PLoS One. 2015 Aug 5; 10 (8): e0134538. yani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.
Reed P1, Vile R1, Osborne LA2, Romano M3, Truzoli R3.
Kudalirika
Kugwiritsira ntchito movutikira kwa intaneti kwagwirizanitsidwa ndi zosiyana siyana zamaganizo, koma ubale ndi matenda a thupi sulandire digiri yomweyo. Kusanthula kwa anthu omwe ali pa 505 pa intaneti, ndipo adafunsa za mavuto awo a intaneti, kuvutika maganizo ndi nkhawa (kusokonezeka kwa chipatala ndi kupsinjika maganizo), kudzipatula (funso la UCLA lonokha), mavuto ogona (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) , ndi thanzi lawo labwino - Questionnaire General Health (GHQ-28), ndi Questionnaire ya Immune Function. Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti pafupi 30% ya zitsanzo zikuwonetsa kuchepa kapena kuipa koyipa kwa intaneti, monga kuyesedwa ndi IAT. Ngakhale panali kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti, panalibe kusiyana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito pakati pa anyamata. Mavuto a intaneti anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi zosiyana siyana za maganizo monga kupanikizika, nkhaŵa, kudzipatula, ndi mavuto ogona. Kuledzera kwa intaneti kunagwirizananso ndi kuchepetsa kudziŵika kwa thupi, koma osati ndi muyezo wa thanzi labwino (GHQ-28). Ubalewu pakati pa ntchito yovuta ya intaneti ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chitetezo cha mthupi unapezedwa kukhala wosiyana ndi zotsatira za co-morbidities. Zimatanthawuza kuti mgwirizano wolakwika pakati pa magulu ovuta kugwiritsira ntchito intaneti ndi chitetezo cha chitetezo cha chitetezo cha mthupi zingakhale zogwirizanitsa ndi zipsyinjo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi intaneti, komanso zotsatira zokhudzana ndi mantha, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zotetezera thupi, monga cortisol.
Chiwerengerochi
Ndemanga: Reed P, Vile R, Osborne LA, Romano M, Truzoli R (2015) Zovuta Zogwiritsira Ntchito Intaneti ndi Ntchito Yoteteza Mthupi. PLoS ONE 10 (8): e0134538. yani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538
Editor: Antonio Verdejo-García, University of Granada, SPAIN
Zilandiridwa: December 3, 2014; Zavomerezedwa: July 10, 2015; Lofalitsidwa: August 5, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Reed et al. Ichi ndi nkhani yotseguka yolumikizidwa pansi pa mawu a Chilolezo cha Creative Commons Licribution, zomwe zimaloleza ntchito, kugawidwa, ndi kubwezeretsa mwachinthu chilichonse, kupatsa wolemba woyambirira ndi chitsimikizo
Kupezeka kwa Data: Chifukwa cha zofuna zoyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi kutuluka kwa deta iliyonse ya Komiti ya Psychology Ethics Committee, sitingathe kupanga detayi pa intaneti, koma ndife okondwa kupereka deta imeneyi kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuonana nayo, mwa kulankhulana ndi Pulofesa Phil Reed at [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
Ngongole: Olemba alibe thandizo kapena ndalama kuti lipoti.
Zofuna zokakamiza: Olembawo adanena kuti palibe zotsutsana.
Introduction
Kugwiritsira ntchito mopitirira muyeso kapena kosokoneza intaneti (kapena mavuto ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti) ena awonetsa kuti vuto ndi magulu ena a anthu [1,2], ndi kufunika koti tipitirize kuphunzirira za ngati Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) ndi lingaliro lothandiza laperekedwa [1,3]. Anthu omwe amafotokozera mavuto okhudza ntchito yawo yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti ali ndi zizindikiro zofanana, monga: kusokonezeka kwakukulu kuntchito zawo ndi maubwenzi awo [4,5,6], ndipo zimakhudzidwa kwambiri pamene zimasiyanitsidwa ndi intaneti [7]. Amawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ma intaneti akugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana pakati pa anthu a 2% ndi 8%, ndipo amatha kufika ku 20% pa zitsanzo zazing'ono [3, 8-10], ngakhale kuti ziwerengerozi n'zovuta kutanthauzira molondola chifukwa cha matanthauzo osiyanasiyana a 'kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti movuta' kapena 'kusokoneza intaneti' komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Anthu omwe amanena kuti ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi yovuta amafotokozanso mavuto osiyanasiyana omwe amagwirizana ndi maganizo awo ndi aumunthu [10-12]. Maganizo a co-morbidities omwe amapezeka mwa anthu omwe amawauza kuti akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwachisawawa apezeka monga: nkhawa [7,13,14], kuchepetsa chidwi cha matenda osokonezeka [15], autism spectrum matenda [7,16], kudandaula [13-15, 17], kusokoneza maganizo ndi chidani [18-20], ndi schizophrenia [7,21]. Matenda a maganizo a anthu [18] ndi kusungulumwa [22], amakhalanso ogwirizana kwambiri ndi IAD. Kuonjezera apo, mavuto aakulu a moyo [23] komanso kudzipatula [22, 24-26], ndi khalidwe lapansi la moyo [24,27], akutchulidwa ndi iwo omwe amafotokoza zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti
Mavuto apamwamba komanso mitundu ya intaneti yogwiritsiridwa ntchito mogwirizananso imakhudzana ndi kusintha kwa thupi [28,29]. Kuwonjezeka kwa kafukufuku kumasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta, mofanana ndi zizoloŵezi zina zamakhalidwe, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zovuta m'dongosolo la dopaminergic [30,31], ndipo mwachulukanso ntchito yachifundo yokhudzana [32,33], zomwe zasonyezedwanso kuti zikugwirizana kwa wina ndi mnzake [34].
