Kulimbana ndi intaneti: Kugonjetsa mafashoni, ziyembekezo, ndi zotsatira za mankhwala (2014)

Matthias Brand^{1,2 *}, Christian Laier¹ ndi Kimberly S. Young³

• ¹Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
• ²Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
• ³Center for Internet Addiction, Russell J. Jandoli School of Journalism and Mass Communication, St. Bonaventure University, Olean, NY, USA

Kuledzera kwa pa intaneti (IA) kwakhala mkhalidwe wowopsa wamalingaliro m'mayiko ambiri. Kuti mumvetsetse bwino zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a IA, kafukufukuyu adayesa njira yatsopano yowunikira yomwe ikusonyeza njira zomwe zimathandizira kukulitsa vutoli. Mtunduwu umasiyanitsa pakati pa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (GIA) ndi mitundu yodziwika. Kafukufukuyu anayesa mtundu wa GIA pa chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zotsatira zochokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito 1019 zikuwonetsa kuti mtundu wa hypothesised organical equation unafotokozera 63.5% ya kusiyanasiyana kwa zizindikiro za GIA, monga momwe akufotokozera ndi mtundu waufupi wa Mayeso Othandizira pa intaneti. Kugwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwa zamaganizidwe ndi umunthu, zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti kuzindikira kwa munthu (zosagwirizana bwino ndi kuyembekezera kwanzeru) kumaonjezera ngozi ya GIA. Zinthu ziwirizi zimatanthawuza zizindikiro za GIA ngati zinthu zina zowopsa zidakhalapo monga kupsinjika, kuda nkhawa ndi anthu, kudzidalira pang'ono, kuchita zinthu zochepa, komanso kusokonezeka kwakukulu kutchula madera ochepa omwe adayezedwa mu kafukufukuyu. Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi luso lotha kupirira komanso osayembekezera kuti intaneti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwonjezera zabwino kapena kuchepetsa malingaliro amakhala osatetezeka pakugwiritsa ntchito zovuta pa intaneti, ngakhale umunthu wina kapena vuto lanu laling'ono likakhalapo. Zomwe zimathandizidwazo zimaphatikizapo gawo lowoneka bwino pachitukuko cha GIA komanso kufunika kounikira momwe wodwala amathandizira ndikuzindikira komanso kusintha malingaliro olakwika kuti achepetse zizindikiro ndikuthandizanso kuchira.

Introduction

Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta pamavuto ambiri kwawoneka komanso kuwonetsa kuti zovuta zomwe zimachitika monga kuchepa kwa ntchito, kulephera kwamaphunziro, ndi kusudzulana zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri (zowunika onani Griffiths, 2000a,b; Chou et al., 2005; Widyanto ndi Griffiths, 2006; Byun et al., 2009; Weinstein ndi Lejoyeux, 2010; Lortie ndi Guitton, 2013). Kufunika kwamankhwala pazinthu izi kumabweretsa phindu lofunikira poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kuyambira 1.5 mpaka 8.2% (Weinstein ndi Lejoyeux, 2010) kapena ngakhale mpaka 26.7%, kutengera masikelo omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomwe agwiritsa (Kuss et al., 2014).

Ngakhale mafotokozedwe oyamba azotengera za matendawa ali pafupifupi 20 zaka zapitazo (Achinyamata, 1996), gawoli limakambidwabe mokangana ndipo chifukwa chake mawu angapo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku asayansi, kuyambira "kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti" (Meerkerk et al., 2006, 2009, 2010), "Mavuto okhudzana ndi intaneti" (Widyanto et al., 2008), "Kugwiritsa ntchito kovuta pa intaneti" (Caplan, 2002), "Kugwiritsa ntchito kwanzeru Internet" (Davis, 2001) ku "Khalidwe lodana ndi intaneti"Brenner, 1997), kungotchulapo ochepa. Mu zaka zomaliza za 10, komabe, ochita kafukufuku ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti" kapena "Internet addiction" (mwachitsanzo, Johansson ndi Götestam, 2004; Dulani, 2008; Byun et al., 2009; Dong et al., 2010, 2011, 2013; Kim et al., 2011; Purty et al., 2011; Wamng'ono, 2011b, 2013; Young et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011; Cash et al., 2012; Hou et al., 2012; Hong et al., 2013a,b; Kardefelt-Winther, 2014; Pontes et al., 2014; Tonioni et al., 2014). Timakondanso mawu akuti "Internet addiction (IA)," chifukwa zolemba zaposachedwa (onani kukambirana mu Brand et al., 2014) yikani kufanana pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika pa intaneti ndi machitidwe ena osokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, Grant et al., 2013) komanso kudalira zinthu zina (onaninso Achinyamata, 2004; Griffiths, 2005; Meerkerk et al., 2009). Amanenanso kuti njira zomwe zimakhudzana ndikupanga ndikusunga kudalirana kwa zinthu zimasinthidwa kukugwiritsidwa ntchito kopitilira muyeso kwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (komanso zikhalidwe zina), mwachitsanzo malingaliro olimbikitsira chidwi ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi zosokoneza (mwachitsanzo, Robinson ndi Berridge, 2000, 2001, 2008; Berridge et al., 2009). Izi zikuyeneranso bwino ndi chiyerekezo cha kapangidwe kazikhalidwe zosokoneza (Griffiths, 2005).

Kafukufuku wambiri adachitika pazolumikizana zam'mutu za IA, koma izi zachitika - nthawi zambiri - popanda kusiyanitsa pakati pa chizolowezi cha intaneti (GIA) ndi chizolowezi china chapa intaneti (SIA; Morahan-Martin ndi Schumacher, 2000; Leung, 2004; Ebeling-Witte et al., 2007; Lu, 2008; Kim ndi Davis, 2009; Billieux ndi Van der Linden, 2012), ngakhale njira zamaganizidwe zimakhala zosiyanasiyana, komanso zam'magulu osiyana zaka kapena zogwiritsidwa ntchito (Lopez-Fernandez ndi al., 2014). Phunziro lathu limayang'ana zotsatira zoyipa za mayendedwe okhudzana ndi kuyembekezera magwiridwe antchito pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pokonza ndi kukonza GIA kuti athandizire kumvetsetsa bwino kwamomwe amachititsa ndi zomwe zingakhale ndi vuto lodziwitsana ndi chithandizo.

Pamalo ophunzirira, zidalembedwa kale kuti IA iyenera kusiyanitsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti yonse (Griffiths ndi Wood, 2000) motsutsana ndi mitundu yapadera ya IA monga cybersex, maubale pa intaneti, kukakamira maukonde (mwachitsanzo, kutchova juga, kugula malo ogulitsa), kusaka zidziwitso, ndi masewera a pa intaneti kuti apange zolaula pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, Young et al., 1999; Meerkerk et al., 2006; Dulani, 2008; Brand et al., 2011). Komabe, subtype imodzi yokha, Matenda a Masewera pa intaneti, aphatikizidwa ndi zowonjezera za DSM-5 (APA, 2013). Maphunziro ambiri amaunika IA ngati mapangidwe ogwirizana kapena amangoyesa gawo limodzi lokhalo (nthawi zambiri masewera a pa intaneti). M'machitidwe ake achikhalidwe, Davis (2001) idasiyanitsidwanso pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya intaneti yodziwika bwino (GIA) ndi njira inayake yogwiritsira ntchito Internet (SIA). GIA idafotokozedwa kuti ndi njira yowonjezera pa intaneti, yomwe imakonda kuyenda ndi nthawi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mosayang'anira. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti (monga Lortie ndi Guitton, 2013), yomwe ikuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa chithandizo chamachitidwe cha anthu ndi zovuta zakudziko zomwe munthu amakhala nazo pazovuta zina. Kuphatikiza apo, akuti akatswiriwa amatha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zingapo mosiyanasiyana popanda kukhala ndi zomwe amakonda, mwachitsanzo kusewera masewera, kuwona zolaula, kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso ndi / kapena malo ogulitsira, kutumiza ma selfies, kuwonera mavidiyo kumapulatifomu a kanema, kuwerenga mabulogu za ena, ndi ena otero. Pankhaniyi, wina akhoza kunena kuti amene ali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso osagwiritsa ntchito intaneti (onaninso kukambirana mu Nyenyezi, 2013). Davis akuti kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa GIA ndi SIA ndikuti anthu omwe akudwala GIA sakanakhala ndi vuto lomwelo popanda intaneti, pomwe anthu omwe akuvutika ndi SIA akadakhala ndi zovuta zofanananso pamakonzedwe ena. M'magulu onse awiriwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti, GIA ndi SIA, malingaliro owoneka okhudzana ndiokha komanso za dziko lapansi akuti atenga mbali yofunika kwambiri (Caplan, 2002, 2005).

