Kodi ndi kopindulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito intankhulankhulana kuti muthake kukhumudwa? Kulankhula movutikira kumagwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cholakalaka ndi kuzipewa pofotokozera zizindikiro za matenda a pa Intaneti (2018)

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742

Kudalirika

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti kuphatikiza amithenga (mwachitsanzo, WhatsApp) kapena ntchito zamagulu ochezera pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo Facebook) pa smartphone yasintha kukhala chizolowezi chatsiku ndi tsiku la anthu mabiliyoni, mwachitsanzo munthawi yakudikirira. Chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha anthu chikuwonetsa kuchepa mphamvu pakugwiritsa ntchito izi ngakhale zili ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Izi zitha kutchulidwa kuti Internet-kulumikizana kusokonezeka (ICD). Kafukufuku waposachedwa adafufuza kuchuluka kwa kusungulumwa pazizindikiro za ICD. Ikufufuzanso za njira yolumikizirana ndi njira zophunzitsira, monga kuyembekezera kuti tisakhale ndi nkhawa pa intaneti komanso kukopeka. Zotsatira za mtundu wa kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake (N = 148) zikuwonetsa kuti matchulidwe osadziwika bwino ndiwofunikira pakukula ndi kusungirako kwa ICD chifukwa inali ndi chiwongolero chachikulu cha zisonyezo za ICD. Kuphatikiza apo, kululuzika kunaneneratu za kupewa komanso kukopeka. Zonsezi zinathandizanso kuti pakhale vuto la ICD. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yonse iwiriyi idasinthasintha momwe matchulidwe amtundu wa ICD amakhudzirana. Mwachidule, zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lotayirira kwambiri amakhala ndi chiyembekezo chodzikanira kuti asamakhumudwe pa intaneti, zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi chachikulu pakukumana ndi zovuta zina (mwachitsanzo, uthenga womwe ukubwera), ndipo zitha kuchititsa chidwi cha ICD.

Ndemanga: Wegmann E, Ostendorf S, Brand M (2018) Kodi ndizopindulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwa intaneti pothawa kuchoka pakusokonekera? Matenda abwinobwino amakhudzana ndi chidwi chomwe chimayambitsa chidwi komanso kupewa kuyembekezera kufotokozera za vuto la kulumikizana kwa intaneti. PloS ONE 13 (4): e0195742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742

Editor: Phil Reed, University of Swansea, UNITED UFUMU

Zilandiridwa: November 22, 2017; Zavomerezedwa: March 28, 2018; Lofalitsidwa: April 19, 2018

Copyright: © 2018 Wegmann et al. Ichi ndi nkhani yopata yotseguka yomwe idagawidwa pansi pa Chilolezo cha Creative Commons Licribution, zomwe zimaloleza ntchito, kugawidwa, ndi kubwezeretsa mwachinthu chilichonse, kupatsa wolemba woyambirira ndi chitsimikizo.

Kupezeka kwa Data: Deta zonse zoyenera zili mkati mwa pepala ndi ma fayilo Opatsirana Othandizira.

Ngongole: Olembawo sanalandire ndalama zachindunji pantchito imeneyi.

Zofuna zokakamiza: Olembawo adanena kuti palibe zotsutsana.

Introduction

Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa smartphone zoposa zaka khumi zapitazo, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amachigwiritsa ntchito pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku kukukulirabe. Chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito mafoni padziko lonse lapansi chikuwonetsa kuti chitha kufika pa 2.32 biliyoni ku 2017, ndipo chikuyembekezeka kufikira ogwiritsa ntchito mabiliyoni a 2.87 ku 2020 [1]. Mwa ena, ntchito zotchuka kwambiri pa intaneti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa smartphone ndi ntchito yolumikizirana pa intaneti. Amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuti azilumikizana mwachindunji ndi ena, kuti azilumikizana ndi abwenzi akutali, komanso kugawana zambiri za anthu, zithunzi, kapena makanema [2, 3]. Mawu akuti 'kulumikizana kudzera pa intaneti' amaphatikizapo ntchito zodziwika bwino monga ntchito yothandizira ma WhatsApp posachedwa kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito a 1.3 biliyoni mwezi uliwonse [4] kapena ntchito zamagulu ochezera a pa intaneti monga Facebook ndi ogwiritsa ntchito a 2 biliyoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito pamwezi [5]. Kuphatikiza pa zabwino zambiri zolumikizirana pa intaneti komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma smartphone ambiri, palinso kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akumana ndi zovuta chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa nthawi yayitali [2, 6-8]. Makamaka kupezeka kwa zida zam'manja zosiyanasiyana komanso kupezeka kosavuta komanso kosatha kwa mapulogalamuwa kumapangitsa kuti anthu azilankhulana komanso azilankhulana ndi anthu tsiku lonse, nthawi iliyonse, pamalo aliwonse [9, 10]. Khalidweli limatha kubweretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwanzeru komanso kokakamiza, komwe kungafanane ndi zizolowezi zina zikhalidwe kapena zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa monga akufotokozera maphunziro osiyanasiyana ndi ofufuza [7, 8].

Zogwirizana komanso zothandiza pa vuto la kulumikizana pa intaneti

Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kochulukirapo padziko lonse lapansi kumayambitsa kafukufuku ku maphunziro ochulukirapo omwe amayang'ana pa vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati mtundu wina wa zizolowezi [2, 7, 11]. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro ena amati mtundu wina wamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, vuto la kulumikizana pa intaneti (ICD). ICD imalongosola kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njira zolumikizirana pa intaneti [6-8, 12]. Zizindikiro za ICD, zomwe zimachokera ku zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zimafotokozedwa ngati kutayika kwa kayendetsedwe, kubwereranso, zizindikiro zochotsa, kuganizira kwambiri, kunyalanyaza zokonda, kulekerera, ndi zotsatira zoyipa m'magulu azikhalidwe, akatswiri, kapena moyo wamunthu [6, 7, 13, 14]. Davis [12] adapereka mtundu woyamba wamalingaliro wofotokoza njira zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti mosadziwika bwino komanso vuto linalake logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Posachedwa, Brand, Young [7] adakhazikitsa mtundu watsopano wa mawonedwe, mtundu wa Interaction of Person-Afitive-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE), womwe umalongosola mwachidule njira zomwe zingapangidwire pakukula ndi kukonza zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, monga ICD. Chitsanzo cha I-PACE chikuwonetsa kuyanjana kwa mikhalidwe yamunthu komanso zothandizirana, zanzeru, komanso zoyang'anira. Zikuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe amunthu wa munthu monga umunthu, kuzindikira za chikhalidwe, malingaliro am'maganizo, zinthu zina, komanso malingaliro amtsogolo zimakhudza kuzindikira kwa zinthu. Malingaliro awa amapangidwa ndi zinthu monga kuthana ndi miyambo yokhudzana ndi chizolowezi, kupsinjika, mikangano yaumunthu, malingaliro osazolowereka komanso chifukwa cha mayankho a anthu okhudzidwa komanso kuzindikira. Zotsatirazi zimaphatikizaponso kukopa, kukhumba chidwi, malingaliro okonda chidwi, kapena malingaliro owonjezera okhudzana ndi intaneti komanso mawonekedwe osagwira pakompyuta. Izi zothandizanso payekha zimadziwika kuti zimayang'ana kapena kusintha momwe munthu amathandizira pakukonza komanso kusamalira vuto linalake logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Brand, Achinyamata [7] akuwonetsa kuti mayankho amakhudzidwe oyankha amakhudzana ndi zochitika zapamwamba, monga zoletsa. Lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu inayake kuti mukhutiritse kapena kupeza chipukuta misozi imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mozama, mwakutero kulimbikitsa zolingalira zenizenizo komanso zokomera, kuzindikira komanso kuyang'anira zinthu zofananira ndi bwalo loipa (kufotokoza kwatsatanetsatane. a mtunduwu komanso chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha maphunziro owonetsera, onani [7]).

