Kuwunika Mwachinsinsi: Akaunti Yowonongeka Pogwiritsa Ntchito Mafoni a Makompyuta (2018)

The Socialality of Smartphone Gwiritsani ntchito

Pankhani ya kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu, zolembedwa zamasayansi zamakono komanso nzeru zamakono zilibe chiyembekezo, zimatichenjeza za ngozi zomwe zatsopanozi zimathandiza. Malingana ndi kafukufuku wamakono, kugwiritsa ntchito smartphone kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvutika maganizo (Steers et al., 2014; Andreassen et al., 2016), kukonda chuma (Lee ndi al., 2014; Twenge, 2017), ndi nkhawa za chikhalidwe (Billieux et al., 2015; Emanuel et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2017), kumabweretsa mbadwo wotsutsa, wokhudzidwa, wodzinyenga 'Zombies'.Lu ndi Lo, 2017). Ngakhale kuti zofukufukuzi zikukweza nkhawa za "mdima" wa kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni, amagwiritsa ntchito makina atsopano monga chizoloŵezi chokhalitsa ndi matenda. Tikufuna kubweretsa vutoli kuti tiganizire mwachidwi, ndipo tidzapitiriza kunena kuti 'ma smartphone' saloledwa, ndipo sichiwonetseratu kusintha kwa maganizo pakati pa maganizo ndi maganizo omwe anthu amapangidwanso. Maakaunti otchuka, timatsutsana, timaphonya chizindikiro pa chinthu chofunika kwambiri: si mafoni a m'manja omwe ali oledzera, koma chikhalidwe kuti akwanitse. Timatsindika kuti kuyendetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa chisinthiko cha anthu chomwe chinayambitsa mafoni a m'manja ndi mazana masauzande - ndi nkhani zina mamiliyoni angapo - a zaka (Oyera, 2007). Mwachidule, kugwiritsira ntchito mafilimu ndi mafilimu ndizovuta, osati zotsutsana ndi anthu.

Pali umboni wochuluka wotsimikizira kuti kugwiritsira ntchito foni yamakono ndiyomweko, komanso mwachindunji, kuti kusagwirizana kotereku ndi malo enieni a foni yamakono. Choyamba, kugwiritsira ntchito mafilimu ambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochita zamasewera monga mawebusaiti, mauthenga, ndi mafoni (Li ndi Chung, 2006; Lopez-Fernandez ndi al., 2014). Ngakhale osagwiritsa ntchito mafilimu osagwirana ntchito, monga momwe akufunira kapena kufufuza intaneti, tsopano akukhala mwachangu: 'zokonda, malingaliro, ndi ndemanga ndizoyamikira anthu onse komanso kutchuka. Chachiwiri, anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zawo makamaka pazinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu amakhala mwamsanga kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mafilimu nthawi zambiri (Van Deursen et al., 2015). Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti sizomwe zili pulogalamu yamakono yokhayo yomwe imamwa mowa koma m'malo mwake-mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji-chiyanjano cha chikhalidwe chimathandiza.

Miyendo yochepa ya mafilimu osokoneza bongo imapereka zowonjezereka m'magulu ake. Zomwe zapeza tsopano m'maganizo a chisinthiko ndi chikhalidwe cha m'maganizo zimasonyeza kuti amayi ali oyenerera kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo amatha kusonyeza khalidwe labwino kuposa amuna (Eckel ndi Grossman, 1998; Andreoni ndi Vesterlund, 2001; Meier, 2007; Laasch ndi Conaway, 2009; Rand et al., 2016; Soutschek et al., 2017; onani Espinosa ndi Kovářík, 2015 kwa mafotokozedwe ena). Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa akazi ndi amai kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mafilimu, ndipo maphunziro ambiri amasonyeza kuti amai amagwiritsa ntchito mafoni awo pazinthu zapadera kuposa momwe amuna amachitira (Tufekci, 2008; Van Deursen et al., 2015). Malingana ndi maganizo athu, momwe chikhalidwe cha akazi ogwiritsira ntchito mafilimu amagwiritsira ntchito chikhoza kupangitsa akazi kukhala oledzeretsa. Zomwe zachitika posachedwapa zimatsimikizira izi: akazi amatha kukhala osokoneza machitidwe a ma smartphone, amakhala ndi nkhawa ngati sangagwiritse ntchito mafoni awo, ndipo samadziletsa kwambiri poyang'ana mafoni awo (Thompson ndi Lougheed, 2012; Van Deursen et al., 2015).

