Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti pa Intaneti ndi Kuopsa kwa Akhwima Adolescents (2016)

Int. J. Environ. Res. Thanzi Labwino 2016, 13(3), 294; do:10.3390 / ijerph13030294

Tony Durkee 1,*, Vladimir Carli 1, Birgitta Floderus 2, Camilla Wasserman 3,4, Marco Sarchiapone 3,5, Alan Apter 6, Judit A. Balazs 7,8, Julio Bobes 9, Romuald Brunner 10, Paul Corcoran 11, Doina cosman 12, Haring Christian 13, Christina W. Hoven 4,14, Michael Kaess 10, Jean-Pierre Kahn 15, Bogdan Nemes 12, Vita Postuvan 16, Pilar A. Saiz 9, Peeter Värnik 17 ndi Danuta Wasserman 1
1
National Center for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
2
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
3
Department of Medicine ndi Health Science, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy
4
Dipatimenti ya Ana ndi Achinyamata Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
5
National Institute for Migging and Poverty, Via San Gallicano, Roma 25 / A, Italy
6
Feinberg Child Study Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center, University ya Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 49202, Israel
7
Vadaskert Child ndi Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Budapest 1021, Hungary
8
Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1064, Hungary
9
Department of Psychiatry, Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
10
Gawo la Mavuto a Kusintha kwa Umunthu, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69115, Germany
11
National Suicide Research Foundation, Western Rd., Cork, Ireland
12
Department of Clinical Psychology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine ndi Pharmacy, Str. Victor Babes Nr. 8, Cluj-Napoca 400000, Romania
13
Research Division for Mental Health, University for Medical Information Technology (UMIT), Klagenfurt, Innsbruck 6060, Austria
14
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
15
Department of Psychiatry, Center Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54500, France
16
Sloven Center for Suicide Research, Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper 6000, Slovenia
17
Center of Behaeveal and Health Science, Estonia-Sweden Mental Health & Suicidology Institute, Tallinn University, Tallinn 10120, Estonia
*
Correspondence: Tel.: +46-852-486-935; Fax: +46-8-30-64-39
Wokonza Maphunziro: Paul B. Tchounwou
Zalandiridwa: 1 Disembala 2015 / Yovomerezeka: 3 Marichi 2016 / Wolemba: 8 March 2016

Kudalirika

: Khalidwe lochita zoopsa limathandizira kwambiri pazomwe zikutsogolera kusokonezeka kwa achinyamata ndi achinyamata; komabe, mgwirizano wawo wogwiritsa ntchito ma Internet (PIU) sudziwikanso, makamaka ku Europe. Cholinga chachikulu cha phunziroli ndikufufuza mayanjano omwe ali pakati pa achinyamata omwe akuchita zoopsa ndi PIU mwa achinyamata aku Europe. Kufufuza kwamtunduwu kunachitika mkati mwa projekiti ya FP7 European Union: Kupulumutsa ndi Kukulitsa Achinyamata ku Europe (SEYLE). Zambiri zokhudzana ndi achinyamata zidatengedwa kusukulu zokhazokha mosaphunzitsira kumayiko 11 a ku Europe. PIU inayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Young's Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ). Makhalidwe oika pachiwopsezo adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso omwe atengedwa kuchokera ku Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). Achinyamata onse a 11,931 adaphatikizidwa pazosanthula: 43.4% wamwamuna ndi 56.6% wamkazi (M / F: 5179 / 6752), ali ndi zaka zaka 14.89 ± 0.87. Achinyamata omwe amafotokoza za kugona mokwanira komanso zomwe zimawopsa pachiwopsezo adawonetsa kuyanjana kwamphamvu ndi PIU, kutsatiridwa ndi kusuta fodya, kudya mokwanira komanso kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Mwa achinyamata omwe ali mgulu la PIU, 89.9% adadziwika kuti ali ndi machitidwe owopsa ambiri. Chiyanjano chofunikira chomwe chikuwoneka pakati pa PIU ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndikuphatikizana kwambiri, chimatsimikizira kufunikira kwa kuganizira za PIU mukamayang'ana, kuchiza kapena kupewa mchitidwe woopsa pakati pa achinyamata.

Mawu osakira: kugwiritsa ntchito kwapaintaneti; Mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti; chiwopsezo; machitidwe owopsa ambiri; moyo wosavomerezeka; achinyamata; SEYLE

1. Introduction

Kukula ndi nyengo yosinthika yodziwika ndi kusintha kwakukulu pamakhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro [1]. Kuphatikiza apo, maubale ndi anzawo, mabanja komanso gulu limasinthika mosiyanasiyana panthawiyi, pomwe achinyamata amayamba kudzilamulira pazosankha zawo, momwe amvera komanso zochita zawo [2]. Kusinthika kwa chikhalidwe kwa achinyamata nthawi zambiri kumachitika munthawi yolumikizana mkati mwazinthu zosiyanasiyana zophunzirira [3]. Popeza ndi nsanja yayikulu yolimbikitsira kumvana pamfundo ndi maluso okhudzana ndi anthu [4,5], intaneti yakhala njira yatsopano komanso yapadera yotukukira m'maganizo pakati pa achinyamata [6,7].
Ngakhale izi zili ndiubwino, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi komanso kwa nthawi yayitali kuli ndi mwayi wothana ndi mayanjano komanso ubale [8,9]. Pali umboni wowonetsa kuti nthawi yochulukirapo pa intaneti imachoka nthawi yolumikizana ndi abale ndi abwenzi [10], kutenga nawo mbali muzochitika zapadera zowonjezera [11], kumaliza ntchito zamaphunziro [12], zizolowezi zoyenera kudya [13], zolimbitsa thupi [14] ndi kugona [15]. Achinyamata akakhala nthawi yambiri pa intaneti, pali ngozi kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwawo kungakhale kochulukirapo kapenanso kubereka [16].
 