Kafukufuku wofufuza ku GIA adawonetsa kuti madandaulo omwe ali ndi moyo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti amakhala olumikizana ndi umunthu wosiyanasiyana. Zowonadi, zidawonetsedwa kuti GIA imagwirizanitsidwa ndi psychopathological comorbidities, monga zovuta zothandizira kapena nkhawa (Whang et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2005; Weinstein ndi Lejoyeux, 2010) komanso mikhalidwe yomwe ili ndi manyazi, kuuma, kusachedwa kupsinjika, chizolowezi chozengereza, komanso kudziona kukhala wotsika (Niemz et al., 2005; Ebeling-Witte et al., 2007; Hardie ndi Tee, 2007; Thatcher et al., 2008; Kim ndi Davis, 2009). Zina mwazinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, kusowa kwa chithandizo chothandizira kapena kudzipatula pagulu (Morahan-Martin ndi Schumacher, 2003; Caplan, 2007) komanso ngakhale kusungulumwa m'malo ophunzitsira ana.Pontes et al., 2014,, zikuwoneka kuti ndizogwirizana ndi GIA. Komanso, akuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati chida chothanirana ndi zovuta kapena zovuta m'moyo zimathandizira kukulitsa GIA (Whang et al., 2003; Tang et al., 2014). Anthu omwe ali ndi IA amawonetsanso kwambiri njira yothanirana ndi zovuta (Tonioni et al., 2014). Olemba ena amachita concere IA ngati mtundu wolimbana ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kapena zovuta za tsiku ndi tsiku (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). Pali maphunziro ena oyamba okha, omwe amafananiza momveka bwino olosera zamitundu mitundu ya SIA. Pawlikowski et al. (2014) adanena kuti manyazi ndi kukhutira kwa moyo ndizokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a intaneti, koma osati kugwiritsa ntchito masewera olimbitsa thupi pa intaneti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito masewera ndi cybersex.

Kutengera zakafukufuku wakale, makamaka pamatsutso a Davis (2001), komanso poganizira zamakono zomwe zapezeka muubongo wa neuropsychological ndi neuroimaging pazomvera zomwe zimawalembera pa intaneti, tangofalitsa zolemba zamalingaliro pazakukula ndi kukonza GIA ndi SIA (Brand et al., 2014). Zina zomwe zidaphatikizidwa mufanizoli zatchulidwa kale pamtundu wa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ochezera a pa tsamba, mwachitsanzo kuyembekezera kwa zotulukapo zabwino (Turel ndi Serenko, 2012). Zawonetsedwanso kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kapena zowonjezera pamalonda pa intaneti kumalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa zikhulupiriro za anthu za njirayi ndipo izi zimatsimikiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mtsogolo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolinga (Turel et al., 2011). Izi zikugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chathu cha GIA, momwe timaganizira kuti zikhulupiliro kapena ziyembekezo pazomwe intaneti imatha kuchitira munthu zimayambitsa mchitidwe, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, komwe kumathandizanso kukuyembekezerani mtsogolo. Komabe, mchitsanzo chathu tayang'ana kwambiri gawo lolimbana ndi zoyembekezera komanso kuthana ndi mavuto pakupanga ndi kusunga GIA ndi mitundu yapadera ya SIA.

Pakukonza ndi kukonza GIA, timanena kuti wogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi zosowa ndi zolinga zina zomwe zingatheke pogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Kutengera kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu, tidaphatikiza zingapo mwazomwe tapeza kuti tikhale ndi mtundu wokwanira womangiriza zinthu izi limodzi. Poyamba, mikhalidwe ya munthu yomwe imagwirira ntchito imalumikizidwa ndi IA ndipo imaphatikizapo zochitika zama psychopathological, umunthu wake, komanso malingaliro a anthu. Mu gawo loyamba, tidaphatikizira zizindikiro za psychopathological, makamaka kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa yamagulu (mwachitsanzo, Whang et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2005), mawonekedwe osokoneza bongo, monga kudziyendetsa pang'ono, manyazi, kusowa nkhawa, komanso kuzengeleza (Whang et al., 2003; Chak ndi Leung, 2004; Caplan, 2007; Ebeling-Witte et al., 2007; Hardie ndi Tee, 2007; Thatcher et al., 2008; Kim ndi Davis, 2009; Pontes et al., 2014), komanso kudzipatula pagulu / kusowa kwothandizirana ndi anthu (Morahan-Martin ndi Schumacher, 2003; Caplan, 2005) pokonza GIA. Komabe, tapangira izi kuti chidwi cha zomwe munthu ali nazo komanso kuzindikira pakukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuyenera kulumikizidwa ndi malingaliro ena okhudzana ndi intaneti, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito njira yapaintaneti.Turel et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2012; Lee ndi al., 2014), ndi njira zina zothanirana ndi zofunika pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku kapena zovuta za tsiku ndi tsiku (Tang et al., 2014; Tonioni et al., 2014). Mu gawo lachitatu lachitsanzo, monga zotsatira zake, ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo atapita pa intaneti ndikulandila kulimbikitsidwa pothana ndi mavuto kapena kusakhazikika maganizo ndipo munthuyo akuyembekezera kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kudzawasokoneza pamavuto kapena pazinthu zosalimbikitsa, ndiye mwina atembenukira pa intaneti kuthawa malingaliro omwe amatsimikizirika chifukwa cha kulephera kudziletsa, kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi moyenera, kulakalaka, komanso mavuto azachuma. Ntchito yothandizira ndi kuwongolera njira yafotokozedwera bwino m'mabuku othandiza kukonza ndi kukonza mavuto okhudzana ndi zinthu (mwachitsanzo, Robinson ndi Berridge, 2001, 2008; Kalivas ndi Volkow, 2005; Everitt ndi Robbins, 2006). Tanenanso kuti kulimbikitsa koyenera komanso kosalimbikitsa kwa njira yolimbana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti mwachangu kumapangitsa kuti kutayika kwa magwiridwe antchito pa intaneti, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi oyamba (oyang'anira).Brand et al., 2014).

Ngakhale chithunzichi chikugwirizana bwino ndi mabuku am'mbuyomu pazopezeka zazikulu zokhudzana ndi njira zamaganizidwe kumbuyo kwa IA (onani mwachidule za Kuss ndi Griffiths, 2011a,b; Griffiths, 2012) komanso machitidwe aposachedwa kwambiri a mitsempha ya neuropsychological and neuroimaging a GIA ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya SIA (Kuss ndi Griffiths, 2012; Brand et al., 2014,, mtunduwu udafunikirabe umboni wowonetsa potengera zowonjezera zowonjezera. Mu phunziroli, tidayang'ana kutanthauzira maumboni mwachidule a GIA omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa kuti akhale chitsanzo cha ziwonetsero pamlingo wamitundu yosinthika ndipo tidayesa zotsatira za kuwonera ndi kuwunika pakubwera kwa zizindikiro za GIA pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa anthu pa intaneti. Pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ndi umunthu wovomerezeka, choyamba tinayang'ana mikhalidwe ya anthu polosera za kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwatsatanetsatane. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yovomerezeka yovomerezeka ndi njira zomwe tangogwiritsa kumene pa intaneti, tinayesa ngati luso lolephera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (monga kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuthawa malingaliro osakhudzidwa kapena zochitika zosasangalatsa) kulumikizani kulumikizana pakati pazomwe munthu ali nazo komanso zomwe ali nazo GIA.

Zida ndi njira

The Operationalised Model

Tidamasulira koyamba za malingaliro ofotokozedwa kumayambiriro ndikuwonetsera m'nkhaniyi Brand et al. (2014) kukhala woyesedwa ndi kuyeserera manambala. Pa gawo lirilonse lomwe latchulidwa mu chiphunzitso cha theoretical, tidasankha zosintha ziwiri kuwoneka kuti timangidwe modabwitsa. Pakasinthidwe kalikonse, tinkagwiritsa ntchito sikelo (chilichonse chopanga zinthu zingapo, onani mafotokozedwe a zida zili pansipa) kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ake. Mtundu woyeserera monga SEM pa latent level ukuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 1.

 

FIGURE 1. Mtundu woyeserera, kuphatikiza kulingalira kwakukulu kwa mtundu wa zoyerekeza pa GIA, pakuwoneka patent.

Ophunzira

Pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wapaintaneti wokwanira, tinali ndi oyankha a 1148. Pambuyo pakupatula kwa omwe ali nawo pa 129 chifukwa cha data yosakwanira mu sikelo ya psychometric, chitsanzo chomaliza chinali N = 1019. Ophunzirawo adalembedwa zotsatsa, malo ochezera a pa intaneti (Nkhani ya Facebook ya gulu la Psychology: Cognition), mindandanda yamaimelo kwa ophunzira aku University of Duisburg-Essen, komanso kudzera mwa ntchentche pazosindikiza nyumba ndi malo omasulira. kuyamwa. Kutsatsa, maimelo, ndi ntchentche zikuphatikiza mawu oti omwe akutenga nawo mbali atha kutenga nawo gawo pa Ra kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza chimodzi mwazinthu izi: (1) iPad, (2) iPad mini, (3) iPod nano, (4 ) iPod shu ffl e, makadi amphatso ya 20 Amazon (50 Euros iliyonse). Phunziroli lidavomerezedwa ndi komiti yamakhalidwe abwino yakomweko.

