Kudalirika
Kuti timvetse bwino ndikumeta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masewera achiwawa (VGV) achitirane nkhanza, tinapanga kafukufuku wopitilira maphunziro onse omwe akuyembekezeka mpaka pano omwe adayesa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kuwonekera kwa VGV komanso kuthana ndi mkwiyo. Njira yofufuzira idazindikira maphunziro a 24 omwe ali ndi ophunzira oposa 17,000 ndi nthawi yotalikirana kuyambira miyezi ya 3 mpaka zaka za 4. Zitsanzozi zinali za mitundu ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana okhala ndi zaka kuyambira 9 mpaka 19 zaka. Pa kafukufuku aliyense tinapeza cholowa choyimira zotsatira za VGV pakuyamba kuchita zamtopola, kuwongolera pakuyamba kuchita nkhondo. VGV inali yokhudzana ndi kuchita zachipongwe pogwiritsa ntchito onse [β = 0.113, 95% CI = (0.098, 0.128)] ndi mitundu yotsatirika [β = 0.106 (0.078, 0.134)]. Pomwe ma covariates onse omwe adalipo adaphatikizidwa, kukula kwa zotsalazo kunakhala kofunika kwambiri pamitundu yonseyi [β = 0.080 (0.065, 0.094) and β = 0.078 (0.053, 0.102), motsatana]. Panalibe umboni wotsutsa. Mtundu unali wowerengera wofunikira pa mitundu yazotsatira (zosintha)P ≤ 0.011) koma osati mwachisawawa. Kafukufuku wodziwikiratu adawonetsera kuti zotsatira zake zinali zazikulu kwambiri pakati pa azungu, apakati pakati pa Asiya, komanso osaneneka pakati pa Spain. Zokambirana zimayang'ana pazovuta zomwe zapezedwa pamakangano aposachedwa okhudzana ndi zotsatira za masewera achiwawa pazakuwawa.
Mtsutso wayambika chifukwa cha masewera achiwawa andewu achiwawa (1-4). Pomwe ambiri mwa omwe amachita kafukufuku pamutuwu akunena kuti kusewera masewera otere kumawonjezera chikhalidwe chamtopola, ochepa mawu amati ubale wa masewerawa komanso chikhalidwe chenicheni padziko lonse lapansi ndizopambana komanso ndizowopsa. Mkanganowu wakhala ndi tanthauzo lenileni padziko lapansi. Mu 2011, Khothi Lalikulu ku US linakantha lamulo la ku California lomwe linapangidwa kuti muchepetse kugula ndi kubwereketsa kwa masewera achiwawa kwambiri a ana (5). Ambiri anati kukayikira za kufunikira kwa zotsatira zamasewera achiwawa pakompyuta, kuwafanizira ndi "vuto lopanda vuto" (5).
Masewera achiwawa achiwawa komanso Ziwawa
Mlandu kuti kusewera masewera achiwawa akuwonjezera mchitidwe wankhanza wapangidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri ndi Anderson et al. (6; wonaninso Ref. 7 ndi 8). Makamaka, olemba awa adalemba metaanalysis mwatsatanetsatane momwe masewerawa anasewerera mwamphamvu pamasewera asanu ndi limodzi oyankha mwamphamvu: kuzindikira, kukhudza, kusangalatsa, kuchititsa chidwi / kuchititsa zachiwawa, kuchita zamtopola, komanso kuchita zinthu mosaganizira. Kuwunika kwawo kwa metaanalysis kuchokera ku lipoti lakafukufuku wapamwamba la 130 kutengera otenga mbali oposa 130,000. Pamaziko a kafukufukuyu, olemba adaganiza kuti kusewera kwamavidiyo achiwawa kumayenderana ndi kuchitidwa mwankhanza, kuzindikira mwankhanza, komanso kukhudzidwa, komanso chifukwa chomvera chisoni anthu omwe achitiridwa zachiwawa komanso machitidwe osokoneza. Kuphatikiza apo, olemba adaganiza kuti zotsatirazi ndizodalirika pakufufuza, magawo, ndi maphunziro autali, zimawonedwa pazikhalidwe, jenda, ndi mitundu yamasewera (mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la munthu wachitatu; malingaliro aumunthu ndi anthu; [Owona], ndipo maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri mwanjira zawo amatengera zotsatira zazikulu. Kupenda kwaposachedwa kwaposachedwa ndi Greitemeyer ndi Mügge (9) adafika pamalingaliro omwewo.
Ngakhale atamandidwa ndi ena powonetsa bwino kulumikizana pakati pamasewera achiwawa andewu achiwawa (7), Anderson et al. (6) metaanalysis sanachepetse kukayikira pakati pa ochepa ochita kafukufuku (10). Pazambiri zingapo, Ferguson (2, 11-16) yawonjezera zotsutsa zinayi pakufufuza koonetsa kuti ziwonetsero zachiwawa zamasewera a vidiyo (VGV) zimakulitsa chiwembu chenicheni padziko lonse lapansi: (i) maphunziro ambiri omwe amathandizira kulumikizana kumeneku amagwiritsa ntchito “nkhanza yoyipa” (mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa mawu okhudzana ndi nkhanza, kumverera kokhudzana ndi nkhanza) komwe kumayesa kuchuluka kwa kulingalira; (ii) maphunziro ambiri samaphatikizapo ma covariate ofunikira ngati ziwonetsero chifukwa chake zotsatirapo zilizonse zomwe zingachitike zingakhale zotsutsana ndi ubale wachitatu; (iii) pali kukondera kufalitsa maphunziro othandiza kulumikizana kwa VGV → molumikizira anzawo m'malo molingana ndi awo omwe akuti sangawathandize; ndi (iv) ngakhale wina atavomereza kuti pali ubale wama VGV →, kukula koyerekeza komwe kumanenedwa kumakhala kofooka kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti mfundozi zidatsutsidwa mwamphamvu ndi Anderson ndi mnzake (8), Ferguson ndi mnzake apitiliza kuyimirira pambali yawo (2, 15, 17, 18). Pokhudzana ndi kutsutsa komwe Ferguson et al. (19-21), ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ofufuzawo adachitapo kafukufuku wazitali zitatu zomwe sizinapeze ubale wamphamvu pakati pa kusewera masewera achiwawa ndi nkhanza. Amanena kuti izi:i) kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yaukali (mwachitsanzo, kupsa mtima), ndi (ii) kuphatikiza oyang'anira olamulira oyenera.