Anaganiza Maganizo Ena Amatitsogolera Zomwe Tikuyembekeza

Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, sizitsutsana kuti anthu onse ndi mitundu yambiri. Pambuyo pazidziwitso zambiri zofufuza muzithunzithunzi za chitukuko zomwe zikuwonetsera zogwirizana zogwirizana pakati pa kuzindikira ndi kugwirizana (Moll ndi Tomasello, 2007; Tomasello, 2009; Tomasello et al., 2012), kafufuzidwe posachedwapa pazeng'onong'ono za malingaliro yasonyeza kuti gawo lalikulu la moyo wathu waumtima wodzipereka ndi wodzipereka pofotokozera zochitika za chikhalidwe. Kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zamakono, mwachitsanzo, adasonyeza kuti pafupi theka la nthawi yokuka imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maganizo ozunguliridwa osagwirizana ndi ntchito yomwe ilipo (Killingsworth ndi Gilbert, 2010). Ngakhale sayansi patsiku nthawi zambiri imalongosola zotsatira za malingaliro osokonezeka (mwachitsanzo, Mrazek et al., 2013), mwinamwake msanga kuganiza kuti ntchito yamaganizo yomwe ili ndi kuchuluka kwa moyo wamaganizo sizimapindulitsa phindu. Pofotokoza kufotokozeka kwa kugwedezeka kwa maganizo, Poerio ndi Smallwood (2016) awonetsa kuti chodabwitsachi ndi chosinthika, chikugwira ntchito monga nsanja ya kugwirizana kwa anthu. Potsata malingaliro awa, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti zonse koma gawo laling'ono lakutuluka kumaphatikizapo zochitika za anthu (Mar et al., 2012; Nyimbo ndi Wang, 2012). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kuganiza mozama ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kumadalira kugwirizana kwa neural activation, komwe ntchito ya neural imachitika panthawi yomwe ikuyendetsa bwino kwambiri ndi njira zachitukuko zomwe zimathandiza kuti anthu azikhala bwino (Poerio ndi Smallwood, 2016). Zitsanzo zam'tsogolo zatsopano zokhudzana ndi kuvutika maganizo zimathandiza kutsimikiziranso chikhalidwe ichi cha mchitidwe wokhudzidwa wamba. Paul Andrews ndi anzake adakali ndi mapepala othandiza kwambiri, omwe adanena kuti "maganizo" (matenda omwe amadziwika ndi kuyendayenda) amatsimikizira chikhalidwe ubwino wothandizira kusamalira mavuto amtundu wa anthu m'maganizo. Apanso, ndizodabwitsa kuti akazi (omwe amawonetsa kuti ndi opindulitsa kwambiri kusiyana ndi amuna ku chikhalidwe cha anthu) amamva kupanikizika pamapamwamba kwambiri kuposa amuna. Andrews ndi anzake akuona izi ngati umboni wochuluka wakuti gawo lalikulu la maganizo amadzipereka kuti akambirane zochitika za anthu (Andrews ndi Thomson, 2009; Andrews et al., 2012, 2015). Zonsezi, chigwirizano chochuluka pakati pa chitukuko cha maganizo, chidziwitso cha sayansi, ndi zozizwitsa zimasonyeza kuti anthu nthawi zonse amaganiza za kudzera anthu ena (Frith, 2002; Tomasello, 2009; Mar et al., 2012; Ramstead et al., 2016). Nthaŵi yakula, kuti tithe kufotokoza ndondomeko ya chidziwitso. M'magulu otsatirawa, timapitiriza pa chiphunzitsochi ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito pafoni yamagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Zolinga zamtundu wa zamalonda ndi intaneti monga Hyper-Natural Monitoring

