Mapulogalamu a Prefrontal ndi Internet Addiction: Njira Yopeka ndi Kukambirana za Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Maphunziro (2014)

Kuyambitsa ndi njira zofufuzira

Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati chida chothandiza pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndipo anthu ambiri sangayerekeze kukhala popanda intaneti pa bizinesi kapena moyo wamunthu. Intaneti imapereka njira zambiri zolumikizirana, zosangalatsa, komanso kuthana ndi zofunikira pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku (mwachitsanzo, kusungitsa malo odyera, kusaka zidziwitso, kusinthidwa zokhudzana ndi ndale ndi mabungwe ena, ndi zina zambiri). Ndi kukula kwa intaneti m'zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa maphunziro omwe akukumana ndi zovuta zambiri m'miyoyo yawo kwakulanso. Anthu awa amalephera kuugwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti ndikuwunikira mavuto azachuma komanso zovuta kusukulu ndi / kapena kuntchito (Achinyamata, 1998a; Beard ndi Wolf, 2001).

Thandizo ili ndi kuwunikira kozama pazomwe zidawonetsedwa pa intaneti ndikuwongolera njira zoyendetsera usanachitike. Zimawonetsa malingaliro ndi malingaliro a olemba kutengera kufufuza kwawo ndi zomwe akumana nazo. Komabe, tikufuna kufotokozera mwachidule za njira zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito posankha zomwe zalembedwazi. Tidagwiritsa ntchito magawo awiri kusaka zolemba zoyenera: PubMed and PsycInfo. Kufufuza kumeneku kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti: “Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti,” “Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwachangu,” komanso “vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.” Pambuyo pakupenda mwachidule zomwe tapezazo, liwu lililonse la mawuwo linaphatikizidwa ndi liwu lililonse la mawu akuti "preortal cortex" kapena "magwiridwe antchito" kapena "neuropsychology" kapena "njira zowongolera" kapena "kupanga zisankho" kapena "neuroimaging" kapena "magwiridwe antchito owongolera ubongo" pogwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira "NDI." Liwu lililonse limayenera kupezeka mu "Mutu / Abstract" za pepala. Kusaka konseku kunachepetsedwa ndi "Chingerezi" monga chilankhulo chofalitsa. Tidasankha zolemba zoyambirira komanso zolemba zowunikiranso. Tidagwiritsanso ntchito ntchitoyi "zolemba zokhudzana." Popeza malo ochepa, tinayenera kupatula zolemba zingapo. Tinalinga kuphatikiza zolemba zakale komanso maphunziro apano. Kumbali inayo, tidaphatikizanso zolemba za malo ena ofufuzira (mwachitsanzo, njuga zamatenda, kudalira kwa zinthu), nthawi iliyonse ngati zikuwoneka. Mwachidule, potsatira kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane kwa zolemba zoyenera, tinasankha kafukufuku ndi malingaliro omwe atchulidwa pamaziko a chithunzi chogwirizana. Timalingalira mwachidule pamalingaliro ofunikira kwambiri komanso zomwe tapeza pazomwe zili ndi intaneti ndikuyang'ana pa kulumikizana pakati pa njira zoyendetsera ndi zizindikiritso zosokoneza bongo pa intaneti. Tinafunanso kufupikitsa zomwe zapezedwa ndi malingaliro aposachedwa kwambiri, zomwe zingakhale zothandiza pakulimbikitsa maphunziro amtsogolo a sayansi ndi njira zatsopano zochiritsira.

Mbiri yakufufuza kwakanema pa intaneti, terminology, ndi zizindikiro

Kulongosola koyambirira kwa sayansi kwa wachinyamata yemwe adakumana ndi mavuto akulu amisala chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti mochuluka kunachitika ndi Young (1996). Adatsatiridwa ndi kuchuluka komwe kumakhala ndi maphunziro ena osakwatira komanso angapo (mwachitsanzo, Griffiths, 2000). Masiku ano, mabuku ambiri alipo pa phenomenology, miliri yokhudza maiko osiyanasiyana, komanso kuphatikizika kwa vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti kapena zovuta (onani ndemanga zaposachedwa ndi Spada, 2014). Ziwerengero zomwe zikupezeka zaka zapitazi zili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku 0.8 ku Italy mpaka 26.7% ku Hong Kong (onani ndemanga zabwino za Kuss et al., 2013). Zifukwa zakusiyana kotereku ndizovuta zina zikhalidwe, komanso kuti mpaka pano, palibe chida choyezera, sanadziwike bwino, komanso ngakhale njira zovomerezeka zomwe zatsimikiziridwa sizinapezeke zofotokozedwa pansipa).

