Kulimbitsa mgwirizano wogwira ntchito pakati pa makina olamulira akuluakulu ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu akufotokozera machitidwe a masewera a intaneti pa vuto la kusewera pa Intaneti (2015)

PMCID: PMC4361884

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Kudalirika

Zolemba zasonyeza kuti maphunziro a pa intaneti (IGD) akuwonetsa kuwongolera koyendetsa bwino ndikuwonjezera mphotho kuposa kuwongolera koyenera. Komabe, momwe ma netiweki awiriwa amakhudzanso momwe amawerengera ndikuyendetsa machitidwe a intaneti omwe amafunsidwa pa intaneti sizikudziwika. Makumi atatu ndi asanu a IGD ndi ma 36 olamulira athanzi adayesedwa kuti apumule mu sikani ya MRI. Kulumikizana kogwira ntchito (FC) adayesedwa mkati mwa kuwongolera ndikupatsa mphotho zigawo za mbewu, motsatana. Nucleus accumbens (NAcc) idasankhidwa ngati njira yopezera kulumikizana pakati pama netiweki awiriwa. Maphunziro a IGD akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa FC mu network yolamulira ndikuwonjezera FC mu netiweki yamalipiro poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera koyenera. Mukasanthula kulumikizana pakati pa NAcc ndi maukonde olamulira / mphotho yolumikizana, kulumikizana pakati pa NAcc - Executive control network sikugwirizana molumikizana ndi kulumikizana pakati pa NAcc - mphoto network. Kusintha (kuchepa / kuwonjezeka) kwa ma synchrony am'magazi a IGD pamayendedwe owongolera / mphotho akuwonetsa kusakwanira / kukonza mopitilira muyeso yazungulira zomwe zikuyenda motere. Gawo losiyana pakati pa maukonde olamulira ndi mphotho yolipirira mu IGD likuwonetsa kuti kuwonongeka kwa oyang'anira akulu kumabweretsa zoletsa zosakwanira zolakalaka kusewera kwambiri pa intaneti. Izi zitha kuwunikira kumvetsetsa kwamakina a IGD.

Mosiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, vuto la masewera a pa intaneti lilibe mankhwala kapena mankhwala ena aliwonse pomwe izi zimapangitsa kudalira thupi, zofanana ndi zosokoneza zina1,2. Zomwe anthu akumana nazo pa intaneti zimatha kusintha magwiridwe antchito awo m'njira yoyendetsa masewerawa pa intaneti, omwe amapezekanso osamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo1,3,4. DSM-5 yolingalira zovuta za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zizoloŵezi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto la masewera a pa intaneti, ndipo vutoli limaphatikizidwa mu gawo la DSM-5 lomwe lili ndi zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ena awerenge5,6. Pa dongosolo la neural system, komabe, njira zenizeni zomwe zimayambitsa kulephera kwazidziwitso ndizodziwikiratu sizodziwikiratu7.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira za IGD ndi kutayika kwa malingaliro ofuna kuchita pa intaneti. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa magineti a resonance imaging (fMRI) adazindikira njira ziwiri zofunika kwambiri mu IGD: Choyamba, zolepheretsa mayankho zomwe zidawonetsedwa zidawonetsedwa mu maphunziro a IGD pogwiritsa ntchito go / no-go8, ntchito kusinthana9,10, ndi Stroop11,12,13 ntchito poyerekeza ndi zoyendetsa bwino (HC); Chachiwiri, maphunziro a IGD adawonetsa chidwi cha mphotho kuposa HC2,14,15 ndipo adawonetsera tsatanetsatane wazidziwitso kuchokera pa intaneti9,16,17. Izi zikufanana kwambiri ndi zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufuku waposachedwa a zachuma- Pali maukadaulo awiri osiyana aubongo omwe amathandizira palimodzi pakupanga zisankho18,19: Executive control network (imakhudzanso ma preortal preartal komanso parietal cortices19), yomwe imagwirizana ndi mphotho yomwe yachedwa; Network yovomerezeka yamavomerezi (imaphatikizapo orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum ndi zina zotero19,20), oyimira pakati pamalipiro apano.

