Neural Correlates ya Maganizo Odzipotoza Olakwika mwa Anthu Omwe Ali ndi Mavuto a Masewera a Intaneti: A Functional MRI Study (2018)

. 2018; 9: 330.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2018 Jul 25. do:  10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00330

PMCID: PMC6069451

PMID: 30090074

Kudalirika

Chiyambi ndi zolinga: Kusiyanitsa pakati pa njira zoyenera zodzitsogolera ndi malingaliro enieni omwe amapangitsa kuti anthu azikhumudwitsidwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a intaneti amagwiritsa ntchito masewera ngati chida chothana ndi mavuto amenewa. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuwunika momwe ena amadzionera okha malinga ndi momwe adziwonera komanso kujambulitsa zithunzi zamomwe zimasiyanasiyana mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD.

Njira: Amuna khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi omwe ali ndi IGD ndi 20 maulamuliro athanzi (HCs) adakumana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yolingalira komwe adaganizira ngati angavomereze ndi cholingacho pofotokoza za zenizeni kapena zofunikira pakumenyetseka kwa Likert Scale. Zitsanzo ziwiri t-Kutiwunika kwambiri podziyerekeza ndi kudzisintha komwe kunachitika kuti pakhale kuwunika kozungulira ndi kusanthula kwina komwe kunachitika pakati pa zomwe zimachitika muntchito ndi zochitika zachigawo.

Results: Gulu la IGD linadziunikira pawokha momwe amadzionera komanso kudziyang'ana moyenera kuposa gulu la HC. Malingaliro enieni ake adalumikizidwa ndi kukhutitsidwa ndi zosowa zama malingaliro m'malo mwazomwe mungawongolere. Zochita zamaubongo mu parietal lobule otsika kwambiri zidachepetsedwa kwambiri mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD wachibale wa HCs mosiyanitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito za neural pakuwunikira zomwe zimadziwikitsa zokha zidawonetsa kusiyana kwamagulu.

Kutsiliza: Zotsatira izi zimapereka umboni waposachedwa wodziyerekeza wa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD. Anthu omwe ali ndi IGD anali ndi malingaliro osayenera komanso mawonekedwe ake enieni. Neurobiologically, kusowa kwa ma parietal lobule otsika kwambiri komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro amtundu ndikudziyesa koipa kunapezeka mu IGD. Poganizira za mawonekedwe a IGD omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri ku unyamata, vuto lodziganizira lokha liyenera kudziwika ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chithandizo choyenera.

Keywords: intaneti masewera osokoneza bongo, kudzisokoneza nokha, malingaliro enieni anu, njira yoyendetsera yoyenera, kotsika parietal lobule

Introduction

Mavuto amasewera a pa intaneti (IGD) amadziwika ndi kuwonongeka kwamphamvu pamoyo wamunthu kapena pagulu kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri masewera a intaneti. Ndi vuto lomwe layamba chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa intaneti (). Vutoli limafanana kwambiri ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ). Komabe, kusiyana pakati pa oimira ena osokoneza bongo ndi masewera a intaneti ndikuti masewera ndi osavuta kuwapeza ngakhale ali aang'ono (). Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti IGD imapezeka makamaka mwa achinyamata (). Chimodzi mwazinthu zachitukuko zomwe zikuyenera kukwaniritsidwa muunyamata ndikupanga chizindikiritso (). Chifukwa masewera amachepetsa zokonda zina tsiku ndi tsiku, achinyamata otanganidwa ndimasewera amatha kulephereka kuti akwaniritse zomwe amachita komanso ntchito zina zachitukuko ().

Chiphunzitso chodzimana chokha (SDT) chimalongosola kuti zithunzi zoyipa zitha kubweretsa mavuto ambiri (). Chiphunzitsochi chimakhala ndi magawo atatu pazokha: zenizeni, kudzikonda, komanso kudzikonda. Lingaliro lokhalokha ndikulingalira kwa zomwe munthu ali nazo, kudzitsogolera koyenera ndiko kuyimira kwa zomwe munthuyo akufuna kukhala nazo, ndipo zomwe muyenera kudziwongolera ndizo chifaniziro cha zinthu zomwe wina amakhulupirira kuti munthuyo ayenera kukhala nazo. Maganizo olakwika amabwera pakakhala kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magawo. Makamaka, kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa malingaliro anu enieni ndi chitsogozo choyenera kumakhudzana ndi kukhumudwa monga kudzidalira kapena kukhumudwa (-). Chifukwa masewera a pa intaneti angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yothawira mavuto amtunduwu, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa IGD ndikudzimana (-).