Ngakhale kufunikira kwa zamankhwala kuli kwodziwikiratu ndipo madokotala ambiri amawona odwala omwe ali ndi zovuta zoyipa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwapadera kapena ntchito zina pa intaneti, malankhulidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu izi komanso gulu lake akadali otsutsana (Achinyamata, 1998b, 1999; Charlton ndi Danforth, 2007; Starcevic, 2013). Young (2004) Akunena kuti njira zomwe zatanthauziridwa njuga zamatenda ndi kudalira kwa zinthu ziyenera kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Izi zikugwirizana ndi ofufuza ena, mwachitsanzo ndi mtundu wa kapangidwe kazomwe zimayesedwa ndi Griffiths (2005). Komabe, pamakhala mawu osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku asayansi pokamba za kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika, monga kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Achinyamata, 1998b, 2004; Hansen, 2002; Chou et al., 2005; Widyanto ndi Griffiths, 2006; Young et al., 2011,, yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Meerkerk et al., 2006, 2009, 2010), Machitidwe osokoneza bongo okhudzana ndi intaneti (Brenner, 1997), Mavuto okhudzana ndi intaneti (Widyanto et al., 2008), kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta pa intaneti (Caplan, 2002), ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwapa intaneti (Davis, 2001). Timakonda mawu oti osokoneza bongo pa intaneti, chifukwa tikuwona kufanana komwe kulipo pakati pa chizolowezi cha intaneti ndi zina zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizolankhula (monga Grant et al., 2013) ndi kudalira pazinthu (onaninso Griffiths, 2005; Meerkerk et al., 2009), yomwe tidzafotokozera mwachidule mu Magawo “Neuropsychological Correlates a Zomwe Zingatheke pa Intaneti” ndi “Neuroimaging Amachita pa intaneti. "

APA tsopano yalunjika pamasewera a pa intaneti. Timatsutsana, komabe, kuti ntchito zina zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso (Young et al., 1999; Meerkerk et al., 2006). Chifukwa chake, timapereka chidule pazotsatira zamaphunziro am'mbuyomu pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mochuluka m'njira zambiri, ngakhale gawo lalikulu la maphunziro omwe amafalitsidwa mpaka pano amalimbikira kwambiri pa masewera a pa intaneti. Ngakhale sizoyenera kukwaniritsa njira zonse, tikufuna kuwunikira chimodzi chimodzi, chomwe chikuwoneka chofunikira kwambiri komanso chomwe chimakwaniritsidwa kawirikawiri kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Chowunikira ndichakuti: "Kuyesa kulephera kuthana ndi vutoli" kapena kunena kuti ndikofupika: "Kutha kwa ulamuliro." Chowunikachi chimapezekanso nthawi zambiri mukamasanthula mtundu wa mafunso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kukhudzika kwa intaneti (Chang ndi Law, 2008; Korkeila et al., 2010; Widyanto et al., 2011; Lortie ndi Guitton, 2013; Pawlikowski et al., 2013). Chifukwa chake, kutha kuyang'anira kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri choletsa anthu kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Nawonso, ngati munthu ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo la pa intaneti, cholinga chimodzi chamankhwala chikuyenera kuthandiza wodwalayo kuti azigwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Koma chifukwa chiyani zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti anthu ena azitha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti? Chifukwa chimodzi chingakhale kuti zokhudzana ndi intaneti zimasokoneza njira zowongolera zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi preortal cortex. Tifotokoza mwachidule zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa kuchokera pa kafukufuku wamankhwala ophatikizira a neuropsychological ndikugogomezera kuti kwenikweni zolimbikitsidwa zokhudzana ndi intaneti zimasokoneza kupanga zisankho ndi ntchito zina zotsogola, monga kugwira ntchito zokumbukira ndi ntchito zina zowongolera. Tidzanena kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa njira zowongolera zisanachitike kumathandizira kuti pakhale kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Tisanafotokoze za momwe magwiridwe antchito amayang'anira, timapereka mwachidule zitsanzo zaposachedwa kwambiri pazomwe zimapezeka pa intaneti, kuti tifotokozere momveka bwino chifukwa chake njira zachidziwitso zimatha kulumikizana ndi machitidwe a anthu ena, monga umunthu ndi chidziwitso cha psychopathological pakukonzekera ndikusunga chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi kapena. Mitundu yapadera yofuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti.

Ndemanga zambiri pa kafukufuku wa neuropsychological mu bongo

Kuwongolera kuzindikira kumatanthauza kutha kuwongolera zochita, zochita, komanso malingaliro athu ndipo ndizopanga zambiri (Cools and D'Esposito, 2011). Ngakhale kuchepetsedwa mu kuwongolera kwazidziwitso nthawi zina kumawoneka ngati gawo lalikulu la kukakamiza, mu kayendedwe ka kafukufuku wa neuropsychological amapatsidwa ntchito zazikulu. Ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi machitidwe otsogolera omwe amatilola kuwongolera momwe timakhalira, zomwe zimayang'ana zolinga, zimasintha, komanso zimagwira ntchito (Shallice ndi Burgess, 1996; Jurado ndi Rosselli, 2007; Anderson et al., 2008). Ntchito izi zimalumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi gawo la preortal cortex, makamaka dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (mwachitsanzo, Alvarez ndi Emory, 2006; Bari ndi Robbins, 2013; Yuan ndi Raz, 2014). Cortex yoyambirira imalumikizidwa ndi magawo a basal ganglia (mwachitsanzo, Hoshi, 2013). Pakulumikiza kumeneku, mawu akuti fronto-striatal loops amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Malupu aku Fronto-striatal amaphatikiza kuzungulira kwanzeru kwambiri, komwe kumalumikiza pakati pa nyukiliya caudatus ndi putamen ndi gawo la dorsolateral gawo la prefrontal cortex (kudzera thalamus) ndi nthambi yolumikizana ya limbic yolumikizira nthambi za limbic, monga amygdala, ndi zida zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi zoyeserera zamakhalidwe, monga ma nyukiliya amasonkhana, ndi gawo la orbitof kusoyali ndi mbali ya malo oyambira a ubongo (Alexander ndi Crutcher, 1990). Magawo awa a ubongo amagwirira ntchito zamphamvu ndi zina mwatsatanetsatane, komanso ndizofunikira zamkati mwa machitidwe osokoneza bongo. Chithunzi Chithunzi22 chidule mwachidule izi ubongo wa ubongo.