Mitundu ndi Kusewera Masewera
Umboni wina ulipo wotsimikizira kuthekera kwamtundu ndi chikhalidwe pakuchepetsa zotsatira za VGV. Anderson et al. (6) adazindikira mu metaanalysis wawo wamakhalidwe opanga mwaukadaulo kuti zotsatira za VGV zinali zazikulupo ku Western kuposa zikhalidwe za Kum'mawa ndipo kusiyana kumeneku kunayandikira kufunika kwa mawerengero (P = 0.07). Nthawi yomweyo, poyerekeza izi chikhalidwe chazosiyana ndizosiyana mu kapangidwe ka kafukufuku, kotero "sizikudziwika ngati kusiyana kuyenera chifukwa cha kusiyana chikhalidwe kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana" (6).
Kuthekera kwa mafuko kuti asinthe moyenera zotsatira za kuwonekera pa masewerawa pazakanema kunapangidwa ndi Ferguson (15) m'makina ake aposachedwa kwambiri. Mu ntchito imeneyo, Ferguson adapeza mgwirizano wofunikira pakati pa kuwonetsedwa pamasewera a vidiyo ndi mchitidwe wankhanza pakati pa maphunziro omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zaku Western, koma ubalewu sunali wofunikira pakati pa maphunziro omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zaku Asia kapena ku Spain. Chifukwa zomwe zapezedwa metaanalytic zidakhazikitsidwa pa kafukufuku yemwe amayeza kuwonetsedwa kwamavidiyo onse (m'malo mongoyang'ana pamasewera achiwawa), zotsatira zake sizingayankhe mafunso okhudzana ndi zotsatira za VGV pa seweru, koma zimathandizira lingaliro lamtundu monga woyang'anira wa zotsatira zaukali.
Metaanalysis of Longitudinal Research pa VGV ndi Aggressive Behaeve
Ndemanga yomwe ili pakali pano ikufuna kuthana ndi malingaliro anayi omwe akunenedwa pamwambapa omwe apangidwapo chifukwa cha ubale pakati pa VGV ndi nkhanza, ndikuwunikiranso umboni wa fuko ngati woyang'anira unansiwu. Mukuwunikanso mabuku omwe timayang'ana pa zomwe timawona ngati kupereka mayeso okhwima kwambiri komanso oyenera a masewera achiwawa achiwawa → chinyengo chamawu: malingaliro aposachedwa omwe amasanthula gulu laosewera masewera achiwawa nthawi imodzi ndikuwopseza mwamphamvu pambuyo pake Lembetsani nthawi, mukukonza zankhanza zisanachitike. Poganizira kwambiri za kupsa mtima mwakuthupi, timapewa kutsutsa kuti zinthu zina zopanda pake zabodza zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa zovuta zomwe zimawoneka m'mabuku. Mwa kuchita metaanalysis, titha kuwerengera kukula kwapakati, kudalirika kwa mawerengero, ndi heterogeneity ya zotsatira muzolemba. Izi zimatithandizira kuti tidziwe kuchuluka kwa momwe kuyerekezera kumeneku kumagwiririra ntchito ngati (i) zakale zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi ofufuza payekha komanso (ii) chikhalidwe / mtundu wa amene akutenga nawo mbali. Pomaliza, tinayang'ana umboni wofalitsa nkhani pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana.
Njira
Kubwezeretsa Phunziro ndi Kusankha.
Tinafufuza zosowa zamagetsi za PsycInfo, PubMed, Web of Science, ndi ERIC pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osakanikirana omwe amasewera ndi kanema masewera (kanema wamasewera * OR videogam * OR kompyuta ya kompyuta * kapena Masewera a elektroniki *), mapangidwe amtundu wautali (wautali kapena woyembekezera), ndi mchitidwe wankhanza (wankhanza * OR violen * OR delinquen *). Kufufuzaku kunaphatikizapo zolemba zomwe zidafalitsidwa mpaka Epulo 1, 2017. Maphunziro ochokera kudziko lirilonse anali oyenera kuphatikizidwa, ndipo omwe amafalitsidwa m'zilankhulo zina kupatula Chingerezi anali oyenera kuphatikizidwira ku Chingerezi. Zolemba, dissertations, ndi machaputala a mabuku anali oyenera kuphatikizidwa mosasamala kanthu kuti zimasindikizidwa kapena sizinalembedwe.