Kutanthauza zaka zoyeserera zomaliza zinali zaka 25.61 (SD = 7.37). Chitsanzocho chinaphatikizapo akazi a 625 (61.33%) ndi amuna 385 (37.78%) (odzipereka asanu ndi anayi sanayankhe funsoli). Ponena za moyo wabwinobwino, ophunzira 577 (56.62%) amakhala pachibwenzi kapena anali okwatirana ndipo 410 (40.24%) akuwonetsa kuti alibe ubale wapano (omwe akutenga nawo gawo 32 sanayankhe funsoli). Nthawi yoyesa, omwe anali nawo pa 687 (67.42%) anali ophunzira, omwe akutenga nawo gawo 332 (32.58%) anali ndi ntchito yanthawi zonse (popanda maphunziro) Pazitsanzo zonse, omwe adatenga nawo gawo 116 (11.4%) adakwaniritsa njira zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti [zodula> 30 mufupikitsa mayeso a Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT), onani kufotokozera kwa chida chomwe chili pansipa] ndi omwe akutenga nawo gawo 38 (3.7%) a kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (> 37 mu s-IAT). Nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti inali 972.36 min / sabata (SD = 920.37). Pazitsanzo zonse, anthu 975 amagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti / malo olumikizirana (M_{mphindi / sabata} = 444.47, SD = 659.05), anthu a 998 (97.94%) adafufuza zambiri pa intaneti (M_{mphindi / sabata} = 410.03, SD = 626.26), anthu a 988 (96.96%) amagwiritsa ntchito malo ogulira (M_{mphindi / sabata} = 67.77, SD = 194.29), masewera a pa intaneti adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi omwe anali nawo pa 557 (54.66%, M_{mphindi / sabata} = 159.61, SD = 373.65), kutchova juga pa intaneti kunachitidwa ndi omwe atenga nawo mbali pa 161 (15.80%, M_{mphindi / sabata} = 37.09, SD = 141.70), ndi cybersex idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu a 485 (47.60%, M_{mphindi / sabata} = 66.46, SD = 108.28). Ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito ma intaneti angapo, ochita nawo 995 (97.64%) akuti amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti katatu kapena kupitilira apo zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa.

Zida

Kuyesa Kwachidule pa Intaneti

Zizindikiro za IA zidayesedwa ndi mtundu waku Germany wazowonjezera pa Internet Addiction Test (Pawlikowski et al., 2013), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa mtundu woyambirira wopangidwa ndi Achinyamata (1998). Mu mtundu wafupikitsa (s-IAT), zinthu 12 ziyenera kuyankhidwa pamiyeso isanu kuyambira 1 (= konse) mpaka 5 (= pafupipafupi) zomwe zimabweretsa kuchuluka kuyambira 12 mpaka 60, pomwe zambiri> 30 ikuwonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kovuta pa intaneti ndi mphotho> 37 imawonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapaintaneti (Pawlikowski et al., 2013). S-IAT imakhala ndi zinthu ziwiri: kutayika kwa kuwongolera / kuwongolera nthawi ndikukhumba / zovuta zamagulu (chilichonse chimakhala ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi). Ngakhale zinthu za 12 zimalemera pazinthu ziwiri pazowunikira komanso zowunikira zonse (CFA; Pawlikowski et al., 2013), amajambula zikuluzikulu za IA, mwachitsanzo zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za (Griffiths, 2005). Woyamba "kuchepa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka nthawi" amawunika momwe munthu aliri ndi mavuto osokoneza nthawi m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (mwachitsanzo, "Ndi kangati kamene mumanyalanyaza ntchito zapakhomo kuti muwononge nthawi yambiri pa intaneti?" "Ndi kangati komwe umagona chifukwa chochezera online usiku?"). Zinthu za subscale izi zimawunikiranso zotsatirapo zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti (mwachitsanzo, "Kodi ma kalasi yanu kapena kusukulu kwanu amakumana ndi mavuto otani chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe mumathera pa intaneti?"). Zimawonetsedwanso ngati ophunzirawo amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso ngati ayesera kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndikulephera (mwachitsanzo, "Ndi kangati kamene mumakhala kuti mumakhala pa intaneti kwanthawi yayitali kuposa momwe mumafunira?" mukuyesa kuchepetsa nthawi yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndikulephera? ”). Zinthu zonse sizimayesa kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe akhala pa intaneti, koma kaya anthu kapena ena asakuyang'anira pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso mavuto m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Nkhani yachiwiri "kukhumba / mavuto pagulu" imayesa zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti pochita zinthu ndi kucheza ndi sing'anga (mwachitsanzo, "Nthawi zambiri mumakhala wotanganidwa bwanji ndi intaneti mukamachita, kapena mumaganizira zokhala pa intaneti?"). Zinthu za subscale izi zimawunikiranso mavuto apagulu lanu (mwachitsanzo, Mumangokhalira kubuula, kufuula, kapena kuchita zinthu ngati wina wakupsompsonani pomwe muli pa intaneti? ”) Komanso malamulo osinthika (mwachitsanzo,“ Nthawi zambiri mumakhala wokhumudwa bwanji, , kapena wamanjenje ukakhala kuti ulibe, zomwe zimachoka ukangobwerera pa intaneti?). Zinthu zonse zimaphatikizira mawu akuti "intaneti" kapena "pa intaneti" mwachindunji osangoyang'ana pa chinthu china. M'maphunzirowa, ophunzirawo adauzidwa kuti mafunso onse akukhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuphatikiza ntchito zonse zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito.

S-IAT ili ndi ma psychometric abwino komanso othandiza (Pawlikowski et al., 2013). Pampulu lathu, kusasinthika kwamkati (Cronbach's α) anali 0.856 pamlingo wonse, 0.819 pakuwonongeka kwa chiwongolero / kasamalidwe ka nthawi, ndi 0.751 pazomwe zimakhumba / zovuta zamagulu.

Pang'onopang'ono Zizindikiro Zoyambitsa - kukhumudwa kwa subscale

Zizindikiro zakukhumudwa zidawerengedwa ndi mtundu waku Germany (Franke, 2000) zamatenda a subscale a Brief Syndromeom Inventory (Boulet ndi Bwana, 1991; Derogatis, 1993). Mulingowo umakhala ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zowunika zowonetsa m'masiku otsiriza a 7. Mayankho amayenera kuperekedwa pamlingo wazitali zisanu kuyambira 0 (= ayi konse) mpaka 4 (= kwambiri). Kusasinthika kwamkati (Cronbach's α) mu mtundu wathu anali 0.858.

Chidule Chatsopano cha Zizindikiro - subscale interralal sensitivity

Zizindikiro zak kuda nkhawa kwa anthu komanso kumverera kwapakati zinayesedwa ndi mtundu wa Chijeremani (Franke, 2000) of subscale interfitityity of the Brief Sy Symbom Inventory (Boulet ndi Bwana, 1991; Derogatis, 1993). Sikelo ili ndi zinthu zinayi ndipo mayankho amayenera kuperekedwa pamiyeso isanu kuchokera ku 0 (= ayi ayi) mpaka 4 (= kwambiri). Kusasinthika kwamkati (Cronbach's α) mu mtundu wathu anali 0.797.

Mulingo Wodzilimbitsa

Kudzidalira kunayesedwa ndi Mbiri Yodziyimira Yokha (Rosenberg, 1965). Apa tidagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa Chijeremani wosinthika (Collani ndi Herzberg, 2003), yomwe ili ndi zinthu khumi. Mayankho amayenera kuperekedwa pamakwerero anayi kuchokera ku 0 (= sanagwirizane mwamphamvu) mpaka 3 (= amavomereza mwamphamvu). Kusasinthika kwamkati (Cronbach's α) mu mtundu wathu anali 0.896.

Mulingo Wamphamvu Yodziyesa

Kuchita pawokha kuyesedwa ndi Mbiri ya Kuchita Mwanzeru (Schwarzer ndi Yerusalemu, 1995), yomwe ili ndi zinthu za 10. Mayankho amayenera kuperekedwa pamakwerero anayi kuchokera ku 1 (= sizowona) mpaka 4 (= zoona zowona). Kusasinthika kwamkati (Cronbach's α) mu mtundu wathu anali 0.863.

Njira Yabwino Kwambiri Yopsinjika

Kuvutika kwa kupsinjika kunayesedwa ndi kuwunika kwa buku la Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress (TICS; Schulz et al., 2004). Zowunikira zili ndi zinthu za 12 zokhudzana ndi kupezeka kwa nkhawa m'miyezi yapitayi ya 3. Mawu aliwonse amayenera kuyankhidwa pamiyeso isanu yokhala ndi 0 (= konse) mpaka 4 (= pafupipafupi). Kusasinthika kwamkati (Cronbach's α) mu mtundu wathu anali 0.908.

Kusungulumwa

Makina achidule a Scell ​​L Scal (De Jong Gierveld ndi Van Tilburg, 2006) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekezera kumverera kwa kusungulumwa (subscale maikutlo kusungulumwa, zinthu zitatu) ndikuzindikira chithandizo chothandizira (othandizira othandizira, zinthu zitatu). Zonena zonse ziyenera kuyankhidwa pamiyeso isanu kuchokera ku 1 (= ayi!) Mpaka 5 (= inde!). Kusasinthika kwamkati (Cronbach's α) mu zitsanzo zathu kunali 0.765 pazosungulumwa zam'malingaliro osungulumwa ndi 0.867 pakuthandizira pazachuma.