 

Chithunzi 2

Madera oyambilira a kotekisi komanso zigawo zamaubongo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndizomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikukula ndi kukonza kwa intaneti. (A) Ikuwonetsa kuyang'ana pambuyo pa ubongo kuphatikiza ziwalo zam'magazi monga anterior cingulate gyrus ndi ...

Tisanakambirane nkhaniyi pa Gawo “Neuroimaging Amachita pa intaneti, ”Maubongo a neuropsychological omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwachidule. Pofufuza zowonjezera zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi neuropsychological, ntchito zazikulu, kupanga zisankho, ndi njira zowunikira zinafufuzidwa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zachikhalidwe za neuropsychological, monga njuga. Njira izi zasinthidwa kale kuzolowera zamakhalidwe, monga kutchova juga kwa matenda (mwachitsanzo, Goudriaan et al., 2004; Brand et al., 2005b; Goudriaan et al., 2005, 2006; van Holst et al., 2010; Conversano et al., 2012) ndi kugula mokakamira (mwachitsanzo, Black et al., 2012).

Ntchito za Neuropsychological mu maphunziro omwe ali ndi intaneti

Kwa zaka zapitazi, kafukufuku waposachedwa, yemwe adawunika ntchito za neuropsychological mwa anthu omwe ali ndi GIA kapena SIA inayake. Maphunziro ambiri, komabe, adachitidwa ndi ochita masewera a intaneti mopitirira muyeso. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi kuphunzira kwa Sun et al. (2009). Adagwiritsa ntchito Iowa Kutchova Njuga Task (Bechara et al., 2000), yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira zambiri ndi odwala osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi matenda amitsempha ndi amisala kuphatikiza kudalira zinthu ndi zizolowezi zikhalidwe zisanachitike (cf. Dunn et al., 2006). Ntchitoyi imawunika kupanga zisankho pamikhalidwe yovuta. Kuchita bwino pa ntchitoyi kumafunikira kuphunzira kuchokera ku mayankho. Omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti mopitirira muyeso mu Sun et al. (2009) anali ndi zovuta pakuchita Ntchito Yotchovera Juga ya Iowa, kuwonetsa zosankha zomwe zimapangidwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zinkalumikizidwa ndi machitidwe osokoneza bongo (Bechara, 2005). Pakafukufuku wina wolemba Pawlikowski ndi Brand (2011), zidawonetsedwa kuti osewera kwambiri pa intaneti amapanga zisankho zowopsa komanso zowononga, ngakhale malamulo pazotsatira zoyipa komanso zosafotokozedwa afotokozedwa momveka bwino, amayeza ndi Game of Dice Task (Brand et al., 2005a). Zotsatira izi ndizogwirizana ndi zomwe zapezedwa muzitsanzo zina zosokoneza bongo, monga kudalira kwa opiate (Brand et al., 2008b), ndi njuga zamatenda (Brand et al., 2005b). Kuphatikiza apo, kuchita ntchito ya Dice Task kumalumikizidwa ndi kusungika kwapatsogolo (Labudda et al., 2008) ndi ntchito zazikulu (mwachitsanzo, Brand et al., 2006; Brand et al., 2008a, 2009). Zotsatira zake, zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti amatha kuchepetsedwa pakuwongolera koyambirira komanso kuyendetsa ntchito zina.

Pokhudzana ndi kuthekera zoletsa mayankho pazokopa zina, anthu omwe amafufuzidwa ndi Sun et al. (2009. Zotsatira zake pazakuyankha koyankha kumagwirizana ndikugwirizana ndi zomwe Dong et al. (2010) komanso yogwirizana ndi zochitika wamba pa classical Stroop paradigm (onani zambiri za Dong et al., 2013b). Komabe, kafukufuku wina, Dong et al. (2011b) adatinso zolakwika zambiri pakuyipa kwa Stroop paradigm mwa anthu osuta aku Internet. M'maphunziro onsewa pa control inhibitory, komabe, mitundu yosagwirizana ndi Go / No-Go task kapena Stroop paradigm yagwiritsidwa ntchito, kutanthauza kuti zoyambitsa zonse sizinagwirizane ndi intaneti. Wina anganene kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo la pa intaneti amachita zosiyana ndi zomwe zimakhudzidwa, zomwe zimawonetsa momveka bwino zokhudzana ndi intaneti ndipo zimavuta kuletsa kuyankha pazokhazo zomwe zawonetsedwa, monga zasonyezedwera mwa anthu omwe amadalira mankhwala ena (monga, Pike et al., 2013). Izi zidanenedwa ndi Zhou et al. (2012) Kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito yosinthira ndi ma intaneti okhudzana ndi intaneti. Olembawo akunena kuti kuchepetsedwa poyankha ndikuletsa komanso kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro kumatha kuchititsa kuti pakhale chisamaliro chazomwe zimayambitsa masewera osokoneza bongo pa intaneti.