Kuyanjana pakati pa maukonde awiriwa kukuwonetsedwanso m'magulu omwe ali ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo20. Kafukufuku wa Xie adawonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa magwiridwe antchito (maulalo ocheperako) ndi mphotho yolumikizira (maulalo owonjezera) m'mitu yodalira a Heroin21, yomwe imawunikira kumvetsetsa kwamakina kwa kuzolowera mankhwala osokoneza bongo pamlingo waukulu. Zomwe zimapangitsanso kuti mupeze mankhwala ophatikizana ndi kulephera kudziletsa pazomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala amaganiza kuti zikuyimira kulephera kwa oyang'anira22,23,24. M'maphunziro ndi IGD, ofufuza adawona zofananira pakuwongolera ndi chidwi cha mphotho (monga tafotokozera kale). Komabe, momwe maukonde awiriwa amakhudzira limodzi njira zowunikira mu maphunziro a IGD ndikuwongolera njira zawo zosewerera pa intaneti sizikudziwika.

Posachedwa, kafukufuku adafufuza zochitika zamkati mwa ubongo wamunthu panthawi yopuma (palibe zokondweretsa, palibe ntchito, osagona), zomwe zimatchedwa kuti kupuma kwa mayiko a fMRI. Adapeza kuti ntchito za neural panthawi yopuma zimaphatikizidwa kudera lachigawo lachigawo ndi zofunikira zina, koma osati mwachisawawa25,26,27. Zosakanikirana zakanthawi izi zimayesedwa kuti zikuwonetsera kulumikizana kwamphamvu (FC) ndikuwonetsedwa pamawebusayiti osiyanasiyana28,29,30. Itha kukhala chida chofunikira chofufuzira za kusiyana kwa mitsempha ya ma neuronal pamlingo wambiri pakati pa magulu a IGD ndi magulu a HC panthawi yopuma.

Kuphatikiza kwakanthawi kochepa kumawonetsera kuti kulumikizana kwa mauthenga aubongo pakati pa ma neural ndikofunikira pakuthandizira kulumikizana kwa neural31. Zolemba zatsimikiziranso kuti FC yopumulayo imatha kukhala chiwonetsero cha machitidwe26,32. Monga tanena pamwambapa, maphunziro a IGD adawonetsa kuchepa kwa chiwongolero chachikulu ndikuwonjezera chidwi cha mphotho kuposa HC. Timangoganiza kuti maphunziro a IGD amawonetsa kulumikizana kopitilira muukonde wopindulitsa ndikuchepetsa kulumikizana muukonde wowongolera kuposa HC. Kuphatikiza apo, timanenanso kuti zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito olamulira / mphotho omwe amathandizira palimodzi ndikuwona kukhudzidwa kukhudzike mu IGD. Kuti tiyese kutsimikizira izi, choyamba tiyenera kuyeza mayiko omwe akupuma; Chachiwiri, tikuyenera kusankha njere zoyimira maukadaulo osiyanasiyana ndikuyesa zilembo za BOLD izi, zomwe ndi kukhazikitsa kulumikizana pakati pa ma network awiriwa; Chachitatu, tikuyenera kuyeza mayanjano awo kuti apeze momwe amagwirizira mogwirizana.

Njira

Kusankhidwa kwa ophunzira

Kuyesaku kukugwirizana ndi The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). Komiti Yofufuzira yaumunthu ya Zhejiang Normal University idavomereza izi. Njira zake zidachitika motsatira malangizo omwe avomerezedwa. Opanga nawo mbali anali ophunzira aku yunivesite ndipo adalembedwanso ntchito zotsatsa. Ophatikizidwa anali amuna omenyera kumanja (maphunziro a 35 IGA, ma 36 aulamulira athanzi (HC)). Magulu a IGD ndi HC sanasiyane kwambiri pazaka (IGA amatanthauza = 22.21, SD = 3.08 Zaka; HC amatanthauza = 22.81, SD = 2.36 Zaka; t = 0.69, p = 0.49). Amuna okha ndi omwe anaphatikizidwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa IGD mwa amuna kuposa akazi. Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali adapereka chidziwitso cholemba ndi zoyeserera zamagetsi zamagetsi (MINI)33 zomwe zimachitidwa ndi katswiri wazamisala, yemwe amafunikira pafupifupi mphindi 15. Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali anali opanda matenda amisala a Axis I omwe adalembedwa mu MINI Tidayesanso 'kukhumudwa' ndi Beck Depression Inventory34 ndipo okhawo omwe adachita nawo chotsika 5 ndi omwe adaphatikizidwa. Ophunzira onse adalangizidwa kuti asagwiritse ntchito zinthu zilizonse zosokoneza, kuphatikiza zakumwa za khofi, pa tsiku la sikani. Palibe omwe adatchulapo kale za mankhwala osokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, cocaine, chamba).