SDT yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera mavuto angapo amisala kuphatikizapo zamavuto osokoneza bongo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amawonetsa kudzikuza () komanso kuti zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kudzilimbitsa mtima zimaneneratu zakumwa zoledzera.). Pakati pa zovuta zowonjezera, kudziona kukhala wolakwika kapena kudzimva mu IGD kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri monga momwe zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi IGD zimachitika adakali aang'ono. Ogwiritsa ntchito masewerawa amatha kusokonezeka kuti adziwa ndani chifukwa nthawi zonse amakhala akudziwonetsa ngati ma avatar omwe amafanana ndi malingaliro awo abwino (-). Ngakhale akuda nkhawa za kusokonezeka kwa chizindikiritso, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pazomwe zimapangitsa zithunzi zodziyimira zokha zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kudzisintha.

Kuwonongeka kwa kudziwongolera ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za psychopathologies zamankhwala osokoneza bongo (). Kutha kudziletsa kumakhudzana ndi momwe zosowa zamaganizidwe zimakhutira (, ). Izi ndizofunikira zokhudzana ndi malingaliro, zomwe zimayenera kukhala odziyimira pawokha, kuthekera, ndikugwirizana, ndizofunikira zomwe zimakhudza kukula ndi kuphatikiza (-). Ngati izi sizikhutitsidwa kuyambira ali aang'ono, anthu ena angavutike kuti adziwitse. Amadziwika kuti anthu omwe sakhutira ndi zofunikira zamaganizo amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa TV (), komanso masewera a pa intaneti (). Ngakhale pali kulumikizana pakati pazosowa zamaganizidwe ndi malingaliro amunthu, mgwirizano pakati pa awiriwa sunathe kufotokozedwa.

Lingaliro la kudzipangitsa kukhala lodziyimira palokha limaphunziridwa mwakuwonetsetsa pogwiritsa ntchito malipoti anu kuti zithandizire chiphunzitsochi, ndipo ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi kusokonekera kwa neural. Kafukufuku m'modzi akuwonetsa kuti kudzipusitsa kumalumikizidwa ndikuwongolera mu mphotho kuphatikiza striatum, yomwe imatha kulumikizidwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kudzikonda (). Pankhani yakudziyimira nokha, komwe ndi maziko a kudzimana, gawo loyambira la prepalal cortex (MPFC) likuphatikizidwa (, ). Komanso, kuwunika kwa meta kunawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ali ndi vuto loyambilira logwirizana ndi vuto lawo lodzilamulira (). Popeza kufunikira kwakudziwoneka bwino muunyamata, kufufuza zamkati mwazinthu zodziwonetsa za IGD kungatenge gawo lofunikira pakumvetsetsa psychopathology ndikukhazikitsa njira zamankhwala zothandizira vutoli.

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza zokhudzana ndi neural zomwe zimapangitsa munthu yemwe ali ndi IGD molingana ndi kukhutira kwawo ndi zosowa zapamwamba zamaganizidwe. Tinapanga ntchito yodziyimira yodziyimira fMRI kuti tiwunikenso machitidwe omwe amadzionetsera kukhala osiyana ndi enieni komanso abwino zithunzi. Poganizira kafukufuku wakale kuti masewera amagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa kukhumudwa chifukwa chodziona kuti ndi osiyana, tangoganiza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD awonetse kudzikhulupirira kwambiri. Komanso, anthu omwe ali ndi IGD omwe nthawi zambiri amatha kuwonetsedwa pamasewera olimbitsa thupi omwe anali pafupi ndi malingaliro awo abwino akanakhala kuti ali ndi zowonongeka pakudziwongolera zenizeni. Neurobiologically, tidaganiza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD amawonetsa kusokonekera mu striatum ndi MPFC, zomwe zimayenderana ndi kudzikana.