Kafukufuku wakale adawonetsa kale kuti zotsatira za zidziwitso zama psychopathological, monga kupsinjika ndi nkhawa zamagulu, komanso momwe zimakhalira pamavuto, nkhawa, kudzidalira, pazomwe zimachitika mu ICD zimayang'aniridwa ndi kuzindikira kwina. monga kagwiritsidwe ntchito kosavuta kopita komanso zoyembekezera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti [8, 15]. Wegmann, Oberst [16] adawonetsa kuti makamaka kupewa ziyembekezo, kuphatikizaponso kufuna kuthawa kuchoka ku zenizeni, kusokonezeka pamavuto enieni, kapena kupewa kusungulumwa, ndizofunikira pofotokozera zizindikiro za ICD. Brand, Laier [17] komanso Trotzke, Starcke [18] adawonetsa kuti kuyembekeza kwakukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ena kuti athe kusangalala kapena kudodometsa mavuto kuyanjanitsa ubale pakati pa zinthu zina ndi vuto lodziwikiratu (losatchulika) logwiritsira ntchito intaneti komanso vuto lazogula pa intaneti, motsatana.

Kuphatikiza pa lingaliro la chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, Brand, Young [7] amanenanso kuti kukonzanso chidwi ndi kulakalaka kumawoneka ngati kofunikira pakukula ndi kukonza njira yogwiritsira ntchito zina. Lingaliro ili limachokera pa kafukufuku wakale wokhudza vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (onani mwachitsanzo zotsatira mu [19] komanso zizolowezi zina [20], zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti osokoneza bongo ali pachiwopsezo chazokakamiza zomwe zimayambitsa malo olipiritsa mu ubongo [21-25]. Kulakalaka kumalongosola chikhumbo kapena chilimbikitso chofuna kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kuwonetsa machitidwe osokoneza bongo mobwerezabwereza [26, 27]. Lingaliro la cue-reactivity ndi kulakalaka lasamutsira ku kuphunzira kwa zizolowezi zamakhalidwe. Kuwongolera kwa zoyesayesa za cue-reac shughuli ndi kulakalaka zawonedwa kale pamavuto ogulitsa pa intaneti [18], Vuto loona zolaula pa intaneti [28, 29], Matenda a pa intaneti [30, 31], Vuto la kutchova juga pa intaneti [32, 33], ndi ICD [34].

Ngakhale maphunziro akutsimikizira gawo lofunikira la othandizira awa (cue-reacaction and craitive) komanso zinthu zazidziwitso (zokhudzana ndi intaneti) pakukonza ndi kusamalira vuto linalake logwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kuyanjana kwa zinthu izi, zomwe zimayikidwa mu I -PACE modula, sichikudziwika bwinobwino. Kafukufukuyu aposachedwa pamalingaliro ena apamwamba a mtundu wa I-PACE, makamaka zotsatira zoyimira pakati pa zomwe zimakhudzana ndikuwonetsetsa bwino kwa ubale pakati pa machitidwe apakati a munthu ndi zizindikilo za ICD. Cholinga cha phunziroli ndikufufuza momwe anthu amathandizira pa ICD yolumikizidwa ndi ziwopsezo zokhudzana ndi intaneti (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti) komanso kukhudzika (mwachitsanzo kukhumbira). Kutengera ndi Wegmann, Oberst [16], tikuganiza kuti zotsatira zakuyembekeza kupewa malingaliro osagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana kudzera pa intaneti zimayanjanitsidwa ndi kulakalaka komwe kukuyambitsa, monga tafotokozera pamfanizo la Brand, Young [7]. Monga cholinga chachiwiri cha phunziroli, tikuwona ntchito yakuwunika kwa ICD. Chifukwa chake, tikufuna kumvetsetsa bwino mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa munthu ndi zomwe ali ndi vuto linalake logwiritsa ntchito intaneti, lomwe silinkafufuzidwebe pankhani ya ICD.

Matchulidwe apadera monga olosera za ICD

Kutanthauzira kwa kusungulumwa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi madera osiyanasiyana komanso payekha [35]. Boredom yokha imatha kufotokozedwa ngati mkhalidwe wopanda malingaliro kapena kusamvana kwamkati pakati pazomwe zikuyembekezeredwa komanso zokumana nazo [36, 37]. Brissett ndi Chipale [38] amatanthauzira kusungunuka ngati mkhalidwe wa "kukondoweza, kusadzuka, komanso kusachita zina zogwirizana ndi kusakhutira, ndipo anthu amayesetsa kuthana ndi vuto lokhumudwa chifukwa chofuna kukondweretsa"39]. Dzikoli limalumikizananso ndi malingaliro osasangalatsa, omwe anthu amayesera kuthawa [40, 41]. Kukhazikika kwa kusungulumwa kumatanthauzidwa kuti ndi kusungulumwa. Kupanga kutanthauzira kaonedwe kaulesi nthawi zambiri "kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kungothekera kwa munthu kuti asakhale ndi nkhawa" [35]. Kuphatikiza apo, kulankhulalankhula kumatanthauzanso kuvuta kwa munthu kuti akope chidwi chake, kuzindikira za kuchepa kwa chidwi komanso kuyesa kuchepetsa zomwe munthu akumva kuti ali wofooka [35, 42].

