti muchepetse kusokonezeka kwa zinthu zosokoneza, ma regress omwe anali ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi oyeserera ochokera kukonzanso anaphatikizidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, zikutanthauza kuti MABONI otsogola pankhani ya imvi, nkhani yoyera ndi CSF adachotsedwa pamaseke omwe adapangidwa kuchokera kumagawo azigawo, ndipo adaphatikizidwanso ngati regressor kuti achepetse kusiyanasiyana komwe kumayenderana ndi ma signor apadziko lonse lapansi. Kuwongolera kwakanthawi pakati pa chizindikiro cha ROI ndi zina zonse za ubongo zidapangidwa ndipo maulalo ndi mbewu ya ROI adasinthidwa kukhala z Z pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa Fisher pakuwunika kwachiwiri.

Ndi chithunzi chosinthika cha Z, tidayang'ana koyamba zigawo zaubongo zomwe zikuwonetsa kulumikizana ndi mbewu ya ROI pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana nayo voxel pFWE okonzedwa<0.05. Pambuyo pake, tidagwiritsa ntchito malire ochepa a p<0.001 (yopanda tanthauzo) ngati chigoba cholanda madera olumikizidwa ndi ACC kuti awunikenso gawo lachiwiri momwe timafunira kuti tipeze zigawo zaubongo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa MMI. Tidaphatikizanso zaka, jenda komanso kuchuluka kwathunthu ngati osakondera ndikuyamba kulowa p <0.05 ndi cholakwika chanzeru cha banja chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamawu omwe amatanthauza ndi chigoba choyambirira. Cholinga chokomera poyambira chinali kuwonetsetsa kuti kusanthula kwathu kumakhudzidwa ndi zigawo zaubongo zomwe zikuwonetsa ntchito yolumikizana ndi mbewu. Ngakhale titha kupeza kuti pali kusagwirizana pakati pa zigawozi, zopezazi zitha kuwonetseratu. Tidatenga njira yolimbirana kuti tigwiritse ntchito maski kuti tithe kuwonjezera mphamvu zowunikira kwathu.

Zomwe zimasinthidwa ndikuyerekeza madongosolo omwe ali ndi zosinthika zonse za VBM ndikuwunikira komwe kulumikizidwa kwadongosolo kumachitika popezeka pa: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.10​30286.

Results

Kuwunika kwa VBM kwawulula chiyanjano chopanda pakati pa zambirimbiri za MMI ndi kachulukidwe ka zinthu imvi mu kakhola kanyumba kanyumba (Chithunzi 1; ACC; t (70) = 5.16, PFWE okonzedwa <.05, kukula kwa Cluster = ma voxels 158 × 1.53 = 533 mm3; nsonga MNI gwirizanani: x = 12, y = 41, z = 3). Palibe zigawo zina zaubongo zomwe zinawonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi zambiri za MMI. Chifukwa chake, media media-multitasking yambiri idalumikizidwa ndi nkhani zazing'ono za imvi mu ACC. Komabe, kuwunikira komwe kumachitika pakati pa ma MMI ndi BFI ambiri kuwonetsa mgwirizano wapakati pa Zowonjezera Zambiri ndi za MMI (Gulu 2; r = 0.347, p = 0.002). Mwakutero, timaganiza kuti bungwe loyendetsa zinthu zaimvi la MI-ACC litha kusokonezedwa ndi kusiyana komwe kumachitika m'mavuto owonjezera. Poganizira izi, tidabwereza kuwunika koyambirira kwa VBM kuwongolera kuwongolera kwa ma BFI ambiri monga olemba ena owonjezera. Tidali ndi mayendedwe angapo (okhala ndi imvi panjira yodalira) kuphatikiza MMI ndi mayendedwe onse a Big Five monga olosera pamodzi ndi anthu okhala ndi anthu. Ubwenzi wabwino wosawonongeka unawonedwa pakati pa MMI ndi buku la imvi m'dera lomwelo la ACC (t (65) = 5.08, PFWE okonzedwa<.05, kukula kwa Cluster = ma voxels 74 × 1.53 = 250 mm3; nsonga MNI gwirizanani: x = 12, y = 40, z = 3). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti pali mgwirizano wapadera pakati pa MMI ndi imvi nkhani yotsika mu ACC yopanda kusiyanasiyana pamikhalidwe ya Big 5.