Njira

ophunzira

Pazonse, anthu a 19 omwe ali ndi IGD (amatanthauza zaka ± kupatuka kosasintha: 23.3 ± 2.4) and 20--age-matched zvakhazikitso zolondola (HCs) (amatanthauza zaka ± kupatuka koyenera: 23.4 ± 1.2) nawo nawo phunziroli. Poganizira za miliri ya IGD (-), otenga nawo mbali amuna mu 20 s yomwe amasewera pa intaneti kuposa 30 ha sabata adalembedwa kudzera pa intaneti. Kenako, ophunzira omwe adakumana ndi DSM-5 adapereka njira za IGD () pamafunso azamisala adalembetsa. Ochita nawo IGD omwe anali ndi mbiri ya kukhumudwa kapena kuwongolera chidwi chakuwonongeka kwa chiwopsezo anaphatikizidwa poganizira zochitika zosiyanasiyana za comorbid (). Poganizira kuti mawonekedwe a IGD sanaphunzirebe, komabe, omwe anali ndi vuto la matenda amisala kupatula IGD kapena iwo omwe anali ndi vuto linalake lamankhwala sanachotsedwe. Onse omwe anali ndi dzanja lamanja () ndipo analibe matenda azachipatala ndi amanjenje. Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi Institutional Review Board of Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital ndipo adachitika molingana ndi Declaration of Helsinki. Kuvomerezedwa kodziwitsa kunapezeka kuchokera kwa ophunzira onse phunzirolo lisanayambe.

Mulingo woyeserera

Kuyesa kukhalapo ndi kuuma kwa kudalira pa intaneti, kuyesa kwa intaneti (IAT) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito (). IAT ndi sikelo ya 20-point yokhala ndi 5-point point, kuyambira 1 (kawirikawiri kwambiri) mpaka 5 (pafupipafupi kwambiri). Scores apamwamba kuposa 50 amawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta. Ophunzira adalangizidwa kuti ayese kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo intaneti, makamaka pamaziko ogwiritsa ntchito masewera a intaneti. Kuchulukitsa kwa zosowa zamaganizidwe kuyesedwa ndi Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS) (, ). Izi zinali ndi zinthu za 21 zokhala ndi 7-point Likert wadogo (1: ayi konse kwa 7: zoona kwambiri). Zambiri zapamwamba zinkatanthawuza kuchuluka kwapamwamba kwamalingaliro kumafunikira kukhutitsidwa.

Ntchito yoyeserera

Ophunzira adachita zodzipangira okha pakuwunika kwa fMRI. Ntchitoyi inafunsa malingaliro a ophunzira pazomwe ali zenizeni komanso zoyenera. Chiganizo chofotokoza zenizeni (monga, ndine munthu wodzichepetsa) komanso wabwino (mwachitsanzo, ndikufuna kukhala munthu wodzichepetsa) chidaperekedwa pazenera ndipo ophunzira adayankha momwe sentensiyo idadzifotokozera bwino podina batani limodzi (1) : ndimatsutsana kwambiri ndi 4: Ndikuvomereza kwambiri). Zotsatira zomasulira 48 (24 zabwino ndi 24 zoyipa) zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawu awa. Ntchitoyi inali ndi mipiringidzo 8 pachikhalidwe chilichonse (zenizeni komanso kudzikonda). Malo omwe amakhala kwa 32 s ndipo nthawi yopumula ya 16 idayikidwa pakati pamabulowo. M'bokosi lililonse, ziganizo zosiyana za 6 (ziganizo za 3 zokhala ndi chiganizo chotsimikizika ndi ziganizo za 3 zokhala ndi chiganizo cholakwika) zidaperekedwa kwa 3 s iliyonse yokhala ndi nthawi yolimbikitsana pakati pa 0.5 ndi 3.5 s. Mndandanda wazoyeserera zoyeserera ndi ziganizo zidasinthidwa mwachinyengo.

Kutenga kwa zithunzi

Zambiri za MRI zidapezeka pa 3 Tesla scanner (Magnetom Verio, Nokia Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). Zithunzithunzi zogwira ntchito adazisonkhanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito gradient echo planar imaging imaging (nthawi ya echo = 30 ms, nthawi yobwereza = 2,000 ms, flip angle = 90 °, makulidwe agawo = 3 mm, kuchuluka kwa magawo = 30, ndi kukula kwa matrix 64 × 64). Makani atatu adatayidwa zithunzi zisanafike pomwe zayamba. Zithunzi zosanjidwa adazisonkhananso pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya 3D yowonongeka-gradient-memory (echo nthawi = 2.46 ms, nthawi yobwereza = 1,900 ms, flip angle = 9 °, kukula kwagawo = = 1 mm, kuchuluka kwa magawo = 176, ndi kukula kwa matrix = 256 × 256).