Kafukufuku wowerengeka amagogomezera kufunikira kwa matchulidwe osonyeza kusungunuka powonetsera kuti kuwoneka kuti ndi wokhudzika ndi vuto la kumwa mowa [43], kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zama psychoactive [44], mndandanda wa kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa [35], komanso mavuto azaumoyo ambiri [45]. Zhou ndi Leung [46] adawonetsa kuti kusangalala kwanyumba kumalumikizana ndi zochitika zowopsa monga kuperewera, kuchititsa chidwi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo [36, 46, 47]. Monga momwe mungafotokozere za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kukomoka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, (monga kumwa mowa), Biolcati, Passini [48] adafufuza zomwe zitha kuyimira mavuto obwera chifukwa chakumwa mowa. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti zotsatira za kusungulumwa pakukonda kumwa pakati zimayenderana ndi zoyembekezera kuthawa kukhumudwa, kuthawa mavuto, komanso kuthana ndi malingaliro olakwika [48]. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wamphamvu wokhudzana ndi zizolowezi zina zikhalidwe kapena zizolowezi zamunthu zomwe zimafotokoza za kufunika kwa kusungulumwa pazinthu zowopsa. Mwachitsanzo, Blaszczynski, McConaghy [49] adawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova juga amawonjezeka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi osatchova juga. Kutchova juga kumawoneka ngati mwayi kwa iwo kupewa kapena kuchepetsa mabungwe anthawi zoyipa kapena malingaliro. Izi ndizogwirizana ndi zotsatira zomwe zidanenedwa ndi Fortune ndi Goodie [50] chowonetsera kuti njuga zamatenda zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusungulumwa, komwe ndi gawo la Fomu Yofunafuna Scale F V ya Zuckerman, Eysenck [51].

Monga tafotokozera kale, kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kumabweretsa kuchokera mosavuta komanso kosatha komwe kumapangitsa kulumikizana kosalekeza [2, 52]. Timatsutsa kuti kuthekera kukhala ndi chisangalalo chokhalitsa kumabweretsa nthawi yambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri foni yamakono ndi ntchito yolumikizana pa intaneti. Mofananamo, kupewa malingaliro osungulumwa kumawoneka ngati komwe kumakulimbikitsani kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti [53]. Lin, Lin [37] adawonetsa kuti kutaya mtima komanso kutenga nawo gawo kwambiri pa intaneti zonsezi zimawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Olembawo agogomezera kuti intaneti ikuwoneka ngati mwayi wopeza chisangalalo ndi chisangalalo, chomwe chimakweza mulingo wazogwiritsa ntchito kwachipembedzo. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale wotsimikiza za ubale pakati pa vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi matchulidwe apamwamba [54-56]. Zhou ndi Leung [46] adalongosola za ubalewu ndikuwonetsa kuti kusungulumwa ndikuneneratu za kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso machitidwe amasewera othandizirana pamasewera ochezera. Elhai, Vasquez [42] adawonetsera kuti matchulidwe apamwamba amamasulira zotsatira za kupsinjika ndi nkhawa pamavuto azomwe zimachitika mu smartphone. Ponseponse, timaganiza kuti kutayika kwakanthawi kokhadzula kumapangitsa munthu kukhala pachiwopsezo chokhudzana ndi kukula kwa ICD.

Chidule cha zolinga za phunziroli

Kafukufukuyu apano akuthandizira kumvetsetsa bwino kwamomwe akupangidwira komanso njira zodziwonera zokhudzana ndi zizindikiro za ICD. Zomwe tikuganiza ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi kafukufuku wakale, yemwe adanenanso za kusasamala pakulankhula kwangozi monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo [57], zomwe zimayambitsa ngozi [46], njuga zamatenda [50], kapena vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti [37, 54]. Tikuganiza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lotaya mtima kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito foni yamtunduwu ngati njira yolakwika yolimbana ndi vutoli amatha kukhala ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti. Ogwirizana ndi mtundu wa I-PACE wolemba Brand, Young [7], timangoganiza kuti kutanthauzira kokhala kusasangalatsa kumayendetsedwa ndi kuzindikira kwina. Kuphatikiza apo komanso kutengera kafukufukuyu wolemba Biolcati, Passini [48] timaganiziranso kuti makamaka anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lotayirira komanso oyembekeza kuti apewe kuvuta chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti amakumana ndi zotsatirapo zoipa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamuwa. Monga cholinga china, timasanthula zotsatira za mayankho okhudzidwa komanso kuzindikira. Chitsanzo cha I-PACE chikuwonetsa kuti zotsatira za kupewa ziwonetsero pazizindikiro za ICD zimayanjanitsidwa ndi zomwe zikukondweretsani zapamwamba. Ponseponse, mphamvu yoyimira pakati yolakalaka ingakhale yothandizanso pakumvana pakati pakulankhula kosagwirizana ndi ICD. Chithunzi cha 1 mwachidule ma hypotheses mu mawonekedwe a equation.

Mkuyu 1. Mitundu yophatikizira.

Mtundu woyeserera wopenda zotsatira zowoneka mwachindunji komanso zosakhudzidwa kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ICD.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742.g001

Njira

Ophunzira ndi ndondomeko

Ophunzira zana limodzi makumi anayi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu omwe ali pakati pa 18 ndi 60 zaka (M = 25.61, SD = 8.94) adatenga nawo gawo pakalipano. Mwa awa, 91 anali akazi ndipo 57 anali amuna. Onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito anali ogwiritsa ntchito kuyankhulana pa intaneti, kuyambira zaka ziwiri mpaka 19 zamagwiritsidwe (M = 8.09, SD = 3.09). Pulogalamu ya WhatsApp yolumikizirana pa intaneti inali yogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse (97.97% ya onse omwe atenga nawo mbali), ndikutsatiridwa ndi Facebook (78.38% ya onse omwe atenga nawo mbali), Facebook Messenger (62.84% ya onse omwe atenga nawo mbali), ndi Instagram (53.38% ya onse omwe atenga nawo mbali) . Ntchito zina zolumikizirana pa intaneti monga Twitter, iMessage, Snapchat, kapena Skype zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ochepera 50% ya onse omwe atenga nawo mbali. Ophunzirawo amatha pafupifupi mphindi za 125.41 (SD = 156.49) patsiku pogwiritsa ntchito WhatsApp, kutsatiridwa ndi Instagram (M = 57.97, SD = 78.76), Snapchat (M = 53.71, SD = 65.40), ndi Facebook (M = 55.48, SD = 84.74). Ntchito zina zonse zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi mphindi zochepa za 30 patsiku.

Tinalembetsanso maphunziro awo ku Yunivesite ya Duisburg-Essen (Germany) kudzera pa mindandanda yamaimelo, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, komanso mawu olimbikitsa pakamwa. Phunziroli linkachitika mu labotale, munthu payekhapayekha. Poyamba, ophunzira adauzidwa za kulembedwa za njirayi ndikupatsidwa chilolezo. Tinawafunsa kuti asinthe ma foni awo kuti akhale othawa ndikuisunga m'thumba mwawo nthawi yomwe akutenga nawo mbali. Pambuyo pake, ophunzirawo adayankha mafunso azisamba pa intaneti ndipo adachita zofanizira ndi kuyesanso kwa paradigm yosagwirizana ndi zomwe zalembedwa pamanja apano. Zitatha izi, ophunzirawo adayankha mafunso owonjezera pa intaneti, monga Boredom Proneness Scale, Internet-Use-Expectancies Scale kapena Chiyeso Chachidule cha Zowonjezera pa intaneti, zomwe zifotokozedwa motere. Pafupifupi, kafukufukuyu amatenga pafupifupi ola limodzi. Ophunzira adapeza malo opatsa ngongole chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali. Komiti yamayendedwe azikhalidwe ku University of Duisburg-Essen idavomereza phunziroli.