Kuyang'ana kwambiri pamitundu ina ya zosokoneza pa intaneti, monga kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zolaula pa intaneti, amenenso ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za SIA (Meerkerk et al., 2006), kupitilira masewera a pa intaneti, maphunziro oyamba adagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a paradigms yakale ndikuwasintha monga kuphatikiza zithunzi zolaula za pa intaneti ngati zoyambitsa. Mwachitsanzo, Laier et al. (2014) adagwiritsa ntchito Iowa Ginja Task, koma adaphatikiza zithunzi zolaula komanso zosalowerera pazithunzi zamakhadi. Gulu lina la omwe adachita nawo zanenazo ndi zithunzi zolaula pamazithunzi ovuta (A ndi B) ndi zithunzi zosaloza pamakoma ogwiritsira ntchito (C ndi D) ndipo gulu linalo lidachita izi posinthanitsa ndi zithunzi zosonyeza zithunzi (zolaula pazabwino) decks C ndi D). Zotsatira zake zinawonetsa kuti gululi lomwe likuchita ntchitoyi ndi zithunzi zolaula pamazithunzi ovuta anali ndi zochepera kuposa gulu linalo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anapitilizabe kusankha makhadiwo pazithunzi zolaula, ngakhale atalandidwa kwambiri. Izi zidawonetsedwa kwambiri m'mitu yomwe idayankha mofunitsitsa pazakuwonetsa zolaula (mu chithunzi china, chomwe chaphatikizidwanso phunziroli). Kupeza kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wina wolemba omwewo (Laier et al., 2013b), pomwe adalembapo zochitika zochepa zakukumbukira zolaula kuposa zithunzi zabwino, zoyipa, komanso zosalowerera ndale. Olembawo amalingalira kuti kuchita zachiwerewere chifukwa cha zithunzi zolaula za pa intaneti kumadodometsa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kuzindikira.

Tsopano tikunena kuti njira zowongolera zazidziwitso zimakhudzidwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti akakumana ndi zovuta zomwe zimayenderana ndi izi. Komabe, makina olimbitsa thupi awa amafunikira kufufuza kwina kwa mitundu ina ya SIA. Chofunika koposa, makina awa amatha kufufuzidwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zazidziwitso, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zolimbikitsa zokhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo osati ntchito zodziwika bwino.

Ndemanga zambiri pa kafukufuku wopatsa chidwi

Maphunziro ambiri ofufuza ma neural amalumikizidwe osokoneza bongo pa intaneti ndi njira zamaganizidwe othandizira achitidwa ndi opanga masewera a intaneti. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kufanana kwakukulu ndi mabwalo amtundu wa ubongo omwe akukhudzidwa ndi vutoli pamavuto okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi njuga zam'magazi, zomwe tidzakambirana m'zigawo zotsatirazi. Njira ziwiri zosiyana zitha kusiyanitsidwa: maphunziro olimbitsa thupi komanso kufufuza koyang'ana ndi kulingalira kwa boma kuphatikiza kuphatikizapo kuyerekezera kopanda tanthauzo. Cholinga cha njirazi ndi zofanana: kumvetsetsa bwino momwe ubongo umagwirira ntchito mozama komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mafunso onse ofufuza ndi awa: kodi ubongo umasintha pakapita nthawi kuti umaphunzira momwe zimakhalira pa intaneti makamaka, ndipo kodi zomwe zimachitika muubongo izi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamagwiritse ntchito intaneti? Kuchokera pakufufuza zakudalira, ndizodziwika bwino kuti magawo osiyanasiyana aubongo amatenga nawo gawo pazowongolera zamagetsi (mwachitsanzo, ponena za mowa) poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito osagwiritsa ntchito. Mu magawo oyamba a chitukuko cha kudalira kwa mankhwala, mbali zam'magazi zamatumbo zimagwira nawo chisankho chofuna kudya mankhwala ena, chifukwa cholimbikitsidwa ndi zotsatira zake zolimbikitsa (Goldstein ndi Volkow, 2002). Zotsatira zamakonzedwe apakale komanso ogwiritsira ntchito zida (Everitt ndi Robbins, 2006), ma nucleus anasonkhana ndi magawo a ma dorsal striatum limodzi ndi nthambi za limbic komanso para-limbic (mwachitsanzo, orbitofrontal cortex) amaphunzira kukhazikika pazochitika zamankhwala ndikulakalaka komanso dorsolateral pre mbeleal cortex, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri , imataya zoyendetsa (Bechara, 2005; Goldstein et al., 2009). Izi ndizotheka kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mphotho ya dopaminergic mwa kusintha kwamtsogolo kwa kutsogoloku kwa glutaminergic mkati mwa ma nucleus accumbens ndi magawo ena aubongo (Kalivas ndi Volkow, 2005). Mwa anthu omwe amadalira chilengedwe, monga kupezeka kwa mankhwala okhudzana ndi mankhwalawa, amatsogolera ku activation ya ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, komanso madera a Mediofrontal cortex (Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2011; Schacht et al., 2013). Madera awa, komanso amygdala ndi orbitofrontal cortex, ndiwokhudzana ndi kulakalaka (Chase et al., 2011). Mu gawo lotsatira, tifotokoza mwachidule zomwe zapezeka pakubwezeretsa zakumaso kwa intaneti ndipo tidzaona kuti njira zomwe zimadalitsika ndizinthu zofunikiranso pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Ntchito neuroimaging mu bongo