Mosiyana ndi mabuku omwe akukula okhudzana ndi maganizo a m'maganizo ndi m'maganizo a IAD, pakhala pali zochepa zofufuza zokhudzana ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa thanzi labwino. Ubale pakati pa kugona kosokonezeka ndi ntchito yaikulu ya intaneti yakhazikitsidwa [35,36], ngati ali ndi mgwirizano pakati pa ntchito yovuta ya intaneti ndi zakudya zoperewera [37] kumabweretsa mavuto, monga kunenepa kwambiri [38]. Kafukufuku wina wapeza mayanjano pakati pa zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi khalidwe lokhazikika laumoyo wokhudzana ndi thanzi, lingaliro lokhudzana ndi matenda, ngakhale ziyenera kudziŵika kuti pali zochepa zowonetsera zoterozo ndipo pali zosiyana m'mabuku awa [39,40]. Mwachitsanzo, moyo wathanzi wokhudzana ndi thanzi, woyezedwa ndi SF-36, wapezeka kuti umagwirizanitsa ndi ntchito yovuta ya intaneti, ngakhale kuti moyo umagwirizana ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti [40]. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, pamene umoyo wokhudzana ndi thanzi wayeretsedwa ndi Mafunso Okhudzana ndi Zaumoyo (GHQ), ubale wawung'ono wadziwika ndi IAD [9,39]. Zifukwa za zosiyana siyana zomwe zapeza pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo iwiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino sizidziwika bwino-ngakhale zikhoza kufotokoza zosiyana zonse pakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa lingaliro la vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti pamaphunziro, ndi cholinga cha SF-36 pa mgwirizano wa umoyo ndi waumaganizo wokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino poyerekeza ndi cholinga chachikulu cha GHQ. Choncho, mabuku okhudzana ndi umoyo wokhudzana ndi thanzi tsopano ndi ovuta kutanthauzira.
Kukambilana kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti kufufuza kwina ku malo ofunika kwambiri ameneŵa n'koyenera, kupatsidwa ntchito yowonjezera ya intaneti [3], ndi kusowa kwa umboni womveka wokhudzana ndi momwe zimakhalira pa thanzi labwino pa se mosiyana ndi umoyo wokhudzana ndi thanzi, komanso mavuto a wantchito omwe akudwala matenda okhudzana ndi thanzi angayambitse matenda. Zoonadi, amapatsidwa co-morbidities omwe akuwonetsedwa ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma intaneti ovuta, ubale wina uliwonse pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti ndi mavuto ndi matenda ena amatha kukhala chinthu chimodzi mwazinthu zingapo. Kudzinyalanyaza nokha ndi anthu amene amawagwiritsa ntchito mowavuta pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito zakudya zoperewera komanso kusagona bwino, akhoza kukhala ndi matenda ochuluka [37,40]. Ndithudi, kugona tulo takhala tikudziŵika kuti tidziŵe mbali zina za chitetezo cha m'thupi [41-43]. Kuonjezera apo, nkhani zokhudzana ndi maganizo aumphawi zingathandizenso. Zakhala zikudziwika kuti mavuto a thanzi la m'maganizo amalingana ndi chiwerengero cha chimfine chomwe chimanenedwa chaka chimodzi [44]. Makamaka, zonse zovuta [45-47], ndi nkhawa komanso nkhawa [48], makamaka nkhawa za anthu ndi kusungulumwa [49-51], yerekezerani kutaya kwa chitetezo cha mthupi. Pomalizira, kukhazikitsa dongosolo lachifundo, lomwe likudziwika ndi omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, limagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa adrenaline ndi cortisol, ndipo kumachepetsa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chitetezo cha mthupi, makamaka kwa iwo omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu lachisokonezo [52]. Kafukufuku uliwonse wokhudzana ndi mavuto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti komanso matenda odwala adzafuna ena kuwonetsa zopereka za mgwirizanowu.
Mwachiwonekere, thanzi labwino ndilo lingaliro lopambana kwambiri, koma ndemanga yomwe ili pamwambayi ikuwonetsa kuti vuto lamakono la intaneti lingakhudzire mwachindunji pa ntchito yoteteza thupi, yomwe siinaphunzire mwachindunji [53]. Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti matenda monga chimfine [54], chimfine [55] zilonda zozizira [56] chibayo [57], sepsis [58], ndi matenda a khungu [59], ukhoza kukhala chofunikira kwambiri poyang'ana zotsatira za vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa zizindikiro za thupi. Monga tanenera pamwambapa, kufufuza koyambirira kwa mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti ndi mavuto ndi matenda aumunthu kwakhala kukumbukira zochitika za umoyo wokhudzana ndi thanzi zomwe zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga SF-36 ndi GHQ. Ngakhale kuti izi ndi zowona, sizikuyang'anitsitsa matenda enaake, ndipo sizigwirizana ndi matenda omwe anthu omwe ali ndi ma chitetezo a chitetezo cha thupi angakhale ovuta kuwonetsa. Pofuna kudziwa momwe maseŵera a chitetezo cha thupi angatithandizire, ntchito yapitayi yadzifufuza zozizwitsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zopanda chitetezo [31,44]. Kudzipereka kwanu kumayesedwa ngati njira yamphamvu pambaliyi, ngati zizindikirozi ndi zophweka kudzisankhira, sizimangotchulidwa kwa akatswiri azaumoyo ndipo kotero sizisonyezedwa pa zolemba zachipatala, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimawoneka popanda chifukwa chowonekeratu chowopsa [54].
Chifukwa cha zomwe takambirana pamwambapa, kufufuza komweku kwatambasula mgwirizano pakati pa ntchito yovuta ya intaneti ndi madokotala awiri apamwamba a thanzi (chitetezo cha chitetezo cha chitetezo cha thupi komanso kudziimira yekha), komanso zosiyana siyana zokhudzana ndi thanzi (kupanikizika, nkhawa, kusungulumwa, ndi mavuto ogona). Chofunika kwambiri chinali kugwirizana pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti ndi mavuto ndi thanzi la thupi lomwe silinayesedwe mwachindunji. Pachifukwachi, cholinga choyambirira cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza ngati magulu apamwamba a ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti angagwirizane ndi lipoti lalikuru la matenda okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi (koposa momwe zotsatira za intaneti zingakhudzire pazosiyana zokhudzana ndi thanzi. ). Kuphatikizanso apo, panali zolinga zingapo zapadera zomwe sizinayambe kafukufuku pa phunzirolo, kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana momwe chiyanjano chilili pakati pa vuto la intaneti komanso mavuto omwe ali nawo. Izi zinayesedwa kuti mudziwe ngati kusintha kotereku kunawonetsera mgwirizano womwewo ndi mavuto omwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti monga malipoti a zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi. Mavuto osiyanasiyana omwe angayanjane nawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti, omwe awonetseratu kuti thupi lawo limakhala lopanda mphamvu, monga nkhawa, kupanikizika, kusungulumwa, ndi mavuto ogona, anayesedwa pofuna kuyesa kugwirizana pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti. ndi zizindikiro za thanzi laumwini popanda zovuta zowonongeka. Izi ziyenera kulola njira yoyamba kukhazikitsa mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa ntchito yovuta ya intaneti ndi kuchepetsa ntchito yoteteza thupi, ngati gulu lipezeka likupezekapo.
njira
Ethical Statement
Kuvomerezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha kafukufukuyu kunapezedwa ku Dipatimenti ya Psychology Ethics Committee, University of Swansea. Ophunzirawo adapereka chidziwitso chodziwika kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali pa phunziroli polemba chikalata chovomerezeka pambuyo powerenga pepala lodziwitsidwa, ndipo Komiti ya Ethics inavomereza njirayi.
ophunzira
Otsatira mazana asanu ndi asanu (265 akazi ndi 240 amuna) adatumizidwa kudzera ku mauthenga omwe amalembedwa pa intaneti (malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi malo ochezera a masewera). Njira yothandizira anthu ku intaneti inavomerezedwa mogwirizana ndi momwe anagwiritsira ntchito kale pofuna kuthana ndi mavuto omwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti [60,61].
Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali anali odzipereka, ndipo palibe amene adalandira chindapusa chilichonse chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali. Ophunzirawo anali ndi zaka zapakati pa 29.73 (+ 13.65, range 18-101) zaka: <20 years = 7.5%; Zaka 21–29 = 61.8%; Zaka 30-39 = 15.5%; Zaka 40-49 = 4.6%; Zaka 50-59 = 4.2%; Zaka 60+ = 5.9%. Amitundu omwe adadzinena okha anali: 202 (40%) Oyera; 50 (10%) Mitundu Yosakanikirana / Yambiri; 141 (28%) aku Asia; 106 (21%) Wakuda / Africa / Caribbean; ndi 6 (1%) Gulu Lina. Mkhalidwe wokwatirana wachitsanzo unali: 305 (60%) wosakwatiwa, 65 (13%) wokwatiwa kapena wogwirizana; 105 (21%) m'maubwenzi ena; ndipo 30 (6%) asudzulana kapena amasiye.
Kugwiritsira Ntchito Kwambiri kwa Ophunzira
Ophunzira adafunsidwa kulingalira ntchito yawo yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti powafunsa kuti awonetsere maola omwe pa sabata omwe akhala pa intaneti pa miyezi ingapo yapitayi; chiyeso ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pamaphunziro ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti [40,61]. Ngakhale kuti zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ndi 'osaluso' ntchito yomwe ikugwirizana ndi mavuto angapo okhudzana ndi ntchito yaikulu ya intaneti [40], ankaganiza kuti kusiyana kwa akatswiri / osadziwika sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa onse omwe anafunsidwa, ndipo kuti izi zingakhale zovuta kuti azisankha anthu ena omwe afunsidwa. Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwathunthu, palokha, kunapezedwanso kuti ikugwirizana ndi mavuto okhudza intaneti [40].
Maola angapo pamlungu ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti analipoti 39.57 (+ 28.06, range = 1 ku 135): 28.3% adanena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito maola a 1 ndi ma 20 ma sabata pa intaneti; 29.5% adanena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito 21 maola 40 pa sabata pa intaneti; 22.4% adanena kuti akugwiritsa ntchito 41 maola a 60 pa sabata pa intaneti, ndipo 19.8% adanena kuti akugwiritsa ntchito maola oposa 61 pa sabata pa intaneti. Maola angapo pamlungu omwe amachitira pa intaneti ndi akazi anali 34.77 (± 26.84, mtundu = 1-135), ndipo, kwa amuna, izi zinali 44.88 (± 28.46, kusiyana = 6-130). Gulu lodziimira gulu lachindunji linasonyeza kuti kusiyana kumeneku kunali kofunika kwambiri, t(503) = 4.11, p <0.001, d = 0.366. Panali mgwirizano wamphamvu, koma wofooka, pakati pa zaka ndi nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti, F(1,503) = 6.74, p <0.05, R2 = 0.013, koma mgwirizano wamphamvu-U-quadratic pakati pa izi, F(1,502) = 11.10, p <0.001, R2 = 0.042). Komabe, pamene chitsanzocho chinagawanika kukhala omwe sali osakwatiwa (N = 331), ndi iwo omwe ali ndi chiyanjano china (N = 174), panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti t (503) = 1.48, p > .10, d = 0.146. Mofananamo, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, F <1.
Ofunsanso adafunsidwa za mtundu wa ntchito zomwe adazipanga pa intaneti, ndipo adafunsidwa kuti afotokoze ngati adayendera malo ena a intaneti pazinthu zingapo zapitazo. Mayankho a funso ili akuwonetsedwa Gulu 1, zomwe zikuwonetsera chiwerengero cha zitsanzo zonse zomwe zinayendera mawebusaiti osiyanasiyana, pamodzi ndi magawo a amuna ndi akazi, ndi aang'ono (osakwana zaka 29) ndi oposa (zaka za 30 ndi kupitirira), ophunzira akuchezera malo. Kuphatikiza apo, Gulu 1 amawonetsa coefficients Phi za deta (yowerengedwa pa enieni chiwerengero cha ophunzira, mmalo mwa magawo akuwonetsedwa Gulu 1). Phiefficients Phi amapereka ndondomeko ya kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano pakati pa zosiyana (ndipo ndi statistically significant pamene ofanana chi-square statistic ndi zofunika).
onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.t001
Deta iyi imasonyeza kuti malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (mwachitsanzo, Facebook, Twitter) ndi malo osungirako / mabanki ndi mitundu yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti. Kutchova njuga (kuphatikizapo malo otchova njuga), masewera, ndi malo omwe ali ndi chiwerewere / chibwenzi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera nthawi zambiri, ndi nambala zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zikalata zamakalata (kuphatikizapo Twitter) kapena malo ochezera. Panali kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa amai ndi abambo pa intaneti, ndi akazi pogwiritsa ntchito mafilimu ndi malo ogula kuposa amuna, ndi amuna omwe amagwiritsa ntchito masewero, kugonana kapena malo ochezera, komanso malo ochezera azimayi kuposa amayi. Anthu ambiri pansi pa zaka za 30 amagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pawebusaiti, ndi mawebusaiti a kafukufuku, mochuluka kuposa omwe akuposa 30. Komabe, anthu omwe akhala akuposa zaka za 30 adagwiritsa ntchito malo osungirako mabanki, komanso malo amtundu, mabwalo ovomerezeka, ndi malo ogulitsira, nthawi zambiri kuposa omwe ali ndi zaka 30.
zipangizo
Mayendedwe a Internet Addiction (IAT)
IAT [62] ndi chiwerengero cha 20-chiwerengero chomwe chiwerengero cha intaneti chimasokoneza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku (monga ntchito, kugona, ubale, ndi zina). Chilichonse chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 1-4 msinkhu, ndi mapawo onse a 20 mpaka 100. Maonekedwe a IAT tsopano akutsutsana [61,63], koma chiwerengero chochepa cha 40 kapena zochulukirapo kuti IAT imatengedwa ngati ikuyimira chiwerengero cha mavuto a intaneti ovuta [7,62,64] Kudalirika kwa mkati kwa msinkhu kwapezeka kuti kuli pakati .90 [64] ndi .93 [62].