Zida

Mtundu wosinthidwa wa Kuyesa Kwachidule pa intaneti kwa vuto la kulumikizana kwa intaneti (s-IAT-ICD).

Malonda a ICD anayeza ndi mtundu waifupi wa Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT) wolemba Pawlikowski, Altstötter-Gleich [58]. Phunziro ili tidagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wosinthidwa wa ICD (s-IAT-ICD) [15]. Mulingowo umawerengera madandaulo oyipa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti. Poyamba, tanthauzo la kulumikizana kudzera pa intaneti limaperekedwa. Malangizowa akutsindika kuti mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti polumikizana amaphatikizapo kugwira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kulemba zatsopano) komanso kungokhala ndi zochitika (mwachitsanzo, kusanthula ndi kuwerenga zatsopano) kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso mabulogu monga Facebook, Twitter, ndi Instagram , komanso amithenga a Instant monga WhatsApp.

Ophunzira atenga zinthu khumi ndi ziwiri pamiyeso isanu ya Likert (kuyambira 1 = "konse" mpaka 5 = "pafupipafupi"). Chiwerengero chonse chimawerengedwa kuyambira khumi ndi awiri mpaka 60. Zambiri> 30 zikuwonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamavuto polumikizana pa intaneti, pomwe zambiri> 37 zikuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolumikizirana pa intaneti. Mafunsowa ali ndi zinthu ziwiri (zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi): kutaya kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka nthawi (s-IAT-ICD 1: α = .849) ndi mavuto azikhalidwe / kulakalaka (s-IAT-ICD 2: α = .708). Kusasinthika kwamkati mkati inali α = .842. Zinthu ziwirizi zikuyimira kutalika kwa ICD mu kapangidwe ka equation.

Kuchita zinthu komanso kusilira.

Kuti mufufuze zokhumbira komanso kulakalaka, zithunzi za cue-reactivity zopangidwa ndi zithunzi khumi ndi ziwiri zokhudzana ndi ntchito yolumikizirana pa intaneti zinagwiritsidwa ntchito [34, 59]. Zojambula zowonetsera zinawonetsedwa ma foni osiyanasiyana omwe amawonetsera kukambirana kudzera pa intaneti yolumikizirana osiyanasiyana. Zokondweretsa izi zidakonzedwa ndikufotokozedwa mu kafukufuku wakale wa Wegmann, Stodt [34]. Mu kafukufuku wapano ophunzirawo adavotera chithunzi chilichonse chokhudza kukongola, kusangalala, ndikukulimbikitsani kugwiritsa ntchito foniyo pamlingo wa Likert wachisanu (kuchokera ku 1 = "osadzutsa / kulimbikitsa" mpaka 5 = "kukweza / kukweza / kulimbikitsa") ). Ulaliki^® (Mtundu 16.5, www.neurobs.com) idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazowunikira ndi ma ratings.

Kuphatikiza apo, tidagwiritsa ntchito Desire of Alcohol Mafunso [60] kusinthidwa kuti kugwiritsidwe ntchito kwa smartphone kuyesa kulakalaka [34]. Mafunso amafunsidwa kale ndi pambuyo pa cue-reactivity paradigm kuti ayesere kufunira kwapansi (kufunsira kwapansi pa DAQ-ICD) komanso kusinthaku komwe kungafunike pambuyo povumbulutsidwa (posachedwa kwa DAQ-ICD). Chifukwa chake, ophunzirawo adayenera kuyesa zinthu za 14 (mwachitsanzo, "Kugwiritsa ntchito foni yamakono kukhutiritsa pakadali pano") pamakwerero asanu ndi awiri a Likert (kuyambira 0 = "kusagwirizana kwathunthu" mpaka 6 = "mgwirizano wathunthu"). Nditangolowetsa chinthu chimodzi, tinawerengera zotsalazo [59]. Zomwe zimapangidwa mkati mwake zinali í = .851 ya basqu-ICD ya DAQ-ICD ndi α = .919 ya kukhumba pambuyo kwa DAQ-ICD Mu kusanthula kotsatiraku, kufunafuna kwa mbuyo kwa DAQ-ICD ndi miyeso ya chithunzi chobwereza-bwereza kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kuimira gawo lamakono lazomwe zimayambitsa chidwi cha mtundu wa cue.

Mtundu wosinthidwa wa Internet-Use Expectancies Scale for online-communication (IUES).

Mulingo Wogwiritsa Ntchito intaneti - Expenseancies (IUES) [17] zomwe zidasinthidwa kuti ziyankhulidwe pa intaneti zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa zomwe ophunzira akuyembekeza kuti adzagwiritse ntchito poyankhulana pa intaneti [16]. Mafunsowo ali ndi zinthu ziwiri (zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi): kulimbikitsidwa koyenera (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti kuti ndikondweretse"; IUES zabwino: α = .838) komanso ziyembekezo zopewa (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti kuti ndikundisokoneza pamavuto ”; IUES avoider α = .732). Ophunzira adayenera kuyika chilichonse pamipanda isanu ndi umodzi ya Likert (kuchokera ku 1 = "ndikutsutsana kwathunthu" mpaka 6 = "ndikuvomereza kwathunthu"). Kutengera zakafukufuku wakale ndi malingaliro abodza, zoyembekezera zopewa zinali zokhazokha pazofunsa zotsatirazi.

Short Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS).

The Short Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS) lolemba ndi Struk, Carriere [61] idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuti munthu ali ndi vuto lotani. Mulingowo uli ndi zinthu zisanu ndi zitatu (mwachitsanzo, "Zimatengera kukondweretsa kwambiri kuti ndizipititsa patsogolo kuposa anthu ambiri"), zomwe zimayenera kuvotera pamakwerero a Likert (kuyambira 1 = "ndikutsutsana kwathunthu" mpaka 7 = "ndikuvomereza kwathunthu) "). Mtengo wanthawi zonse wawerengedwa. Kusasinthika kwamkati kunali α = .866.