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Chithunzi 1. Kafukufuku wofufuza za VBM adawonetsa kuti zambiri za MMI zidalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi khungu la imvi mu ACC (t (70) = 5.16, PFWE okonzedwa <0.05, kukula kwa Cluster = ma voxels 158 x 1.53 = 533 mm3; nsonga MNI gwirizanani: x = 12, y = 41, z = 3).

Mlingo wosintha wa imvi mu peak voxel (Y-axis) sunasinthike bwino (r = -0.54, p<0.001) yokhala ndi ma MMI (X-axis).

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0106698.g001

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Tebulo 2. Malumikizano pakati pa Media multitasking index scores ndi Big Five Inventory scores.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0106698.t002

Kuti tiunikire zakuwoneka bwino kwa zotsatira zathu za VBM, tinayesetsa kudziwa, pogwiritsa ntchito maupangiri wolumikizana, magawo a ubongo omwe adawonetsera kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi ACC dera lathu-chidwi (ROI). Kusanthula kumeneku kunawonetsa kuti zochitika mu ACC ROI yolandila zidaphatikizidwa ndi zigawo zingapo za ubongo zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi Default Mode Network kuphatikiza zigawo ziwiri za temporo-parietal junctions (TPJ; hemisphere, x = 48, y = −64, z = 36, pFWE okonzedwa<0.05; gawo lakumanzere, x = -44, y = -70, z = 36) ndi precuneus (x = 4, y = -68, z = 30, pFWE okonzedwa<0.05) pakati pa zigawo zina (Gulu 3). Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti ACC ROI yomwe tidapeza ndi kusanthula kwa VBM mwina ikugwa mu DMN. Kenako, tidafufuzanso ngati zambiri zomwe zinali za MMI zikukhudzana ndi kulumikizana pakati pa zigawo za ACC ROI ndi DMN. Kuwunikira kosinthidwa kunayendetsedwa pazosinthidwa z pakati pa ACC ndi DMN madera omwe ali ndi MMI ngatiwonetseratu wamkulu ndi zaka, jenda komanso kuchuluka kwa ubongo monga covariates. Palibe mabungwe ofunika omwe adatulukapo pFWE okonzedwa<0.05. Komabe, m'malo ochepera kwambiri pzopanda pake<0.001, zowonjezera za MMI zapamwamba zimalumikizidwa ndi kulumikizana kochepa pakati pa ACC ROI ndi precuneus (Chithunzi 2; precuneus; t (40) = 5.22, pzopanda pake<0.001, kukula kwa Cluster = 159 mm3; Peak MNI wogwirizira: x = 10, y = −50, z = 18). Tikutsindika kuti zotsatira zathu zolumikizidwa zimapezeka panjira yolimba kwambiri ndipo zimapereka umboni wochepa kwa ife kuti timvetse za MMI ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito polumikizana. Mwakutero, izi zakupezazi zinangotanthauzira mu zotsatira zathu za VBM.

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Chithunzi 2. Kupenda kosunthika kudawonetsa kuti kulumikizana pakati pa ACC ROI ndi Precuneus (kulowererana kwa mizere ya buluu) kudalumikizidwa molakwika ndi zowerengetsa za MMI (Precuneus; t (40) = 5.22, PFWE wopanda cholakwika<0.001, kukula kwa Cluster = 159 mm3; Peak MNI wogwirizira: x = 10, y = −50, z = 18).

Panali chiyanjano choyipa (r = -0.68, p<0.001) pakati pamalumikizidwe osinthidwa a Z-osinthidwa a ACC-Precuneus malumikizidwe (Y-axis) ndi kuchuluka kwa MMI (X-axis).

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0106698.g002

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Tebulo 3. Madera aubongo akuwonetsa kulumikizana kwa ntchito ndi ACC ROI.

onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0106698.t003

Kukambirana

Monga kuyerekezera kwakukulu, kafukufuku wapano adawulula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa media multitasking ndi mawonekedwe a ubongo: Anthu omwe anasimba kuchuluka kwama media ambiri anali ndi nkhani yaying'ono mu ACC. Kuyanjana uku kunali kofunika pachimake cholimba (pFWE okonzedwa<0.05) ndipo anali wopanda kudziyimira pawokha pamalingaliro a Big Tano. Timakambirana kutanthauzira komwe kumachitika malinga ndi maumboni aposachedwa okhudza zochita za ACC ndi mawonekedwe a MMI.