Kafukufuku waposachedwa wazolowera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso makamaka pakukonda zamasewera pa intaneti adagwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira chidwi kuti azindikire zomwe zikuchitika muubwinobwino komanso kulakalaka anthu omwe amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (masewera) awo. Kuwunikira mwadongosolo kwa maphunziro omwe adafalitsidwa mu 2012 komanso m'mbuyomu adaperekedwa ndi Kuss ndi Griffiths (2012). Adazindikira maphunziro a 18, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magwiridwe antchito oyerekeza (resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), MRI yojambula kapena electroencephalography (EEG). Mukapatula maphunziro a EEG (maphunziro asanu ndi limodzi omwe amafupikitsidwa ndi Kuss ndi Griffith) ndi maphunziro awiri opangidwa ndi MRI, kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane kunangokhudza maphunziro a 10 omwe anali ndi njira zamagulu zamagulu. Tidagwiritsanso ntchito njira zofananira zosaka ndi kuphatikizira monga zalembedwera mu ndemanga ya Kuss ndi Griffiths (2012) ndikuzindikira maphunziro a 13 (kupatula maphunziro a EEG) omwe adasindikizidwa m'mabuku owonetsedwa ndi anzawo kuyambira Januwale 2013 mpaka kumapeto kwa Januwale 2014. Pano timangoyang'ana mwachangu pamaphunziro apakale komanso apano, zomwe zimathandizira kumvetsetsa bwino mgwirizano pakati pa njira zoyendetsera kuwongolera ndi kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti.

Chimodzi mwamafukufuku oyambilira pazomwe zingachitike muubongo wazolakalaka muzolemba zamtundu wa intaneti (zamasewera) zidanenedwa ndi Ko et al. (2009). Adaphunzira osewera owonjezera a World-of-Warcraft (WoW) (osewera onse adasewera pafupifupi 30 ha sabata) ndi fMRI pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi, chomwe chikufanana ndi omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kale pakufufuza zakumwa zoledzeretsa (mwachitsanzo, Braus et al., 2001; Grüsser et al., 2004). Zotsatirazo zinali zofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe zidanenedwa mwa anthu omwe amadalira zinthu zachuma (Schacht et al., 2013). Osewera a WoW anali nawo, poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira, zolimbitsa mwamphamvu mkati mwa ma nucleus accumbens, orbitof mbeleal cortex, ndi caudate poonera zithunzi za WoW. Zochita izi zidaphatikizidwanso bwino ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kupeza kofananako kunanenedwa ndi Sun et al. (2012), yemwe adafufuzanso osewera owonjezera a WoW omwe ali ndi chithunzi cholimbikitsa. Apa, zochitika m'magawo awiri a preortal cortex, makamaka dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ndi anterior cingulate cortex zinali zolumikizana bwino ndi zolakalaka zofananira pakuwona zithunzi za WoW. Zotsatira zake zikutsimikizira kuti ubongo wa anthu omwe amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti umathandizira pakulimbana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi intaneti chimodzimodzi monga ubongo wa anthu omwe amadalira zinthu zimakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zinthu. Potsatira izi, Han et al. (2011) adawona kuti kufuna kusewera kunali kogwirizana ndi zochitika zomwe zili mkati mwaofesi ya loofofal ndi loge ya kumanja ya parahippocampal ngakhale m'maphunziro athanzi, omwe adaphunzitsidwa kusewera masewera ena kanema kwamasiku a 10. Zosintha pamalo oyambira mu ubongo zokhudzana ndi cue-reactivity ndi zokopa zamasewera mu osewera ochulukirapo zanenedwanso m'maphunziro ena apitawa (mwachitsanzo, Han et al., 2010b; Ko et al., 2013a; Lorenz et al., 2013) ndi kufananizira pakati pa kukonzanso kwa cue pa masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi kudalira pazinthu (mwachitsanzo, fodya) zakambidwa (Ko et al., 2013b). Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kufanana pakati pa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zachitukuko, makamaka pakukonza (Robinson ndi Berridge, 2001, 2003; Thalemann et al., 2007). Palinso umboni wina wokhudzana ndi ubongo woyambira wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti wachinyamata kutsogolo, kwakanthawi kochepa, komanso ka temporo-parietal-occipital gawo, monga zasonyezedwera ndi paradigm yoponya mpira (Kim et al., 2012). Kafukufuku woyamba adalumikiza kulumikizananso kwa cue ndikulakalaka ndi kupambana kwa zamankhwala pamaphunziro omwe amaletsedwa pamasewera pa intaneti (Han et al., 2010a): pakufufuza koyamba ndi chithunzi cha paradigm ndi fMRI, gulu la osewera ochulukirapo a StarCraft (StarCraft ndi njira yakanema yamavidiyo yakanema), poyerekeza ndi odzipereka omwe ali ndi zochitika zochepa za StarCraft, adawonetsa kuyambitsa mwamphamvu mu dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, malo a occipital , ndikusiya parahippocampal gyrus. Kutsatira chithandizo cha sabata ya 6-sabata ndi bupropion, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi pakumadalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azifuna komanso nthawi yochezera zidachepetsedwa mu ochita masewera a pa intaneti ndipo zomwe zimachitika mu dorsolateral prefrontal cortex pomwe ndikuwona zithunzi za StarCraft zidatsikanso poyerekeza ndi zoyambirira kufufuza kwa fMRI. Chidule, maphunziro omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti amawonetsa kukhudzika mtima kuzinthu zina zokhudzana ndi intaneti pamlingo wothandizirana komanso wa neural. Kukonda komwe kumachitika kumalumikizidwa ndikusintha kwa ubongo, zomwe zimafananizidwa ndi zomwe zimanenedwera kwa odwala omwe amadalira mankhwala.