M'makalata atsopano, Ramstead et al. (2016; onaninso Ramstead et al., 2017; Veissière, 2017) adalongosola kuti dziko lapansi likhale lopindulitsa kwambiri ngati malo okonzedweratu a "chikhalidwe" zomwe zimagwirizanitsa, zomwe zimachitika mobwerezabwereza zokhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino. 'Chikhalidwe', pamaganizo awa akhoza kuganiziridwa monga momwe anachitira; ndiko kuti, chizoloŵezi chosamalira mosamala, kufotokoza tanthauzo, ndi kutsogolera khalidwe ku mbali zina za dziko molingana ndi zomwe tikuyembekeza ena kuti aziyembekezera ndi kumvetsera. Ngakhale zomwe zimapangidwa mwaluso pogwiritsa ntchito zosiyana zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zimakhala ndi zosiyana zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimapereka zosiyana zosiyana kuchokera pagulu kupita ku gulu, kuthekera kwa kugawidwa kwa magulu ochulukirapo kumagulu akuluakulu a 'monga ine' ena ndi mawonekedwe a mitundu - pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano, zomwe zimapangitsa miyambo ya moyo pakati pa Homo Sapiens (Ramstead et al., 2016; Veissière, 2017).

Poganizira izi, panthawi ya chidziwitso chodziwika bwino ndi chitukuko, anthu amaphunzira kuwona dziko kudzera mwa anthu ena ndi intuitively kulingalira mauthenga-oyenera (omwe nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi kutchuka) kuwatsogolera muzochita zawo (Veissière, 2017). Kuchokera kumayambiriro pa nkhaniyi ndi mphindi pang'ono, timatulutsa mbali yaikulu ya malingaliro athu, malingaliro athu, ndi kupanga malingaliro nthawi zina momveka bwino, kawirikawiri zochitika zowoneka za "chomwe chingachitike ndikuti, ndikuganiza kuti chitani "zosiyanasiyana.

Maganizo olimbikitsa ameneŵa owonetsedwa ndi kutsogoleredwa ndi ena oganiza zakhala akuyesedwa kuti achite mbali yofunikira pa chisinthiko cha mgwirizano, makhalidwe abwino, chipembedzo chodziwika bwino, ndi moyo wamakhalidwe akuluakulu (Whitehouse, 2004; Boyer, 2008; Norenzayan ndi Shariff, 2008; Atran ndi Henrich, 2010; Norenzayan et al., 2013). Malingana ndi maganizo awa, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa zozizwitsa zachilengedwe zowonongeka, tinapanga mulungu wathu ndi mizimu kuti tikhale abwino mthupi mwazidziwitso zomwe zimatsogolera kuzindikira kwathu, chidziwitso, zochita, ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Mauthenga a pakompyuta, maimelo, ndi chitukuko chatsopano zimapereka nsanja yoti njala yathu ikhale yogwirizana, komanso chifukwa chosowa kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ena, komanso bwino, kuti tifunikire kuwonedwa, kumvedwa, kuganiziridwa, kuyang'aniridwa, kuweruzidwa, ndi kuyesedwa ndi ena. Titha kutcha ichi hyper-natural monitoring monitoring.