Matenda osokoneza bongo pa intaneti adatsimikizika potengera mayeso a Achinyamata pa intaneti (IAT)35 ambiri a 50 kapena kupitilira apo. Achinyamata a IAT ali ndi zinthu 20 kuchokera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kuphatikiza kudalira kwamaganizidwe, kugwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza, kusiya, mavuto kusukulu kapena kuntchito, kugona, kusamalira mabanja kapena nthawi35. IAT idatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi chida chovomerezeka komanso chodalirika chomwe chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kugawa IAD36,37. Pazinthu zilizonse, kuyankha kwamasamba kumasankhidwa kuchokera ku 1 = "Si kawirikawiri" kupita ku 5 = "Nthawi zonse", kapena "Sakugwiritsa Ntchito". Zambiri pa 50 zikuwonetsa zovuta kapena zovuta zokhudzana ndi intaneti) (www.netaddiction.com). Posankha maphunziro a IGD, tidawonjezeranso njira yowonjezera pa zomwe akhanda a IAT adakhazikitsa: 'mumawononga ___% yanthawi yanu yapaintaneti kusewera masewera apa intaneti' (> 80%).

Kujambula kwa deta yopumula

Kujambulaku kunachitika ku MRI Center ku East-China Normal University. Zambiri za MRI zidapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito sikani ya Nokia Trio 3T (Nokia, Erlangen, Germany). 'Malo opumulira' sanatanthauzidwe kuti panali ntchito ina yazidziwitso panthawi ya fMRI pantchito yathu. Ophunzira adayenera kukhala chete, kutseka maso awo, kukhalabe ogalamuka osaganizira chilichonse mwadongosolo38,39. Kuti muchepetse kusuntha kwa mutu, otenga mbali ali mgonero ndipo mitu yawo ili ndi lamba komanso thovu. Zithunzi zantchito zothandizira kupumulazo zidapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya EPI (echo-planar imaging). Magawo a scan ali monga awa: ophatikizika, nthawi yobwereza = 2000 ms, 33 axial masentimita, makulidwe = 3.0 mm, kusungunuka kwa ndege = 64 * 64, echo nthawi = 30 ms, flip angle = 90, gawo lakuwona = 240 * 240 mm, mavoliyumu a 210 (7 min). Zithunzi zosanjidwa zinasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma T1 olemedwa ndi 3D zowonongeka poyeserera, ndipo zidapezeka kuti zophimba ubongo wonse (magawo a 176, nthawi yobwereza = 1700 ms, echo nthawi TE = 2.26 ms, kukula kwamagawo = 1.0 mm, kudumpha = 0 mm , flip angle = 90 °, gawo lakuwona = 240 * 240 mm, resolution mu ndege = 256 * 256).