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Internet kwa Pathological (PIU) kumadziwika ndi zolankhula mopambanitsa kapena zolamulidwa bwino, zolimbikitsa kapena zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komwe kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kapena kupsinjika [17]. PIU imagwiritsidwa ntchito modabwitsa ngati vuto lopewera chisankho ndipo imawerengedwa kuti ndi nkhani yokhometsa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lofanana ndi chikhalidwe cha njuga [18]. Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwaposaka kwa PIU, kuyesa kumvetsetsa izi kumalephereka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse paziwonetsero zokhudzana ndi vutoli. Sinalembedwe mu Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) kapena International Classification of Diseases (ICD) nosological system. Vuto lalikulu lomwe akukumana nalo pakufufuza kwa PIU ndikutenga kwake ngati vuto lowonjezera.
 
Chifukwa cha mikangano iyi, DSM-5 yofalitsidwa posachedwapa [19] yaphatikizanso chizolowezi chomakhudzidwa ndi matenda (osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo) monga gulu lovomerezeka mwamavuto, omwe ali ndi vuto la kutchova njuga (GD) kukhala mkhalidwe wokhawo womwe walembedwa m'gulu latsopanoli. Vuto la masewera a pa intaneti (IGD) ndilothekanso kungokhala ndi chizolowezi chomayeserera omwe adaganiziridwa kuti aphatikizidwe mu DSM nosological system; komabe, umboni womwe umathandizira IGD ngati matenda owunika udakalipobe. IGD Pambuyo pake idaphatikizidwa mu Gawo III la DSM-5, ngati mkhalidwe womwe umafuna kuti apitirize kuphunzira [20], pofuna kudziwa kufunikira kwake komaso ngati vuto lazidziwitso. Ngakhale kuumitsidwa kwaposachedwa kwaposachedwa kwa PIU, kukupitirirabe umboni womwe ukuwonetsa kulumikizana kolimba pakati pa PIU ndi mitundu ina ya kukondera [21,22,23,24].
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi PIU amagawana zamitsempha, zamaumboni ndi zamaganizidwe ndi zikhalidwe komanso zokhudzana ndi zinthu [25,26,27,28,29]. Kutengera zoyerekeza zoyerekeza zomwe zimawerengedwa ndi Griffiths [30], pali zizindikiro zazikulu zisanu ndi chimodzi zowonetsedwa pamavuto osokoneza bongo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku PIU. Izi zikuphatikiza: kugona (kutanganidwa ndi zochitika za pa intaneti), kusintha kwamachitidwe (kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuthawa kapena kuthetsa kupsinjika), kulolerana (kufunika kokhala pa intaneti kwanthawi yayitali), kusiya (kukhumudwa ndi kusakwiya mukakhala osagwirizana ndi intaneti), kusamvana (zalephera kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti). Zigawo zazikuluzi zimapereka chidziwitso cha kulingalira kukula kwa PIU.
 
Mitengo ya presonce ya PIU imasiyanasiyana mmaiko onse, makamaka chifukwa cha kufotokozera kwa matanthauzidwe ake, mayendedwe ake komanso kuwunika kwa matenda. Poyesa kufalitsa kufalikira konsekonse, Cheng ndi Li [31] adathetsa izi poyerekeza kugwiritsa ntchito meta-kusanthula mosasintha pogwiritsa ntchito zida ndi njira zofananira za psychometric. Njirayi idapereka chiwonetsero chokwanira cha otenga mbali a 89,281 ochokera kumayiko a 31 omwe akufika kumagawo angapo padziko lapansi. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kufalikira kwa PIU padziko lonse lapansi kunali 6.0% (95% CI: 5.1-6.9) yokhala ndi heterogeneity wolinganiza.
Maphunziro a prevalence omwe amawunika PIU pamlingo waku Europe ogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zoyimira ndi ochepa. Ngakhale izi zidawoneka modabwitsa, pali umboni wina wakupezeka kwa ziwonetsero zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhazikika kwa ziwopsezo zomwe zikuwonjezeka m'gululi. Pazitsanzo za achinyamata aku Europe (n = 18,709) wazaka za 11-16, Blinka et al. [32] yawonetsa kuti kufalikira kwa PIU kunali 1.4%. Izi zimagwirizana ndi mitengo yomwe ananena Tsitsika et al. [33], yemwe akuwerengera kuchuluka kwa PIU kwa 1.2% pamagulu oyimira achinyamata ku Europe (n = 13,284) wazaka za 14-17. Durkee ndi anzawo [34], komabe, anawona kuchuluka kwakukula kwambiri kwa PIU kwa 4.4% mwa oyimira zitsanzo za achinyamata aku Europe (n = 11,956) wazaka za 14-16. Ziwerengero zoyambira ku PIU ku Europe zidawonetsedwa kukhala zochuluka kwambiri kuposa amuna, akazi, kuchuluka, msinkhu, kusiyana mayiko komanso kulumikizidwa ndi zovuta zamisala komanso chikhalidwe [35,36,37,38,39].
 