Kusanthula deta zamakhalidwe

"Positivity amaphuzu" adawerengeredwa ngati kuchuluka kwa mayankho a 48 pamtundu uliwonse wowonetsa mulingo woyenera komanso wokhoza kukhala nawo. Zambiri zapamwamba zidawonetsa kuti ophunzirawo adadziyimira pawokha. Komanso, "chodzisintha mokha" adapangidwa pochotsa zotsatira zabwino za zomwe zidalidi zenizeni kuchokera kwa iye weniweni. Kusanthula kwa kusiyanasiyana (ANOVA) kunapangidwa kuti kuwunikenso kwakukulu ndi kuyanjana kwa gulu (HC vs. IGD) ndi chikhalidwe (zenizeni zodziyang'anira payekha) pazotsatira za positivity. Kuphatikiza apo, kudziyimira pawokha t-kuyesa kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza pagulu zofananira (kuchuluka kwa zabwino komanso kusiyanasiyana), ndikuwunika kwa Pearson komwe kunachitika pakati pa ziwerengerozi ndi zambiri za BPNS pagulu lirilonse. SPSS (ver. 23; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo a p-kufunika <0.05 kunkaonedwa kuti ndi kofunika.

Kusanthula kwa deta

Kukonzekera ndikuwunikira kwa fMRI ya data kunachitika ndi Statistical Parametric Mapping, mtundu 12 (Wellcome department of Cognitive Neurology, University College London). Zithunzi za fMRI zidakonzedwa chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa gawo la zinthu. Kenako, zomwe mutu wazomwe unakonza zidakonzedwa potengera chithunzi choyamba. Zithunzithunzi zogwira ntchito zidalembetsedwa pazithunzi zoyikika. Zithunzi zojambulidwa zimasinthidwa kukhala zofananira pa template pang'onopang'ono, ndipo matriculo osintha adagwiritsidwa ntchito pazithunzi zomwe zidagwira ntchito. Zithunzizi zinakonzedwa ndi kiyulo ya Gaussian ya 6 mm yodzaza ndi theka.

Pazowunikira, zomwe eni eni eni komanso abwino omwe amachita popanga mayankho a canonical hemodynamic ntchito adagwiritsidwa ntchito monga ma regressor achidwi komanso magawo a kayendedwe ka 6 adaphatikizidwa ngati regressor osagwirizana ndi mitundu yazizindikiro. Zithunzi zazikulu zitatu zidapangidwa: kudzikonda, malingaliro abwino, komanso kudzimva (kuthekera kopambana-wekha). Chitsanzo chimodzi t-Kuyesa kufanizira pakati pa zenizeni zenizeni ndi zomwe zimachitika pagulu lirilonse. Kusanthula kwathunthu kwamasinthidwe kudagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti afufuze momwe mgwirizano pakati pa gulu ndi zomwe zikuchitika, ndi zitsanzo zina zowonjezera ziwiri t- zidachitidwa pazithunzi zosiyanitsidwa ndi ena. Zotsatira zinawonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri panjira yolungamitsidwa p <0.05, yomwe imafanana ndi cholakwika chanzeru chabanja chomwe chidakonza zofunikira pamlingo wamagulu limodzi ndi gawo limodzi p <0.005. Kwa a posachedwa kusanthula, magulu onse ozindikiritsidwa pawiri t-kuyesedwa kumatanthauzidwa ngati zigawo za chidwi (ROI) ndipo zochitika mdera lawo zidachotsedwa ndi MarsBaR mtundu 0.44. Pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS, kuwunika kwa Pearson komwe kunkachitika kunkachitika pakati pa zochitika za neural pamtundu uliwonse ndi zidziwitso zamachitidwe (ziwerengero za BPNS ndi mphambano yodziyimira payokha). Komanso, zochitika zam'madera pazomwe mukuchita komanso momwe mungakhalire mofananamo zidafaniziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito pawokha t-Ziyeso. Zotsatira zinawonedwa kukhala zofunika kwambiri p <0.05.

Results

Makhalidwe azachipatala komanso kuyankha kwachinthu chazinthu chodziwonera nokha

Zaumoyo ndi zamankhwala zimaperekedwa m'Gome Table1.1. Scores of IAT (IGD: 73.0 ± 9.7, HC: 24.9 ± 6.1, t = 18.4, p <0.01) ndi BPNS (IGD: 78.4 ± 13.1, HC: 89.4 ± 12.3, t = -2.7, p = 0.01) anali osiyana kwambiri pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ndi HCs.