Kuti mukhale woyenera kuphatikizidwa mu metaanalysis, maphunziro ayenera kuti anayeza kuwonetsedwa kwamasewera achiwawa komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi imodzi ndikuwunika kukwiya kwakanthawi osachepera 3 wk pambuyo pake. Chifukwa chiyanjano cha chidwi ndichofanana ndi gawo lazosewerera pazakanema zamasewera zokhala ndi zachiwawa kapena zokhwima, kafukufuku sanayesedwe ngati atayesa kuwonetsedwa kwathunthu masewera apakanema (mmalo mongomenyera masewera achiwawa kapena okhwima) kapena ngati ayesa kuwonetsa makanema achiwawa kapena makanema ena kupatula masewera a kanema. Maphunziro okha omwe anayeza dziko lenileni, kupsa mtima kwakuthupi ndi komwe kunaphatikizidwa, kutengera malingaliro omwe masewerawa anachititsa kusintha kwa malingaliro (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro, malingaliro okhudzana), zotengeka (mwachitsanzo, kuzunza, kutaya mtima), malingaliro (mwachitsanzo, omvera) nkhawa), komanso okondweretsa ndi ofunikira makamaka pamene akuwunikira njira zamaganizidwe zomwe zimatha kukhala olankhulira poyeserera. Malipoti odzichitira nkhanza zenizeni padziko lapansi anali njira zovomerezeka, monga momwe zinaliri ndi makolo, aphunzitsi, kapena anzawo. Malipoti ogwiritsa ntchito zoyerekeza komanso malipoti ochitira pakamwa samawonetsedwa ngati njira zovomerezeka. Pomaliza, kusaka kunangolembedwa pazapangidwe zazitali, anapatsidwa mphamvu kuti athe kuchepetsa kukonzanso. Ngakhale kuletsa kuwunikirako kwa kuphunzira kwakuthupi kochitika zenizeni, kuwonekera kwaukali sikungalepheretse maphunziro omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zoyeserera, zimachotsa pakuganizira zoyeseza zamumagulu omwe zotsatira zawo zingatsutsidwe monga kungotengera zotsatira zakanthawi. Gulu lililonse la olemba pazomwe zidachitika pamasomphenyowa adalumikizidwa kuti adzifunse zambiri zomwe angakhale nazo pazakufalitsa kwina kosasindikiza kapena kwautali kwa masewero azosewerera makanema.
Pa maphunziro onse, kuwerengetsa kwakukulu komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kunali kogwirizira kojambulidwa pamasewera azosewerera masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kuchita zankhanza zam'tsogolo, zowerengedwa kuphatikiza nkhanza zam'mbuyo zisanafike. Kuyerekezera kumeneku kunakondedwa kuposa kuphatikiza kwa zero-oda chifukwa kumawonetsera mgwirizano wamgwirizano, mwachitsanzo kulumikizana pakati pa chiwonetsero cha masewera achiwawa ndi kusintha kwatsoka, komwe kumafunikira kuti mkwiyo usanachitike. Kuphatikiza apo, monga ofufuza anaphatikiza masewera achividiyo omwe sanasewera mwankhanza komanso kuchita zachiwawa pazotsatira zomwe adasindikiza, tinalumikizana ndi gulu lililonse lofufuzira ndikupempha kuti atipatse magawo oyenerera omwe ali ndi masewera achiwawa akasewera akagwiritsira ntchito kuneneratu masewerawa kupsa mtima pang'onopang'ono: (i) poyambira kupezerera mwamphamvu pokhapokha komanso (ii) poyambira nkhanza zathupi komanso jenda.
Kusanthula kwa Statistical.
Tidawerengera za zotsatira ndi ma heterogeneity pazotsatira zathu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosasinthika ndi zotsatira za metaanalytic. Tidawunika kuti kodi zina mwa zinthu zakale zomwe zidawonetsedwa zinali zodziwika bwino kuchokera pamitundu itatu yomwe ingapezeke yofufuzira: ambiri omwe akutenga nawo mbali, pafupifupi zaka zomwe akutenga nawo gawo pophunzira, komanso nthawi yanthawi yayitali yogwiritsa ntchito nkhanza. Pomaliza, tinayesa kusanthula kofotokozeratu mwatsatanetsatane pansipa. Tinagwiritsa ntchito SPSS v20 ndi phukusi la R “meta” (22) kuchita metaanalyses ndi kusindikiza kopanda tsatanetsatane.
Results
Zotsatira Zosaka Zolemba
Pamapeto pake, kusaka kwathu kunapereka maphunziro a 24 (19-21, 23-40) (Gulu 1), pomwe 5 yokha idawoneka metaanalysis koyambirira kwa Anderson et al. (6) ndi 8 yomwe idawoneka metaanalysis waposachedwa ndi Greitemeyer ndi Mügge (9). Maphunzirowa adaphatikizapo omwe adatenga gawo la 17,000 ochokera kumaiko osiyanasiyana (Austria, Canada, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Singapore, ndi United States). Zapakati pazomwe ophunzira adatenga kuchokera pa 8.9 mpaka 19.3 y, ndipo nthawi yayitali yochokera kwa 3 mo mpaka 4 y. Ambiri mwa maphunziro awa anayeza sewero lamasewera achiwawa komanso machitidwe ankhanza nthawi yoyambirira kenako ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse ziwirizi kulosera zamtunduwu pakuwunikira komweko (kapena kuwunikira njira kapena mtundu wa masanjidwe) ndikumawongolera kosiyanasiyana ochita malonda. Kafukufuku onse anayeza kuwonetsedwa kwamasewera achiwawa achiwawa m'malo mochita kuwonetsa masewera a kanema.
Gulu 1.