Kukhazikika kwa zochitika zoopsa kumachitika nthawi zambiri kuunyamata ndikuthekera kokulira kwa kupitiriza kukhala munthu wamkulu. Amuna amakonda kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kuposa zachikazi, ndipo pafupipafupi zochitika zomwe zimakhala zoopsa zimakonda kukulira ndi zaka [40]. Pali magawo osiyanasiyana azosiyana kuyambira ku chiwopsezo chochepa (kugona mokwanira, kudya mokwanira komanso kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi) kukhala ndi chiopsezo chambiri (kumwa kwambiri mowa, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito fodya). Kafukufuku nthawi zambiri amayesa machitidwe ochita ngozi ngati mabungwe odziyimira pawokha, ngakhale umboni wowonekera umawonetsa kupezeka kwawo, ngakhale adakali aang'ono [41,42]. Anthu okhala ndi zoopsa zingapo ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha matenda opatsirana, matenda amisala, malingaliro odzipha komanso kufa msanga poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto limodzi kapena losavulaza [43,44]. Popeza momwe zimakhalira nthawi imodzi pamavuto, ndizofunikira kumvetsetsa tanthauzo lawo pangozi ya achinyamata ku PIU.
 
Gulu la Achinyamata Pangozi ya Zida za Achinyamata (YRBSS) ku US likudziwitsa kuti machitidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo amathandizira kwambiri pazomwe zikuyambitsa vuto pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata [45]. Kupatula kuphatikizika uku, pali kafukufuku wocheperako yemwe amafufuza mwanjira yomwe njira zamtunduwu zimagwirizirana ndi PIU yachinyamata, makamaka mkati mwa Europe. Kafufuzidwe ka Epidemiological ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse izi.
 
Kutengera chitsanzo chachikulu cha achinyamata omwe amakhala pasukulu ku Europe, cholinga chachikulu cha kafukufukuyu ndikuwunika mayanjano omwe ali pachiwopsezo (monga, mowa, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kugwiritsa ntchito fodya, machitidwe oika pachiwopsezo, truancy, kugona mokwanira, kudya mokwanira komanso kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi) komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti.

2. Zida ndi njira

2.1. Kapangidwe ka Maphunziro ndi Chiwerengero cha Anthu

Kafukufuku wapano yemwe adachitika mkati mwa projekiti ya European Union: Kupulumutsa ndi Kukulitsa Moyo wa Achinyamata ku Europe (SEYLE) [46]. Achinyamata adawalemba m'masukulu omwe amasankhidwa mosiyanasiyana m'malo ophunzirira ku Austria, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italiya, Romania, Slovenia ndi Spain, ndipo Sweden ikugwira ntchito ngati yolumikizira.
 
Njira zophatikizira posankha masukulu oyenerera zinali motengera zikhalidwe izi: (1) sukulu zinali zapagulu; (2) ili ndi ophunzira osachepera a 40 azaka za 15; (3) anali ndi aphunzitsi opitilira awiri kwa ophunzira azaka za 15; ndipo (4) analibe yoposa 60% ya ophunzira amtundu womwewo. Masukulu oyenerera adagawika kukula: (i) yaing'ono (≤yapakatikati chiwerengero cha ophunzira m'masukulu onse a malo ophunzirira); ndi (ii) yayikulu (≥pakatikati yaophunzira m'masukulu onse amalo ophunzirira) [46]. Pogwiritsa ntchito jenereta yopanda manambala, masukulu sanasinthidwe mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi gawo la SEYLE komanso kukula kwa sukulu pokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, malo azasukulu komanso kapangidwe ka masukulu pamalo aliwonse ophunzirira.
 
Zomwe adazisonkhanazo adaziphatikiza pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso omwe amaperekedwa kwa achinyamata mkati mwa sukulu.
Kuyimira, kuvomereza, kutenga nawo mbali komanso kuyankha pamiyeso imanenedwa mwa kusanthula kwa njira [47].
Kafukufukuyu adachitika motsatira zomwe zidanenedwedwa ndi Hungwe la Helsinki, ndipo protocol idavomerezedwa ndi Komiti ya Ethics yakomweko m'dziko lirilonse lomwe likuchitapo kanthu (Project No. HEALTH-F2-2009-223091). Asanatenge nawo phunziroli, achinyamata ndi makolo onse adapereka chidziwitso chawo chololera nawo.

2.2. Miyeso

PIU idayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso a Young's Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ) [18]. YDQ ndi njira yofunsa mafunso yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 8 pa intaneti yomwe imayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro kapena chikhalidwe pakati pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapita kusonkhanitsa deta [48]. Zinthu zisanu ndi zitatu zomwe zili mu YDQ zimagwirizana ndi zinthu zisanu ndi imodzi za zida za Griffiths ndi zinthu zisanu ndi zinayi mwa njira zokuzindikira za IGD mu DSM-5 [49,50]. Kutengera mtundu wa YDQ, kuyambira 0-8, ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti adagawika m'magulu atatu: ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (AIU) (olemba 0-2); ogwiritsa ntchito osavomerezeka pa intaneti (MIU) (akuyika 3-4); ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti (PIU) (kugawa ≥ 5) [51]. Komanso, maola pa intaneti patsiku ankayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito funso limodzi mu mafunso.
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi zoopsa zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso kuchokera ku Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) [52]. Wopangidwa ndi World Health Organisation (WHO) ndi othandizira anzawo, GSHS ndikuwunika kochokera kusukulu komwe kumayesa kuwopsa kwaumoyo pakati pa achinyamata azaka za 13-17. Mafunso omwe amadzidziwitsa awa ali ndi zinthu zomwe zimafanana ndi 10 yotsogola yomwe imayambitsa kusokonezeka pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata.

2.3. Zochitika Pazokha Zoyipa

Kutengera GSHS, machitidwe omwe ali pachiopsezo adaphatikizidwa m'magulu atatu: (i) kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; (ii) kufuna-funa; (iii) ndi machitidwe a moyo. Makhalidwe ochita ngozi omwe adatsatidwa pambuyo pake adalembedwa ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dichotomous.