Kusanthula kwadongosolo

Zambiri zopumulazo zidachitika pogwiritsa ntchito REST ndi DPARSF (http://restfmri.org)40. Kukonzekera kumakhudza kuchotsedwa kwa nthawi yoyamba ya 10 (chifukwa cha kufanana kwa chizindikirocho komanso kulola omwe atengapo mbali kuti agwirizane ndi phokoso lakusuntha), kukonza thupi, kusintha kwa kagawo, kulembetsa kwa voliyumu ndi kuwongolera mutu. Kuwonongeka komwe kungachitike kuchokera kuzizindikiro zingapo zophatikizira kuphatikiza chizindikiritso cha chinthu choyera, magazi a msana, chimbulimbuli chapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso ma velocita osuntha asanu ndi limodzi adasinthidwa. Mndandanda wazithunzi zamutu uliwonse unkawongoleredwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yaying'ono komanso mbali yayitali (thupi lolimba) kusintha kwa mzere41. Chithunzicho chimayanjanitsidwa ndi chithunzithunzi chomwe chimagwira ntchito pambuyo poti akonze mayendedwe pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kosinthika. Kuyenda komwe kumawongolera magwiridwe antchito kudasinthidwa mwapadera kudera la MNI (Montreal Neurological Institute) ndikusinthidwa kukhala ma voxels a 3-mm isotropic pogwiritsa ntchito magawo abwinobwino omwe akuyembekezeredwa pagulu logwirizana. Kukonzanso kowonjezera kumaphatikizapo (1) kusefa kwa band-pass pakati pa 0.01 ndi 0.08 Hz; (2) Kuti tiwone kulumikizana kwa magwiridwe antchito, tidayamba kuwerengetsa kulumikizana kwa Pearson pakati pamiyeso yolimbitsa nthawi yamadela aliwonse osangalatsa (ROI). Kusintha kwa a F-r-to-z kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapu aliwonse olumikizana kuti agawire pafupifupi magwiridwe antchito kulumikizana ndikugwiritsanso ntchito ziwerengero za parametric.

Kusankhidwa kwa ROI mu kupumula

Mbewu zidasankhidwa kuti ndizokhazikitsidwa pokhazikitsa zolemba zake m'malo mongotenga mbewu m'magawo ndikupewa kukondera ndikuwonjezera zomwe zapezeka. Pamaukonde olamulira, mbewu zidafotokozedwa kutengera kafukufuku waposachedwa wa FC pogwiritsa ntchito data kuchokera kwa achinyamata a 100042 Kuwonetsa kutsogolo-parietal control network kumaphatikizapo zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi za ubongo. Amapezeka kutsogolo ndi parietal m'dera laubongo (pezani zofananira mwatsatanetsatane kuchokera Chithunzi 1). Tidagwiritsa ntchito ma symmetric kuti tisankhe nthangala kuchokera kumanzere oyenera.

Chithunzi 1 

Ma ROI osankhidwa mu kafukufukuyu.

Pa maukonde owerengera mphoto, kafukufuku wambiri adati njira yoyendera mabwalo amtunduwu imathandizira kusintha kwa mphoto zamtsogolo kukhala mtundu wa ndalama zamkati18,20,21. Dongosolo ili limaphatikizapo ma cyral striatum, dorsal striatum, ndi orbitof Pambal dera. Kupatula izi, maphunziro am'mbuyomu adawonetseranso kuti netiweki ya amygdala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri lomwe limayang'anira phindu la mphotho43. Chifukwa chake, phunziroli, tidaphatikizanso amygdala mu netiweki ya mphoto. Chifukwa striatum, amygdala ndi mbali zazing'ono zaubongo, tidasankha dera lonse ngati mbewu. Amygdala adachotsedwa ku harvard-Oxford subcortical atlas; striatum adasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Oxford-striatum-atlas. Kwa OFC, mbewu zidafotokozedwa motengera kusanthula kwa meta44,45, yomwe ikuwonetsa zigawo ziwiri zogwirizana za OFC zogwira ntchito, imodzi yomwe ikukhudzidwa ndi ziwonetsero zodziyimira pawokha zolimbikitsira (−23, 30, −12 ndi 16, 29, −13) ndi ina pakuwunika opanga omwe akutsogolera kusintha kwa machitidwe (−32 , 40, −11 ndi 33, 39, −11). Mwaona Chithunzi 1.

Kulumikizana pakati pa mbewu zomwe tidasankha pamwambapa kumangopereka kusiyana kwamagulu ndikuwonetsa kulumikizana kwamkati mkati kogwiritsira ntchito netiweki zamalipiro, padera. Kuti tipeze kulumikizana pakati pa ma netiweki awiriwa pamutu uliwonse komanso momwe zimathandizira pamachitidwe, timafunikira "mfundo" yolumikizana ndi ma netiweki onsewa. Phunziroli, tidasankha dera la nucleus accumbens (NAcc) ngati cholumikizira kapena dera la 'mbewu' yolumikizana pakati pa maulamuliro ndi mphotho zamagetsi chifukwa NAcc ili ndi gawo lofunikira pakukonda46, ndipo adatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi gawo logwirizana pazophunzira zamankhwala21. NAcc adachokeranso ku Harvard-Oxford subcortical atlas.