Gulu 1

Zowonetsa komanso zaumoyo wa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a intaneti (IGD) komanso kuwongolera wathanzi (HC).

 IGD (n = 19)HC (n = 20)tp
Zaka (zaka)23.3 (2.4)23.4 (1.2)-0.20.6
Zaka maphunziro15.0 (2.5)15.4 (1.5).-0.60.5
Anzeru quotient113.3 (15.6)108.7 (8.5)1.10.3
Mayeso osokoneza bongo pa intaneti73.0 (9.7)24.9 (6.1)18.4
Zosowa zamaganizidwe zofunika78.4 (13.1)89.4 (12.3)-2.70.01
 

Zambiri zimaperekedwa ngati zofunikira (kupatuka mwanjira iliyonse).

chithunzi Chithunzi11 chikuwonetsa zotsatira za ntchito yodziganizira. Zotsatira zazikulu za gulu (F = 16.7, p <0.001) ndi chikhalidwe (F = 69.4, p <0.001) adawonedwa, koma palibe njira yofunika yolumikizirana ndi gulu yomwe idapezeka. Zambiri zabwino zake (t = −4.6 p <0.01) komanso weniweni (t = -2.2, p = 0.03) anali otsika kwambiri pagulu la IGD kuposa gulu la HC. Komabe, panalibe kusiyana pagulu pazodzikwaniritsa zokha (t = -0.18, p = 0.9). Komanso kuchuluka kwa zotsatira zabwino za moyo wabwino kwambiri kudali kopambana kuposa kwa eni eni magulu awiriwo (IGD: t = 7.9, p <0.01; HC: t = 6.4, p <0.01).

Fayilo yakunja yomwe ili ndi chithunzi, fanizo, etc. dzina la chinthu ndi fpsyt-09-00330-g0001.jpg

Kuyankha mozama kuntchito yomwe mukufuna kudzidziwitsa. Ambiri mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masewerawa pa intaneti anali otsika kwambiri kuposa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a intaneti (HC). Kuchuluka kwa kudzizindikira (kuchuluka kwazomwe zinali zenizeni) sikunali kosiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa. *p <0.05, **p <0.01.

Zotsatira za IAT zidalumikizidwa molakwika ndi kuchuluka kwa BPNS mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD (r = -0.52, p = 0.02). Zambiri zodzizindikiritsa sizinaphatikizidwe bwino ndi ziwonetsero za BPNS (IGD: r = -0.8, p <0.01; HC: r = -0.5, p = 0.01), ndipo zotsatsa za BPNS izi zidaphatikizidwanso ndi zotsatira zenizeni za magulu enieniwo m'magulu onsewa (IGD: r = 0.7, p <0.01; HC: r = 0.6, p <0.01). Panalibe kulumikizana kofunikira pakati pa kuchuluka kwa BPNS ndi ziwonetsero zabwino zaumwini (IGD: r = -0.1, p = 0.5; HC: r = 0.4, p = 0.1).

Kuyankha kwazinthu zofunikira pa ntchito yakudziyimira

chithunzi Chithunzi22 limapereka zigawo zaubongo zokhudzana ndikudziwona mgulu lililonse. Zochita zapamwamba kwambiri mumalonda enieniwo poyerekeza momwe zimakhalira zimawonedwa mu MPFC (MNI yolamula: 6, 54, 14, voxel chiwerengero 1,000, z = 4.5, pFWE <0.01) mu HCs ndi MPFC yolondola (makonzedwe a MNI: 4, 12, 60, nambala ya voxel 492, z = 4.0, pFWE <0.01) mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD. M'makhalidwe oyenerera poyerekeza ndi momwe zilili, ma HC adawonetsa zochitika zapamwamba kwambiri kumanzere kwa calcarine cortex (MNI imagwirizanitsa: -10, -86, 2, voxel nambala 457, z = 3.9, pFWE = 0.01), pomwe anthu omwe ali ndi IGD sanawonetse phindu.