COPE COPE

COPE COPE (Carver, 1997) imagwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe kosiyanasiyana m'magawo angapo osiyanasiyana. Pano tidagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsalira za Chijeremani zitatu (Knoll et al., 2005): Kukana, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi kudziletsa. Ngongole iliyonse idayimilidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri, zomwe zimayenera kuyankhidwa pamakina anayi kuchokera ku 1 (= sindinachite izi) mpaka 4 (= ndakhala ndikuchita izi kwambiri). Kusasinthika kwamkati (Cronbach's α) mu zitsanzo zathu kunali 0.561 pakukana kwapang'onopang'ono, 0.901 pazogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zam'mbuyo, ndi 0.517 pazakuthandizira kwa subscale. Popeza kuti miyeso imakhala ndi zinthu ziwiri zokha komanso kupatsidwa kuti chida chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamaphunziro angapo ovomerezeka kuphatikiza malipoti okudziwitsanso mayeso, timayesa kudalirika kovomerezeka.

Ntchito Zapaintaneti

Kuyesa zomwe tikuyembekeza pa intaneti, tinapanga mtundu watsopano wokhala ndi mtundu woyamba wa zinthu za 16. Zinthuzi zimawonetsa zinthu zina zolimbikitsa monga, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zalembedwa ndi Xu et al. (2012) komanso Yee (2006). Zinthuzo adazipereka a priori pamiyeso iwiri (chilichonse chimakhala ndi zinthu zisanu ndi zitatu): ma internet oyembekezera ogwiritsa ntchito bwino (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti ndikondweretse") ndi omwe akuwonetsa zolimba (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti ndisokoneze mavuto"). Mayankho onse anaperekedwa pamlingo wama mfundo 6 kuyambira 1 (= osagwirizana kwathunthu) mpaka 6 (= ndikuvomereza kwathunthu). Pamaziko a zomwe tapeza phunziroli (N = 1019), tinachita kafukufuku wowunika (EFA). Horn's (1965) kuwunikira limodzi komanso kuyesa kwapakati pamiyeso (MAP)Velicer, 1976) adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire chiwerengero choyenera. Njirayi idabweretsa yokhazikika pazinthu ziwiri. EFA yokhala ndi mbali yayikulu yosanthula ndi kusintha kwa varimax idapangidwa kuti iwonenso kapangidwe ka Internet Use Expectancies Scale (IUES). Zotsatira za EFA zomaliza ndi mtundu wotsiriza wa 8 wa IUES wokhala ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zasungidwa (Gome 1). Ndi zinthu ziwirizi, tawona kusiyanasiyana kwa 63.41%. Choyamba chimakhala ndi zinthu zinayi zokhala ndi katundu wambiri pachinthu chachikulu (> 0.50) ndi zochepa pamtundu wina (<0.20) ndipo zimakhudzana ndi ziyembekezo zabwino, chifukwa chake tidatcha chinthuchi "ziyembekezo zabwino." Chinthu chachiwiri chimakhala ndi zinthu zinayi zokhala ndi katundu wambiri pachinthu chachikulu (> 0.50) ndi zotsika zochepa pachinthu china (<0.20), ndi zinthu zonse zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kupewa kapena kuchepetsa malingaliro kapena malingaliro olakwika, chifukwa chake tidatcha ichi chinthu "kuyembekezera ziyembekezo." Zinthu ziwirizi ndizodalirika ("ziyembekezo zabwino": Cronbach's α = 0.832 ndi "zopewa" Cronbach's α = 0.756). Zinthu ziwirizi zidalumikizidwa kwambiri (r = 0.496, p <0.001) ndizovuta pang'ono (Cohen, 1988).

 

CHITSANZO 1. Factor katundu ndi kudalirika kwa zinthu ziwiri za IUES, njira ya zinthu zokuvomerezeka ndi manambala a zinthu.

Kuti tiwonetsetse momwe chipangizochi chagwiritsidwira ntchito, tinayesa zitsanzo zowonjezera za maphunziro a 169 (amatanthauza zaka = 21.66, SD = 2.69; Akazi a 106) pakugwiritsa ntchito CFA. CFA idachitika ndi MPlus (Muthén ndi Muthén, 2011). Pakuwunika kwamayesero oyenerera, tinagwiritsa ntchito miyezo yoyenera (Hu ndi Bentler, 1995, 1999): Muzu wokhazikika wokhazikika ukutanthauza kuti zotsalira (SRMR; mitengo yomwe ili pansipa 0.08 ikuwoneka bwino ndi data), zophatikizira zoyenera (CFI / TLI; zomwe zili pamwambapa 0.90 zikuwonetsa zoyenera, zomwe zili pamwambapa 0.95 yoyenera bwino) cholakwika chofananira (RMSEA; "test of fit close"; mtengo womwe uli m'munsi mwa 0.08 wokhala ndi mtengo wofunikira pansipa 0.05 umawonetsa kuyenera kovomerezeka). CFA idatsimikizira yankho la zinthu ziwiri za IUES bwino magawo oyenera: RMSEA inali 0.047, CFI inali 0.984, TLI inali 0.975, ndipo SRMR inali 0.031. The χ² kuyesa sikunali kofunika, χ² = 24.58, p = 0.137 yowonetsera kuti zomwezo sizinasinthe kwenikweni kuchokera ku mtundu wazowonera (njira ziwirizi, monga zasonyezedwera m'Gome 1) .Zitsanzozi zidasonkhanitsidwa ku CFA, kokha. Zambiri sizinaphatikizidwe pazowunikiranso.

Zosanthula Zosati

Njira zowerengera zinachitidwa ndi SPSS 21.0 ya Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics, yotulutsidwa 2012). Malumikizidwe a Pearson adawerengedwa kuti ayesere ubale wa zero-oda pakati pa zosiyana ziwiri. Kuwongolera zomwe zimagulitsidwa, timapanga zosinthika mosasintha monga momwe timapezera s-IAT (kuchuluka kwathunthu). Kusintha kosintha kumeneku kuyenera kukhala kosagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitundu yonse yosangalatsa, ngati malumikizowo sanapangidwe ndi omwe akupanga izi. Malumikizidwe onse ndi zosintha mosasinthika anali ochepa kwambiri, rs <0.049, kuwonetsa kuti kunalibe ochita kutulutsa ena pamlingo uliwonse pachitsanzo chomaliza (N = 1019). Kuphatikiza apo ma zibaluni pakati pa zosinthika adazilamulira zowoneka. Apanso, palibe akunja kwambiri omwe adapezeka. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula kunachitika ndi maphunziro onse.

Kuwunikira kwa SEM kudaphatikizidwa ndi MPlus 6 (Muthén ndi Muthén, 2011). Panalibe zosowa. Tisanayese mtundu wathunthu, zoyenera za miyeso yam'mbuyo zidayesedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito CFA ku MPlus. Mwa onsewa, SEM ndi CFA, kuwerengetsa kwakukulu koyeserera kwayikidwa. Pakuwunika koyenera, tidagwiritsa ntchito zoyenera (Hu ndi Bentler, 1995, 1999) monga tafotokozera kale m'gawo lino. Pogwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kwa mkhalapakati kunalifunika, malinga Baron ndi Kenny (1986), kuti mitundu yonse yophatikizidwa ndi nkhalapakati iyenera kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake. Tidagwiritsanso ntchito ma moderated kusanthula momwe zotsatira za woyang'anira zingawunikire poganizira njira ina yopezera lingaliro.

Results

Mfundo Zofotokozera

Zolembazo zimatanthawuza kuchuluka mu s-IAT ndi masikelo ena onse omwe amapezeka akhoza kupezeka mu Gome 2. Kutanthauza s-IAT mphambu M = 23.79 (SD = 6.69) ikufanana kwambiri ndi zomwe ananena Pawlikowski et al. (2013) mwachitsanzo pamitu ya 1820 ya anthu wamba (kutanthauza kuti s-IAT) M = 23.30, SD = 7.25). Malumikizidwe a bivariate pakati pa s-IAT (kuchuluka kwa magawo) ndi masukulu omwe ali mumndandanda wazofunsidwa ndi mamba omwe adayendetsedwa akuwonetsedwa pa Tebulo 3.

 

CHITSANZO 2. Tanthauza kuti miyeso yambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

 

CHITSANZO 3. Malumikizidwe a Bivariate pakati pa s-IAT (kuchuluka kwamaphunziro) ndi zambiri zomwe zili mu mafunso amafunsidwa.