Chisamaliro cha Chipatala ndi Kupsinjika Kwambiri (HADS)
The HADS [65] ndi chiwerengero chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri cha nkhawa ndi kupsinjika maganizo. Cholinga choyambirira chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito kuchipatala chachikulu, chagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala [66,67]. Lili ndi zinthu 14 (7 za nkhawa ndi 7 chifukwa cha kupsinjika maganizo) zomwe zimagwirizana ndi sabata latha. Pali mafunso a 7 omwe ali nawo chifukwa cha nkhawa ndi kupsinjika maganizo, funso lirilonse limachokera ku 0 ku 3 malingana ndi kuopsa kwa chizindikiro; Malipiro apamwamba ndi 21 pa mlingo uliwonse. Otsutsa akhoza kusankhidwa kukhala magulu anayi: 0-7 yachibadwa; 8-10 yofatsa; 11-14 yochepa; ndi 15-21 kwambiri. Kukhulupilika kwa chidziwitso chotsimikizirika ndi zomveka zonsezi ndizolimba [65], ndi kudalirika kwa mkati ndi .82 chifukwa cha nkhawa yaikulu, ndiXXUMUMX ya kuvutika maganizo, kwa anthu omwe si odwala [67].
UCLA Kusungulumwa Kwambiri
UCLA Kusungulumwa Kwambiri [68] ali ndi ziganizo za 20 zokonzedwa kuti awonetse kusungulumwa. Ophunzira akuyankha pafunso lirilonse pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha 4 ("Nthawi zambiri ndimamva choncho", "Nthawi zina ndimamva motere", "Sindimamva choncho", ndi "Sindikumva choncho"), ndipo chilichonse inachokera ku 0 ku 3, yopereka chiwerengero chonse kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 60. Mapu apamwamba amasonyeza kusungulumwa kwakukulu. Mfundo yothetsera vuto la kusungulumwa nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa pamtundu umodzi wokha kusiyana ndi tanthauzo la chitsanzo. Chiwerengerochi chimakhala chodalirika kwambiri, ndi mkati mwake .92, ndi kukhulupiriranso kwa retest of .73 [69].
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
Izi PSQI [70] ali ndi mafunso akuluakulu a 10, ena ndi magawo angapo, komwe wophunzirayo akufunika kulowetsa deta zokhudza zizoloŵezi zawo za kugona. Phunziroli limapereka chiwerengero pakati pa 0 ndi 21, komwe mpikisano wamakono amawonetsa kugona kwakukulu, ndipo ziwerengero zazikulu kuposa 5 zimasonyeza munthu wosagona bwino [70]. The PSQI yapezeka kuti ili ndipamwamba "kuyesayesa-kuyesayesa kotsimikizika" komanso kutsimikizirika bwino poyesedwa [70].
Mafunso Okhudza Zamoyo Zachilengedwe (GHQ-28)
GHQ-28 [71] amathetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana a maganizo ndi thanzi, ndipo amagawidwa mu 4 sub-scales: zizindikiro za somatic, nkhawa ndi kusowa tulo, kusagwirizana kwa anthu, ndi kuvutika maganizo. Gawo lililonse liri ndi zinthu 7, zonse zomwe zimafuna yankho pazomwe zimaimira 4-tsamba la Likert: Ayi konse, Osapitirira kuposa nthawi zonse, M'malo mopitirira nthawi zonse, Zambiri kuposa nthawi zonse, kukopera 0 ku 3, motero. Kudalirika kwa mkati kwa mamba kuli pamwamba .90. Phunziro lachidziwitso, chizindikiro cha somatic chokhacho chinayesedwa, chomwe chinapempha ophunzira kuti aone momwe adamvera: mu thanzi labwinobwino, akusowa chithunzithunzi, kuthamanga, kudwala, kupweteka kwa mutu, kupweteka kapena kupanikizika mutu, ndi kutentha kapena kuzizira.
Funso Loyendetsa Ntchito Yopometsa Mthupi (IFQ)
Zida za IFQconsist za 15 zomwe zimayesa kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudzana ndi matenda osauka. Malingana ndi maulendo awo ambiri, komanso kugwirizana kwachangu ndi zofooka za mthupi, zotsatirazi zikusankhidwa monga maziko a zinthu zomwe zili pa mafunsowa:54], chimfine [55] zilonda zozizira [56] chibayo [57], sepsis [58], ndi matenda a khungu [59]. Pambuyo pofufuza zizindikiro zazikulu za izi, zizindikiro za 19 zinaphatikizidwa pa mafunsowa monga zizindikiro za mphamvu ya chitetezo cha m'thupi: mphamvu ya pakhosi, mutu, chimfine, mphuno, mphuno, zilonda zozizira, zilonda, malungo, malungo , chibayo, bronchitis, sinusitis, kutentha kwadzidzidzi, matenda a khutu, kutsekula m'mimba, kupweteka kwa m'mimba, matenda a maso, kuchepa, ndi kuvulala kwa nthawi yayitali. Iwo adavotera pa tsamba la 5-Likert-type scale (Nthawi zonse, kamodzi kapena kawiri, Nthawi zina, Nthawi zonse, Kawirikawiri, ndi zambiri kuchokera 0 mpaka 4 motsatira). Mipukutu yonse ya 0 kufika ku 79, yomwe ili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu chowonetsetsa kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chimakula kwambiri. IFQ yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito powerenga zotsatira za zochitika zokhudzana ndi moyo pazochitika zaumoyo, monga kuyesa zotsatira za kukhala ndi mwana ndi ASD. M'ntchito yapitayo [72], chiwerengero cha IFQ chapezeka kuti chikugwirizana bwino (r = .578, p <.001) ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchezera kwa General Medical Practitioner, pali kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa IFQ ndi gawo lonse la GHQ (r = .410, p <.01), komanso kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa IFQ ndi zina mwazizindikiro za GHQ (r = .493, p <.01).