 

Fayilo yakunja yomwe ili ndi chithunzi, fanizo, etc. dzina la chinthu ndi fpsyt-09-00330-g0002.jpg

Magawo aubongo akuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu poyerekeza pakati pa eni eni komanso gulu lililonse. Kuchulukitsa kwa zochitika zenizeni poyerekeza ndi zomwe zili bwino kunapezeka pamakina awiri oyeserera am'magulu oyang'anira amtundu woyeserera ndikuwongolera koyenera kwamankhwala mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a intaneti, pomwe kuchuluka kwakuchuluka pofananiza ndi zomwe eni eni adawonedwa kumanzere kwa calcarine kotekisi kumawongolera athanzi.

Kusanthula kwathunthu kwachidziwitso kwawonetsa kuti zotsatira zazikulu zagululo zimawonedwa mu MPFC yoyenera (MNI imagwirizanitsa: 4, 14, 58, voxel chiwerengero 386, z = 4.5, pFWE <0.01) ndi caudate yolondola (makonzedwe a MNI: 10, 8, 16 voxel nambala 301, z = 3.4, pFWE = 0.03), pomwe sikunali kofunikira kwambiri pakukhudzana ndi zochitika m'magulu. Kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo ziwiri t- makamaka pazodzisiyanitsa, chithunzithunzi choyenera cha parietal lobule (IPL) chikuwonetsa kuchepa kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD kuposa ma HCs (MNI oyang'anira 40, −50, 44, voxel chiwerengero 459, z = 4.1, pFWE = 0.01) (Chithunzi (Figure3A) .3A). Ntchito za IPL mokha posiyananso ndi izi zidakwaniritsidwa bwino ndi zolakwika zambiri zodzizunza (r = 0.6, p <0.01) mu HCs, koma osati mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD (Chithunzi (Figure3B) .3B). Panalibe kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa ntchito zamderali ndi kuchuluka kwa BPNS m'magulu onsewa (IGD: r = -0.2, p = 0.3; HC: r = -0.1, p = 0.7). Pakadali pano, ntchito za IPL mokha posiyanitsa zinali zazikulu kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD kuposa ma HCs (t = 2.7, p <0.01), pomwe panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu kwamagulu komwe kunkapezeka pakudziyimira koyenera (Chithunzi (Chithunzi3C3C).

 

Fayilo yakunja yomwe ili ndi chithunzi, fanizo, etc. dzina la chinthu ndi fpsyt-09-00330-g0003.jpg

Mayankho amakono pa ntchito yanokha. Monga tawonera (A), anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a intaneti (IGD) adawonetsa zochitika zotsika kwambiri za parietal lobule (IPL) modzigawanitsa podziyerekeza ndi zoyendetsa bwino (HC). Kuphatikiza pakati pa ntchito za IPL mu kusiyanitsa kotsutsana ndi deta yamachitidwe ikuwonetsedwa (B). Zochita za IPL mu njira yabwino yodziyimira payekha pagulu lirilonse zikuwonetsedwa pazenera (C). **p <0.01.

Kukambirana

Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali chowunikiritsa masinthidwe amalingaliro amomwe amadziwikiratu amomwe amadzidalira okha mwa IGD. Mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD, zidatsimikizika kuti sanasankhe mwanzeru pazomwe amadzitsogolera komanso kuzitsogolera bwino kuposa HCs. Ndi malingaliro wamba omwe anthu amachita machitidwe amodzi pochepetsera kudzisintha okha, ndipo chimodzimodzi anthu omwe ali ndi IGD amagwiritsa ntchito masewera ngati njira yothana ndi malingaliro osayenera omwe amadza chifukwa chodzikana nawo (-). Kudzisintha mwampangidwe wathu wodwala kunali kofanana ndi komwe kumachitika mu HCs, ngakhale kudzizindikiritsa kunali kwakukulu mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD vs HCs m'maphunziro ena angapo (, ). Pali zinthu ziwiri izi zomwe zingatheke. Choyamba, maphunziro apitawa adakhudzapo omwe amatenga nawo mbali achichepere kuposa zomwe taphunzira. Ndikofunikira kulingalira kuti zitha kudzisintha okha mu achinyamata okalamba omwe anali ndi mwayi wodzikulitsa kuposa omwe anali ndi vuto la intaneti kuyambira ali mwana. Chachiwiri, njira yodziyimira pawokha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira mwina sinali yopanda chokwanira pofufuza kusiyana. Ngati ophunzira atafunsidwa kuti awunikire kusiyana pakati pa zenizeni ndi zoyenera kuzimva molunjika (), kapena ngati kuchuluka kwa Likert kukadakulitsidwa ngati mmaphunziro am'mbuyomu (), kusiyanitsa kwa gulu kungakhale kuti kwatengera thupi. M'magawo onse awiri, sizitanthauza kuti kunalibe vuto lodziganizira mu IGD. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti malingaliro enieni komanso malingaliro omwe amatsogolera eni ake anali opanda tsankho kwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD.