Zolemba Zowonjezera za Model Proposed mu Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Pofuna kuyesa mwadongosolo mtundu womwe timaganizira, tinapenda kaye chithunzi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anayesedwa ngati miyeso yamtunduwu imayimiriridwa ndi zosinthika zowonekera. Chifukwa chake, CFA idachitidwa ndi zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi zamtundu wina (gawo limodzi lokhalapo, magawo atatu olosera, magawo awiri oyimira). RMSEA inali 0.066 ndi p <0.001, CFI inali 0.951, TLI inali 0.928 ndipo SRMR inali 0.041, kuwonetsa mtundu wabwino woyenera.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za "genia of GIA" zimayimiriridwa ndi zambiri pazinthu ziwiri za s-IAT (kutayika kwa kayendetsedwe / kayendetsedwe ka nthawi ndikukhumba / zovuta zamagulu) monga momwe amafunira. Chizindikiro choyamba cha "psychopathological" chomwe chidanenedweratu chikuyimiriridwa kwambiri ndi zotsalira ziwiri za BSI (kukhumudwa ndi kutengeka kwapakati pa anthu). Kukula kwa "umunthu" kunayimiriridwa bwino ndi mitundu itatu yoyeserera (kudzidalira, kudzidalira, komanso kusokonezeka) ndi gawo lomaliza lodziwika bwino "mayanjidwe" lidayimiridwa bwino ndi magawo awiri omwe amakhala osungulumwa kusungulumwa komanso kuthandizira pagulu). Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti gawo loyambirira la "hypothesized mediator" limayimiridwa bwino ndikuyimitsidwa pazinthu zitatu za COPE (kukana, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso kuletsa kuchita) komanso mkhalapakati wachiwiri "magwiritsidwe ntchito ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti" akuimiridwa bwino ndi zinthu ziwiri za IUES ( ziyembekezo zabwino komanso zoyembekezera zopewera).

Ponseponse, CFA idawonetsa kuti miyeso yam'mbuyo imayimiriridwa movomerezeka ndi mitundu yowonekera. Pokhapokha kuthana ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuli ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katundu azikhala wofooka (β = 0.424) koma zofunika kwambiri (p <0.001) ndipo ndizokwanira, popeza mtundu wonsewo umakwanira bwino ndi zomwe zalembedwa. Zosungira zonse ndizolakwika zofananira zikuwonetsedwa mu Gome 4.

 

CHITSANZO 4. Ma coefficients a mawonekedwe a zosinthika zowoneka pamiyeso yaposachedwa, kuyesedwa ndi CFA ku MPlus.

Mtundu Wonse Wokhala Ndi Zofanana

Mtundu wamaganizidwe opendekera pamalo am'mbuyomo ndi GIA monga modalira modalira (wozunguliridwa ndi zinthu ziwiri za s-IAT) umakhala ndi chidziwitso chabwino. RMSEA inali 0.066 ndi p <0.001, CFI inali 0.95, TLI inali 0.93, ndipo SRMR inali 0.041. Malangizo² kuyesa kunali kofunika, χ² = 343.89, p <0.001, yomwe imakhala yachilendo kukula kwakukulu. Komabe, χ² kuyesa koyambira koyambirira kunali kofunikira ndi with kwambiri² mtengo, χ² = 5745.35, p <0.001. Mwachidule, zomwe zidafotokozedwazi zidakwaniritsidwa bwino ndi mtundu wa zamalingaliro. Ponseponse, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa 63.5% ya kusiyanasiyana kwa GIA kudafotokozedwa bwino ndi SEM yathunthu (R² = 0.635, p <0.001). Chitsanzocho ndi zotsatira zake zonse zowonekera ndikuwonetsa mu Chithunzi 2.

 

FIGURE 2. Zotsatira za mtundu wa masanjidwe otengera kuphatikiza zinthu zomwe zapangidwa ndi miyeso yam'munsi, zolemera β, p-mawu, ndi okhala. ***p <0.001.

Zotsatira zonse zitatu zowonongera za GIA sizinali zazikulu (Chithunzi 2). Koma zindikirani kuti zotsatira zachindunji zama psychopathological zamakono p = 0.059. Pano, zikuyenera kuganiziridwa kuti kulemera kwa β kunali konyansa, kuwonetsa kuti - ngati wina angatanthauzire mwamphamvu mphamvu yayikulu - kukhumudwa kwapadera komanso nkhawa za anthu zimayendera limodzi ndi zizindikiro zotsika za GIA ngati zotsatira zosagwirizana ndi psychopathological pamitundu iwiri yolumikizira (kuthana ndi zoyembekezera pa intaneti) ndizosiyana. Zotsatira zoyambilira kuchokera kwa awiriwa omwe ali ndi chidwi pakumasinthasintha kwamaganizidwe ndi umunthu pa mitundu yonse yomasulira motsutsana polimbana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kunali kofunika. Mosiyana ndi izi, zovuta zomwe zimachokera pamavuto am'mbuyomu posinthasintha ndi zoyembekeza zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti sizinali zazikulu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zotsatirazi sizinali zofunikira pakuwongolera zotsatira za mbali zina zamitundu iwiri.

Komabe, zomwe zimachitika kuchokera kuzidziwitso zamagulu omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti chifukwa cha zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti p = 0.073. Zotsatira zakuthana ndi GIA (p <0.001) komanso zoyembekezera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (p <0.001) zinali zofunikira ndikukula kwamphamvu.

Zotsatira zosakhudzana ndi zochitika zama psychopathological pakukakamira ku GIA zinali zazikulu (β = 0.173, SE = 0.059, p = 0.003). Zowonjezera zomwe sizinachitike pamalingaliro a psychopathological pazogwiritsa ntchito intaneti mpaka GIA zinali zofunikira (β = 0.159, SE = 0.072, p = 0.027). Zotsatira zopanda umunthu kuchokera kumachitidwe okhudzana ndi GIA zinali zofunikanso (β = -0.08, SE = 0.041, p = 0.05), koma kukula kwake kunali kochepa kwambiri. Zotsatira zopanda umunthu kuchokera pamachitidwe ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti kupita ku GIA zinali zofunikira (β = -0.160, SE = 0.061, p = 0.009). Zotsatira zonse zosatsata kuchokera pakukhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pakutsutsana (β = 0.025, SE = 0.030, p = 0.403) ndi kuzindikira pamachitidwe pa intaneti oyembekezera (β = –0.08, SE = 0.045, p = 0.075) kupita ku GIA sizinali zofunikira. Mtundu wokhala ndi zoyeserera zonse komanso β-Mawonekedwe akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2. Magawo a psychopathological a latent dimension anali ophatikizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a umunthu wamikhalidwe yaposachedwa (r = -0.844, p <0.001) komanso kuzindikira kwakanthawi kochezera (r = –0.783, p <0.001). Komanso, mawonekedwe awiri obisika komanso mawonekedwe azikhalidwe adalumikizidwa (r = 0.707, p <0.001).

Zowunikira Kwambiri

Mtundu wofotokozedwawu ndiwomwe ankatsutsana ndipo zomwe tidayesa koyamba. Komabe, pambuyo pake tidayesa zowonjezera kapena magawo ena amtunduwu mosiyana kuti timvetsetse bwino zomwe zimayambitsa GIA mwatsatanetsatane. Magazini yoyamba yomwe tidayankhula inali yokhudzana ndi psychopathology pa GIA, chifukwa tidawona kuti ndizosangalatsa kuti zotsatira zake, ngakhale sizinaoneke, zinali zoipa mu SEM (onani Chithunzi 2), ngakhale pamlingo wazinthu ziwiri, malumikizidwe anali abwino. Mtundu wosavuta wokhala ndi zinthu za psychopathological (zoyimiridwa ndi kukhumudwa kwa BIS komanso nkhawa za BSI) monga wolosera komanso GIA (woimiridwa ndi zinthu ziwiri za s-IAT) monga kudalira kokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino kunali koyenera (ma indices onse ali bwino kuposa zovomerezeka) anali ndi chiyembekezo (β = 0.451, p <0.001). Tinawerenganso mtunduwo popanda oyimira pakati awiriwo, kutanthauza kuti mawonekedwe amisala, mawonekedwe amunthu, komanso magwiridwe antchito anali olosera mwachindunji ndipo GIA inali njira yodalira (zosintha zonse pamlingo waposachedwa ndizofanana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu SEM yonse, onani Chithunzi 2). Mtundu wopanda opalizira unalinso ndi ma fakitala abwino oyenera (kupatula chimodzi: RMSEA inali ndi 0.089 pang'ono pang'ono) komanso zotsatila zake pa GIA (zinthu ziwiri za s-IAT) zinali: zotsatira za psychopathological pa GIA β = 0.167, p = 0.122; zotsatira za umunthu pa GIA β = –0.223, p = 0.017; zotsatira zamagulu a anthu pa GIA β = -0.124, p = 0.081. Dziwani kuti zomwe zachitika mu psychopathological pa GIA zikadali zabwino pamodeli iyi (koma osati yofunikira) pomwe zotsatira zake zimayendetsedwa pazotsatira zamunthu komanso chikhalidwe. Kutengedwa palimodzi, zotsatira za SEM yathunthu ikuyimira kulumikizana kwathunthu pazokhudza zochitika za psychopathological pa GIA ndi oyimira awiriwo (kuthana ndi ziwonetsero), zomwe zikutsimikizidwanso ndi kuwunikira kowonjezeraku komwe kukuwonetsa kuti zotsatira zabwino pamlingo woyambira ndipo mumachitidwe osavuta amatsitsidwa ndikuphatikizidwa kwa mitundu ina monga olosera.