2.3.1. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumaphatikizapo kumwa mowa, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mosayenera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito fodya. Zosinthidwa zidafotokozedwa moyenera: (1) pafupipafupi moledzera: ≥2 nthawi / sabata motsutsana ≤1 nthawi / sabata; (2) zakumwa zingapo patsiku lililonse la zakumwa: zakumwa za ≥3 vs. ≤2; (3) nthawi yayitali ya kumwa mpaka kuledzera (kuledzera): ≥3 times vs. ≤2 times; (4) nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi hangover mutamwa: nthawi za ≥3 nthawi vs. ≤2; (5) amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala: inde / ayi; (6) anayamba wagwiritsapo ntchito hashish kapena chamba: inde / ayi; (7) anayamba wagwiritsapo ntchito fodya: inde / ayi; ndi (8) akusuta ndudu: ≥6 / day vs. vs5 / tsiku.

2.3.2. Kufunafuna

Kufunsira kwa ana omwe ali ndi zinthu zinayi zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchita chiopsezo m'miyezi khumi ndi iwiri yapitayi: (1) yoyendetsedwa mgalimoto ndi mnzake yemwe amamwa mowa; (2) anakwera skateboard kapena wodzigudubuza mumsewu wopanda chipewa ndipo / kapena (3) adakwera galimoto yosuntha; ndipo (4) adapita m'misewu kapena zoopsa nthawi yausiku. Njira zoyankha zinali inde / ayi pazinthu zinayi zonse.

2.3.3. Makhalidwe

Makhalidwe amoyo adaphatikizira okhudzana ndi kugona, kudya, kuchita zolimbitsa thupi komanso kupita kusukulu. Zizindikiro zakugona zomwe zatchulidwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayo: (1) kumva kutopa m'mawa musanayambe sukulu: masiku ≥3 masiku / sabata vs ≤2 masiku / sabata; (2) kugunda pambuyo pa sukulu: masiku ≥3 / sabata vs. ≤2 masiku / sabata; ndi (4) kugona: Maola ≤6 / usiku vs. ≥7 maola / usiku. Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zomwe zatchulidwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayo: (4) kudya zipatso / ndiwo zamasamba: ≤1 nthawi / sabata vs. ≥2 nthawi / sabata; ndi (5) kudya kadzutsa asanafike pasukulu: masiku ≤2 masiku / sabata vs ≥3 masiku / sabata. Zochita zolimbitsa thupi zomwe zatchulidwa m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayi: (6) zolimbitsa thupi kwa mphindi zosachepera za 60 masabata awiri apitawa: masiku a ≤3 motsutsana ndi masiku ≥4; ndi (7) kusewera masewera pafupipafupi: inde / ayi. Kupita kusukulu kumakhala ndi chinthu chimodzi pakubwera kusukulu mosagwirizana ndi masabata awiri apitawa: masiku N3 masiku otsatizana ndi masiku ≤2.

2.4. Zowopsa Zambiri

Chiwonetsero chonse chokhala ndi zoopsa zowerengedwa chidawerengedwa mu mtundu umodzi wosasintha ndikulemba ngati muyeso wofunikira. Kudalirana pakati pang'onopang'ono (rsb = 0.742) ndi kusasintha kwamkati (α = 0.714) zikuwonetsa mulingo wovomerezeka pakati pa zinthu zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chambiri

3. Kusanthula Kwasanthu

Kukula kwa machitidwe ochita ngozi pachiwopsezo pakati pa magulu ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti amawerengedwa amuna ndi akazi. Kuti muwonetsetse kusiyana kwakakulu pakati pa kuchuluka kwamagulu, kuyerekeza kophatikizana kawiri pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwa z-mbali ziwiri ndi Bonferroni p-maadili kosinthidwa kunachitika. Kafukufuku wowonjezera adachitidwa kuti ayese mayendedwe a anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo ku MIU ndi PIU pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosakanikirana yosakanikirana (GLMM) yolumikizana ndi malumikizidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mu kuwunikira kwa GLMM, MIU ndi PIU adalowetsedwa momwe zotsatira zake zinali ndi AIU monga gawo la ofotokozerawo, anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo adalowetsedwa ngati zotsatira za 1 zosasinthika, sukulu ngati Level 2 zosokoneza mosalekeza komanso dziko ngati Level 3 zosokoneza. Zida zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati covariance kapangidwe ka zotsatira zosasinthika. Kuti muphunzire kusinthaku kwamalingaliro a jenda, mawu olumikizana (jini * chiopsezo) adayikidwa mu mtundu wololeza. Kusintha kwa zaka ndi jenda kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pazoyenera za GLMM. Mailinganiselo a Odds (OR) omwe ali ndi 95% chidutswa chakudzidalira (CI) amanenedwa pamitunduyi.
Pakuwunika pa machitidwe oopsa ambiri, tanthauzo (M) ndi cholakwika wamba (SEM) zidawerengedwa magulu osiyanasiyana ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndikugawidwa ndi jenda. Zingwe zama Box ndi whisker zidagwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza maubale awa. Kufunikira kwapakati pa zoyeserera zingapo pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso amuna ndi akazi adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso odziimira pawokha. Kuwunika kwamodzi mosiyana (ANOVA) ndi kufananizira kwa post hoc pairwise kunayikidwa ntchito kuti iwonetsetse kuchuluka kwa ziwopsezo pakati pamagulu angapo owopsa ndi magulu ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.
Chiwembu chosinthika chidachitidwa kuti chifotokozere ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kuchuluka kwa maola pa intaneti patsiku ndi kuchuluka kwa machitidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo pakati pamagulu ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mayeso onse owerengeka adachitika pogwiritsa ntchito IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. Phindu lalikulu la p <0.05 limawerengedwa kuti ndi lofunika kwambiri.