Kayendesedwe
Otsatira onse adayankha ku maimelo omwe amalembedwa pa intaneti omwe amawunikira kuti akwaniritse anthu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (monga Facebook, Twitter), ma bullogi / masamba a masewera (monga Mashable), masewera othamanga (mwachitsanzo, Eurogamer.com), ndi ma intaneti akuthandizira mawebusaiti. Izi zimapatsa ophunzira mwachidule kufotokoza kwa phunzirolo, momwe adauzidwa kuti kafukufukuyo akukhudza ubale pakati pa intaneti ndi umunthu komanso zaumoyo zosiyanasiyana. Ngati iwo ali ndi chidwi chochita nawo, iwo adalangizidwa kuti azitsatira chiyanjano cha intaneti ku funsolo. Kulumikizana kumeneku kunapangitsa ophunzirawo kukhazikitsa tsamba lokhala ndi tsatanetsatane wokhudza phunziroli: akufotokozanso kuti cholinga cha phunziroli chinali chogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso nkhani zosiyanasiyana za umunthu ndi zaumoyo, zomwe zinatanthauzanso mtundu wa mayankho omwe angayankhe. Tsamba lodziwitsidwa linaperekanso tsatanetsatane wa ufulu wawo kuchoka pa phunziro panthawi iliyonse, ndipo ndondomeko zikuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizire zachinsinsi chawo. Chidziwitsochi chinatsatiridwa ndi chilolezo chovomerezeka, kuwalangiza ophunzira kuti asiye kufunsa funsolo ngati ali okonzeka kupereka chilolezo ndipo ngati atapitirira zaka za 18. Ophunzirawo kenaka anaperekedwa ndi mayankho.
Panalibe malire a nthawi yoti mayankhowo apangidwe, ndipo ophunzirawo anapatsidwa mwayi wosunga kafukufuku wawo ndikubwezeretsanso panthawi ina ngati kuli kofunikira. Zomwe mafunso onsewa adatsirizidwa, zomwe zidatenga anthu pafupifupi 30 min, ophunzira adalongosoledwa ku tsamba lazokambirana, lomwe linawathokoza chifukwa cha zopereka zawo, linapereka tsatanetsatane wa zolinga ndi cholinga cha phunzirolo, ndipo wofufuza ndi ntchito ya uphungu, ngati akuwona kuti akufunikira thandizo lililonse, motsatizana ndi zochitika zomwe zafukufuku. Chigwirizano cha kuphunzira chinakhala chatseguka kwa miyezi itatu (nthawi ya masika), ndipo kenaka anatsekedwa.
Kusanthula Deta
Poyambirira, kusiyana komwe kulipo pa intaneti kumawerengera pakati pa ophunzira omwe ali ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, kugonana, zaka, ndi zina zotere) anafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a t. Otsatirawo adagawidwa m'magulu a mavuto a intaneti ndi apamwamba pogwiritsa ntchito kugawidwa pa malo odulidwa chifukwa cha zovuta zosavuta kapena zoopsa za intaneti zochokera ku IAT (ie 40), ndi mgwirizano pakati pa zovuta zambiri za kugwiritsira ntchito intaneti ndi chikhalidwe, kuvutika maganizo , ndi zina, zinafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero a chi-squared. Chiyanjano chomwe chilipo pakati pa magwiridwe a chitetezo cha mthupi ndi chimodzi mwazimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wosiyana-siyana (kupatulapo zotsatira zazomwe zikuchitika), komanso kugwiritsanso ntchito njira yowonongeka kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito pozindikira zotsatira za vuto la intaneti pa chitetezo cha mthupi pamwamba pa zotsatira za mitundu ina yoyenera. Kusanthula komweko kunayanjananso kuti adziwonetsere zaumoyo wathanzi (GHQ). Potsiriza, maguluwa adagawidwa kukhala amphamvu komanso otetezeka ku chitetezo cha m'thupi, komanso otsika ndi odzichepetsa omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino (GHQ), ndipo maguluwa amawafanizira monga momwe amachitira powagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti pofufuza za covariance, pogwiritsira ntchito zowonongeka. Pamene kuyerekezedwa kochuluka kunkachitika, ndondomeko yayikulu yotsutsa idalandidwa pofuna kuyesedwa kofunika, ndipo kukula kwa mphamvu kunkawerengedwa ponseponse.
Results
Mavuto a intaneti amatengera (IAT) kwa chitsanzocho chinali 37.25 (± 16.18, mtundu = 0-96). Zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chiwerengero cha IAT chazimayi chinali 36.26 (± 15.36, mtundu = 0-69), ndipo chiwerengero cha amuna chinali 38.35 (± 17.00, mtundu = 9-96). Magulu odziimira payekha awonetsetse kuti palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa izi, t <1, d = 0.006. Kugwirizana kwa Pearson kunawunikira chiwerengero chofunika kwambiri, ndi kukula kwake, pakati pa nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ndi ziwerengero za IAT, r(503) = .485, p <.001, R2 = .235, koma panalibe mgwirizano wapakati pakati pa msinkhu wa ophunzira ndi chiwerengero chawo cha IAT, r(503) = -.025, p > .50, R2 = .0006.
Kuchuluka kwake kwa nyemba kugwera pamwamba pa malo odulidwa kuti akhale ochepa kapena ovuta kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (mwachitsanzo, mapiritsi a IAT a 40 kapena pamwambapa [62]) akuwonetsedwa mkati Chithunzi cha 1 kwa zitsanzo zonse, pamodzi ndi deta iyi ya akazi ndi amuna, mosiyana. Zitsanzozo, 192 (103 akazi, 89 amuna) omwe adagwira nawo ntchito adagwa pamwamba pa kudula kwa mavuto a intaneti. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu kwambiri pakati pa kuthekera kwa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pakati pa anyamata, chi squared = .17, p > .60, Phi = .018. Malongosoledwe azinyalala sizinayambitse ubale pakati pa zaka ndi kugwera pamwamba pa malo odulidwa, rpb(503) = -.002, p > .30, Rpb2 = .102, ngakhale kuti panali ubale wowerengeka, komanso wofanana, pakati pa maola omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ndi kugwera pamwamba pa malo odulidwa chifukwa cha mavuto osokoneza bongo, r(503) = .320, p <.001, Rpb2 = .102.
onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.g001
Mwamba pamwamba Gulu 2 imasonyeza njira zowonongeka ndi zolakwika zomwe zimachitika pa intaneti (IAT), maola omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti, kuvutika maganizo (HADS), nkhawa (HADS), kusungulumwa (UCLA) ndi mavuto ogona (PSQI). Njira izi zimakhala zofanana ndi zomwe zimawonedwa mu kufufuza koyambirira kwa zitsanzo zoterozo [7]. Amasonyezanso kuti peresenti ya anthu amagwera pamwamba pa malo odulidwa pa masikelo awo, omwe, popanda vuto la kugona, anali kuyembekezera zitsanzo. Gulu 2 imawonetsanso kuchuluka kwa chitsanzocho ndi IAD yomwe ikugwa pamwamba pazodulidwa pamiyeso ina yamaganizidwe. Ziwerengero za iwo omwe ali ndi IAD omwe akuwonetseranso kuti ndi owopsa ndiochulukirapo kuposa omwe amapeza pachitsanzo chonse. Kuti mufufuze maubwenzi awa, mayesero angapo a 2 × 2 chi-square (zovuta zomwe zilipo kapena zosakhalapo poyerekeza ndi zovuta za intaneti zomwe zilipo kapena zomwe kulibe) zimayendetsedwa pamitundu iliyonse, ndikuwulula kuti zovuta zonse zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa vuto la intaneti: kukhumudwa-chi-chokwanira(1) = 30.56, p <.001, Phi = .246; nkhawa-cmalowa(1) = 38.98, p <.001, Phi = .278; Kusungulumwa-cmalowa(1) = 15.31, p <.001, Phi = .174; ndi kugona cmalowa(1) = 9.38, p <.01, Phi = .136. Zolinga za Pearson pakati pa mitundu yonse, ndi mavuto onse a umoyo wa somatic (GHQ) ndi zizindikiro za mthupi zimasonyezanso Gulu 2, ndipo kufufuza kumeneku kunawulula mgwirizano wofunika pakati pa mitundu yonse.
Mavuto a Pearson pakati pa mitundu yonse, ndi mavuto a umoyo wodwala (GHQ) ndi zizindikiro zimasonyezanso.
onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.t002
Chitsanzocho chikutanthauza chiwerengero cha zizindikiro za somatic (GHQ-S) ndi 7.28 (± 3.87; range = 0-19), ndipo tanthauzo la zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi ndi 15.20 (± 9.43; range = 0-37). Masikelo awa anali ndi mgwirizano wa r = 0.345, p <.001, R2 = .119, wina ndi mnzake. Maphunziro a GHQ (S) anali okhudzana kwambiri ndi kuvutika maganizo, nkhawa, ndi mavuto ogona, ndipo, mpaka pang'ono, ndi zina zosiyana. Zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhawa, kugona ndi mavuto a intaneti, komanso pang'ono ndi zina.
Popeza kuti mitundu yonse ya matenda (GHQ-S ndi IFQ) inagwirizanitsidwa ndi zosiyana siyana, komanso kuti IAT yokhudzana ndi zosiyana siyana, kuti aone ngati mavuto a intaneti (mwachitsanzo ziwerengero za IAT) zathandiza kuti zizindikiro za matendawa, zochitika ziwiri zosiyana-siyana zosiyana-siyana zinkachitidwa-imodzi yowonetsera chiwerengero cha GHQ-S, ndi imodzi yowonetsera zizindikiro za IFQ. Pazochitika zonsezi, kupanikizika, nkhawa, kusungulumwa, kugona, ndi maola ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti, adalowa mu njira yoyamba. Zonsezi ndi zowerengera za vuto la intaneti (IAT) zinalowetsedwera muyeso pa sitepe yachiwiri, ndipo chiwerengero cha kusiyana kwa ndalama chinapindulidwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa chiwerengero cha IAT chinawerengedwa.
Zomwe zili pansi pake Gulu 2 Onetsani zotsatira za zotsatirazi. Kuyang'anitsitsa deta kuchokera pansi pamanja pang'onopang'ono kuti chiwerengero cha GHQ-S chikuwonetsetse kuti njira ziwirizi zowonjezera zinali zowerengeka, ndi kuchepetsa kulakwitsa komwe kunapangidwa ndi Kuwonjezera kwa IAT pa gawo la 2 komanso kutulutsa kusintha kwakukulu kwazinthu mukuneneratu za chiwerengero cha GHQ-S. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kusintha kwa ulosi wa GHQ-S wopangidwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa IAT sikunali kwakukulu. Dongosolo lomwelo la deta linapezedwanso kuchokera pa kufufuza komwe kunayesedwa kuti liwonetsetse chiwerengero cha zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi (IFQ). Komabe, Kuwonjezera kwa IAT mu gawo la 2 kunapanga kusintha kwakukuru kwakukulu mukulondola koyenera kwa ziwerengero zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi (IFQ), kuposa momwe zinalili ndi masewero a GHQ-S.
Kuti muwone momwe chiyanjano chilili pakati pa zosiyana, zigawo zochepa zomwe zimagwirizanitsa pakati pa zodzipangitsa munthu (kudziletsa, nkhawa, kugona, kusungulumwa, maola pa intaneti, ndi mavuto a intaneti) komanso zizindikiro ziwiri (GHQ-S ndi IFQ) anawerengedwa mosiyana. Mgwirizano wa magawo awiriwo unkachitika pakati pa mitundu yonse yotsatizana ndi zosiyana ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi matenda pogwiritsira ntchito mitundu yonse yowonongeka monga yogwirizana. Izi zimathandiza kuti pakhale mgwirizano wapadera pakati pa mitundu iwiri yosasinthika pokhala kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ina iliyonse, ndipo izi zikhoza kuwonedwa Chithunzi cha 2 chifukwa cha mitundu iwiri yosiyana ndi matenda. Deta izi zikuwonetseranso mgwirizano womwewo pakati pa zowonetsera ndi zizindikiro za GHQ-S ndi IFQ; mwa izi, kuvutika maganizo, nkhawa, ndi kugona, zonse zinali ndi mgwirizano wofunikira kwambiri ndi zotsatira zake zonse pamene zotsatira za zosiyanazo zinkalamulidwa. Komabe, pamene mavuto a intaneti (IAT) adaneneratu kwambiri zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi (IFQ), izi sizinali zofanana kwambiri ndi chiwerengero cha GHQ (S).
onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.g002
Kuti muwone bwinobwino mgwirizano pakati pa mavuto okhudza intaneti (ziwerengero za IAT) ndi onse-general-somatic (GHQ-S) ndi matenda okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi (IFQ). 40 chifukwa cha zovuta kapena zovuta zokhudzana ndi intaneti pa IAT [62]. Izi zinapanga magulu awiri: gulu lomwe liribe mavuto a intaneti (N = 313; tanthawuzani IAT = 26.89 + 7.89; range = 0-39), ndi gulu lomwe liri ndi mavuto a intaneti (N = 313; tanthawuzani IAT = 54.14 ± 11.23; range = 40-96). Chithunzi cha 3 amasonyeza chiwonetsero chachikulu cha umoyo wathanzi (GHQ-S) (gulu lamanzere), ndi chiwerengero chokhala ndi thanzi labwino (IFQ). Kufufuza kwa deta ya GHQ-S kumaonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu otsika ndi apamwamba a IAT malinga ndi ma GHQ-S awo. Deta iyi idasanthuledwa pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa covariance, ndi gulu la intaneti monga pakati-phunziro, ndi kupsinjika maganizo, nkhawa, kugona tulo, kusungulumwa, ndi maola ochuluka pa intaneti monga covariates. Kufufuza uku sikuwunikiritsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu a mavuto a intaneti malinga ndi ma GHQ-S awo, F <1, eta yapadera2 = .001. Mosiyana, gulu labwino Chithunzi cha 3 amasonyeza kuti gulu lapamwamba-mavuto limakhala ndi matenda okhudzana ndi thanzi loposa momwe palibe-intaneti-mavuto gulu, F(1,498) = 27.79, p <.001, eta yapadera2 = .046.
Gulu lakumanzere = ma GHQ (S) okhudzana ndi zochitika zina; gulu loyenera = zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha m'thupi (IFQ).
onetsani: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.g003
Kukambirana
Kafukufuku wamakono akufufuzira mgwirizano pakati pa mayeso a pa intaneti ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, podziwa kudzipenda kwa chitetezo cha chitetezo cha mthupi komanso momwe thupi liriri labwino. Izi zinkaganiziridwa kuti ndi malo ofunikira kufufuza monga panalibe deta yapitayi yomwe idaperekedwa pavuto la ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pachitetezo cha mthupi; Kuonjezerapo, malipoti apitayi okhudza kugwirizana pakati pa machitidwe a intaneti ndi mavuto a umoyo wokhudzana ndi thanzi anali otsutsana ndi wina ndi mnzake [9,39,40]. Zinkaganiziridwa kuti kusiyana kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza umoyo waumoyo, ndi zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino, monga GHQ, pokhala osagwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kusiyana ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito moyenera kwambiri kuteteza thupi.
Ngakhale kuti njira yowatumizira anthu pa Intaneti inali yovomerezeka, zitsanzo zomwezo zinali ndi zofanana ndi zina zambiri zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira intaneti. Chitsanzocho chinali chachinyamata (pansi pa zaka 30), koma chinali ndi zaka zambiri. Nthawi yaitali yomwe amathera pa intaneti inali pafupi maola 5-6 pa tsiku, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi ziwerengero zamakono zamakono [40,61]. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti phindu limeneli silinasiyanitse pakati pa ntchito zaumwini ndi zaumwini, ndipo tawonedwa kuti izi ndizofunikira pa mavuto a intaneti [40]. Komabe, sikudziwika ngati kusiyana kotere kuli kosavuta kupanga kwa ophunzira. Mitundu ya ntchito yomwe ikuchitidwa pa intaneti ndi ophunzira omwe alipo tsopano anali ofanana ndi omwe adalembedwa m'maphunziro apitalo [61]. Panali kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa intaneti. Azimayi ankakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu ndi malo ositolo kuposa amuna, koma amuna ankagwiritsa ntchito maseŵera, malo ogonana / malo ochezera, ndi malo ochezera, kuposa akazi. Inde, izi zimadalira kudzidziwitsa nokha, ndipo kusiyana kwake, ngakhale kuti kunali kovomerezeka, kunali kochepa kwa zofananitsa zina. Mavuto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti muzitsanzo zomwe zilipo, pafupi 30% ya chitsanzo chomwe chimasonyeza zofatsa kapena zovuta zowonongeka kwa intaneti, zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi kafukufuku wakale [7].
Kufufuza kwakukulu kwa kafukufuku wamakono kunali kuti ntchito yodzimva yovuta yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti inali yogwirizana ndi ntchito yowonongeka yoteteza thupi laumunthu, monga ziwerengero za zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira kuchokera ku kafukufuku yemwe adawonanso moyo wokhudzana ndi thanzi womwe umayesedwa ndi SF-36 ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta [40]. Komabe, ngakhale kuti chitetezo cha mthupi ndi kudzipangitsa kukhala wokhudzana ndi thanzi lawo chinali chogwirizana wina ndi mzake, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta sikukanati zidziwike kuti zizindikiro za thanzi, monga momwe zimayesedwa ndi somatic scale ya GHQ. Otsatira akupeza akugwirizana ndi maphunziro angapo apitalo omwe alephera kupeza ubale pakati pa maphunziro a IAT ndi GHQ maphunziro [9,39]. Zomwe zilipo pakali pano, pokhudzana ndi chiwerengero pakati pa zizindikiro za IAT ndi zofooka za thupi, zingasonyeze kuti zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi mwachindunji, monga momwe zinkachitidwira mu kafukufuku wamakono, zimayesa mbali iyi ya thanzi kuposa momwe GHQ yakhalira ndi maganizo kukula.
Ngakhale ziri zovuta pakuyeza kwa chitetezo cha mthupi zomwe takambiranapo kale (onani pansipa), zomwe zokhudzana ndi zofukufukuzi ziyenera kuikidwa m'maganizo malinga ndi zolephera za maphunziro. Phunziroli ndilo mgwirizano, kutanthawuza kuti kusokonezeka sikuyenera kutengeka kuchokera ku bungwe lotero. N'zotheka kuti omwe ali ndi matenda akuluakulu amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti nthawi zambiri kusiyana ndi omwe ali oyenera. Komabe, chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti, ndi mgwirizano pakati pa achinyamata ndi intaneti kugwiritsa ntchito, izi zimawoneka ngati zosayembekezereka, ngakhale kuti zitha kukhala zotheka kuti zidzafunike kafufuzidwe kazitali. Mwinanso, zikhoza kukhala kuti chinthu china chachitatu chimagwiritsira ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso thanzi labwino. Komabe, tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti ubale pakati pa ntchito yovuta ya intaneti ndi kudzipangitsa kudziwiratu kuti thupi limateteza thupi limapezeka kuti likugwiritsira ntchito pamwamba pa zotsatirapo za zinthu zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito (kuvutika maganizo, kusungulumwa, kusungulumwa) zomwe zikugwirizana ndi intaneti yovuta gwiritsani ntchito [10-12], ndipo zomwe ziri, mwa iwoeni, zogwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito yoteteza thupi [45,46,48,49]. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zisamvetsetse zomwe gawo lachitatu lakulumikizana lingakhale.