Kuwerengera kwa Kugwira Ntchito

Pa ROI iliyonse, nthawi yoimiridwa YOBADWIRA idapezedwa ndikuwongolera chizindikiro cha ma voxels onse mu ROI. Zolemba pamaneti ogwira ntchito zikuwonetsa kuti zimatha kugawanika mbali yakumanja ndi kumanzere kwa hemisphere47,48,49. Chifukwa chake, mu phunziroli, tinawerengera koyamba mtengo wama FCs pakati pamanzere akumanja ndi kuwongolera ma network ROI, mosiyana. Kenako, tidatenga mtengo wofunika wa ma FC awiriwo ngati mndandanda wonse wa FC. Kugwirizana pakati pa NAcc ndi Executive / network network kumawerengeredwa motere: Tidawerengera phindu la ma FCs pakati pa NAcc ndikuwongolera / mphoto ma network a ROI mu gawo limodzi. Kenako, tidatenga phindu la ma hemispatic FCs ngati mndandanda wonse wa FC.

Results

Kusiyana kwa FC mu network yolamulira pakati pa IGD ndi HC

Chithunzi 2 iwonetsa FC muulamuliro mu IGD ndi HC. FC mu control network ku HC ndiyofunika kwambiri kuposa IGD, mu ubongo lonse komanso m'magazi a hemispheric (HC ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa IGD mu FC mu network yolamulira kumanzere).

Chithunzi 2 

Compicesite FC indices of control network muma IGD ndi magulu a HC pamafanizo osiyanasiyana: ubongo wonse (kumanzere), hemisphere (pakati), ndi hemisphere lamanja (kumanja).

Kusiyana kwa FC mu network ya mphotho pakati pa IGD ndi HC

Chithunzi 3 ikuwonetsa FC mu network yolipira ku IGD ndi HC. Ma network mu mphoto ya FC mu IGD ndiwofunika kwambiri kuposa omwe ali mu HC mu ubongo wonse (p = 0.060) ndi gawo lakumanzere (p = 0.061). Ngakhale IGD amawonetsa FC wapamwamba kuposa HC mu hemisphere yoyenera, komabe, sikufikira pakuwoneka kofunikira (p = 0.112).

Chithunzi 3 

Compicesite FC indices of network network mu IGD ndi magulu a HC pamafanizo osiyanasiyana: ubongo wonse (kumanzere), hemisphere (pakati), ndi hemisphere lamanja (kumanja).

Kuyanjana pakati pa maukonde olamulira ndi ma network opereka mphotho

Tidawerengera mgwirizano pakati pa ma network ndikuwongolera mphoto pamlingo wonse wamaubongo. Mzere woyamba wa chiwerengero cha 4 ikuwonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa maukonde olamulira ndi maukonde a mphoto muubongo wathunthu m'mitu yonse (kumanzere), komanso m'magulu (kumanja). Titha kupeza kuti FC mu control network ikugwirizana molakwika ndi ma network network m'magulu onse a maphunziro. Ziwerengero mzere wachiwiri zikuwonetsa kuti network yolumikizira imalumikizidwa ndi netiweki ya mphoto kumanzere kumanzere. Komabe, mu hemisphere yoyenera (mzere wachitatu), ngakhale akuwonetsa zoyipa, izi zonse sizikukwaniritsidwa (Izi zitha chifukwa maulalo onse amtundu wa ROI adafotokozedwera kumanzere kwakumanzere. lamanzere hemisphere symmetrically). Mzere wachinayi udawonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa hemispheric kulumikizana pakati pa ma network ndikuyang'anira mphotho. Tikhozanso kupeza kulumikizana pakati pa olamulira ma netiweki yolandila ndi mphoto. Tengani zonse, ngakhale zochepa mwazomwe sizikukwanira masiku ena, titha kudziwa kuti kuwongolera maukonde sikugwirizana ndi mphoto ya mphotho.

Chithunzi 4 

Chiyanjano pakati pa maukonde oyang'anira ndi ma network opeza mphoto mumaphunziro onse (kumanzere), magulu a IGD (apakati) ndi magulu a HC (kumanja), motsatana.