4. Zotsatira

4.1. Makhalidwe a Phunziro Phunziro

Mwa zitsanzo zoyambirira za SEYLE za achinyamata 12,395, panali maphunziro a 464 (3.7%) osaphatikizidwa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mitundu yazofunikira. Izi zidapereka kukula kwa zitsanzo za achinyamata 11,931 omwe amakhala kusukulu paphunziro lino. Chitsanzocho chinali cha 43.4% amuna ndi 56.6% azimayi achichepere (M / F: 5179/6752) ali ndi zaka zakubadwa za 14.89 ± 0.87 zaka. Kukula kwa MIU kunali kwakukulu kwambiri pakati pa akazi (14.3%) poyerekeza ndi amuna (12.4%), pomwe PIU inali yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa amuna (5.2%) kuposa akazi (3.9%) (χ² (2, 11928) = 19.92, p < 0.001).

4.2. Kuwonekera kwa Zoopsa

Gulu 1 amafotokoza kufala kwa zoyipa zomwe zimayesedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Ziwerengero zopezeka pakati pa magulu ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti (AIU, MIU ndi PIU) anali 16.4%, 24.3% ndi 26.5% ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (kumwa mowa, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito fodya); 19.0%, 27.8% ndi 33.8% yamakhalidwe olakalaka zomverera (zochita pachiwopsezo); ndi 23.8%, 30.8% ndi 35.2% ya mikhalidwe yamakhalidwe (zizolowezi zopanda kugona, zakudya zopanda thanzi, kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso truancy), motsatana. Kuyang'anira m'magulu a MIU ndi PIU kunali kwakukulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi gulu la AIU lomwe lili m'magulu onse azangozi (kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kufunafuna chidwi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu). Kupatula zigawo zisanu, kuyerekezera kwapawiri kunawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka sikunasiyane kwambiri pakati pa magulu a MIU ndi PIU.

Table
Gulu 1. Kuwonekera kwa ziwopsezo pakati pa achinyamata omwe asinthidwa chifukwa cha amuna ndi akazi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti 1,2a-c.

4.3. Zowopsa Zambiri

Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti 89.9% ya achinyamata mgulu la PIU adanenanso zoopsa zingapo. Njira yoyesera ya ANOVA idawulula kuti kuchuluka kwa zizolowezi zingapo zowopsa kumachulukirachulukira kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito mosintha (M = 4.89, SEM = 0.02) kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika (M = 6.38, SEM = 0.07) pakugwiritsa ntchito matenda (M = 7.09, SEM = 0.12) (F (2, 11928) = 310.35, p <0.001). Izi zidafanana amuna ndi akazi (Chithunzi 1).

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Chithunzi 1. Box ndi whisker chiwembu cha anthu angapo ochita ngozi pachiwopsezo pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (AIU), ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti osayenerera (MIU) ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ma Internet (PIU) ophatikizidwa ndi jenda *.
Kuphatikiza apo, palibe kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi mu MIU (t (1608) = 0.529, p = 0.597) ndi PIU (t (526) = 1.92, p = 0.054) magulu adawonedwa (Gulu 2). Tiyenera kudziwa, komabe, kuti p-mtengo wa gulu la PIU unali pafupi kufikira kufunika kwamanambala (p = 0.054). 

Table
Gulu 2. Mayeso odziyimira pawokha a mayeso angapo obwera pachiswe komanso amuna ndi akazi ndi gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti 1-3.
Chiwembu chosinthasintha chikuwonetsa ubale wooneka bwino pakati pa kuchuluka kwa maola pa intaneti patsiku ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha achinyamata. Izi zinali zofanana kwambiri pakati pa magulu ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti (Chithunzi 2). 

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Chithunzi 2. Ubwenzi wapakati pa kuchuluka kwa maola pa intaneti patsiku ndi kuchuluka kwa owopsa pamagulu AIU, MIU ndi PIU *.

4.4. Kusanthula kwa GLMM kwa Association pakati pa Ziwopsezo za Behaviors, MIU ndi PIU

Makhalidwe oika pachiwopsezo omwe anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi MIU adalumikizidwanso kwambiri ndi PIU, kupatula zigawo zitatu zomwe zidawonetsedwa pazochita zomwe zimayambitsa ngozi komanso zovutaGulu 3). Kuwunikira kwa GLMM kunawonetsa kuti magawo onse azikhalidwe zosagona bwino adachulukitsa zovuta za PIU zokhala ndi kukula kuyambira OR = 1.45 mpaka OR = 2.17. Mayanjano ofunikira adawonedwa pakati pa zochita zomwe zimayambitsa chiopsezo ndi PIU okhala ndi miyeso kuyambira OR = 1.55 mpaka OR = 1.73. Kuphatikiza apo, magawo ena osagwirizana ndi magawo amodzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga fodya (OR = 1.41), kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi (OR = 1.41) ndi kusakwanira kwakuthupi (OR = 1.39) kunali kofunikira kwambiri.

Table
Gulu 3. Mitundu yosakanikirana yophatikizidwa yolumikizana (GLMM) yamaubwenzi pakati pa ochita pachiwopsezo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika 1-4.

4.5. Kuyanjana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi

Kuwunikira komwe kuchitira pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumaonetsa kuti kuyanjana pakati pa kuchitapo kanthu pachiwopsezo, kugona mokwanira ndi PIU kunali kwakukulu kwambiri mwa akazi, pomwe kuyanjana pakati paunyinji, kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi ndi PIU kunali kwakukulu kwambiri mwa amuna (Gulu 3).