Kusanthula kusanthula

Kuwunika kumeneku kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS 25.0 ya Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics, yotulutsidwa 2017). Tidawerengera malumikizano a Pearson kuti ayese kuyanjana pakati pa zinthu ziwiri. Malumikizidwe amatanthauziridwa mwatsatanetsatane pogwiritsa ntchito kukula kwake. Kutengera ndi Cohen [62], Cholumikizana ndi Pearson r ≥ .01 ikuwonetsa kakang'ono, r ≥ .03 sing'anga, ndipo r ≥ .05 zotsatira zazikulu. Kusanthula kwa mtundu wa kapangidwe ka zinthu (SEM) kudapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Mplus 6 [63]. Kuti tiwone mtundu woyenera wa SEM, tidagwiritsa ntchito mizu yokhazikika kutanthauza zotsalira zazitali (SRMR; mfundo <.08 zikuwonetsa kuyanjana bwino ndi deta), muzu umatanthawuza kulakwitsa kwakukulu kwa kufanana (RMSEA; mfundo <.08 zikuwonetsa zabwino ndi <.10 yovomerezeka ndi chidziwitsocho), ndi ma indices oyenerera (CFI ndi TLI; mfundo> .90 zikuwonetsa zovomerezeka ndi> .95 zikuwonetsa kuyenerera bwino ndi zidziwitsozo] [64, 65]. Tidagwiritsanso ntchito χ²-Kuyesa kuti muone ngati deta imachokeradi pa mtundu womwe wafotokozedwayo. Monga gawo lina lochepetsera zolakwika za SEM, tidagwiritsa ntchito njira yolemba zinthu zosiyasiyana zomwe zimayimiriridwa ngati zosinthika zowonekera. Njira iyi imalola kumanga magawo azinthu zamtunduwu mu SEM [66, 67]. Chifukwa chake, tinayang'ana kuyanjana pakati pa zinthu za sikelo iliyonse ndipo kenako tinapanga zinthu ziwiri zakukula kwa IUES ndi BPS.

Results

Makhalidwe ofotokozera ndi ziwerengero zamagulu angapo

Zomwe amatanthauza komanso zopatuka za mafunso onse komanso mavutidwe amathandizidwe amakumbidwe amapezeka mu Gulu 1. Zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidasimbidwa pazinthuzo zimaphatikizidwa ngati zowonjezera. Gulu 2 ikuwonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa izi. Kutengera zaka zambiri zomwe Pawlikowski, Altstötter-Gleich [58], Ochita nawo 23 adawonetsa ovuta ndipo otenga mbali asanu ndi awiri adawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi madandaulo okhudzana ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito izi ndikufotokozera zizindikiro za ICD.

Tebulo 1. Tchulani zofunikira, zopatuka zofananira, ndi mitundu yambiri ya s-IAT-ICD ndi masikelo ogwiritsa.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742.t001

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Tebulo 2. Malumikizidwe a Bivariate pakati pazambiri za s-IAT-ICD ndi miyeso yoikidwa.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742.t002

Mtundu wa kapangidwe kazinthu

Mtundu wa hypothesized structural equation, pamlingo wotsatira, unawonetsa kuyenererana bwino ndi deta (SRMR = .029, CFI = .986, TLI = .972, RMSEA = .063, p = .299, BIC = 3962.65). The χ²-Test iwonetsanso mawonekedwe oyenera (χ² = 22.25, p = .074, χ²/ df = 1.59). Magawo onse ofotokozedwawo anali oyimiridwa bwino ndi mawonekedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mugawo loyamba, zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti ndikulankhula kosafunikira (β = .384, SE = .096, p ≤ .001), kulakalaka kwamphamvu (β = .414, SE = .102, p ≤ .001), komanso zoyembekezera zopewera (β = .255, SE = .109, p = .011) anali olosera zakutsogolo mwanjira ya ICD. Matchulidwe a Boredom adathandizanso kulakalaka kwambiri (β = .411, SE = .100, p ≤ .001) ndi zoyembekezera zopewera (β = .567, SE = .084, p ≤ .001). Kuphatikiza apo, zoyembekezera zopewedwa zinali zowonetseratu chidwi chakukopeka kwa cue (β = .361, SE = .107, p = .001). Zotsatira za kusungulumwa pazizindikiro za ICD zidalumikizidwa ndi kulakalaka kwapang'onopang'ono (β = .170, SE = .058, p = .003) ndi zoyembekezera zopewera (β = .145, SE = .063, p = .021). Zotsatira zakuyembekezerani kupewa pazokonda za ICD zidaphatikizidwanso ndi kulakalaka kwa cue (β = .149, SE = .059, p = .011). Kuphatikiza apo, ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kutanthauzika ndi zizindikiro za ICD unalumikizidwa ndi ziwonetsero zopewera, kuphatikiza apo, mwa kulakalaka kochokera pansi pamtima (kuyankhula kosagwiritsika ntchito — kupewera kungoyeserera — kulakalaka kwambiri — ICD; β = .085, SE = .037, p = .021); komabe kuyimira uku kunali kothandiza pang'ono. Ponseponse, mtundu womwe udafotokozedwayu udafotokozera bwino 81.60% ya kusiyanasiyana kwa zizindikiro za ICD. Chithunzi cha 2 chikuwonetsa chojambulachi chomwe chili ndi masanjidwewo, β zolemera, ndi ma coefficients.

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Mkuyu 2. Zotsatira za mawonekedwe a equation.

Zotsatira za kapangidwe kazoyeserera kapangidwe kake ndi ICD monga zotengera mosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza zolemba pazosinthidwa zotchulidwa ndi zotsalira za β. p-mawu, ndi okhala.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742.g002

Zowonjezera

Mtundu womwe wafotokozedwerawu udakhazikitsidwa pazamaganizidwe komanso umboni wowonetsa bwino monga zitsanzo zamagulu a Wegmann, Stodt [15] ndi Wegmann ndi Brand [8]. Komabe, tinkafuna kuwongolera fanizoli pazinthu zina zomwe zingachititse kuti timvetsetse bwino momwe ICD imayambira. Magazini yoyamba yomwe tidakambirana inali kuyanjana kwakanthawi kocheza ndi nkhawa komanso nkhawa [35, 68, 69]. Kafukufuku waposachedwa ndi Elhai, Vasquez [42] ikuwonetsa kuti ubale pakati pa zizindikiro za psychopathological ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamavuto kwamavuto wapakati kumasinthidwa ndikulankhula kosavomerezeka. Tidayesa zizindikiro zama psychopathological monga kukhumudwa (M = 0.53, SD = 0.53), zomverera pakati pa anthu (M = 0.72, SD = 0.64), ndi nkhawa (M = 0.55, SD = 0.49) Pogwiritsa ntchito Brunch Syndromeom Inventory Questionnaire ya Derogatis [70]. Popeza zosintha zomwe zikugwira ntchito muzochitika za psychopathological zimaphatikizana kwambiri ndi zosinthika zina zamtundu wapano (zonse r's ≤ .448, zonse p's ≤ .024), tidaphatikizaponso chidziwitso cha psychopathological (monga kukhumudwa, kutengeka mtima, komanso kuda nkhawa) monga gawo linanso lazopitilira muyeso. Kutengera mtundu woyimira pakati wa Elhai, Vasquez [42] tidayang'ana ngati zotsatira za kusadziwika kwaubwino zimadalira pakupanga zizindikiro zama psychopathological kapena ngati kutayika kwakumasulira kukufotokoza kukuwonjezereka monga momwe zidatsimikizidwira m'maphunziro akale [35, 42, 68].