Tili ndi malingaliro olimbana ngati mkhalapakati (Brand et al., 2014). Komabe, wina amathanso kunena kuti kuthana sikumayendetsa pakati pazovuta za psychopathological, koma kumakhala ngati woyang'anira. Kuti tiwonetsetse kuti malingaliro olowera ngati womkhalapakati m'malo mwa oyang'anira ndioyenera, tinawerengera momwe owunikira ena amagwiritsira ntchito powunikira mozama. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito psychopathological monga wolosera, kupirira ngati woyang'anira, ndi s-IAT (kuchuluka kwamawonekedwe) monga modalirika, mbali zonse za psychopathological (β = 0.267) ndikufotokoza (β = 0.262) kufotokozera kusiyanasiyana kwa s-IAT kwambiri (onse p <0.001), koma kulumikizana kwawo sikuwonjezera kwambiri kufotokozera kwamitundu (kusintha kwa R² = 0.003, p = 0.067, β = -0.059) ndikukula kwa zotsatira za oyang'anira pafupifupi zero (0.3%).

Tidaganiziranso zaka komanso jenda monga zosintha zomwe zingakhudze kapangidwe kake. Kuti tiyese izi, tinawerengera zam'tsogolo pazaka ndi zina zonse zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizidwa kochepa kwambiri. Panali kulumikizana kumodzi kokha r = 0.21 (zaka ndi ziyembekezero zopewera), zomwe zikadali zotsika (Cohen, 1988), ndi kulumikizana kwina konse kunali ndi zotsatira pakati r = 0.016 ndi r = 0.18 yokhala ndi ambiri r <0.15 ndi r <0.10. Kuphatikiza pakati pa zaka ndi s-IAT kunalinso kotsika kwambiri r = –0.14 (ngakhale ndi yofunika pa p <0.01, zomwe zikuwonekeratu pachitsanzo chachikulu chotere). Mwachidule, zofunikira kuphatikiza zaka muzoyimira pakati sizinakwaniritsidwe (Baron ndi Kenny, 1986) ndipo tidaganiza kuti tisaphatikize zaka kukhala mtundu wowonjezera. Pankhani ya jenda, tinayerekezera magulu ambiri am'magulu onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikupeza kusiyana kumodzi kwamagulu (BSI yokhala ndi nkhawa, azimayi anali ndi ziwonetsero zambiri zochepera d = 0.28, zotsatira zina zonse zinali zotsika kuposa 0.28, zomwe zotsatira za s-IAT zinali d = 0.19). Komabe tidayesa ngati mawonekedwe ake ndiosiyana kwa azimayi ndi abambo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira posanthula za SEM. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tinayesa ngati SEM (onani Chithunzi 2) ndiofanana kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe amatenga nawo mbali. H0 ya mayeserowa ndi: theoretical mod = model the group "men" = gulu la "azimayi". Zowongolera zoyenera zonse zinali zovomerezeka kuwonetsa kuti maubwenziwo sanali osiyana kwambiri ndi abambo ndi amayi. RMSEA inali 0.074 ndi p <0.001, CFI inali 0.93, TLI inali 0.91, ndipo SRMR inali 0.054. Malangizo² kuyesa kunali kofunika, χ² = 534.43, p <0.001, yomwe imakhala yachilendo kukula kwakukulu. Komabe, χ² kuyesa koyambira koyambirira kunali kofunikira ndi with kwambiri² mtengo, χ² = 5833.68, p <0.001. Chopereka ku χ² pa mtundu woyesedwa ndi abambo ndi amai ofanana (χ² zopereka za amayi = 279.88, χ² zoperekedwa ndi amuna = 254.55). Ngakhale mawonekedwe ake amtunduwu samasiyana kwambiri kwa abambo ndi amai, tidayang'anitsitsa njira yosavuta ndikupeza kusiyana katatu. Njira kuchokera pa umunthu kupita pamphaka inali yofunika kwambiri mwa abambo (β = –0.437, p = 0.002), koma osati mwa akazi (β = –0.254, p = 0.161) ndikuwonera kuchokera ku umunthu pazomwe amayembekezera zinali zofunikira kwambiri mwa abambo (β = -0.401, p = 0.001), koma osati mwa akazi (β = –0.185, p = 0.181). Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira kuchokera kuzinthu zama psychopathological pazomwe zimayembekezereka zinali zofunika kwambiri mwa azimayi (β = 0.281, p = 0.05), koma osati mwa amuna (β = 0.082, p = 0.599). Zotsatira zina zonse komanso zoyimira zautali sizinali zosiyana pakati pa abambo ndi amai komanso sizinali zosiyana ndi zomwe zikufanizidwa ndi Chithunzi 2. Mwachidule, mtundu wonsewo woyesedwa ndiwothandiza kwa amuna ndi akazi, ngakhale zotsatira zoyipa za umunthu pakulimbana ndi zoyembekezera zimapezeka kwambiri mwa amuna poyerekeza ndi azimayi ndipo zotsatira kuchokera ku psychopathological pankhani ya expectancies zimapezeka mwa akazi, koma osati mwa amuna .

Kukambirana

Takhazikitsa mtundu watsopano wamabodza pa kapangidwe ndi kukonza makina ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Brand et al., 2014), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za Davis (2001) yemwe adapereka malingaliro pa kusiyanitsa pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kwa intaneti (GIA) ndi chizolowezi china chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (SIA). Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, tidatanthauzira mtundu wazoganiza pa GIA kukhala mtundu woyeserera pamlingo wamakono komanso kuwunika SEM pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wapawebusayiti pa intaneti ya anthu omwe anafunsa 1019. Tapeza mtundu wabwino wazofanana ndi datayo ndi SEM yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba, yomwe imayimira mbali zazikulu za chiphunzitso chamalingaliro ndikufotokozera 63.5% ya kusiyanasiyana kwa zisonyezo za GIA monga momwe amadziwitsira ndi s-IAT (Pawlikowski et al., 2013).

Chitsanzochi ndi choyamba kumangiriza zinthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi IA monga kupsinjika, nkhawa pagulu, kudzikweza, kudzidalira kochepa, komanso kusokonezeka kwakukulu. Kutengera kutsimikizika kwa malingaliro okhudzana ndi kukulitsa IA komanso chikhalidwe champhamvu pazonse (Lewis ndi O'Neill, 2000; Dunne et al., 2013; Newton et al., 2014), chiwonetserochi chikufufuza ngati mitundu iwiri yolankhulira (mitundu yotsutsana ndi zoyembekezera pa intaneti) ikukhudza zotsatira zenizeni za wolosera (psychopathology, umunthu, ndi malingaliro a anthu) pakukula kwa GIA. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti mitundu yonse yolimbana ndi zoyembekezera pa intaneti ndizothandiza kwambiri.

Zosintha zonse (olosera ndi oyimira pakati) ophatikizidwa pamtunduwu adalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi gawo la s-IAT pamlingo wazambiri. Izi ndizofanana ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wamgwirizano wapakati pa zisonyezo za IA ndi mawonekedwe a umunthu, zizindikiro za psychopathological ndi zina za anthu ena, monga tafotokozera kumayambiriro. Komabe, pakuwunika kwa SEM, zotsatira zonse zowonekera za olosera atatu (pamalingaliro achikale) sizinafunikenso kuphatikiza oimira okhawo pakati pa ophunzirawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zochitika za psychopathological (kukhumudwa, nkhawa zamagulu), machitidwe aanthu (kudzidalira, kudzidalira, komanso kukhala pachiwopsezo chazovuta) komanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi anthu ena (kusungulumwa kwamalingaliro, chithandizo chothandizika ndi anthu) sizikhudzanso zizindikiro za GIA mwachindunji, koma kuti Mphamvu zawo zimayanjanitsidwa ndi kaonedwe kakang'ono kosagwira, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kapena zonse ziwiri. Komabe, machitidwe a psychopathological ndi mawonekedwe a umunthu zimaneneratu kagwiritsidwe kake kosagwira ntchito pakukonda ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zidziwitso zamagulu, komabe, sizikugwirizana kwambiri ndi kuthana ndi ziyembekezo, pomwe zovuta zawo zimayendetsedwa pazotsatira zamaganizidwe amunthu ndi umunthu (koma dziwani kuti magawo atatu olosera omwe adakwaniritsidwa adagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndikuti zotsatira kuchokera pakuzindikira kwa anthu kuti agwiritse ntchito intaneti zoyembekezera pang'ono zalephera kufikira tanthauzo). Zotsatira zachindunji za mitundu yonse yolimbana ndi zoyembekezera pazizindikiro za GIA zinali zazikulu. Mwachidule, kafukufuku wapano, ngakhale ndi anthu omwe siachipatala, amangotsimikizira zomwe zapezedwa pakugwirizana kwa mayendedwe amakumana ndi zovuta za moyo (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014; Tang et al., 2014; Tonioni et al., 2014) komanso zoyembekezera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Turel ndi Serenko, 2012; Xu et al., 2012; Lee ndi al., 2014) popanga kapena kusunga zizindikiro za GIA, koma zikuwonetsa bwino lomwe ntchito yothanirana ndikuyembekeza monga oyimira pakati pakuyambitsa GIA.