Maphunziro a Longitudinal pa VGV komanso nkhanza
| olemba | chaka | Ufulu | Fuko lalikulu | Muyezo wankhanza | n | Avereji ya zaka T1* | Lag (zaka) | Amapanga ena kupatula Aggression oyamba | ||
| palibe | Gender | onse | ||||||||
| Adachi ndi Willoughby (23) | 2016 | Canada | White | Kukwiya mwachindunji (mwakuthupi komanso mwa mawu) | 1,132 | 19.1 | 1.0 | 0.136 | 0.077 | 0.076 |
| Anderson et al. (24)† | 2008 | Japanese | Asian | Khalidwe lakuchitidwa nkhanza | 181 | ∼13.5 | 0.3 | 0.144 | 0.139 | 0.139 |
| Anderson et al. (24)† | 2008 | Japanese | Asian | Ziwawa zam'mwezi wapitawu | 1,050 | ∼15.5 | 0.3-0.5 | 0.115 | 0.075 | 0.075 |
| Anderson et al. (24)† | 2008 | American | White | Dongosolo laophunzitsa, anzanga, komanso zodzifotokoza, chaka chamaphunziro chaka chino | 364 | ∼10.5 | 0.5 | 0.167 | 0.158 | 0.158 |
| Breuer et al. (25) | 2015 | German | White | Mafunso a Buss & Perry Aggression (zakuthupi, zinthu ziwiri) | 140 | 16 | 1.0 | -0.151 | -0.159 | -0.159 |
| Breuer et al. (25) | 2015 | German | White | Mafunso a Buss & Perry Aggression (zakuthupi, zinthu ziwiri) | 136 | 19.3 | 1.0 | 0.078 | 0.070 | 0.070 |
| Bucolo (26) | 2010 | American | White | Mafunso a Buss & Perry Aggression (zakuthupi, zinthu zisanu) | 648 | 13.4 | 1.5 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
| Ferguson (19)‡ | 2011 | American | Anthu a ku Puerto Rico | Mndandanda Wazowonera Achinyamata Kudzidziwitsa, nkhanza, mwana (YSRac) | 302 | 12.3 | 1.0 | 0.035 | 0.011 | -0.030 |
| Ferguson et al. (21)‡ | 2012 | American | Anthu a ku Puerto Rico | Mndandanda Wazowonera Achinyamata Kudzidziwitsa, nkhanza, mwana (YSRac) | 165 | 12.3 | 3.0 | -0.068 | -0.016 | 0.030 |
| Ferguson et al. (20)‡ | 2013 | American | Anthu a ku Puerto Rico | Mndandanda Wazowonera Achinyamata Kudzidziwitsa, nkhanza, mwana (YSRac) | 143 | 12.8 | 1.0 | 0.069 | 0.044 | 0.100 |
| Fikkers et al. (27) | 2016 | Dutch | White | Ziwawa zakuthupi | 943 | 11.8 | 1.0 | 0.180 | 0.126 | 0.126 |
| Amitundu et al. (28) | 2009 | American | White | Kulimbana kwodzichitira wekha, mphunzitsi wamkulu wankhanza | 865 | 9.6 | 1.1 | 0.112 | 0.089 | 0.089 |
| Amitundu et al. (29) | 2014 | Singapore | Asian | Zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zowunika kulimbitsa thupi | 2,029 | 12.2 | 1.0 | 0.065 | 0.043 | 0.043 |
| Greitemeyer ndi Sagiogluo (30) | 2017 | American | White | Mafunso a Buss & Perry Aggression (zakuthupi, zinthu ziwiri) | 743 | 0.5 | 0.032 | 0.024 | 0.021 | |
| Hirtenlehner ndi Strohmeier (31) | 2015 | Austria | White | Chiwawa chamunthu | 371 | 11.5 | 1.0 | 0.190 | 0.13 | 0.140 |
| Hopf, et al. (32) | 2008 | German | White | Chiwawa chaophunzira | 314 | 12 | 2.7 | -§ | -§ | 0.18 |
| Hull et al. (33) | 2014 | American | White | Kugunda mamembala osakhala amwano, adatumizidwa kuofesi yasukulu kuti akamenyane | 2,723 | 13.8 | 0.8 | 0.097 | 0.088 | 0.075 |
| Chitsanzo 1 | White | 1,831 | 0.103 | 0.100 | 0.085 | |||||
| Chitsanzo 2 | Anthu a ku Puerto Rico | 442 | 0.062 | 0.034 | 0.024 | |||||
| Chitsanzo 3 | Asian | 49 | -0.098 | -0.097 | -0.040 | |||||
| Krahé et al. (34)‡ | 2012 | German | White | Kudzidziwitsa (zinthu zisanu) ndi mphunzitsi-wanena (chinthu chimodzi) kupsa mtima | 1,715 | 13.4 | 1.1 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| Lemmens et al. (35)‡ | 2011 | Dutch | White | Mafunso a Buss & Perry Aggression (zakuthupi, zisanu ndi ziwiri) | 540 | 13.9 | 0.5 | 0.09 | -§ | 0.09 |
| Möller ndi Krahé (36)†,‡ | 2009 | German | White | Mafunso a Buss & Perry Aggression (zakuthupi, zisanu ndi ziwiri) | 143 | 13.3 | 2.5 | 0.275 | 0.213 | 0.213 |
| Shibuya et al. (37)† | 2008 | Japanese | Asian | Mafunso a Buss & Perry Aggression (zakuthupi, zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi) | 498 | ∼10.5 | 0.9 | 0.072 | -0.001¶ | -0.001 |
| Staude-Müller (38) | 2011 | German | White | "Zosokoneza ' | 472 | 13.7 | 1.0 | 0.046 | 0.028 | -0.020 |
| von Salisch et al. (39)‡ | 2011 | German | White | Kusankhidwa kwa anzanu, Mulingo wa Aphunzitsi: Kusintha kosintha | 228 | 8.9 | 1.0 | -0.021 | -0.031 | -0.010 |
| Willoughby et al. (40)‡ | 2012 | Canada | White | Kukwiya mwachindunji (kupitirira). Zotsatira zikugwirizana ndi masewera asewera achiwawa a 9-12 omwe ali ndi malo otsetsereka kwambiri | 1,492 | 13.8 | 4.0 | 0.164 | 0.123 | 0.070 |
Chidziwitso: von Salisch et al. (39) adangogwiritsa ntchito mayankho a anzanu maphunziro ena onse adaphatikizaponso kuyesedwa kochitira zachipongwe.