Ngati ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti yodetsa nkhaŵa inaneneratu kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chimakhala choyipa kwambiri, funso lodziwika kwa achipatala lingakhudze njira. Chotheka chiripo kuti kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwatchulidwa kuti kuwonjezekera kuyambitsa kayendedwe ka mitsempha [32,33]. Ntchito yayikulu yotereyi imabweretsa kuwonjezeka m'magulu a-epinephrone ndi / kapena cortisteroids (cortisol), omwe, potsirizira pake, amachepetsera chitetezo cha mthupi [52]. Choncho, njirayi ikhoza kusokoneza mgwirizano pakati pa ntchito yovuta ya intaneti ndi kuchepetsa ntchito ya chitetezo cha mthupi, koma idzafunanso kufufuza kwina. Lingaliro lachiwirili liri ndi zofunikira zina za kulingalira kwa mtsogolo ndi kufufuza kwa ma chipatala zomwe zimakhala zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.
Mgwirizano pakati pa ma IAT ndi ntchito ya chitetezo cha thupi zimasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwa intaneti kwa anthu ena kumaonedwa, palokha, ngati vuto-komabe, zomwe akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zidzasiyana pakati pa anthu awa. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wamakono akupeza kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu pa intaneti, ndipo mwina zikhonza kukhala zogwirizana ndi kuchepetsa chitetezo cha mthupi mosiyana pakati pa anyamata. Ntchito yowonjezereka yokhudza mtundu wa intaneti, monga chikhalidwe chenicheni cha ntchito, ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti za ntchito zamaluso ndi zaumwini, zingathe kuwunikira kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito intaneti ndi kuchepetsa kuteteza thupi.
Monga nthawizonse, pali zochepa pa maphunziro omwe akufunika kuti azindikire. Chitsanzo chotsatiracho chinatumizidwanso pa intaneti, ndipo izi ziyenera kuti zasokoneza mtundu wa munthu amene adaphunzira nawo. Komabe, ziyenera kutchulidwa kuti mndandanda wa anthu omwe ali m'chitsanzocho unali wosiyana kwambiri ndi zaka zawo, ndi makhalidwe awo ena, ndipo chitsanzocho chinkawoneka kuti chikugwirizana ndi zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro apitalo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kafukufuku wamakono sanadziwitse pakati pa ntchito ndi ntchito za intaneti, zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kuzifufuza. Mwachitsanzo, msinkhu wa kukakamizidwa ndi kufulumira kugwiritsira ntchito intaneti kungakhudze mavuto ochulukirapo kusiyana ndi maola omwe ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti kuti agwire ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kusiyana pakati pa omwe amagwira ntchito mwakhama komanso ogwedezeka pa chifukwa chimenechi, komanso anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti ndipo amadandauliridwa komanso sagwirizana chifukwa cha vutoli.
Ponena za njira zowonjezereka zowonongeka kwa thupi zomwe zimachepetsedwa ndi ogwiritsira ntchito vuto lalikulu, ntchito yamtsogolo ingaganizire ntchito ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe angakhudze gulu la anthu ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mauthenga okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso osagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwala sakanasonkhanitsidwa mu lipoti laposachedwapa, ndipo izi zingagwirizane ndi mavuto a intaneti, ndipo zimakhudza chitetezo cha mthupi. Mofananamo, zochitika zokhudzana ndi moyo zowonongeka zomwe zakhala zikudetsa nkhawa zikhoza kukhala zotsatila chizoloŵezi chowongolera ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, monga momwe zikhalidwe za anthu zimakhalira. Zonsezi zikhoza kufufuzidwa ndi kufufuza kwina.
Kudalira kudzipangitsa kudzipereka kwa chitetezo cha mthupi kungakhale kotsimikiziridwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kusanthula maselo a magazi, omwe angaphatikize chithandizo kumaganizo omwe alipo tsopano. Komabe, monga tanenera pamwambapa, palibe mgwirizano wangwiro pakati pa thupi la chitetezo cha mthupi ndi chidziwitso cha zizindikiro [54], ndi kudzidzidzimutsa kwa chimfine ndi ntchentche zimatengedwa ngati mphamvu yeniyeni ya chitetezo cha mthupi pankhaniyi [31,44]. Ndithudi, zapezeka kuti kudzidzimva kwa zizindikiro za matenda-makamaka za matenda opuma kupuma (monga chimfine ndi matenda a chimfine), monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pophunzira panopo, zimagwirizana bwino ndi zolemba zofunikira za immunoglobin [73].
Pomalizira pake, ziyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti ngakhale kuti kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa zovuta za kugwiritsira ntchito intaneti ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, pali ziphuphu ziwiri zokopa zochitika kuchokera ku bungwe lomwe liyenera kutchulidwa. Choyamba, monga phunziro silinali nthawi yayitali mu chilengedwe, ndiye kuti mawu oyenera sayenera kutengedwa kuti atsimikizidwe. Chachiwiri, momwe mitundu yambiri yodziwiritsira ntchitoyi imayanjanirana, ndiye kuti izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wotsatizana muzowonjezereka zomwe zimawamasulira kupanga zovuta. Ngakhale ziyenera kuzindikila kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mgwirizano wa magawo angapo, kumatanthawuza pang'ono, kukuthandizani vutoli.
Mwachidule, lipoti laposachedwapa linakhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa ntchito yovuta ya intaneti ndi kuwonetsa zizindikiro zochuluka zokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa mawonekedwe a chitetezo cha mthupi. Ubale umenewu unali wosiyana ndi maola omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti, komanso momwe zimakhudzira ziwonetsero zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito intaneti, monga kupanikizika, kudzipatula, ndi nkhawa. Ananenedwa kuti zotsatira zowonongeka za chitetezo cha mthupi zingakhale zogwirizanitsa ndi nkhawa yowonjezereka, komanso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwachisoni ntchito zomwe nthawi zina zimawonetsedwa ndi intaneti.
Zopereka za Wolemba
Zimalengedwa ndipo zinapanga zoyesayesa: PR RV LAO MR RT. Zayesedwa: RV. Kusanthula deta: RV PR. Zopereka zowonjezera zopangira / zipangizo / zofufuza: LAO. Papepalali: PR LAO MR RT.
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