Mtunduwo unayesedwa ndi anthu ambiri pa intaneti. Model iyenera kuyesedwa ndi zitsanzo zosavuta za matenda, monga anthu ofuna chithandizo. Tanthauzo la fanizoli likhoza kukhala lolimba kwambiri ndi anthu azachipatala kuti amve zowoneka bwino zaumoyo. Ngakhale 11.3% yachitsanzo idagwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta ndipo 3.7% idadzinenera kuti ndiyogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, izi zimawerengedwa ngati mawonekedwe omwe angayende ndikuwonetsa zolemba zomwe zingakhale ndi vuto lachipatala. Komabe, monga mtundu watsopano wokhala ndi tanthauzo lowerengera pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso osiyanasiyana amisala ndi umunthu pa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zovuta zingapo zamatenda, zomwe zitha kulimbikitsa kafukufuku wamtsogolo, zitha kuchitika mosamala.

Choyamba, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lolephera kuthana ndi mavuto m'miyoyo yawo ndipo akuyembekeza kuti intaneti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukulitsa malingaliro abwino kapena kuchepetsa mavuto atha kukhala ndi GIA. Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kuthana ndi vuto la kusokonekera kwa zinthu pa moyo komanso zosagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti zinali zowonetsera kuti zisonyezo zapamwamba za kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimatha kukulitsa vuto lakugwiritsa ntchito njira zothanirana ndi zovuta komanso zovuta zomwe intaneti imapereka pothana ndi kupsinjika kapena zoyipa mzimu. Pokhapokha njirazi zikagwira ntchito mu konsati, kutanthauza kuti kuphatikiza kwa chidziwitso cha psychopathological ndi kuthana / zoyembekezereka, mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwachidziwikire ukuwoneka kuti ukuwonjezeka.

Kachiwiri, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa maphunziro omwe amathandizira chithandizo cha GIA ndi ochepa, kuwunika kwa meta kofalitsidwa ndi Winkler et al. (2013) imanenanso kuti chidziwitso pochiritsa ndi njira yosankhira. Izi zimakhazikitsidwa makamaka pakuwunika kwa zotsatira za chithandizo pa nthawi yomwe mugwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti, kukhumudwa, ndi nkhawa. M'malo mwake, othandizira ozindikira a IA (CBT-IA; Wamng'ono, 2011a) yadziwika ngati njira yotchuka kwambiri yochizira IA (Cash et al., 2012). Munthawi yamankhwala othandizirana a GIA omwe akuperekedwa ndi Wamng'ono (2011a), machitidwe a munthu payekha komanso kuthana ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwakhala kukuwonetseratu kuti ndi koyenera kuthandizidwa ndi GIA, koma umboni wopatsa chidwi unali wocheperako (mwachitsanzo, Achinyamata, 2013).

Zotsatira zomwe zapezeka mu phunziroli zimaperekanso umboni wina wowonetsa kuti chidziwitso chazachipatala ndi CBT-IA chitha kugwira ntchito pochiza IA. Kuzindikira kwakomwe kwa munthuyo (kalembedwe kapangidwe kake ndi zoyembekezeredwa zamagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti) kumatanthawuza kukhudzika kwa zizindikiro za psychopathological (kukhumudwa, nkhawa yamagulu), mikhalidwe yaumunthu, ndikudziwidwa ndi anzawo (kusungulumwa, chithandizo chamtundu wa anthu) pazizindikiro za GIA. Kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chazidziwitso, kutsindika pamlingo wophatikizira kuyenera kuphatikizapo kuzindikira zazidziwitso zomwe siziyenera kuchitidwa. Ndiye kuti, atawunika, madokotala amayenera kuyerekezera zomwe akuyembekeza pa intaneti kuti athe kuzindikira zosowa za kasitomala ndi njira zomwe kasitomala amakhulupirira kuti intaneti ingathandize kukwaniritsa.

Komanso, zomwe apezazi zikufotokozanso kuti chithandizo chamankhwala chiyenera kuthana ndi vuto losavomerezeka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zotsatira izi zikutsimikizira maphunziro apakale omwe adawonetsa kuzindikira koyipa monga kuphatikiza kuzungulira, kupewa, kuponderezana, kukulitsa, kuthetsa mavuto osaneneka, kapena malingaliro olakwika omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kopitilira muyeso pa intaneti (Achinyamata, 2007). Chofunikira pakuzindikira izi ndikuti chithandiziro chiyenera kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pokonzanso chidziwitso chatsopano ndikulimbana ndi malingaliro omwe amabweretsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, wodwala yemwe ali ndi GIA atha kukhala ndi zodandaula zakunyumba komanso manyazi, motero abwenzi ochepa komanso amavutika ndi ena kusukulu. Angaganizire kuti kulankhulana ndi anthu ena kudzera pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kumakwaniritsa zosowa zake popanda kuchita zinthu zowopsa pakati pa kucheza ndi anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, atha kukhala ndi chiyembekezo choti nawonso kusewera masewera a pa intaneti atha kumusokoneza pamavuto kusukulu ndikuti kugula pa intaneti kapena kufufuza zambiri pa intaneti kungachepetse kusungulumwa. Chithandizo cha mankhwalawa chimamuthandiza kuwona malo ena kusukulu kapena m'moyo wapadera momwe angapangire chidwi komanso kukhutiritsa zosochita zina. Ngati atayikira kuti malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, masewera ndi malo ena ogulira ndi malo okhawo omwe amasangalala ndi moyo wake ndipo akapeza zinthu zina zabwino, sangadalire kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Kudziwa ntchito yomwe malingaliro okhudzidwa amakhudzidwa pakupanga GIA, chithandizo chazidziwitso chitha kuthandiza makasitomala kukonzanso malingaliro ndi matanthauzidwe omwe amawasunga pa intaneti. Apanso, izi zofunikira pazotsatira za phunziroli ziyenera kuthandizidwa mosamala, chifukwa ziyenera kuwerengedwa panjira yofunafuna chithandizo.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro ochulukirapo, komabe, izi zimapeza chidziwitso cha momwe ochiritsira angagwiritsire ntchito mwachindunji CBT-IA kwa odwala omwe ali ndi intaneti. Kusintha kwa machitidwe kungathandizire makasitomala kupanga ndikusintha njira zatsopano komanso zothandiza polimbana ndi zovuta za tsiku ndi tsiku. Ochiritsawa amafunika kuyang'ana kwambiri pothandiza makasitomala kupeza njira zopiririka kuposa kuthana ndi intaneti. Chofunikira kwambiri cha CBT-IA ndi machitidwe ochiritsira othandizira othandizira kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimayambitsa IA, zachindunji kapena zodziwikiratu (Wamng'ono, 2011a, 2013). Zomwe apezazi zikuwonetsa kuti kusintha luso la kuthana ndi vuto kumachepetsa kufunika kopita pa intaneti kwa makasitomala. Ngakhale anaphunziridwa mu zitsanzo za anthu ambiri, tikukhulupirira kuti kupeza kuti kuthana ndi ziwonetsero ndikuyimira pakukonza ndi kukonza GIA kumathandizira kumvetsetsa bwino kwa machitidwe a GIA ndikuti akhoza kukhala ndi tanthauzo lothandizira, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa . Chinthu chinanso chomwe sichinayang'ane mukuphunzira pakadali pano ndi gawo la kukhulupirika kwapambali pake. Kuchita bwino kwa CBT-IA kumadaliranso magwiridwe antchito a wodwalayo, chifukwa kulimbitsa kuwongolera kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti munthawi ya mankhwalawa kumayenderana kwambiri ndi ntchito zazikulu komanso njira zina zazidziwitso zapamwamba. Izi ndizofunikira kuthana ndi maphunziro amtsogolo, chifukwa posachedwapa zapezeka zolemba zingapo zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ntchito zam'mbuyo za cortex zimachepetsedwa mwa odwala omwe ali ndi IA (onani mwachidule mu Brand et al., 2014).

Pampulu lathu, zaka zidali zolumikizana kwambiri ndi zizindikiro za GIA, koma ndi mawonekedwe otsika kwambiri (kufotokoza 1.96% ya kusiyana, kokha). Poganizira zolemba zaposachedwa pamagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti mwa okalamba (mwachitsanzo, Eastman ndi Iyer, 2004; Vuori ndi Holmlund-Rytkönen, 2005; Campbell, 2008; Nimrod, 2011,, munthu akhoza kusiyanitsa ndi zaka zake pazakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, monga kugwiritsa ntchito zolinga ndi momwe okalamba amasangalalira pa intaneti. Popeza okalamba alinso ndi mwayi wopanga zovuta zamagulu chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chimbudzi cham'mbuyo posintha ndi ukalamba.Alvarez ndi Emory, 2006), zomwe zimalumikizananso ndi kupanga chisankhoBrand ndi Markowitsch, 2010,, wina angaganize kuti okalamba omwe ali ndi kuchepetsedwa kwakukulu, omwe amasangalala kwambiri pa intaneti atha kupanga GIA. Komabe, izi sizoyimiriridwa ndi deta yathu, popeza zitsanzo zathu sizinaphatikizepo maphunziro akale. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo angafufuze zovuta zomwe zimayikidwa pachiwopsezo cha GIA mwa okalamba.