Mawonedwe omwe alipo komanso omwe amapezeka pafoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikuti ndi zida zonyansa, zomwe zimayambitsa mafunde monga kusungulumwa, nkhawa, kutetezeka, kukonda chuma, ndi kukondweretsa pakati pa anyamata lero - makamaka otchedwa 'mbadwa zam'madera' pambuyo pa 1994 (Roberts ndi al., 2015; Weiser, 2015; Pearson ndi Hussain, 2015; Twenge, 2017). Monga momwe Jean Twenge adanenera mu bukhu lake laposachedwa pa mbadwa za digito (Twenge, 2017), kubwera kwa ubwana wamakono kumadzulo kunalinso kofanana ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha makolo, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa zomwe zimatchedwa 'helicopter parenting'¹ makamaka. Pogwiritsa ntchito kafufuzidwe kafukufuku, adafotokoza kuti ana ndi achinyamata omwe anabadwa pambuyo pa 1994 ankagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochepa kwambiri yosayanjana ndi anzawo kusiyana ndi makolo awo, komanso nthawi yambiri yogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi. Ngakhale kuti zochitika zenizeni zotsatizanazi sizingagwirizane, tingathe kuzindikira kuti achinyamata omwe sagwirizana ndi anzawo "m'moyo weniweni" (irl pa intaneti zolinga) ayesetse kuchita zimenezo ndi njira zomwe zingapangidwe m'badwo wawo. Moyo wosinthidwa pa intaneti, zambiri mpaka pamlingo, nthawi zonse, moyo weniweni kale, ndipo motere, umakhala wamba.

Kodi ndi zifukwa ziti zamakono zokhudzana ndi chiwerengero cha digito zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalephera kuganizira, motero, ndizo chilakolako chowona ndi kuwonedwandipo weruzani ndiweruzidwe ndi ndendende za anthu ena. Palibe chinthu chachilendo, monga choncho, podzifunira zokhazokha kudzera muzoona za anthu ena. Timakondweretsa, motero, kulingalira za chikhumbochi monga cholondola, ndikukhazikitsa njira zofunikira zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimasiyana ndi mitundu yathu. Pazochitika zathu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi kuyang'anira, matelefoni amangotikonzekeretsa ndi zowonjezera zamakono kuti tipeze chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kufuna kwawo kuti ayambe kuledzera kumatanthauzanso kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimatikhudza ife komanso momwe timafunira.

Mphindi Mwachidule mu Sayansi Yopanda Chidwi

Chikhalidwe chenichenicho ndi mapulogalamu a m'maganizo a mafilimu osokoneza mafilimu sakudziwika pakalipano (Elhai et al., 2017). Mfundo zazikulu zochokera ku chidziwitso cha kuphunzira ndi kuledzeretsa, komabe, zingapereke zidziwitso zofunika ku chiyanjano chathu chachilendo ndikugwedeza njerwa zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikulamulira moyo wathu.

Monga taonera, kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni yam'manja nthawi yomweyo kumapangidwa ndi malo ovuta a chikhalidwe. Malowa, komabe, amawonetsedwanso ndi zidziwitso zochokera kuzinthu zochuluka zomwe zimapereka ma beeps ndi ziphuphu, makamaka kutidziwitsa ife kuti munthu wina watiyanjanitsa ndi ife. Tsopano tiyenera kuganizira kumene ndikuti 'chizoloŵezi' chikugwirizana bwanji ndi chithunzichi. Kuyanjana pakati pa anthu (digito kapena ayi) kumayambitsa madera a mphotho ya dopaminergic mu basal ganglia (Onani Krach et al., 2010 kuti mubwereze). Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti maulendo omwewa ndi ofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Belin et al., 2009), kujambula masewero olimbitsa thupi, komanso kufunafuna mphoto kwa onse (West et al., 2015). Awa ndiwo maulendo omwe amachititsanso maphunziro a chiyanjano: njira yomwe munthu amaphunzira kusonkhanitsa zovuta ziwiri (Hebb, 1976; Seger, 2006; Yin ndi Knowlton, 2006). Kuti phunzilo lachiyanjano lichitike, choyamba chotsitsimutsa chotsitsimutso chatsopano chiyenera kuchitika pambali pa kukondweretsa kokondweretsa. Ndi foni yamakono, pafupifupi malemba onse omwe munthu amene akukumana nawo amachititsa kuti azikhala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo potero amachititsa deteraminicic circuit reward, potsogolera wogwiritsa ntchito kuyembekezera ndi kufunafuna zidziwitso zopindulitsa. Ndichidziwitso chilichonse chiyanjanochi chimakula kwambiri, ndipo wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuyembekezera ndi kufufuza zidziwitso zopindulitsa, ndikukonza msewu wa khalidwe lozolowereka.