Kugwiritsanso ntchito fMRI, Dong et al. (2013b) adasanthula maluso opanga zisankho mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo pa intaneti (osanenapo mtundu wa zosokoneza pa intaneti). Adagwiritsa ntchito masewera a kakhadi pogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri ndipo adasinthiratu kuwina ndi kutayika, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale magawo atatu: kupambana kosalekeza, kuwonongeka kosalekeza, kuwina komaliza ndi zotayidwa ngati ulamuliro. Motsogola, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti amafunika nthawi yayitali kuti asankhe zochita, makamaka pamikhalidwe yotaika. Poyerekeza ndi zomwe zikuwongolera, odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti anali ndi zochitika zamphamvu mu ubongo, gitala ya kutsogolo, ndi chotsekera mu gawo lopambana komanso kuchita mwamphamvu pantchito yotsika yapatsogola komanso potayika. Dera lotsatira la cingrate ndi caudate sizinayendetsedwe mwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira. Olembawo amalingalira kuti odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti ali ndi kuchepetsedwa pakuchita zisankho, chifukwa amafunikira kuyeserera ntchito zambiri. Mukusindikiza kwina komwe kuli ndi magulu omwewo ndi ntchito, olemba adanenanso za kukhudzika kwapamwamba kwa opambana poyerekeza ndi zotayika mu maphunziro omwe adaletsedwa pa intaneti (Dong et al., 2013a), yomwe idali limodzi ndi kutseguka kwamphamvu mu girus yotsika kwambiri ndikuchepetsa ntchito mu posterior cingate cortex m'maphunziro omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira. Zotsatira izi zimagwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale ndi ntchito yofananira yomweyo (Dong et al., 2011a). Mavuto popanga zisankho zabwino, kutanthauza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo pa intaneti akupitilizabe kusewera masewera ngakhale amakumana ndi zotsatila zoipa, atha kukhala okhudzana ndi mavuto awo pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku (onani komanso kukambirana ku Pawlikowski ndi Brand, 2011). Kutsutsana kwakukulu pakugwira ntchito yayikulu mukakumana ndi zochitika zovuta kupanga chisankho kapena ngati kusinthasintha kwanzeru kukufunika kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kafukufuku wina wa fMRI pa kuzindikira kosinthika kwa maphunziro omwe adalowetsedwa pa intaneti (Dong et al., 2014). Palinso umboni woyamba wofufuza zolakwika zochepetsedwa m'maphunziro omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zochitika zamphamvu mu anterior cingulate gyrus (Dong et al., 2013c), dera lomwe limadziwikanso kuti likhale ndi gawo la kayendedwe kazachilengedwe ndikuwongolera kusamvana (mwachitsanzo, Botvinick et al., 2004). Zotsatira zake ndizogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wina pazokonda pa intaneti ndi Dong et al. (2012b), momwe ntchito yayikulu mkati mwake (komanso yotsatira) yotsekera cortex idawululidwa chifukwa chakusokoneza kwa Stroop paradigm.