Amuna kapena amuna okhaokha sanakhudze mawonekedwe onse amtunduwo. Mu zolemba zam'mbuyomu, zotsatira za jenda zapezeka zamtundu wa IA, monga masewera a pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, Ko et al., 2005) makamaka cybersex (Meerkerk et al., 2006; Griffiths, 2012; Laier et al., 2013, 2014), koma akuti amuna ndi akazi onse ali pachiwopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito intanetiYoung et al., 1999, 2011). Phunziro lathu, zotsatira za jenda pa GIA, monga zimawerengeredwa ndi s-IAT, zinali zochepa kwambiri (d = 0.19, onani zotsatira), kuwonetsa kuti anthu wamba onse ali pachiwopsezo chotenga GIA. Ngakhale kuti jenda sizinakhudze momwe zidakhazikitsidwa mu SEM, panali kusiyana pakati pa abambo ndi amai pazokhudza zotsatira zitatu mwachindunji kuchokera ku zolosera zam'mbuyomu kupita kwa oyimira pakati. Monga momwe chidafotokozedwera m'chigawo chotsatira, zochitika za psychopathological zidakhudza chiyembekezo mwa akazi, osati mwa abambo, mu zotsatira zoyipa za umunthu pakulimbana ndi zoyembekezera zimapezeka kwambiri mwa amuna kuposa akazi. Zotsatira izi zimagwirizana ndi zolemba pazosasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazokhudza kukhumudwa komanso nkhawa zamagulu (Sprock ndi Yoder, 1997; Moscovitch et al., 2005), komanso kudzidalira komanso kuchita bwino (Huang, 2012). Komabe, mawonekedwe omwe ali pang'onopang'ono phunziroli, zomwe zotsatira zakuthana ndi zoyembekezera komanso kufunikira kwa GIA sizinakhudzidwe ndi jenda (onani zotsatira za kusanthula kwa kapangidwe kake). Chifukwa chake, pakudziyimira pawokha momwe jenda ingakhudzire nkhawa za anthu, kukhumudwa kapena mawonekedwe ena, kuthana ndi ziyembekezero ziyenera kuganiziridwa mu CBT-IA mwa amuna ndi akazi.

Pomaliza, pali malire angapo a kafukufukuyu. Ndi mtundu wopangidwa kumene womwe umafunikira kuyesedwa kowonjezereka kwa anthu azachipatala kuti athe kuwona kufunikira kwake kuchipatala. Tiyeneranso kuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yayitali ya IAT (Achinyamata, 1998; Widyanto ndi McMurran, 2004) monga muyeso wowonjezereka m'mabuku. Tinagwiritsa ntchito zazifupi zomwe tapatsidwa kutalika kwa zida zoyezera zomwe takhala tikugwiritsa ntchito modera lonse koma ngati titayikiranso ntchitoyi ndi zitsanzo zamankhwala, tikulangizidwa kuti tigwiritse ntchito IAT limodzi ndi miyeso yowonjezera ya IA, monga kuwunika pa intaneti komanso Zowonjezera zamasewera apakompyuta monga sikelo (AICA-S) kapena kuyankhulana kwamankhwala (AICA-C) zopangidwa ndikuvomerezeka ndi magulu azachipatala ndi (Wölfling ndi al., 2010, 2012). Kuphatikiza apo, tinayesa ndikuyesa mafunso azomwe tikuyembekeza pa intaneti pazolinga za kafukufukuyu. Pomwe tidali okonzekera komanso osamala pakukula kwa sikelo, muyezo uwu uyenera kuwunikiridwa pamanambala owonjezereka kuti anthu azindikirika ndipo mafunso amafunikira kuyesedwa kowonjezereka m'maphunziro amtsogolo. Masikelo owonjezera komanso owunikira amafunikiranso kuyikidwa pazitsanzo zamankhwala, popeza zambiri zomwe zimawunikidwa pakuphunziraku zimayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso amafupifupi okhala ndi zinthu zochepa, chifukwa chakuwunikira (kuchuluka kwa nthawi munthawi ya kafukufuku wa pa intaneti) . Vuto linanso lomwe mungakhale nalo ndi losiyana ndi njira zina (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Tsoka ilo, palibe chizindikiro chomveka bwino, chomwe chiyenera kukhala chosagwirizana ndi zina zonse, chaphatikizidwa mu kafukufukuyo pazifukwa zomveka (kafukufukuyu adatenga pafupifupi 25 min, yomwe ndiyowonongera koyeserera pa intaneti). Ngakhale sitingathe kusiyanitsa zotsatira zakusiyana kwa njira zina pazotsatira, tikuti izi sizingatheke chifukwa cha zomwe zidafotokozedwazi. Mukamayang'ana malumikizidwe a bivariate (Gome 3) amatha kuwona kuti ena mwa otsika kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, r = –0.08, r = –0.09, r = 0.12 etc.). Tikuganiza kuti malumikizidwe otsika awa amapereka malingaliro ofunika pamalingaliro akuti njira zosiyanasiyana sizimakhudzanso kusanthula kwakukulu. Komabe, mtunduwo uyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira yazosankha zingapoCampbell ndi Fiske, 1959) m'maphunziro amtsogolo.

Kafukufuku wapano amayang'ana pa GIA, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chitsanzo pa SIA, monga tafotokozera Brand et al. (2014), imafunikabe kuyesedwa mwamphamvu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya SIA (mwachitsanzo, masewera, zolaula pa intaneti, kapena kutchova juga pa intaneti) ziyenera kuyesedwa kuti ziwone ngati luso lolimbana ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti ikukhudzanso chimodzimodzi pakukweza vutoli. Palinso mkangano ngati lingaliro la GIA kwenikweni ndilokwanira kuphimba zovuta za odwala. Tapeza umboni pakati pa zovuta zomwe zidadziwonetsa nokha zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosadziwika kwa mitundu ingapo ya intaneti ndi zosintha zomwe zafotokozedwazo. Lingaliro la GIA lidayendetsedwa ndi malangizo a s-IAT komanso kapangidwe kazinthu, komanso chifukwa chakuti oposa 97% ya omwe atenga nawo mbali adagwiritsa ntchito intaneti katatu kapena zingapo, monga kulumikizana, masewera, kutchova juga, cybersex, kugula, kapena kufunafuna zambiri. Malinga ndi zaumoyo, ndi mutu wa kutsutsana ngati GIA ikhoza kukhala chifukwa chofunafuna chithandizo kapena ngati odwala omwe akufuna chithandizo makamaka akuvutika chifukwa chakulephera kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito inayake, kokha. Tikupangira lingaliro ili pofufuza zamankhwala pofufuza mwatsatanetsatane machitidwe omwe ali ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndikuwunika momwe anthu ambiri osagwiritsa ntchito intaneti amagwiritsidwira ntchito m'masampulu azachipatala. Kuphatikiza apo, si magawo onse omwe akutsimikiziridwa mu mtundu wa malingaliro pa GIA omwe angaphatikizidwe mu phunziroli. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe owonjezera aumunthu kapena zovuta zina zama psychopathological zitha kuphatikizidwa m'maphunziro amtsogolo.

Kutsiliza

Malingaliro akulu amtsatanetsatane pa GIA amathandizidwa ndi chidziwitso cha mphamvu. Makhalidwe apakati pa munthu ndiwokhudzana ndi zizindikiro za GIA, koma zotulukazi zimayang'aniridwa ndi kuzindikira komwe munthu amakhala nako, makamaka kavalidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti. Kuzindikira kumeneku kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Matthias Brand adalemba kukonzekera koyamba kwa pepalalo, kuyang'anira kusonkhanitsa deta, kusanthula ndikuwamasulira. Christian Laier adathandizira kwambiri pakukhudzika kwa phunziroli ndi kusonkhanitsa deta, ndikukonzanso zolembedwazo. Kimberly S. Young adalemba zokonzedwazo, adaukonzanso mozama, ndipo adathandizira mwaluso komanso mwamalemba. Olemba onse pamapeto pake adavomereza zolemba pamanja. Olemba onse ali ndi mlandu pazinthu zonse za ntchitoyi.

Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Kuvomereza

Tili othokoza Elisa Wegmann ndi Jan Snagowski chifukwa chothandiza pa phunziroli komanso zolemba pamanja. Adatithandizira kwambiri pokonza kafukufukuyu pa intaneti ndikuwunika.

Zothandizira

Lolembedwa ndi:

Ofir Turel, California State University, Fullerton ndi University of Southern California, USA

Kuwunikira by:

Aviv M. Weinstein, Hadassah Medical Organisation, Israel
Daria Joanna Kuss, Nottingham Trent University, UK