Gulu 1 ikuwunika mwachidule mikhalidwe yayikulu pamaphunzirowa, kuphatikiza mayiko omwe akutenga nawo gawo komanso magawidwe athu mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali monga oimira amitundu itatu yayikulu: White, Hispanic, ndi Asia. Kuphatikiza apo, tebulo limaphatikizapo kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane muyeso wakuthupi womwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito, nthawi yayitali ya omwe ali ndi vuto pakulimbana kwaukali, komanso kuyerekezera kwakuthupi kopanda olimbana nawo okhawo osakhala a pachiwonetsero chazomwe zili pachiwonetsero cha nkhanza, ndi onse ophatikizidwa anaphatikizidwa mu lipoti loyambirira.
Kusanthula Koyambira.
Kukula kwakukhudzana ndi zotsatira zokhazokha ngati chiwonetsero chazokha.
Mwa onse osasinthika, tidatha kupeza ziwonetsero zamagetsi oyeserera omwe timayanjana nawo masewera okhawo oyambira masewera achiwawa ndi nkhanza yam'tsogolo, kupangira zida zankhanza zoyambirira (Gulu 1). Metaanalysis yokhazikika yodzipereka yapakati pa β = 0.113, 95% CI = (0.098, 0.128), z = 14.815, P <0.001, ndi chiwerengero cha Q, χ2(22) = 61.820, P <0.001, yomwe idawonetsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Metaanalysis ya Hedges-Vevea imatulutsa zotsatira zofananira, β = 0.106, 95% CI = (0.078, 0.134), z = 7.462, P <0.001, ndi chiwerengero cha Q, χ2(22) = 28.109, P = 0.172, ikuwonetsa heterogeneity yopanda tanthauzo.
Ziwerengero za zotsatira zakukhudzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera za patoregress.
Kafukufuku wotsatira adachitika omwe adakhudzidwa ndi kuyerekezera kwamagulu onse omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 24 zoyambirira zomwe zidanenedwa. Kafukufuku ambiri adanenanso zowerengera zabwino zomwe zimawonetsa kuti kusewera masewera achiwawa kwamasewera kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezeka kwa nthawi yayitali pakuwongolera anthu omwe akuchita zankhanza zisanachitike komanso ena onse ochita nawo bizinesi.
Metaanalysis yokhazikika yodzipereka yapakati pa β = 0.080, 95% CI = (0.065, 0.094), z = 10.387, P <0.001, ndi chiwerengero cha Q, χ2(23) = 50.556, P = 0.001 (yosonyeza heterogeneity yofunika). Kuwunika kwa Hedges-Vevea mwatsatanetsatane kunapereka kulingalira kofananira, β = 0.078, 95% CI = (0.053, 0.102), z = 6.173, P <0.001, ndi chiwerengero cha Q, χ2(23) = 27.404, P = 0.239, ikuwonetsa heterogeneity yopanda tanthauzo. (Zotsatira zakuwunikira komwe kunaphatikizapo zonse zaporegress lag komanso jenda pomwe ochita malonda adagwa pakati pa zoyerekeza pazosanthula ziwiri izi. Amapezeka kuchokera kwa olemba atapempha.)
Kulengeza.
Tidayesa katatu kuti tiwone ngati pali zomwe zingafalitsidwe. Palibe amene adapeza umboni wosonyeza kuti mabukuwa adakwaniritsidwa. Kulephera kwa Rosenthal n kuyerekezera kuti pakuwonjezera zomwe 700 ikupeza kungakhale koyenera kuwononga lingaliro lakuti ubale wabwino wamtali ulipo pakati pa masewerawa azosewerera masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kuchita zachiwawa. n = 1,334; akuyerekeza kugwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wonse, Kulephera Kwabwino n = 723). The Begg and Mazumdar (41) malumikizidwe apamwamba τ-b sichinali chofunikira pamayendedwe onse osakanikirana omwe amangophatikiza mkwiyo wokhawo wazomwe unkachitika, τ-b = -0.269, P = 0.072, ndi mtundu wophatikizira ma covariate onse, τ-b = -0.033, P = 0.823. Pomaliza, chepetsa ndikusanthula42, 43) zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi izi sizinawonjezere vuto lililonse pofalitsa, zomwe zikusonyezeranso kuchepa kwa kusindikiza.
Wowunikira Amasanthula.
Kuti tipeze omwe angayesere zotsatira za zomwe zalembedwazo, tawunika kusiyanasiyana koyerekeza kuchuluka kwamalingaliro omwe aphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zitatu zophunzirira: mtundu womwe amatenga nawo mbali, zaka, komanso nthawi yotalikirapo pakati pamiyezo yovuta.
Mitundu.
Kafukufuku wa Moderator adayesedwa kuti ayesere kusintha kwamitundu yayikulu ngati gawo lafuko. M'zochitika zonse kupatula chimodzi, maphunziro adagawika pamtundu woyambirira wa mtundu: White, Hispanic, kapena Asia (Gulu 1). Pankhani ya kafukufukuyu Hull et al. (33) zinali zotheka kuwerengera kukula kwamitundu iliyonse m'magulu amtunduwu molingana ndi kudzizindikira kwa aliyense. Ngakhale ma kusanthula ena onse adagwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kwakukulu ndi zotsatira za Hull et al. zitsanzo zonse (n = 2,723), imawunika kuyesa kusintha kwamtundu m'malo mwake kunakhudza kukula kwake komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi iliyonse ya atatu awa Hull et al. subsamples: Zoyera (n = 1,831), Hispanic (n = 442), ndi Asia / Pacific Islander (n = 49).