Kukambirana

Kutsitsa kwa ma network kutsitsa komanso kulumikizana kwa mphotho yayikulu pamaphunziro a IGD

Mu kafukufukuyu, tawona kuti kuchepa kwa maulamuliro a IGD kumayerekezera ndi maphunziro a HC. Mtundu womangirira kwakanthawi umanenanso kuti kulumikizana kwa maubongo pakati pa ubongo ndikofunikira pakuthandizira kulumikizana kwa neural31. Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana kocheperako kwa ma network owongolera kumatha kuwonetsa kuti masewera a IGD omwe adasewera pa intaneti nthawi yayitali adasokoneza machitidwe awo oyang'anira. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu apeza kuti FC yama netiweki ena amatha kukhala olosera zamakhalidwe oyenera30,50,51. Maphunziro a fMRI ofotokoza a Task adawonetsanso kuti maphunziro a IGD adawonetsa kuyankha kwakanthawi kochepa kuposa kuyendetsa bwino8,9,11,12. Zizolowezi zoterezi zimawoneka kuti zimakhudzidwa ndi zoyeserera zokhudzana ndi masewera apa intaneti, zomwe zimayipa kwambiri mu IGD kuposa zomwe sizili mu IGD9. Kusintha kosawoneka bwino ndikuwongolera kuzindikirika mu IGD kumatha kukhala kogwirizana ndi kusakwanira kwa kayendedwe kamene kamachitika munjira izi, ndi zina mwazinthu zokhudzana ndi kuuma kwa IGD12.

Pa network yolipira, FC ku IGD ndiyofunika kwambiri kuposa HC. Maulalo olimba pakati pa mbewu za ma network mu IGD awonetsa kuti akuwonetsa kuti akufuna kulanditsa mphotho kuposa gulu la HC. Maphunziro a fMRI ofotokoza achita maumboni awonetsa kuti chidwi cha mphotho chimakwezedwa pakati pa maphunziro a IGD poyerekeza ndi oyang'anira athanzi2,9,14,15 m'malo ofatsa komanso owopsa. Kukhudzidwa kwa mphotho yolimbikitsidwa kumatha kupangitsa kuti mulakalaka kwambiri kuchita nawo masewera akusewera pa intaneti, chifukwa cha maphunziro a IGD atha kulandira mphotho yamphamvu. Ndipo masewera a pa intaneti omwe atenga nthawi yayitali atha kuwonetsa osewera kuti azichita zomwe zawachitikira ndikuwathandizanso kudziwa zenizeni pamoyo52.

Kuwongolera kwa Imbalanced pakati pa network yolamulira ndi network yolipira

Kuti tiwunikenso kulumikizana pakati pa oyang'anira olamulira ndi maukonde amphatso ndi kupeza momwe zimathandizira pamachitidwe omaliza pamitu iliyonse, tidasankha NAcc ngati cholumikizira kapena gawo la 'mbewu' yolumikizira oyang'anira ndi mphotho ma netiweki. Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe amagetsi olamulira ndi ma network opeza mphotho ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kulumikizidwa kwa maukonde a mphotho kumachepa, kulumikizidwa kochepera. Ma network awiriwa amalumikizana ndikukoka mafashoni komwe kulimbikitsidwa kwamphamvu kumayambitsa chisokonezo cha oyang'anira oyang'anira, ndipo chiwongolero champhamvu chotsogolera chimalepheretsa zolakalaka zazikulu53.

Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti oyang'anira akuwongolera zoyendetsa zimayendetsa magwiridwe antchito ndipo zitha kupangitsa kuti anthu ena aletse zomwe akufuna komanso mayendedwe ofuna mphotho.54,55,56. Kugawikana komwe kukuchitika pakati pa oyang'anira magawo apamwamba ndi gawo la mphotho kungathandizire kwambiri pakumvetsetsa kachitidwe komwe kumayambitsa IGD: Kuchulukitsa kwamalingaliro panthawi yopambana kapena yosangalatsa kungalimbikitse chidwi chawo chofuna kusewera pa intaneti. Pakadali pano, kukhumudwitsidwa pakulamulira kwamphamvu kumatha kubweretsa zolepheretsa zolakalaka izi, zomwe zingalole kukakamiza, zikhumbo kapena kulakalaka kuti zizilamulira ndikupangitsa kusewera kwambiri masewera a pa intaneti.