5. Kukambirana

5.1. Kuwonekera kwa Zoopsa

Kafukufuku wapano adayesa kuyang'ana ubale pakati pa PIU ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kufalikira kwa omwe ali pachiwopsezo kunali kwakukulu kwambiri pakati pa ogwiritsira ntchito poyerekeza ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Kuchulukana kwambiri komwe kumawonekera pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito mosavutikira komanso kwa matenda a m'matumbo kunali zizolowezi zoyipa zotsatiridwa ndi kusuta fodya. Ziwerengerozi ndizokwera kwambiri poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka komwe kukufotokozedwa m'maphunziro omwe adachitika kunja kwa EU, monga ku Asia ndi Pacific Pacific [53,54]. Kufotokozera kotsimikizika kungakhale kofanana ndi kusiyanasiyana komwe kumawonedwa ndi chilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa malowedwe) pakati pamagawo amenewa. Ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kuti dera la Europe ndilo lili ndi intaneti yapamwamba kwambiri (78%) padziko lonse lapansi. Ziwerengero zaku Europe ndizochulukirapo poyerekeza ndi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ku madera a Asia ndi Pacific (36%) [55]. Momwe zilili zenizeni zimayambitsa kukhudzana kwa kufalikira kwa PIU; chifukwa chake, kuyesayesa kwamtsogolo kuyesa ubalewu kungakhale kofunika kwambiri pakufotokozera kulumikizana.

5.2. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala

Makhalidwe pakati pamakhalidwe oopsa ndi chikhalidwe chamawonekedwe ali ponseponse. Izi mwina zikuwoneka kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zambiri kumawonetsedwa ngati ngozi; komabe, ndikuwunikanso kuzunza kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ngati machitidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu amagawana njira zofananira, ndiye kuti kukhala ndi vuto limodzi kumachepetsa mpata wopeza njira zina zovuta. Kutsimikizira kumeneku kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kafukufuku wozikidwa pa umboni wowonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pamaikhalidwe osiyanasiyana owopsa [56]. Kutengera lingaliro ili, ndizotheka kuganiza kuti achinyamata omwe ali ndi machitidwe owopsa omwe ali kale ndiwotheka atha kukhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha PIU poyerekeza ndi achinyamata omwe alibe zoopsa.

5.3. Kufunafuna

Mwogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale [57], zotsatira zinaonetsa kuti zochulukirapo pakuchita zoopsa pachiwopsezo chogwirizana ndi PIU. Kusaka ndi mawonekedwe ndi umunthu womwe umalumikizidwa ndi kuperewera pakudziyendetsa nokha ndikukhala okhutira [58]. Izi zomwe zili pakati paunyamata nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi kudziwitsidwa kwamtsogolo kwa zinthu zomwe achinyamata azitha kudzichepetsera okha, pomwe kukulitsa chiwopsezo cha ena [59]. Achinyamata omwe akuwonetsa machitidwe osochera awa akhoza kukhala ndi mwayi wapamwamba wamavuto amakhalidwe.

5.4. Makhalidwe

Zizoloŵezi zosagona bwino zatsimikizira kukhala zinthu zolimba kwambiri zokhudzana ndi PIU. Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa chakutha kwazinthu zakugona pakompyuta. Pali zochitika zina pa intaneti zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti azikhala nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe akuganizira. Kafukufuku wokhudza masewera omwe amasewera pa intaneti ambiri (MMORPG) adawonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amakopeka kuti akhalebe pa intaneti nthawi yayitali kuti atsatire ndondomeko yomwe ikupita patsogolo yaomwe ali pa intaneti [60]. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kwapezekanso m'zaka zaposachedwa, zikusonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti komanso kulumikizana koipa ndi zochitika zenizeni zenizeni [61,62]. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti ali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi vuto logona chifukwa chokhala nthawi yayitali pa intaneti [63,64]. Kusunthidwa kwakanthawi kogona kukagwira ntchito zapaintaneti kumatha kubweretsa kusowa tulo, komwe kumadziwika kuti kumayambitsa zovuta zoyipa pamagulu, zamaganizidwe ndi zochitika zina.
Kusokonezeka kwa magonedwe oyenera kungagwiritsenso ntchito bwino pakati pa ubale wosagawika ndi wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Achinyamata omwe amachita zinthu zapaintaneti kwambiri mpaka kufika poti atha kukhala pachiwopsezo chodetsa kugona kwawo. Umboni ukuwonetsa kuti kugona tulo tambiri ndikuchepetsa kugona kwakanthawi kwamaso (REM-sleep) kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti [65], pomwe ma insomnias ndi ma parasomnias amaphatikizidwa ndi truancy [66]. Mavuto ogona adanenapo kanthu pakugwira ntchito masana ndi maphunziro apamwamba. Izi zitha kuchititsa kuti achinyamata asamasangalale kusukulu, potero zimawonjezera mwayi wokana kusukulu komanso kusukulu [66].
Zakudya zoperewera komanso kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi zimawonetsedwa kuti zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi PIU. Achinyamata omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali pa intaneti amatha kuyendera zakudya zopanda thanzi. Zimayesedwa kuti ochita masewera a pa intaneti amamwa zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi komanso kudya zakudya zazikulu kwambiri kuti azikhala atcheru pa masewera [67]. Pambuyo pake, zinthu izi zitha kupangitsa opanga masewera a pa intaneti kuti azikhala ndi zizolowezi zangokhala poyerekeza ndi osasewera. Kuphatikiza apo, pali kukhulupirika kwakukulu pakati pa ochita masewera, makamaka iwo omwe amachotsa chakudya, ukhondo komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kuti apitirize masewera a pa intaneti [68]. Izi zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chaumoyo ndipo zimatha kudzetsa zizindikiro zazikulu za psychosomatic.