Monga momwe tafotokozera Chithunzi cha 3, zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti zizindikiro za psychopathological zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukonzekera ndi kukonza ICD, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale [8, 15, 42]. Komabe, kufunikira kwakutaya mtima monga wolosera zakutsogolo za zizindikiro za ICD sikumachepetsedwa kwambiri kuphatikiza zizindikiro za psychopathological mu mtundu wa equation form. Izi zikugogomezera kuti kusasinthika kwa matchulidwe am'mimba komanso zizindikiro za psychopathological ndizokhudzana koma zimapanga zodziyimira zokha zomwe zotsatira zake za ICD zimayang'aniridwa ndi magawo azidziwitso komanso othandizira. Zotsatira za mtundu wofanana wa kapangidwe kake kuphatikiza zinthu zomwe zaphatikizidwa pazomwe zimasinthidwa za latent ndi zotsalira za β. p-amalemba, ndi okhala pofupikitsidwa mkati Chithunzi cha 3.

Mkuyu 3. Zotsatira za mtundu wina wamagulu olinganiza.

Zotsatira za kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe a psychopathological monga kuwonetseratu kwina kuphatikizira zinthu zina pazosintha zomwe zafotokozedwazo komanso zitsulo zotsalira za we, p-amalemba, ndi zotsalira (Zosintha: PP = psychopathological zviratidzo, BP = kutayikira, AE = zoyembekezeredwa, CRAV = kusokonekera kwa kulakalaka, ICD = kusokonekera kwa kulumikizana kwa intaneti).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742.g003

Tidaganiziranso zaka komanso jenda ngati zosintha zomwe zingakhudze momwe zimakhalira. Chifukwa chake, tidayamba kuwerengera kulumikizana pakati pa zaka ndi zina zonse. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kulumikizana kwakung'ono (zonse r's ≤ -.376). Kusintha kumeneku kukuwonetsa njira yomwe achinyamata angatenge nawo madandaulo apamwamba m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti. Monga gawo linanso, tinawongolera data yathu yotsutsana ndi jenda pogwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kwa mayeso pa zitsanzo zoyimilira. Zotsatira zake zinawonetsa kuti panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe amatenga nawo mbali (p ≥ .319). Mtundu woyeserera wopanga ndi kusinthika kowonjezeredwa ndi jenda unawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwamanja ngati njira yochitira [71]. Ndondomeko zoyenera za mtundu wopanga mawonekedwe zimawonetsa kuyenererana bwino ndi deta (CFI = .975, TLI = .961, SRMR = .060, RMSEA = .075, p = .194, BIC = 4050.63). Kwa onse amuna ndi akazi omwe tapeza zotsatira zofananira. Amayi achikazi adawonetsera zomwe zikuwonetseredwa mu mtundu wa equation. Kwa abambo, sitinapeze chilichonse chochokera pa zomwe tikuyembekeza kupewa kuti tichotsere ICD (β = .153, SE = .133, p = .249), palibe zoyimira pakati pazoyembekeza zakupewera paubwenzi wapakatikati ndi ICD (β = .029, SE = .030, p = .327), ndipo palibe chiyanjanitso chofuna kulumikizana ndi kuyanjana pakati pa matchulidwe amtundu wa ICD (β = .073, SE = .065, p = .262). Chifukwa cha zitsanzo zazing'ono zazing'ono, makamaka zazitsanzo za amuna, zotsatirapo zake ziyenera kukambidwa mosamala ndipo ziyenera kuwongoleredwa pamaphunziro ena.

Kukambirana

Mu kafukufuku waposachedwa, tidayesa kutsimikizika kwa mtundu wa zoyerekeza zomwe timaganiza pakati pa kutaya mtima ndi magawo othandizira komanso ozindikira pofotokozera zizindikiro za ICD. Mtundu wa masanjidwe oyendetsera zinthu, pamlingo wapamwamba, unapereka chokwanira bwino ndi deta pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolembetsera zinthu kuti muchepetse zolakwika zina. Pafupifupi, kusungulumwa komanso zotsatira zoyipa zamavuto othandizira komanso othandizira, monga ziyembekezero zopewera komanso kulakalaka komwe kwachitika, anafotokozera 81.60% ya kusiyanasiyana kwa zizindikiro za ICD. Zotsatirazo zikuwonetsa kuti kutayika kwamasamba kumakhudzanso chitukuko cha ICD komanso kukonza. Chinali chowonetseratu chachikulu chakuyembekeza kupewa malingaliro osalimbikitsa ndikuthawa kuchokera ku zenizeni komanso kukhumbira kochokera pansi pamtima. Izi zothandizirana ndikuzindikira zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuyankhulidwa kwa ICD. Zotsatirazi zikutsindikanso kuyanjana kwa oimira pakati omwe atchulidwa, popeza zovuta zakuyembekezeredwa pazizindikiro za ICD zinali zapakati pang'ono pakulakalaka kwa cue. Kuphatikiza apo, kulumikizana kwa ziyembekezo pakupewa pakati pa kulumala kwakanthawi ndi zizindikiro za ICD kunalumikizidwa ndi kulakalaka kochokera pansi pamtima.

Zotsatira zake zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro loti ubale womwe ungakhalepo wokhudzidwa kuti umve kupsinjika ndi gawo la mikhalidwe ya munthu, komanso zokumana nazo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti zimayanjanitsidwa ndi mayankho okhudzika komanso ozindikira pazokhudzana zakunja ndi zochitika , monga mawonekedwe owonetsera zokambirana kudzera pama intaneti yolumikizirana osiyanasiyana. Zotsatira zaposachedwa zimapititsa zomwe zapezedwa zakafukufuku wakale, zomwe zidawonetsa kale kuti zizindikiro zama psychopathological (monga kupsinjika kapena nkhawa zamagulu) ndi mawonekedwe a umunthu (monga kupsinjika kapena kudziyimba) zimakhudzanso zizindikiro za ICD, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi kuzindikira kwapadera (monga mtundu wamachitidwe osokonekera kapena kukopera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti) [8, 15]. Zotsatirazi ndizogwirizana ndi mtundu wa theoretical I-PACE woperekedwa ndi Brand, Young [7]. Pakatikati pa chitsanzo cha I-PACE ndizomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi chidwi pakuwona momwe zinthu ziliri, mwachitsanzo mukakumana ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi vuto laukadaulo, kusamvana kwanu, kapena kupsinjika. Kuwona kwamitundu yokhazikika kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika kumabweretsa mayankho okhudzana komanso kuzindikira kwa cue-reac shughuli ndi kulakalaka, komwe kumawonetsedwa ngati kufuna kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu inayake ndikuchepetsa mayiko osagwirizana [20, 24]. Zotsatira za kafukufuku waposachedwa zimathandizira lingaliro ili powonetsa kuti ophunzira omwe ali ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu chokhala otopa (monga amodzi mwamakhalidwe a munthu) kapenanso kuti sangathe kuyang'anira chisangalalo [35], kukhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu chogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti mopitirira malire. Zotsatirazi zimalimbikitsidwanso ndikuphunzira ndi Elhai, Vasquez [42] komanso mwakuwunikira kwathu kowonjezera, komwe kumatsimikizira kuti zizindikiro zama psychopathological monga kukhumudwa, kumva kwaumunthu komanso nkhawa zimatha kuyambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kusungulumwa komanso kuwopsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana kudzera pa intaneti. Khalidweli limalimbikitsidwa pamene anthu akumana ndi zoyeserera (zogwirizana ndi kulumikizana ndi ma smartphone) ndikakumana ndi chidwi chogwiritsa ntchito foni ya smartphone kapena ntchito inayake yolumikizirana. Zikuwoneka ngati chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito foni yam'mawa mutatha kuwona chithunzi kapena kumvera mawu omwe akubwera [34]. Omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti atha kukhala ndi chizolowezi chotere kuti athe kuyesa kuthana ndi nkhawa ngati kusungulumwa komanso kuti athawe kupusitsidwa ndi omwe akukumana nawo [20, 36].