Neurobiologically, kusiyana kopindulitsa kunapezeka pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ndi HCs. Mwachitsanzo, calcarine cortex adamulimbikitsidwa kwambiri pomwe ma HC adasanthula njira yoyenera yodziyerekezera ndi malingaliro enieni. Calortine cortex imayendetsedwa m'mayendedwe amajambula komanso powona china chake (). Mukudalitsika kokhazikika, malowa amakhala ngati mlatho womwe umathandizira kufikira pokhazikitsidwa. Kulingalira za kudzisankhira njira yabwino kungakhale njira yopanda tanthauzo kuposa kungoganiza zenizeni zokha ndipo zotsatira zake zitha kumveka. Kumbali ina, MPFC idalimbikitsidwa kwambiri m'magulu onse awiri pomwe omwe amawunika momwe amadzionera kuposa momwe amadziwunikira okha. Popeza udindo wa MPFC pakudziyang'anira nokha (, ,, zitha kutulutsidwa kuti ntchito yathu inali yoyenera kudzipenda. Kuphatikiza apo, panali kusiyana kwamagulu mu ntchito ya MPFC ndi kusanja mosasamala kanthu za magawo awiriwa. Madera awa amadziwika kuti amapanga dongosolo la mphotho ndikusinthidwa moyenera mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD (). Kuyambitsa kwa Aberrant ku MPFC kwamveka kuchokera pakudziyang'anira, kudziletsa, komanso kupatsa mphoto zomwe zili zovuta mu IGD (). Hyperactivation mu caudate yakhala yokhudzana ndi chizolowezi cholakalaka kuyankha ku IGD ().

Kupeza kwakukulu kwa kafukufuku wathu ndikwakuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD adawonetsa ntchito ya IPL yolumikizana ndi kudzilimbitsa. Ngakhale kulumikizana kwa magulu-pagulu sikunapezeke, anthu omwe ali ndi IGD adawonetsa kuchepa mu IPL mwa kusiyanitsa kwawo. Pomwe ntchito ya IPL idachulukitsidwa mu HCs, gawo lodzipindulitsa lokha lidakulanso. Poganizira ntchito za dera lino ngati zowongolera za malingaliro osalimbikitsa (), kusasangalala ndi nkhawa kungakhale kogwirizana ndi zochitika za IPL mu HCs. Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD, njira zoteteza izi mwina sizikugwira ntchito. Kuthekera kwina kwa kusiyana pakati pa kudziona kuti ndiwabwino kungakhale chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kogwirira ntchito mukamawunikira anthu omwe ali ndi IGD. IPL yalumikizidwa ndi valence oyipa kapena kukondwerera (, ). Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito za IPL zimacheperachepera, mukamakumana ndi mawu osalimbikitsa omwe mumakumana nawo (). M'maphunziro athu, komabe, kuyankha kwachilendo kotereku kuchepetsa ntchito za IPL mukamakumana ndi mawu osalimbikitsa sikunachitike mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD. Munkhani iyi, mavuto a malingaliro enieni m'malo modzitsogolera bwino ayenera kuonedwa kukhala ofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD.

Kafukufuku wakale wam'mbuyomu wawonetsa chibwenzi; anthu omwe anali ndi zotsika za BPNS anali othekera kwambiri kukhala anthu amtundu wa IGD, ndipo kuchuluka kwa BPNS kudakhala kotsika mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD (). Tidatsimikiziranso kuti anthu omwe ali ndi IGD samakhutira ndi zosowa zawo zamaganizidwe, ndipo kusakhutira komwe kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonongeka kwa chizolowezi cha masewerawa. Kuphatikiza apo, tidapeza kuti omwe ali ndi ma BPNS otsika kwambiri anali ndi mavuto ndi chithunzi chawo. Ophunzira omwe ali ndi ma BPNS otsika adavotera kusiyana kwawo ndipo adavotera kwambiri Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kusakhutira ndi zosowa zamaganizidwe kunali kokhudzana ndi malingaliro amomwe eni abwino kuposa chitsogozo chokha chodzitsogolera. Chifukwa kusewera kumabweretsa malingaliro olakwika a anthu, anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ayenera kupewa malingaliro abwino kuti masewera awathandiza kukwanitsa kuchita bwino, kudziyimira pawokha, ndi maubale omwe samakwanitsidwa m'moyo weniweni.