ACC imagwira ntchito ngati njira yofunika kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito mauthenga muubongo ndipo yakhala ikuwongolera ma sensorimotor, nociceptive, kuzindikira komanso kukhudzika mtima / malingaliro [22], [23]. Mwa izi, tikufuna kuti dera lathu lopezeka la ACC limalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi njira zapamwamba kwambiri popeza media media ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana [2], [10], [11], [24]. Kuphatikiza apo, ACC ROI idawonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi zigawo zaubongo za DMN zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalumikizidwa ndi zochitika zapamwamba kwambiri [25], [26].

Pakuwongolera kwazindikiritso, ACC nthawi zambiri imaganiziridwa kuti ikupanga zolakwika kapena kuwunika kwamikangano [27], [28]. Ntchito za ACC nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa pantchito zomwe zimayambitsa nthawi yomweyo mayankho osagwirizana, mwachitsanzo, Stroop Task [29], [30], chidwi [31] ndi ntchito yosasangalatsa [32], [33]. Makamaka, ACC yakhala ikukakamiza pamadongosolo apawiri [34], [35] pomwe munthu akukumana ndi chidwi komanso mayankho ogwirizana ndi ntchito ziwiri kapena zingapo. Chodabwitsachi, pakupanga ma media ambiri, anthu amakumana ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mitundu ingapo yama TV yomwe akugwiritsa ntchito nthawi imodzi. Mwakutero, ROI yathu yolandilidwa ikhoza kukhala yophatikizika muzochitika ziwiri zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ziwongolero. Chimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri ndikuti ntchito zomwe tazitchulazi nthawi zambiri zimapangidwira ku ACC poyerekeza ndi dera lomwe ili ROI yathu [23], [32], [35], [36]. Komabe, ofufuza adawona kuti kupendekera kumeneku sikokwanira [23], [34], [37]. Makamaka, pochirikiza kutanthauzira kwathu, Dreher ndi anzathu [34] adati rostral ACC imachita nawo zodziwika pazokha pakusagwirizana mumagwiridwe awiriwa.

Kupeza kwathu kwakukulu kwawonetsa kuti zochulukira zolemera zoulutsa mawu zinali ndi mavidiyo ochepera a ACC. Kuti tifotokozere zofunikira pakuchepetsa kwa ACC pamagetsi ambiri, tinasanthula maphunziro ogwirizanitsa a MMI ndi kuwongolera kuzindikira. Kafukufuku wodziwika ndi Ophir et al. [2] Choyamba adawulula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zochitika zochulukirapo zama media komanso kuzindikira koyipa. Amathandizira otenga nawo mbali muzochitika zingapo zakuwongolera monga Stroop task, switch-task, kutulutsa zododometsa ndi ntchito za kumbuyo. Pamaso pa zinthu zosokoneza, ma multitaskers olemera (ofananirako ndi opepuka ambiri) sanachedwe kuwona mawonekedwe amasintha, amatha kutengera zolakwika zabodza zosokoneza panthawi ya ntchito yokumbukira, ndipo sanachedwe kusintha. Olembawo adanena kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso ambiri satha kusiya chidwi chawo chongofuna kudziwa zambiri. Lui ndi Wong [24] zinaperekanso umboni wina wokulimbikitsa kuti ochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana azikhala oletsa kupangitsa ntchito kukhala zosafunikira ndipo potero amatha kuchita bwino pantchito zophatikiza mayiko. Phunziro lotsatira [11] zidawonetsa kuti akatswiri ambiri ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi anali atachita zoyipa kwambiri pa Operation Span Task (OSPAN) yomwe inali yofanana kwambiri ndi paradigm yapawiri chifukwa ophunzirawo amafunikira kuti athetse nthawi yomweyo mavuto a masamu ndikuloweza makalata operekedwa. Ogwira ntchito zamitengo yambiri adanenanso za zolephera zambiri za tsiku ndi tsiku [38]. Komabe, kafukufuku wina waposachedwa ndi Alzahabi ndi Becker [10] ananena mosiyana ndi zomwe zapezedwa: olemera opangira opitilira muyeso sanali ovuta pakugwira ntchito ziwiri komanso anali osinthika. Sanathenso kubwereza zomwe Ophir et al. adapeza ngakhale amagwiritsa ntchito zofanana. Olembawo adawona kuti zitsanzo zawo zinali zachikazi ndipo izi zitha kukhala zomwe zidawapangitsa kuti akhale opanda tanthauzo. Adawunikiranso kufunikira kwa kafukufuku wautali kuwulula ubale wamphamvu pakati pa MMI ndi kuwongolera kuzindikira.