Dopaminergic imayendetsa ntchito ziwiri zomwe zimayendetsa chizoloŵezi: a kuyembekezera mphotho ndi kuyesa zotsatira (Linnet, 2014). Chofunika kwambiri chokhudza dopamine ndi zakumwa zovuta, komabe, ndikuti maulendo a dopaminergic amapezeka mphoto isanayambe, kapena mochuluka pamene chidziwitso (mwachitsanzo, beep yosonyeza kuti munthu akhoza kuyimitsa chiwindi) chimatsimikizira kuwonetsetsa kwapadera kwa mphotho (mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa chiwindi). Chifukwa chiukitsiro chimachepa ndi kuwonetsa nthawi zambiri, kuyembekezera chiyembekezero ndi mkhalapakati wamphamvu kwambiri wa zoledzeretsa zolimba kuposa kuyesedwa kwotsatira kwa zozizwitsa zokha (Fiorillo et al., 2003; van Holst et al., 2012). Malingaliro awa, kuledzeretsa kumakhala kolimba kwambiri pamene sitingathe kudziwa momwe angayang'anire iwo moyenera (van Holst et al., 2012). Asayansi amachititsa kuti zizoloŵezi zowonongeka kusindikiza pakati or ndondomeko yowerengera (Zuriff, 1970). Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo apeza kuti chidziwitso chomwe chimayambitsa khalidwe limene limapereka mphoto 50% ya nthawiyo ndikumangika kwambiri pamasom'pamaso. Mphoto inaperekedwa kwa 75% ya nthawi, mwachitsanzo akhoza kuyembekezera kuti apereke nthawi zambiri. Chizindikiro chosonyeza mphotho yomwe imapereka 25% ya nthawiyo imatha kuyembekezera osati kuti apereke nthawi zambiri. Ndondomeko yotereyi (pamene ubongo ukhoza kunena mosadalirika zomwe zidzachitike) zimayambitsa kukwiya kochepa. Pa chiwerengero cha 50% yobereka, mphindi ya malipiro imakhalabe yodalirika yokha kunyenga, koma yosakwanira kuti ikhale ndi nkhawa (Fiorillo et al., 2003).

Mfundo yoti mutengere nayo kunyumba ndi iyi kuti kukongola kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndikuyembekeza mphotho kuposa phindu lomwe. Mphoto zikakhala zosayembekezeka kwambiri, zimayamba kukhala zopanda pake, zomwe zimabweretsa nkhawa (chithunzi Chithunzi11).

CHITSANZO CHA 1

Dopaminergic Ntchito Yotsutsana ndi Sitidziwitse Stimuli (yosinthidwa kuchokera Fiorillo et al., 2003, chithunzi Chithunzi3C3C). Avereji Yopitirizira kuyambitsidwa kwa dopamine neurons mu nyamayi monga ntchito ya mphotho, pomwe ntchito yaikulu ya dopaminergic imapezeka pamene mphotho ilipo theka la nthawi.

Zowonadi, zipsinjo komanso maukadaulo a zidziwitso za foni yamakono zimangokhala zotheka, zosinthika, zosayembekezereka, koma zosafunikira mwatsatanetsatane zomwe sizimakumana ndi mphoto zoyembekezerera, motero zimapereka malingaliro osokoneza chiyembekezo omwe amayambitsa mitundu yamphamvu ya kukondwerera. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphotho zomwe mafoni athu amatipanga, timakonda kukhala ozunguza (chithunzi Chithunzi11).