Mosiyana ndi ntchito zam'mbuyomu zomwe zidapangidwa kuti ziwonetsetse momwe ziliri pakati pa zenizeni ndi mawonekedwe enieni a umunthu, ntchitoyi idapangidwa kuti idziyang'anire payekha komanso momwe iyenera kukhalira. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka kafukufuku, palibe kuyambitsa komwe kungawonedwe mu striatum pokhudzana ndi kudzilimbitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wapitawu adanenanso kuti kudzidalira kumayambitsa chilimbikitso chazabwino ndikuyambitsa dongosolo la mphotho (). Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi IGD anali ndi malingaliro olakwika pa kudzimva kwawo ndi kusasala pakukonzekera momwe amadziwonera okha. Chifukwa chake, zigawo zoyipa zokhudzana ndiubwenzi zitha kuonedwa m'malo ndi njira yolipirira.

Zoyenera zingapo ziyenera kuganiziridwa phunziroli. Vuto lalikulu linali loti kafukufukuyu anali ndi zifukwa zodzifunira pazifukwa zotsatirazi. Choyamba, kuzindikira mitundu yeniyeni ya NED yolumikizirana, timapatula odwala omwe pakadali pano anali ndi maororbidities ena. Chachiwiri, amuna okhaokha omwe amatenga nawo mbali mu 20 s ndiwo adaphatikizidwa phunziroli, chifukwa chake ndiwofalikira pazotsatira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi IGD adakali achinyamata kapena atakula. Chachitatu, ndizovuta kusiyanitsa ngati zomwe zidasokonekera ndizo zomwe zidayambitsa masewera kwambiri kapena zotsatira za kusewera masewera kwambiri, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apamtunda wophunzirira. Chachinayi, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti ntchito ya FMRI sinadziyese yodzisintha yokha koma idaziyesa mwakuwona kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa zinthu zenizeni ndi zomwe zili zabwino.

Ngakhale pali zoperewera, kuphunzira kwathu kumakhala ndi tanthauzo chifukwa zotsatira zake zimazindikira kusokonekera mu ubongo komwe kumalumikizana ndi kusokonekera kwa IGD. Anthu omwe ali ndi IGD atha kukhala ndi vuto lodzilamulira kapena kudziyesa pawokha monga momwe angapangire kuchoka ku IPL. Pawokha, anthu omwe ali ndi IGD anali ndi malingaliro oyipa pazomwe amadzilingalira pawokha komanso kuzitsogolera koyenera, ngakhale kudzinyadira kwawo sikunali kwakukulu. Kuwongolera koyenera kwa IGD kungawalepheretse kukhala ndi zolinga kapena zomwe angakwaniritse mtsogolo. Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa kuti asokoneze malingaliro enieni omwe apezeka osati mwamakhalidwe okha komanso amanjenje, akamvetsetsa vutoli kapena kukhazikitsa njira zamankhwala. Poganizira za mawonekedwe omwe ali pa intaneti pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akhoza kukumana ndi maudindo atsopano komanso zidziwitso (), anthu omwe ali ndi IGD ayenera kulabadira kuti adziwona molakwika.

Zopereka za wolemba

Olemba onse adatchulidwa apanga chithandizo chachikulu, cholunjika ndi chachangu kuntchito, ndipo akuchivomereza kuti chifalitsidwe.

Kusamvana kwa mawu achidwi

Olembawo alengeza kuti kafukufukuyu adachitika pokhapokha patakhala kuti palibe ubale kapena bizinesi yomwe ingachitike ngati kusamvana komwe kungachitike. Wowunikiranso SK komanso mkonzi wogwirizira alengeza kuyanjana kwawo panthawi yowunikayo.

Kuvomereza

Olembawa akufuna kuthokoza Dr. Kang Joon Yoon ndi akatswiri a ma radiologic Sang Il Kim ndi Ji-Sung Seong ochokera ku Chipatala cha St. Peter chifukwa chothandizidwa ndiukadaulo.

Mawu a M'munsi

Ngongole. Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi Brain Research Program kudzera ku National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) yothandizidwa ndi Ministry of Science, ICT & future Planning (NRF-2015M3C7A1065053).

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