5.5. Zowopsa Zambiri

Makhalidwe oika pachiwopsezo adadziwika kuti ndi amodzi munthawi yachilengedwe, 89.9% ya achinyamata omwe ali mgulu la PIU anena za zomwe zimachitika pangozi zambiri. Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro a a Jessor pazovuta zamavuto [69,70]. Chiphunzitso chazovuta ndi mtundu wamaganizidwe omwe amayesa kufotokoza zotsatira za machitidwe mwa achinyamata. Amakhala ndi machitidwe atatu olingalira pamalingaliro am'maganizo: machitidwe aumunthu, malingaliro amachitidwe a chilengedwe ndi machitidwe. Munthawi yotsatirayi, machitidwe ochita ngozi (monga, kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa, kugwiritsa ntchito fodya, kusokonekera ndi kupatuka) amangochitika mwanjira ina ndikuyamba kukhala gulu la oopsa.71]. Malinga ndi a Jessor, mavutowa amakhala chifukwa cha achinyamata kuti azichita zinthu momasuka ndi makolo komanso zochita zina.
Achinyamata omwe akuyesetsa kudzilamulira angathe, mwina, chifukwa cha mzere wodziwika bwino womwe umakhala pakati pa maola angapo pa intaneti patsiku komanso zochitika zingapo zowopsa. Izi zinali zofanana ndendende pamagulu onse ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Izi zapezeka ndizothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa akuwonetsa kuti kuwononga maola ambiri pa intaneti kungakulitse chiwopsezo cha achinyamata onse osati omwe amapezeka ndi PIU okha. Maola ochulukirapo pa intaneti amathanso kukhala owongolera ubale wa PIU ndi machitidwe owopsa; Komabe, kafukufuku wopitilira ubalewu ndiwofunikira.

5.6. Kuyanjana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi

Kuwunikira pakukhudzana kwa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumawonetsa kuti mayanjano akuluakulu omwe amawoneka pakati pa omwe ali pachiwopsezo ndi PIU adagawananso pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Izi ndizosemphana ndi kafukufuku wakale, zomwe zimawonetsa kuti PIU ndi machitidwe owopsa ali pachiwonetsero cha amuna. Kusintha kwachiwerewere kumatha kukhala chisonyezo chakuti kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe akuyenera kukhala pachiwopsezo kukucheperachepera pakati pa achinyamata aku Europe.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro ena, ubale pakati pa jenda ndi chikhalidwe chowopsa ukhoza kulumikizidwa ndi chinthu chachitatu, monga psychopathology. Pakufufuza kwakukulu, koyerekeza za jenda kwa achinyamata (n = 56,086) zaka za 12-18, kuchuluka kwa PIU akuyembekezeka kukhala 2.8% pakati pa zitsanzo zonse zomwe zimawoneka mwa amuna (3.6%) poyerekeza ndi azimayi ( 1.9%) [72]. Kafukufukuyu adawona kuti akazi omwe ali ndi mavuto am'maganizo, monga kusakondwa kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kufooka kwa matendawa, ali ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri la PIU kuposa abambo omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zofananira. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi jenda amafufuza momwe abambo amagwirira ntchito pa PIU ndizofunikira kuti pakhale kutsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa PIU.

5.7. Zophatikizira za Griffiths

Zida za Griffiths zamagulu osokoneza bongo [30] amatsimikiza kuti zizolowezi zamakhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, PIU) komanso zosokoneza bongo zokhudzana ndi zinthu zimapita patsogolo kudzera munjira zofananira za biopsychosocial ndikugawana magulu osiyanasiyana olimbitsa thupi. Njira zowonetsera zomwe zili ndi zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyambirira za modzitsitsizi ndi (1) kusisita, (2) kusinthidwa kwa mlengalenga, (3) kulolerana, (4) kusiya, (5) kusamvana komanso (6) kuyambiranso. Kuss et al. [73] adayesa mitundu yazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosankha ziwiri zoyimira (n = 3105 ndi n = 2257). Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti zigawo za PIU ndizoyenerana ndi tsatanetsatane mu zitsanzo zonse.
Pakafukufuku wapano, muyeso wa YDQ unagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa ndikuwona achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto losavomerezeka ndi matenda okhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo pa intaneti ndi chikhalidwe cha pa intaneti. Monga muyeso wa YDQ uli ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya kukondera yomwe inafotokozedwa m'zinthu za Griffiths, kutsimikizika kwa zotsatira zomwe zanenedwa mu kafukufukuyu kumathandizidwa ndi chiphunzitso chamawu.

5.8. Mphamvu ndi Zofooka

Zachikulu, zoimira, komanso zamdziko lonse ndizothandiza kwambiri paphunziroli. Njira ya homo native ndi njira zofananira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko onse zimawonjezera kutsimikizika, kudalirika komanso kufananizidwa. Kufikira momwe tikudziwira, dera la ku Europe linali lalikulu kwambiri lomwe lidachitapo kafukufuku pa PIU ndi zaopseza.
Palinso malire a kafukufukuyu. Zambiri zodzilemba zimakonda kukumbukiridwa komanso kusasiyanitsa, komwe kumasiyana pakati pa mayiko ndi zikhalidwe. Kapangidwe kamtanda sikungathe kuyankha maubwenzi apakanthawi yochepa chabe, chifukwa chake kukonzekera sizingadziwike. Mu muyeso wa GSHS, magawo omwe amachitapo kanthu pochita zoopsa amayimiranso gawo lokhala ndi malingaliro osangalatsa; Chifukwa chake, kusamala kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauzira zotsatira.