Mphamvu yolumikizira yamtsogolo yopewera chiyembekezo cha kuyankhula kwakanthawi komanso zizindikiro za ICD imathandizira lingaliro ili. Zofanana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa chidwi chomwe chayambitsa zotsatira zimawonetsa kuti kusakhala ndi vuto losungulumwa kumayambitsa chiyembekezo chopewa kukhumudwa pa intaneti ndikuchepetsa mavuto pogwiritsa ntchito foni yam'manja kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Izi zikugwirizana ndi Biolcati, Passini [48] kuwonetsa kuti ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kusungulumwa pang'ono ndi zizoloŵezi zakumwa moledzera umayanjanitsidwa ndi zoyembekezeredwa kuti zichoke pakukondweretsedwa ndiku zenizeni. Olembawo amaganiza kuti makamaka achinyamata, omwe amakonda kusungulumwa nthawi yawo yopuma, akuyembekeza kuti athawa nkhawa zakumwa zoledzeretsa, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti akhoza kukhala ndi chizolowezi chomwa mowa kwambiri [48]. Khalidwe lachiwopsezo likuwoneka ngati njira yolimbana ndi vuto linalake, komwe anthu amayesera kupeza njira zochepetsera kupsinjika kwa vuto [35, 39, 40]. Zotsatira za Biolcati, Passini [48], Biolcati, Mancini [39], ndi Harris [40] fotokozerani malingaliro ofunikira a mtundu wa I-PACE monga malingaliro omwe anthu amayesera kuthawa kukhumudwa kapena kuthana ndi vuto lakumwa, zomwe zingapangitse kuti asankhe kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu inayake. Popeza Zhou ndi Leung [46] adafotokozera kale mgwirizano wamtunduwu ndi masewera pamasewera ochezera, zotsatira zapano zionetsa ubalewu. Chidziwitso chokhutiritsa kapena kukondweretsa pamkhalidwe wakukhazikika kungafotokozeredwe ngati chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimalimbikitsa chiopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ena pa intaneti chifukwa chakuyembekeza kuchepetsa mayiko ogwirizana m'mikhalidwe yofananira mobwerezabwereza. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe anapeza pochita kafukufuku wa Montag, Markowetz [72] yemwe adawonetsera zopindulitsa pogwiritsa ntchito Facebook kudzera pa foni yam'manja komanso kuyambitsa kwapamwamba kwa a cyral striatum pomwe anthu amawononga nthawi yocheza nawo.

Cholinga chachiwiri cha kafukufukuyu chinali kufufuza momwe mayankho okhudzidwira komanso chidziwitso amathandizidwe akunja. Kafukufuku wakale adafufuza kale kufunikira kwa kubwerezabwereza ndi kukhumba [34] komanso zoyembekezera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti [8, 15] makamaka zoyembekezera zopewera [16] yopanga ndi kukonza ICD. Kufunika kwa mapangidwe awiriwa kunawonetsedwa kale pamavuto ena ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti, monga kugula kwa intaneti kapena kugula kwatsamba18, 59], Vuto loona zolaula pa intaneti [29], Matenda a pa intaneti [30, 73, 74], kapena yodziwika bwino (yosafotokoza) matenda ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti [17]. Monga momwe tikudziwira, palibe kafukufuku yemwe adafufuza momwe kulumikizana kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa chidwi cha intaneti komanso zoyembekezera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti monga zosakanizira za mtundu wa I-PACE [7]. Olembapo mtundu wa I-PACE amaganiza kuti zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti amagwiritsa ntchito, zimaneneratu kulakalaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto linalake logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Chifukwa chake, tidaganiza kuti kulakalaka komwe kumayambitsa kukhala ngati mkhalapakati pakati pa ziyembekezo zogwiritsira ntchito intaneti (makamaka kupewa ziyembekezo) ndi zizindikiro za ICD. Hypothesis imathandizidwa ndi zotsatira zapano. Zomwe wapezazi zikuwonetsa kuti magawo othandizira komanso ozindikira amayanjana wina ndi mnzake, zomwe zimagogomezera njira zazikulu zamalingaliro. Anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi intaneti (mwachitsanzo, kuyembekezera kusokonezedwa ndi mavuto, kuthawa ku zenizeni, kapena kupewa kusungulumwa) akuwoneka kuti ali pachiwopsezo cha malingaliro okhudzana ndi chizolowezi ndipo akuwoneka kuti akukumana ndi zofuna zambiri. Ponena za njira zolimbikitsira zomwe zatsimikizidwa mu I-PACE modz, anthu akuyenera kusankha kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zawo “zoyamba-zisankho” kuti asokoneze mkhalidwe wabwinowu ndikupeza mwayi kapena kubwezera. Izi zimawonjezera chiopsezo cholephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti [7]. Zotsatira zake ndi chizindikiro choyamba chakuwonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa mayankho okhudzika ndi kuzindikira kwa zoyipa zakunja ndi zamkati. Popeza pali zinthu zina monga chidwi cha tsankho ndi mayanjano ophatikizika komanso kufunikira kwa zoletsa zoletsa ndi ntchito zazikulu [7], mayanjano apakati pazinthu izi ayenera kufufuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane. Pomwepo, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuyang'ana pa ICD, komanso zovuta zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti.