Kuwunika kwa zotsatira zoyeserera pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yomwe ili Gulu 1 amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa "autoregress lag yokha" "amakulitsa moderator zotsatira,"2(2) = 13.658, P = 0.001. Kafukufuku wodzipatula adawonetsa kuti zotulukazo zinali zazikulu kwambiri mwa otenga nawo gawo a White, apakati pakati pa omwe amatenga nawo mbali ku Asia, komanso ochepa kwambiri pakati pa omwe akuchitika ku Spain (onani. Chith. 1 zamalingaliro mkati mwa gulu lirilonse, kuphatikiza pazyerekezo zonse kutengera zomwe zaphunziridwa). Kusanthula kwa oyang'anira zotsatira zosasinthika pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri ya Hispanic vs. nonpanic kunaperekanso chiyeso chachikulu, χ2(1) = 6.820, P = 0.009. Kuyerekezera konseko koyesererako kwa mitundu itatu komanso kufananiza mosasinthika kwa zitsanzo za Hispanic vs. zomwe siziri za Hispanic zinayandikira kwambiri, [χ2(2) = 5.125, P = 0.077, ndi χ2(1) = 3.745, P = 0.053, motsatana].
Ma coefficients ofanana (β) omwe amagwirizanitsa kusewera kwakanema kwakanthawi kokhwimitsa masewera olimbitsa thupi kuphatikizapo chiwonetsero cha patoregress chaukali komanso kutengera deta yomwe yasankhidwa kusanthula mtundu. Kukula kwa zotsatira zamagetsi β (ES; lalikulu) ndi nthawi ya chidaliro cha 95% (CI; mizere) zimawonetsedwa pazotsatira zonse zomwe zalowa mu metaanalysis (19-21, 23-31, 33-40). Ma diamondi akuimira metaanalytically weighted maana β. Kunenepa kwakukulu kwa mitundu yosinthika ndi mitundu yotsatiridwa-yolembedwa amalembedwa W (fix) ndi W (rand), motsatana. Pamaphunziro omwe ali ndi zitsanzo zambiri zodziyimira pawokha, zotsatira zake pa mtundu uliwonse zimanenedwa mosiyana ndikuwerengedwa 1, 2, kapena 3.
Kusanthula kwa oyang'anira zotsatira zamagulu atatu omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito pa "onse" akuyerekeza kupereka kwakukulu2(2) = 9.059, P = 0.011, yamtundu womwewo monga tawonera kale. Poterepa, osasinthika mosiyanitsa amitundu itatu, χ2(2) = 3.915, P = 0.141, kapena kuyerekezera kwa Spain kwa Sppanic, χ2 (1) = 2.280, P = 0.131, zakwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa mawerengero.
Nthawi yotsika.
Kusanthula kwa owongolera pazama zotsatira pogwiritsa ntchito magawo atatu opuma (osakwana 1 y, 1 y, kuposa 1 y) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyerekeza kwa "autoregressive lag chete",2(2) = 14.218, P <0.001. Kusanthula kosiyanako kunawonetsa kuti zotsatira zake zinali zazikulu kwambiri m'maphunziro omwe anali ndi nthawi yayitali kuposa 1 y, β = 0.157, 95% CI = (0.130, 0.184), z = 11.220, P <0.001, ndi yocheperako m'maphunziro okhala ndi lag yofanana ndi 1 y, β = 0.094, 95% CI = (0.069, 0.120), z = 7.243, P <0.001, kapena yochepera 1 y, β = 0.095, 95% CI = (0.070, 0.120), z = 7.441, P <0.001. Kusanthula kwakanthawi kwakanthawi koyang'anira sikunakwaniritse zofunikira zake, χ2(2) = 4.001, P = 0.135.
Zaka.
Kusanthula kwamomwe zotsatira zimasintha pogwiritsa ntchito magulu azaka ziwiri (zaka 12 ndi ocheperako, zaka 13 ndi okalamba) kunapereka zotsatira za oyang'anira zomwe zinali zofunikira, χ2(1) = 3.788, P = 0.052. Kafukufuku wodzipatula adawonetsa kuti zotsatirazo zinali zokulirapo pang'ono m'maphunziro omwe amayesa zotsatira pakati pa ana okulirapo, β = 0.128, 95% CI = (0.109, 0.147), z = 13.119, P <0.001, kuposa omwe ali ndi ana aang'ono, β = 0.097, 95% CI = (0.072, 0.122), z = 7.456, P <0.001. Kusanthula kwakanthawi kwakanthawi koyang'anira sikunakwaniritse zofunikira zake, χ2(1) = 0.982, P = 0.322.
Kukambirana
Ofufuzawo adagawanika pankhani yofunsa ngati masewera akamavidiyo achiwawa akukhudzana kapena kuwonjezeka kwa kuchitira mwankhanza thupi. Ngakhale ofufuza ambiri amatsutsa mayanjano oterewa, ochepa mawu akuti umboni womwe ulipo ndi wolakwika m'mbali zingapo. Zotsatira zathu zikulankhula zitatu mwa zinayi zotsutsa zomwe zidatchulidwa kale.
Choyamba, pothana ndi chitsutsano chomwe kafukufuku yemwe adakhalapo kale adagwiritsa ntchito njira “zopanda pake” (mwachitsanzo, kuzindikira mwankhanza kapena zimakhudza), timangoyang'anira metaanalysis athu ku maphunziro omwe amayeza kusintha kwa kupitirira, mkwiyo wathupi pakatha miyezi kapena zaka. Zotsatira zathu zinawonetsa zotsatira zodalirika za metaanalytic m'maphunziro amtunda wautali ngakhale kuwongolera kwakuthupi koyambira, ndikuwonetsa kuti zotsatira za masewera achiwawa chamavidiyo zikufikira pamachitidwe abwino m'dziko lenileni.