Apanso, maphunziro ambiri adagwiritsa ntchito kusokonekera poyang'ana magawo a ntchito za kuzindikira mu intaneti. Ngakhale kuti maphunzirowa amatembenukira ku malingaliro akuti njira zakuwongolera zazidziwitso zimachepetsedwa m'maphunziro omwe ali ndi intaneti, ndikofunikira kufufuza zomwe zimachitika mu ubongo wa omwe amaletsa intaneti mukakumana ndi zoyeserera zokhudzana ndi intaneti. Popeza kuti anthu amakana kulakalaka zinthu zokhudzana ndi intaneti (onani kuwunika kwa mabuku pamwambapa), ndikuwonekeratu kuti ali ndi zovuta zina pakulamulira wamkulu ngakhale osalowerera ndale, ntchito zaudindo komanso zosankha ziyenera kukhala zoyipa kwambiri ngati zikuchitika. , yomwe imapereka zolimbikitsa zokhudzana ndi intaneti. Izi zikuyenera kufufuzidwa mtsogolomo, chifukwa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, anthu nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi intaneti ndipo zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa momwe ubongo umathandizira kwa omwe amayanjana ndi zomwe zimayendetsa ntchito yayikulu.

Kukongoletsa kwamapangidwe ndi zopumira zapakati pazokonda pa intaneti

Kafukufuku wazokhudza makina onse ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi a intaneti / makompyuta okhala ndi zitsanzo zazikulu (N  = 154) Achichepere amafotokoza zakumaso kwakumtunda kwakanthawi kochulukirapo mozungulira / mopitilira muyeso poyerekeza ndi osewera omwe sanachitike kawirikawiri (Kühn et al., 2011). Mu gawo la phunziroli, zochitika m'chigawo cha ventral striatum zinali zochulukirapo pafupipafupi poyerekeza ndi osewera osavomerezeka omwe ali pantchito yoleketsa ndalama. Olembawo akuti kusintha kwamawonekedwe mu gawo lamanzere la porral kungawonetse kusintha kwamalingaliro omwe amalumikizidwa ndi kusewera pafupipafupi kwamasewera apakompyuta. Density grayens idayesedwanso ndi Yuan et al. (2011). Pampulu kakang'ono (N  = 18) ya achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo pa intaneti, kuchepa kwa imvi kumapezeka m'magawo angapo oyambira: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (bilaterally), orbitofrontal cortex, ndi malo owonjezera magalimoto, komanso kumbuyo kwa ubongo (cerebellum ndi kumanzere kwa rostral anterior cingate cortex). Kusintha kwa madera oyambilira kunalumikizidwa ndi kutalika kwa matendawa. Olembawo akuti kusintha kwaubongo kumeneku kumatha kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwazidziwitso pazinthu zomwe zili ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kuti zosinthazi zikufanana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimawonedwa ngati zimadalira mankhwala. Kuchepetsa kachulukidwe kazinthu zazimvi kunapezekanso kumanzere kwakunja kwam'mbuyo komanso kumbuyo kwa cingate cortex, komanso ku insula (Zhou et al., 2011) ndi orbitofrontal cortex (Hong et al., 2013a; Yuan et al., 2013). Zosintha mdera la orbitofrontal zidaphatikizidwa ndikuchita mu Stroop paradigm (Yuan et al., 2013), zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchepetsedwa kogwirira ntchito njira zowongolera zisanachitike. Kuchepetsa kwa Grey nkhani mu (kumanja) orbitofrontal cortex mwa anthu omwe ali ndi SIA pamasewera, kuphatikiza mu insula (pakati), ndipo malo oyenerera owonjezera motor adanenedwa ndi Weng et al. (2013). Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kuchuluka kwa orbitofrontal cortex kunakhudzana ndi zambiri mu Internet Addiction Test (Achinyamata, 1998a), kuyeza kuzizwitsa kwa chizindikiro.

Kuphatikiza pa imvi, zodwala zomwe zili ndi odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti, kulumikizana kwazinthu kukuwonetsa kusintha. Kusintha kwamalumikizidwe kumeneku kumakwanira bwino, pang'ono pang'ono, ndikusintha kwamapangidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Lin et al. (2012) adapeza zovuta zotsika m'magawo akuluakulu a ubongo wa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti kuphatikizapo orbitofrontal cortex. Zosintha zinanso zamankhwala ophatikizika zidapezeka pazinthu zoyera za parahippocampal gyrus (Yuan et al., 2011), nkhani zapafupi za lobe zoyera (Weng et al., 2013), komanso onse mkati (Yuan et al., 2011) ndi kapisozi wakunja (Weng et al., 2013). Komanso, kuchepa kwa njira yolumikizira (pogwiritsa ntchito kupuma kwa boma fMRI) kunapezeka m'malo olakwika otsika pang'onopang'ono, parietal cortex komanso posterior cingate cortex, ndi kulumikizana pakati pa posterior cingate gyrus ndi precuneus wolondola, magawo a thalamus, caudate, ventral striatum , malo owonjezera a motor, ndi girus yokhala ndi zilankhulo zinagwirizanitsidwa ndikuwonongeka kwa zovuta pamavuto azisudzo pa intaneti (Ding et al., 2013). Komabe, kafukufuku wina wolemba Dong et al. (2012a), pogwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kwachulukidwe, kulumikizika pakati pa madera angapo aubongo mwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti pa masewera adanenedwa, kuphatikizapo thalamus ndi posterior cingate cortex. The anactotropy yovuta mkati mwa kapisozi wamkati idakhudzidwanso ndi nthawi yayitali ya zizolowezi zake (Yuan et al., 2011). Kuchepetsa kudalumikizidwa kunapezekanso pakati pa presetal ndi subcortical komanso parietal ndi subcortical, makamaka ndi putamen (Hong et al., 2013b). Pali zonena zina zosintha mu homogeneity yachigawo ndi kuwonjezereka kwa homogeneity kwapakati kutsogolo ndi parietal gyri (komanso madera ena a brainstem and cerebellum) ndikuchepera homogeneity m'malo ena akomweko, parietal, ndi occipital mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti (Dong et al ., 2012c).