Zolakalaka monga Zolakwitsa Zowonetsera

Malingana ndi mfundo zowonongeka komanso mphamvu zopanda mphamvu, sitidziwa nthawi yomweyo dziko lapansi. M'malo moyankha mwachindunji kumalimbikitsa chilengedwe, timayamba kukonza zambiri kudzera mwa ife ziyembekezo. Malingaliro amodzi, mwa kuyankhula kwina, amayamba mwazidziwitso za makhalidwe zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi chizolowezi chisanachitike (Friston ndi Kiebel, 2009; Ramstead et al., 2016). Malingaliro awa, ubongo wathu umapanga zojambula zowerengera za dziko zomwe zimaphunziridwa kale kutipatsa ife maulosi a zomwe ziti zidzakhalepo ndi zomwe tingachite motsatira. Pochita izi, ubongo wathu umalosera ziwonetsero zomwe zimabwera ndikuzifanizira ndi mayiko enieni, ndikuchepetsa kusiyana pakati pa magawowa kudzera muzotsitsimutso za zopempha ndi zochita (ie, kuphunzira) (Ramstead et al., 2016, 2017). Pamene dongosolo lathu lozindikira nthawi zonse likuyesera kuchepetsa kusatsimikizika pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chophweka cha uthenga wosokonezeka kuti chidziwike, kusagwirizana pakati pa kuneneratu ndi kulingalira - malingaliro olosera mukutanthauzira - kukhala wamba. Kukhumba, pamalingaliro awa, kukhoza kuganiziridwa ngati zolakwika zowonongeka (Tobler et al., 2006) (Chiwerengerochi Zizindikiro2,2, , 33).

CHITSANZO CHA 2

Zolinga zomwe zinaperekedwa chifukwa cha zifukwa zoyembekezeredwa ndi zolakwika zowonongeka ndi ntchito yotsatira ya dopaminergic (yosinthidwa kuchokera Keiflin ndi Janak, 2015). (A) Zosati zisanachitike, mphoto yosayembekezereka imabweretsa kusintha kwa dopamine neurons ndi zolakwika zowonetsera malingaliro. (B) Kamodzi kokha mphotho imakhala yokonzedweratu, chidziwitso (osati mphotho) chimabweretsa mphoto yabwino kuyembekezera ndikuwonjezeka ntchito ya dopamine. (C) Chidziwitsocho chikachitika koma chikukumana popanda mphoto yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa, zotsatira zake ndizolakwika zolosera zolakwika ndi kuchepetsa ntchito ya dopamine pansi pazomwe zimayambira.

Tsegulani muwindo losiyana

CHITSANZO CHA 3

(A-D) Zimapereka chidziwitso chowonjezereka cha zomwe zaperekedwa chithunzi Chithunzi22 ku nkhani yamakono ya mafilimu, zomwe ntchito ya dopamine ikuwonjezeka pa kuyembekezera mphotho, ndipo yachepetsedwa pansipa mzere pamene malipiro ake sakuyembekezeredwa.

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, maphunziro oyanjana ndi mafano opanda mphamvu angathe kufotokoza chiyembekezo chofala chomwe a kuyembekezera za zidziwitso zamakono zowona zam'tsogolo zimalosera zam'tsogolo. Pomwepo, ndondomeko yazing'ono zamakono a mafilimu imalimbikitsa ziyembekezero zowonjezereka ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera, zomwe zimakopetsa zolakwitsa zowonongeka ndi kukhumudwa.

Zidziwitso ndizofunika kuyang'ana khalidwe lomwe pamapeto pake limakhala lozoloŵera, ngakhale popanda chenjezo loyambirira (Oulasvirta et al., 2012; Elhai et al., 2017). Kafukufuku wam'tsogolo akuwonetsa kukula kwa khalidwe lachizoloŵezi choyang'ana, ndipo munthu aliyense amatha kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya 3 tsiku la smartphone yawo (Sintha, 2017), kugwirana, kuyika, kapena kusambira nthawi zosachepera 2617 tsiku lililonse (dscout, 2016). Ambiri mwa ogwiritsa ntchito amapitirizabe kukumana ndi zolakwika zowonongeka mofanana ndi mafoni omwe foni yawo ikugwedeza, chinthu chodabwitsa foni yam'manja (Sauer et al., 2015). Zolakwa zowonongekazi zimalimbikitsa khalidwe loyendetsa mafoni, omwe ndi njira yowonongeka ya ma smartphone (Oulasvirta et al., 2012). Zolakwa zowonongeka zingayambenso mwachinsinsi, koma mobwerezabwereza ndi njira zovuta pamene zoyembekezeredwa zowoneka sizikuchitikira: beep yomwe tikuyembekeza kukhala uthenga wochokera kwa wokondedwa kapena Instagram 'monga', mwachitsanzo, khalani imelo imelo yobwera kapena uthenga wochokera kwa bwana wanu ntchito yowonjezereka.