Kulumikizana kosagwirizana pakati pa oyang'anira olamulira ndi maukonde amalandiranso kuwunikira kumvetsetsa pakupanga zisankho kwa IGD. Kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti maphunziro a IGD akuwonetsa kuchepa kulingalira za zomwe akumana nazo posankha zamtsogolo52. Popanga zisankho pakati pa kutenga nawo gawo pa zochitika zopindulitsa zomwe zimaperekedwa mwachangu (mwachitsanzo, kusewera pa intaneti) ndi zotsatira zoyipa zazitali (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito masewera olimbitsa thupi pochita zinthu zina zogwirizana ndi kupambana kwanthawi yayitali), anthu omwe ali ndi IGD atha kuonedwa ngati akuwonetsa "Myopia wamtsogolo", monga tafotokozera zakumwa kosokoneza bongo57,58,59. Kulumikizana kwa mphotho yolimba ya mphotho yomweyo kungatulutse lingaliro kuti lilepheretse zomwe zingakhalepo, zomwe zingakhale zomveka kufotokoza njira yopangira malingaliro pazolandira pompopompo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisilira zomwe amachita pamasewera azosewerera. Kuphatikiza apo, machitidwe ofuna mphotho atha kulimbikitsidwa kudzera pazomwe zachitika posachedwa pa intaneti, zomwe zingapangitse kuti azichita masewera olakwika pa intaneti7.

Powombetsa mkota, kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti kusintha (kuchepa / kuwonjezeka) kwa ma synchrony a maphunziro am'magazi a IGD kumapereka lingaliro loti kusakwanira / kuwongolera mopitilira muyeso yazomwe zimayendera izi. Gawo losiyana pakati pa maukonde olamulira ndi maukonde a mphotho likusonyeza kuti kuwonongeka kwa oyang'anira kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zoletsa zosakwanira zolakalaka kusewera kwambiri pa intaneti. Zotsatira izi zitha kuwunikira kumvetsetsa kwamakina a IGD. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe ofanana pakati pa IGD ndi zosokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, kudalira kwa Heroin) akuwonetsa kuti IGD imatha kugawana zofanana ndi mitundu ina ya zosokoneza.

sitingathe

Zolephera zingapo ziyenera kuthandizidwa pano. Choyamba, chifukwa azimayi ochepa okha omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pa intaneti, tidangosankha maphunziro achimuna phunziroli. Kusagwirizana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumatha kuchepetsa kumapeto komaliza. Chachiwiri, powerengera kulumikizana pakati pa maukonde owongolera ndi maukonde a mphotho, tidasankha NAcc ngati mbewu potengera magwiridwe antchito a NAcc ndi zolemba zam'mbuyomu. Sitikudziwa ngati pali mbewu zabwino zowerengera izi. Chachitatu, kafukufuku wapano adangowulula zomwe zikupezeka m'mitu ya IAD, sitingathe kupeza zifukwa pakati pa izi. Chachinayi, posankha ma ROI oyenera a maulamuliro olamulira, tinagwiritsa ntchito zolumikizana molingana ndi gawo lakumanzere, chomwe chingakhale chifukwa chomwe ma index omwe ali kumanja akumunsi amakhala otsika kuposa kumalire akumanzere.

Zopereka za Wolemba

GD adayesa kuyesa ndikulemba kusindikiza koyambirira kolemba pamanja. XL ndi XD adatenga ndikuwunika zomwe adasankha, adakonza ziwonetsero. YH ndi CX adakambirana zotsatira, adalangizidwa kutanthauzira ndipo adathandizira kukonzanso komaliza. Olemba onse adathandizira ndipo avomereza zolemba zomaliza.

Kuvomereza

Kafukufukuyu anathandizidwa ndi National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371023). Wothandizira ndalama analibe gawo lina pakupanga kosanthula; pakusunga, kusanthula ndi kutanthauzira kwa deta; polemba lipotilo; kapena posankha kuti mutumize pepalalo kuti lifalitsidwe.

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