Chingwe china chotsutsa pakuphatikizidwa kwa cue-reactivity ndi kulakalaka, komwe kungasokoneze kuwongolera kwazidziwitso pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kumachokera ku maphunziro omwe amafufuza njira ya dopamine mwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti. Ngakhale maphunzirowa amaperekedwa koyambirira, mwachitsanzo, ma size ochepa kwambiri ndipo zotsatira zake ziyenera kuthandizidwa mosamala: pali malingaliro ena oyamba omwe dopamine system imasinthidwa mwa anthu omwe ali ndi intaneti. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi kafukufuku wa SPECT (Hou et al., 2012) kuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa dopamine transporter expression mu striatum kumachepetsedwa mwa anthu omwe ali ndi intaneti. Kupeza kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi raclopride PET (Kim et al., 2011), momwe kupezeka kwaposachedwa kwa dopamine 2 receptors mu striatum kunapezekanso pazomwe akuchita osokoneza bongo pa intaneti (onaninso ndemanga ya Jovic ndi Ðinđić, 2011).

Ngakhale izi ndizopeka pakadali pano, kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka dopaminergic kungathe - mwanjira zina - kufotokozera kutayika kwa kuwongolera kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti. Kuganiza kumeneku kumakwaniritsidwa bwino ndi zitsanzo zaposachedwa pa kukula kwamakhalidwe osokoneza bongo, monga ananenera a Robinson ndi Berridge (2008), monga tanena kale. Popeza magawo a preortalal cortex omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kuwongolera kwazinthu, makamaka dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (onani Chithunzi Figure2) 2) amalandira ziwonetsero za dopaminergic kuchokera ku basal ganglia ndi ma nucleus kukusanya, kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito m'maguluwa kumathandizanso kuchepetsa kukhulupirika kwa oyang'anira (Cools ndi D'Esposito, 2011). Popeza kuti basal ganglia yolumikizana wina ndi mnzake ndi thalamus mwa zolingalira zomwe zimaphatikizapo ma system ena a neurotransmitter, makamaka glutamate ndi GABA, kusintha kwa dopaminergic system kungayambitsenso kusokonekera kwadziko lonse kwa ma loonto a stonto-striatal, kuphatikizapo onse ozindikira komanso lamba wolumikizika (Alexander ndi Crutcher, 1990). Tapereka ndemanga pa kulumikizana komwe kumachitika pakati pa malupu a fronto-striatal ndi oyang'anira akuluakulu mu Gawo "Neuropsychological Correlates a Zomwe Zingatheke pa Intaneti. ”Poganizira zotsatira zoyambirira pakusintha kwa ma dopaminergic kwa anthu omwe adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, tikuti kusintha kumeneku komanso njira zina za basal ganglia neurotransmitter zikugwirizana ndi kufooka kwa kuwongolera kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti ndikusintha kwantchito.

Kupatula kufufuzidwa kwa dopamine dongosolo, maphunziro owonjezereka alankhula ndi kupuma-kwaubongo kwa magwiridwe antchito mu odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti. Kugwiritsa ntchito 18-FDG-PET, kuyeza kagayidwe kazibongo muubongo, Park et al. (2010) adawonetsa kuti opanga masewera opitilira muyeso a Internet adachulukitsa kagayidwe kazigawo m'dera la (kumanja) la orbitofrontal cortex, komanso m'malo ena a basal ganglia (kumanzere kwa caudate, insula), pomwe madera a kumbuyo (mwachitsanzo, malo a parietal ndi occipital) adawonetsa kuchepa kwa metabolism .

Mwachidule, pali maumboni ena oyamba pakusintha kwa ubongo ndi kupuma kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti. Izi zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa zinthu za imvi ndi zoyera m'malo oyambira bongo ndi zigawo zina za ubongo. Palinso maumboni oyamba osintha mu dopaminergic system, omwe atha kukhala okhudzana ndi kulimbikitsidwa kukonzanso ndikukhumba. Poganizira kuti kafukufuku wambiri adachitika ndi zitsanzo zazing'ono, kupatula chimodzi (Kühn et al., 2011,, komanso popanda kusiyana pakati kapena kosadukiza pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makonda ochezera pa intaneti komanso pakati pa achinyamata okalamba ndi odwala, zotsatirapo zake zimayenera kusamalidwa.

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