6. Zotsatira

Kuchulukitsa kwakukulu pakati pa magulu AIU, MIU ndi PIU kumaonedwa m'magawo onse omwe ali pachiopsezo (kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kufunafuna chidwi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu). Achinyamata omwe amafotokoza za kugona mokwanira komanso zomwe zimawopsa pachiwopsezo adawonetsa kuyanjana kwamphamvu ndi PIU, kutsatiridwa ndi kusuta fodya, kudya mokwanira komanso kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Chiyanjano chofunikira chomwe chikuwoneka pakati pa PIU ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndikuphatikizana kwambiri, chimatsimikizira kufunikira kwa kuganizira za PIU mukamapima, kuchiritsa kapena kupewa machitidwe oopsa kwambiri mwa achinyamata.
Mwa achinyamata omwe ali mgulu la PIU, 89.9% adadziwika kuti ali ndi machitidwe owopsa ambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuyesayesa kuyenera kulinga achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti mopitirira muyeso, monga momwe machitidwe ofananira amawonekera pakati pa maola pa intaneti patsiku ndi zochitika zingapo zowopsa. Izi zinali zofananira m'magulu onse ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti omwe akuwonetsa kuti maola ochuluka pa intaneti palokha ndiofunikira kwambiri pakuchita ngozi. Zotsatira izi zikuyenera kuwerengedwa ndikufufuzidwa tisanadziwe tanthauzo lake.

Kuvomereza

Ntchito ya SEYLE idathandizidwa kudzera mu Coordination Theme 1 (Health) ya European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7), Grant Agreement No. HEALTH-F2-2009-223091. Olembawo anali odziyimira pawokha ndi omwe amapereka ndalama muzinthu zonse pakupanga kwamaphunziro, kusanthula deta ndi kulemba zolembedwazo. Mtsogoleri wa Pulojekiti ndi Wogwirizanitsa ntchito ya SEYLE ndi Pulofesa wa Psychiatry ndi Suicidology Danuta Wasserman, Karolinska Institute (KI), Mtsogoleri wa National Center for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health and Suicide (NASP), ku KI, Stockholm, Sweden. Ena mamembala a Executive Committee ndi Senior Lecturer Vladimir Carli, National Center for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Christina WH Hoven ndi Katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Camilla Wasserman, Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Ana ndi Achinyamata, Psychiatric Institute, New York State Psychiatric Institute, University University, New York, USA; ndi Marco Sarchiapone, Dipatimenti ya Sayansi Yathanzi, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy. SEYLE Consortium ili ndi malo m'maiko 12 aku Europe. Atsogoleri a malo ndi malo aliwonse ndi awa: Danuta Wasserman (NASP, Karolinska Institute, Sweden, Coordinating Center), Christian Haring (University for Medical Information Technology, Austria), Airi Varnik (Estonia Sweden Mental Health & Suicidology Institute, Estonia), Jean-Pierre Kahn (University of Lorraine, Nancy, France), Romuald Brunner (University of Heidelberg, Germany), Judit Balazs (Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Hungary), Paul Corcoran (National Suicide Research Foundation, Ireland), Alan Apter (Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel), Marco Sarchiapone (University of Molise, Italy), Doina Cosman (Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania), Vita Postuvan (Yunivesite ya Primorska, Slovenia ) ndi Julio Bobes (University of Oviedo, Spain). Chithandizo cha "Ethical Issues in Research with Minors and other Vulnerable Groups" chidapezeka ndi thandizo lochokera ku Botnar Foundation, Basel, ya Professor of Ethics, Stella Reiter-Theil, Psychiatric Clinic ku Basel University, yemwe adagwira ntchito ngati mlangizi wodziyimira payokha ku ntchito ya SEYLE.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Tony Durkee ndi wolemba woyamba komanso wofananira yemwe adapanga zojambula zake, adalemba zowunikira ndikuwunikanso mosiyanasiyana magawo onse a zolemba pamanja. Vladimir Carli, Birgitta Floderus ndi a Danuta Wasserman adatenga nawo gawo paphunziroli ndipo adasinthiratu zolemba pamanja. A Camilla Wasserman, a Christina W. Hoven, a Michael Kaess ndi a Peeter Värnik anacheza ndipo adasinthiratu zolemba pamanja. Marco Sarchiapone, Alan Apter, Judit A. Balazs, Julio Bobes, Romuald Brunner, Paul Corcoran, Doina cosman, Christian Haring, a Jean-Pierre Kahn ndi Vita Postuvan ndi omwe akufufuza makamaka pa ntchito ya SEYLE m'maiko awo ndipo adathandizira kuti zisinthe kwambiri. zolembedwa pamanja. A Bogdan Nemes ndi Pilar A. Saiz ndi oyang'anira polojekiti ya SEYLE m'maiko awo ndipo atenga nawo mbali mukamakonzedwe kakale.

Mikangano ya Chidwi

Olembawo amanena kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

achidule

Zifotokozo zotsatirazi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamanja ili: 

SEYLE
Kupulumutsa ndi Kuthandiza Miyoyo Yachinyamata ku Europe
YRBSS
Njira Yoyang'anira Ngozi Za Achinyamata
GSHS
Global School-based Student Health Survey
YDQ
Mafunso a Dziwoli la Achinyamata
GLMM
Mitundu yosakanikirana yophatikizidwa
ANOVA
Kupenda kwanjira imodzi yosiyanitsira
PIU
Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti
MIU
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kwa intaneti
AIU
Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti
CI
Kusintha kwa chidaliro
SEM
Chovuta chofananira
M
Nenani

Zothandizira

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