Ikani Malamulo Otsatira

Amagetsi ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito mafilimu amamverera atsekerezedwa ndi mafoni awo (Harmon ndi Mazmanian, 2013). Gawo loyamba ku ufulu ku mafoni a Hungry, monga tawonera, ndikutenganso dongosololo ndikulikonzanso. Kutulutsa mawu ndi zidziwitso zonse kungathandize kuti 'temberero' la belulo la Pavlov ndilowetsedwe kachitidwe kachitidwe kachitidwe kaumwini. Monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, kusuta foni yamakono ndikutetezedwa ndi kumvetsetsana kwa ndondomeko zowonjezereka zowonjezereka. Ndili ndi malingaliro, kuyika nthawi zonse kuti muwone foni yanu kungachepetse zikhumbo zolimba zomwe zimachokera ku zowonongeka za mphoto. Ponena za kulankhulana kwapakati pa foni, tikhoza kupanga zolinga zathu ndi zoyembekeza zathu, ndipo timavomereza pazinthu ndi ena. Chotsani ndondomeko yolankhulana pa malo ogwirira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimaletsa maimelo a madzulo ndi amapeto a sabata, kapena kuyika chiyembekezo choyembekezeka kwa nthawi-mawindo poyankha akuwonetsedwa kuti ndi othandiza kuchepetsa nkhawa ndi kukula kwa zokolola (Mark et al., 2012). Zolingana za 'ndondomeko' ndi kuyembekezera zoyembekezereka za nthawi yoti tilembere kapena kuti tisamalembedwe - zomwe timachitcha kuti 'ndondomeko zolinga' - zikhoza kukonzedwa pakati pa abwenzi, mabanja ndi okonda.

Olembawo akufuna kuthokoza olembapo Giulia Piredda ndi Yasmina Jraissati ndi Mkonzi Wachiwiri Maurizio Tirassa kuti awone ndemanga zawo komanso kuthandizira kuthetsa kutsutsana kumeneku. Tili ndi ngongole zambiri kwa Maxwell Ramstead chifukwa chothandizira kuti tigwiritse ntchito mphamvu zaufulu pa ntchito yathu yoyamba pazokhazikitsa pakati pa intaneti komanso potilongosola zolemba zowonongeka zowonongeka. SV akufuna kuthokoza kwa Danny Frank chifukwa chomuitanira kuti afotokoze mofulumira chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amakhulupirira za foni yamakono pa Psychotherapy Makondomu a Jewish General Hospital ku Montreal. Olemba onsewa akuyamika kwambiri chifukwa cha chithandizo ndi uphungu woperekedwa ndi Laurence Kirmayer ku Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry ku McGill.

Ngongole. Ntchitoyi inathandizidwa ndi Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (MS) ndi Healthy Brains ya Healthy Lives Inititiative (SV).

¹"Kuteteza ana a helikopita" amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu otukwana pofotokozera kuti makolo akuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri miyoyo ya ana. Ngakhale kuti mawuwa anawonekera koyamba mu L960's (Ginott, 1965 / 2009), nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa kuti zimayimira chikhalidwe cha abambo pambuyo pa 1980 cha "kuzungulira" mwanayo. "Lawnmower parenting" (pamene wina amapereka njira kwa ana m'mbali zonse za moyo wawo), nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza mitundu yambiri ya maulendo a helikopita yobereka. Mu November 2017, Economist inanena kuti makolo ku United States ndi mayiko asanu ndi anayi a ku Ulaya (kupatula ku France), tsopano akhala ndi 50% nthawi yambiri ndi ana awo kuposa 1965 (The Economist, 2017).

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