Malingaliro ndi tanthauzo

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma foni a m'manja ndi ma intaneti polumikizirana m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kumawoneka ngati kovuta kwambiri. Kwa anthu ambiri ndichizolowezi kugwiritsa ntchito foni yamtunduwu podikirira munthu wina kapena sitima mwachitsanzo. Turel ndi Bechara [75] kufotokozera kufunikira kwa chikakamizo chokhala pachiwopsezo cha ICD komanso. Pafupifupi, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti zikuwoneka ngati chitsanzo chachikulu cha mgwirizano pakati pakulankhula kwamisala ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwanzeru. Titha kumaganiza kuti kudziwa zakukhutiritsa ndi kubwezera ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito maphunzirowa ndi njira yofunika yokhudza chitukuko cha ICD. Ngakhale zotsatira zake ndizogwirizana ndi malingaliro ampikisano a mtundu wa I-PACE wolemba Brand, Young [7], kukula kwa chizolowezi cholumikizirana kudzera pa intaneti komanso zizindikiro za ICD komanso udindo wodziwika pakamwa ndi zinthu zina zodziwika bwino ziyenera kufufuzidwa m'maphunziro a nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wambiri makamaka pamakina amomwe amathandizira amafunikira.

Poganizira izi, kuphatikiza pazowopsa zakusungulumwa, kufufuza kuyeneranso kuyang'ana pa zomwe zikuchitika. Ben-Yehuda, Greenberg [76] yathetsa kale kufunikira kwa kusungulumwa kwa boma ngati kungakhale pachiwopsezo chotukuka kwa chizolowezi cha foni yamakono, chomwe chikuyenera kufufuzidwa pakufufuzidwa kwina. Izi zimaphatikizapo chidziwitso cha kukondweretsedwa pansi ndi kukomoka monga boma lodalira pachikhalidwe [38, 57]. Titha kuganiza kuti kusungulumwa kwenikweni ndikumafotokozanso komwe kumapangitsa anthu kukhala ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito foni yamtunduwu pakukondoweza. Izi zitha kulimbikitsidwa ndikusangalala ndikulipirira motero kuonjezera mwayi woti mugwiritsire ntchito foni yamtunduwu mofanananso. Pakadali pano, maphunziro owonjezerawa ayenera kukumbukira kuti zinthu monga kusinthasintha kwa zochitika, mikangano yaumunthu, kusokonezeka kwazomwe zikuchitika, kapena kupsinjika kozindikira kungakhudze magawo othandizirana komanso othandizira komanso lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu inayake [7, 77].

Popeza kuti anthu ambiri amakumana ndi zovuta m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, monga kusamvana ndi mabanja ndi abwenzi kapena zovuta zokhudzana ndi ntchito zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti mosasamala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwawoko, pali kufunika kokwanira kokwanira ndikuwongoleredwa kuchitapo kanthu. M'njira zamavuto ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti ndi mitundu yake, monga ICD, kupambana kwa kupewa ndi kulowererapo kumaganiziridwa kuti kumadalira zokwanira pakuthana ndi zifukwa zoyenera. Poganizira kuti mawonekedwe amunthu akhoza kukhala ovuta kusintha, kulowererapo kuyenera kuganizira mozama komanso kusintha zinthu kuti zisawonongeke kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ena [7]. Phunziroli, ziyembekezero zopewera kukhumudwitsidwa pa intaneti komanso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolakwika zimayikidwa mu gawo la chitukuko cha ICD. Kuwona zomwe tikuyembekezera kugwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti posintha malingaliro osachita bwino zikhala gawo loyamba lakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kusungulumwa kapena amene ali ndi vuto lalikulu lotha kusungulumwa amayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuti azindikira kuti intaneti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito foni yamakono si njira yokhayo yolimbana ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimakhudza kukondoweza kapena kusakondweretsa. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa kukhala ndi chiyembekezo choti pulogalamu yolumikizirana pa intaneti ikhoza kulimbikitsa kuthawa m'mavuto a moyo weniweniwo kumatha kulimbikitsa ndikukulitsa kulakalaka kochitidwa monga zikuwonekera ndi zotsatira zaposachedwa, makamaka ngati chidwi chomwe chikuchitika. M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku zokopa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku zingakhale mwachitsanzo kuwona anthu ena akugwiritsa ntchito foni yam'manja kapena kuzindikira uthenga womwe ukubwera. Izi, makamaka, zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuti anthu ena athe kukana kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina. Onsewo, anthu payekhapayokha amatha kukhala osachedwa kuwongolera pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso zotsatira zoyipa. Kuphatikiza apo, zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi njira yolumikizirana kudzera pa intaneti chifukwa chofunitsitsa kudziwa ziyenera kutsitsidwa mwadongosolo kudzera mu maphunziro omwe amapangitsa kuti anthu aphunzire momwe angapewere zosagwirizana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa [7]. Kuchita bwino kwa njira zophunzitsira wamba kumafunikira kufufuza kwina, makamaka kwa ICD.

Pomaliza, tikuyenera kunena zofooka zina. Phunziroli lidachitika ndi zitsanzo zosavuta, zomwe sizoyimira anthu onse kapena odwala omwe akufuna kupeza chithandizo chamankhwala omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Pamaziko pazotsatira zomwe zikuchitika, zikuwoneka zoyenera kufufuza momwe mungakhalire wodziwika, kulakalaka, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ziyembekezo pamitundu ina, monga achinyamata ndi achinyamata omwe akufuna chithandizo. Zowonjezera zina ndikuti tangoyang'ana pa ICD kokha. Popeza kuti mapulogalamu ena pa intaneti angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuthawa kukhumudwa kapena kukhumudwa, phunziroli liyenera kubwerezedwanso ndi zitsanzo zosintha zina monga masewera a pa intaneti, kugula pa intaneti, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti.

Kutsiliza

Kafukufuku waposachedwa amafufuza malingaliro owonera zokhudzana ndi kukonza ndikusamalira ICD. Kutengera mtundu wa I-PACE, chidwi chimayikidwa pakukhazikitsa magawo azinthu zothandizirana, monga kupewa ziwonetsero ndi kulakalaka kwa chidwi, pa ubale pakati pa machitidwe apakati a munthu ndi zizindikiro za ICD. Kafukufukuyu adawunika mphamvu ya kufotokozeredwa kwamtundu wina monga mtundu wa kuthekera kwa kuneneratu zizindikiro za ICD. Zotsatira zaposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti kuyankhula momasuka kumatha kuchita gawo lalikulu mu ICD. Anthu omwe amakhala ndi vuto lalikulu lotayirira amakhala ndi chiyembekezo chodzadza ndi mavuto pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti, yomwe imapangitsa zotsatira zoyipa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhala ndi ziyembekezo zopewe kumayenderana ndi chidwi chachikulu. Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa chokhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kulumikizana ndi intaneti, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pa intaneti. Ndi zotsatirazi, njira zake za ICD zimapumira. Kuyesa kuchitapo kanthu komwe kumayesa kulepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kosagwiritsidwa ntchito mozama komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zake zenizeni zitha kutsegulidwa poganizira lingaliro lamasulidwe osakanikirana ndi momwe mungagwirizanirana ndi cue-reacuction, kulakalaka, ndi chiyembekezo.

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