Chachiwiri, kuti tithane ndi mfundo zomwe zimawerengera izi chifukwa cha kulephera kuphatikiza ziwonetsero zokwanira, tinayambitsa kusanthula koyamba ndi kukhazikitsa poyambira komanso kubwereza konse komwe kunaphatikizidwa pakuphunzira kulikonse. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza ma covariates akuwoneka kuti akungowononga gawo limodzi pazolingalira zamasewera ndi kuchita mwankhanza. Zowonadi, pamaphunziro awiri mwa atatu awa omwe Ferguson et al. (20, 21), kuphatikiza omwe amakondaGulu 1).
Chachitatu, pomwe ma metaanalyses adatsutsidwa chifukwa chokana kutengera kusanja kwina, sitinawone umboni kuti kafukufuku wokhala ndi zovuta kapena zoyipa adalembedwa m'mabukuwa, ngakhale adagwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu zowunikira poyesa kusindikiza. Mwachidziwikire, njira zowunikira zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zithekezi zawonetsedwa kuti zili ndi machitidwe owonjezera: njira yayikulu-yodzaza ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yowerengera koma mtundu wapamwamba wa cholakwika cha I, pomwe mayeso a Begg ndi Mazumdar ali ndi mphamvu zochepa koma sivuta palibe mtundu wa I wolakwitsa (44). Zowona kuti mayeso onsewa amafikira pamapeto amodzi amafotokozera zotsatira zake ndizodalirika.
Pakuyang'ana pakutsutsa kwachinayi, kuyang'ana kukula kwa zotsatirazi, metaanalysis yathu idatulutsa kukula kwa effect0.11 pamene ma covariates owonjezera sanaphatikizidwe. Ferguson ndi mnzake adawona kuti mgwirizano wa 0.10 womwe umasinthidwa umalumikizidwa ndi 1% yokha yamasinthidwe pazotsatira zake ndikuwona kuti izi ndizochepa kwambiri kuti zingakhale zopanda tanthauzo. Komabe, ena amaganiza kuti ma coefficients ophatikizika amapereka ndalama zoyenera kuwunika kufunika kwa zotsatira poyerekeza ndikuyerekeza kwa chiopsezo chochepa (1, 45). M'malo mwake, Rosenthal (45) adati kudalira r2 Kuwona kutanthauzira makulidwe ake kumakhala kovuta kwambiri makamaka pakumaphunzira chikhalidwe chamunthu, monga kupsa mtima, kunena "kuthekera kwathu kulosera ndi kuwongolera machitidwe a anthu osagwirizana sikungokhala konseko munthawi yochepa, ngakhale ndizochepa r2Wopezeka m'maphunziro ambiri ”(45). Ngakhale munthu atakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu bwanji, zikuwonekeratu kuti mabuku ndi ofunika.
Ngakhale kafukufuku wathu amathandizira kukayikira komwe kwatchulidwa kale pamabuku a VGV komanso kuchita zamtopola, zotsatira zathu zimapereka lingaliro lina mwanjira zotsutsana zomwe akatswiri ofufuza adakumana ndi mbali zotsutsana. Mwachindunji, tidapeza umboni kuti zotsatira za VGV paukazitape zimayesedwa ndi mtundu wina, pomwe otenga nawo mbali a White akuwonetsa mphamvu komanso omwe akuchokera ku Spain akuwonetsa kuti alibe zotsatira zake. Zotsatira za omwe amatenga nawo mbali ku Asia zidagwera pakati pa magulu awiriwa.
Kuthekera kwakuti zotsatira zamasewera achiwawa pazachitetezo zimasinthidwa ndi mafuko adakulira metaanalysis wam'mbuyo ndi Anderson et al. (6) zomwe zikuphatikiza onse aku Western ndi Asia (koma osati Hispanic). Nthawi yomweyo, olemba awa adapeza kuti: (i) mayendedwe amtundu wokha amangofika pamitundu yofunikira ndipo (ii) sitingathenso kusiyanitsidwa munjira zofufuzira. Kuwunika kwamtsogolo kwa Ferguson (15) adayeseza ndikuwonjezera zomwe adapeza ndikuwonetsa kuti zotsatira zamasewera azakanema zidakhalapo pakati pa azungu koma osati aku Asia kapena Spain. Komabe, chifukwa zowunikirazi zinkakhudza maphunziro amitundu yonse ya kapangidwe (kuphatikiza nonlongitudinal) ndipo sanazindikire mtundu wamasewerawo (wachiwawa vs. nonviolent) muzoyimira zamasewera a maphunziro, zotsatira zake sizilankhula mwachindunji pa funso la Zotsatira za VGV pakapita nthawi.
Mosiyana ndi izi, metaanalysis omwe adakhalapo adayang'ana kwambiri maphunziro akuwonetsa masewera achiwawa achiwawa omwe adagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe ataliatali ndikukulira pazopezedwa ndi Anderson et al. (6) pakuphatikiza maphunziro ambiri aatali omwe adafalitsidwa kuyambira apo ndi kusiyanitsa ku Spainpp kuphatikiza zitsanzo za White ndi Asia. Zotsatira zathu zinawonetsa kuchuluka kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana (ngakhale amagwiritsa ntchito ziwonetsero zozikika), kotero kuti mayanjano amphamvu anawonedwa pakati pa zitsanzo zachizungu, mgwirizano wapakati wazitsanzo zaku Asia, ndi gulu laling'ono, lopanda tanthauzo la zitsanzo zaku Spain. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, poti pali maphunziro ochepa omwe amakhala ndi zitsanzo zaku Spain, maphunziro ochulukirapo a anthuwa amafunikira momveka bwino asanapange zamasewera olimbitsa thupi pagululi.