Mwachidule, zolemba zomwe zidalipo za MMI nthawi zambiri zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe amachita zodandaula zambiri amaonetsa kuwunika kovuta kuzindikira. Zomwe tapezazi zikufalitsa mabukuwa polumikiza zinthu zolemetsa komanso zochulukirapo mu ACC: gawo laubongo lomwe limapangidwa mu kuwongolera kwazindikiritso kutengera umboni wapakatikati. Tikutsindika, komabe, kuti ntchito yochulukirapo ndiyofunikira kukhazikitsa ubale pakati pa kapangidwe ka ACC ndi kuthekera kolamulira. Kafukufuku wa odwala omwe ali ndi zotupa za ACC apereka malingaliro osakanikirana kwambiri pakufunika kwa ACC pakugwira ntchito kwake mozindikira [39], [40], [41].

Palinso kuthekera kwakuti dera lathu la ACC lomwe limapezeka limakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zam'malingaliro chifukwa zimakhala mu rostral ACC yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi kusunthira ndi kusuntha kwa malingaliro [23]. Ma voliyumu ochepetsedwa a ACC nthawi zambiri amakhala akukumana ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndimaganizo [42], nkhawa yaposachedwa pamavuto [43], maganizo [44] ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso osokoneza bongo [45], [46]. Kutengera izi, ndikothekera kuti ma media ambiri olemera, okhala ndi ma ACC ocheperako, atha kukhala osayang'ana mu malingaliro komanso chilimbikitso. Zowonadi, kuchuluka kwapamwamba kwa MMI kumapezeka kuti kukugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mitsempha, kufunafuna chidwi komanso kusokonekera [3], [11] Zotsatira zoyipa za chikhalidwe [4]. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, masinthidwe amachitidwe aubongo omwe amapezeka mu kafukufuku wapano anali ofanana ndi ma neural correlates a Internet (IA). Anthu omwe ali ndi IA, omwe amangotchulidwa ngati kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti kapena makompyuta, adapezeka kuti achepetsa vuto laimvi ndi loyera ku ACC [46], [47], [48]. Pakhoza kukhala kuthekera kuti awiriwa, media multitasking ndi IA, anali kukumanizana: MMI imapereka kuchuluka kwa momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito zida zingapo nthawi imodzi ndipo izi zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi IA zomwe zimapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kwambiri ndi intaneti.

Cholepheretsa chachikulu pakadali pano ndikuti zotsatira zathu zimapezeka pofufuza pazokhudza mgwirizano pakati pama media ndi machitidwe a ubongo. Mwakutero, kulumikizana kwamadongosolo pakati pawo sikungadziwike. Ngakhale zili zodziwika kuti anthu omwe ali ndi ACC yaying'ono amatha kuzolowera kuchita zinthu zambiri chifukwa chakuchepa mphamvu pakuwongolera kapena kutengera chikhalidwe, ndizothekanso kuti kukhudzana ndi zochitika zambiri kumapangitsa kusintha kwa ACC. Phunziro lalitali limafunikira kuti mudziwe momwe amawongolera. Zomwe tapezazi zikutsegulira njira yakufufuzira kumeneku mwa kupereka njira yolumikizirana pakati pa zolemba zambiri pazakuchita ndi zosiyana mu ACC. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwikiratu ndikuti zomwe zapezedwa sizingathe kupitilira anthu athu ophunzira omwe ndi ophunzira kwambiri komanso odziwa zambiri zaukadaulo. Zowonadi zakumwa zojambulidwa zimatha kutengera zochita za anthu [1]. Mwakutero, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuwunika gawo la kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero monga maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pakukweza ubale pakati pa media multitasking, chidziwitso cha magwiridwe ndi ubongo.

Pomaliza, anthu omwe anachita zambiri pazachitetezo chachikulu anali ndi nkhani zazing'ono za ACC. Izi zitha kufotokozeranso kuwongolera kwachidziwitso chaumphawi ndi zotsatira zoyipa zamaubwenzi zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwama media. Ngakhale mawonekedwe apakati omwe kuphunzira kwathu samatipatsa mwayi woti tifotokoze momwe zinthu ziliri, zotsatira zathu zidabweretsa kuwunika kwapadera pakati pa machitidwe a media osiyanasiyana ndi machitidwe a ACC.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Anazindikira ndikupanga mayesowa: KL RK. Adachita izi: KL RK. Adasanthula data: KL RK. Zopangira / zida zopangira / zida zowunikira: KL RK. Adalemba pepala: KL RK.

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