Ngakhale kusiyana pakati pa mitundu kwakhazikitsidwa, funso limatsalabe kuti chifukwa chiyani mafuko angachepetse kukopa kwamasewera achiwawa pakompyuta. Anderson et al. (6) adalongosola zifukwa zisanu zoyembekezera zocheperako zazing'ono kum'mawa kuposa kumayiko a azungu. Makamaka, amakambirana za miyambo yosiyanasiyana: (i) momwe nkhanza zimakhalira pofalitsa nkhani; (ii) momwe anthu amathandizira malinga ndi zochitika zawo; (iii) tanthauzo, zokumana nazo, ndi kukonza kwa zakukhosi; (iv) pagulu-padera momwe masewera a kanema amasewera nthawi zambiri; ndi (v) malo ochezera a osewera. Pazifukwa izi, titha kuwonjezera zosiyana pamiyambo yathu kuti tikhale wozunza komanso wankhanza. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, zikhalidwe zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukhala ndi udindo komanso kumvera chisoni anthu omwe achitiridwa chiwawa zitha kuchepetsa zomwe zimaseweredwe zachiwawa mwa kuwongolera anthu kuti asamayendetse zomwe angachite chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo. Komanso, zikhalidwe zomwe zimalimbikitsa munthu wokonda kuchita zinthu zokhazokha komanso malingaliro ofanana ndi wankhondo zitha kutsogolera anthu kuti adziwe momwe angalimbikitsire ndi kuletsa kuwachitira chifundo omwe akuwatsata, zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo ndi machitidwe awo kunja kwa masewerawa.
Pakulemekeza akaunti yotereyi yokhudzana ndi mtundu wa anthu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi VGV pa nkhanza zomwe zikuwoneka metaanalysis, Anderson et al. (6) adawona kuti chikhalidwe chinayendetsa momwe masewero achividiyo achiwawa amathandizira kuchita zachiwawa komanso zachifundo kotero kuti omwe achokera ku zikhalidwe zaku Western adawonetsa kukhudzika kwakukulu ndikuchepa kwa chisoni kuposa omwe amachokera zikhalidwe zaku Eastern. Zotsatira za Ramos et al. (46) akuti, ofanana ndi achikhalidwe cha Kum'mawa, otenga mbali ku Spain akuwoneka kuti amamvera chisoni anthu omwe akuchitiridwa chipongwe akamawonetsera zachiwawa. Pokhudzana ndi kufooka ndikuchepetsa chidwi kukhala zomwe zimayambitsa kukhudzana kwa VGV pazovuta zam'tsogolo, Bartholow et al. (47) adawona kuti kumvera chisoni komwe kunayambitsa kukhudzana kwa VGV pa kupsa mtima pakapangidwe koyesera. Nthawi yomweyo, pomwe kumvera chisoni anthu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi VGV kungachepetse kupsa mtima komwe kumachitika pambuyo pake, kuwamvera chisoni olakwa kungawonjezere mkwiyo wina pambuyo pake polimbikitsa zolakwa zawo (mwachitsanzo, Ref. 48 ndi 49). Zachidziwikire, ngakhale akaunti yathu imagwirizana ndi zopeza zambiri zamaphunziro, kufufuza kowonjezera ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa chisoni ngati mkhalapakati wabwino wa chiwonetsero chowongolera chamtunduwu pamtopola mu metaanalysis yapano.
Kutsiliza
Pamaziko a metaanalysis iyi, titha kunena kuti kusewera masewera achiwawa achiwawa kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchitidwa chipongwe kwakanthawi, pambuyo powerengera zaukali usanachitike. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zonena zambiri kuti kusewera masewera achiwawa kwamasewera kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezeka kwaukali pakapita nthawi. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatirazi zikuyankhula zotsutsa zitatu izi mwa zolemba izi: (i) kuti kusewera masewera achiwawa kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezereka kwa nkhanza zazikulu (mwachitsanzo, kupsa mtima,), (ii) omwe akuyerekeza izi chifukwa cha izi akucheperachepera kuphatikiza owerengera, ndi (iii) posapeza umboni wotsatsa.
Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti chiwonetsero cha VGV pazankhanza chitha kuchezeredwa ndi mitundu kuti iwoneke bwino kwambiri mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali White, mosawonetsetsa koma molimbika pakati pa omwe akutenga nawo mbali ku Asia, komanso osadalirika pakati otenga nawo gawo ku Spain. Kuphatikiza apo, mapangidwe omwe amaphatikiza nthawi yayitali amawoneka kuti amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zazikulupo, kupeza komwe kumagwirizana ndi zowonera m'maphunziro a mitundu yambiri (mwachitsanzo, Ref. 33).
Mwapang'onopang'ono, zotsatira za metaanalysis zimabweretsa zovuta ku zotsutsa zazikuluzikulu za mabuku omwe amalumikizana ndi VGV komanso kukwiya mwakuthupi, ndipo amafotokoza chifukwa chosavuta chofufuza chopezedwa ndi ofufuza pamagulu otsutsa. Tikukhulupirira kuti zomwe apezazi zithandizira gawo lakale kuti ngati masewera achiwawa apawavidiyo akuwonjezera mchitidwe wankhanza, komanso mafunso okhudza chifukwa, nthawi yanji, ndi omwe adawakhudzira ndani.
Mawu a M'munsi
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Nkhaniyi ndi Kugonjera PNAS Direct.
Pepala ili likuchokera kwa Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium wa National Academy of Science, "Digital Media and Developing Minds," womwe unachitika mu October 14-16, 2015, ku Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academies of Science and Engineering ku Irvine , CA. Mapulogalamu athunthu ndi makanema ojambula ambiri amapezeka patsamba la NAS pa www.nasonline.org/Digital_Media_and_Developing_Minds.
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