Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti movutikira komanso Kusokoneza Masewera a pa Intaneti Sali Ofanana: Zotsatira za Mtundu Waukulu Wa Nation Nation (2014)

Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2014 Dec 1; 17 (12): 749-754.

do:  10.1089 / cyber.2014.0475

PMCID: PMC4267705

Nkhaniyi yakhala wotchulidwa ndi nkhani zina mu PMC.

Kudalirika

Pali mkangano womwe ukupitilira m'mabuku kuti kaya kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kolakwika (PIU) komanso masewera olakwika pa intaneti (POG) ndizinthu ziwiri zosiyana komanso zosagwirizana kapena ndizofanana. Kafukufukuyu apano akuthandizira funsoli poyesa kuyanjana komanso kuchuluka pakati pa PIU ndi POG pokhudzana ndi kugonana, kukwaniritsa sukulu, nthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti komanso / kapena masewera a pa intaneti, moyo wamaganizidwe, komanso ntchito za pa intaneti. Mafunso omwe amawunikira zosinthika izi adaperekedwa kwa oyimira mayiko ochita masewera a achinyamata (N= 2,073; Mm'badwo= Zaka 16.4, SD= 0.87; 68.4% wamwamuna). Zambiri zinawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti inali ntchito wamba pakati pa achinyamata, pomwe kusewera pa intaneti kunachitidwa ndi gulu laling'ono. Momwemonso, achinyamata ochulukirapo amakwaniritsa njira za PIU kuposa POG, ndipo gulu laling'ono la achinyamata linawonetsa zizindikilo za zovuta zonse ziwiri. Kusiyana kwambiri pakati pamavuto awiriwo kunali kokhudza kugonana. POG anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kukhala wamwamuna. Kudzidalira kunali ndi zotsika zazing'ono pamakhalidwe onsewo, pomwe zovuta zowumiriza zimalumikizidwa ndi PIU ndi POG, zimakhudza PIU pang'ono. Pazomwe mumakonda pa intaneti, PIU idalumikizidwa ndi masewera a pa intaneti, kucheza pa intaneti, komanso kucheza nawo pa intaneti, pomwe POG idangogwirizana ndi masewera a pa intaneti. Kutengera ndi zomwe tapeza, POG ikuwoneka ngati njira yosiyana ndi PIU, chifukwa chake datayo imalimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti Internet Addiction Disorder ndi Internet Gaming Disorder ndi mabungwe osiyana a nosological.

Introduction

Chodabwitsa cha kusuta kwa intaneti (IA) idafotokozedwa koyamba m'mapepala angapo ndi onse a Little, ndi Griffiths., Mutuwo udalandira chidwi chambiri nthawi yomweyo ndipo wakhala malo ofufuzidwa kwambiri omwe amafufuza pafupifupi 70 maphunziro akulu omwe ali ndi zitsanzo zazikulu zaopitilira 1,000. Ngakhale akugwiritsabe ntchito liwu loti "kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti," ofufuza anena za zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zitha kuchitidwa pa intaneti, ndipo amaganiza kuti zochitika zosiyanasiyana pa intaneti zimathandizira IA pamakala osiyanasiyana.

Kugwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti kumasiyana malinga ndi gawo lomwe intaneti imachita. Mwachitsanzo, anthu amati pa zochitika ngati kutchova njuga pa intaneti komanso kugula malonda, intaneti inali njira yokhayo yomwe zochitika zachikhalidwe zakunja kwa intaneti zitha kuchitikira., Komabe, intaneti ndiyofunikira kwambiri pazochita zina pa intaneti monga kusakatula kwa chidziwitso (mwachitsanzo, "Googling"), kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa intaneti, ndipo posachedwa, ochezera pa intaneti., Mwachidule, zinthu zomalizazi zitha kuchitika pa intaneti.

Komabe, pali zochitika zina pomwe intaneti yabweretsa gawo latsopano kuntchito yopanda ntchito pa intaneti. Chimodzi mwa zinthu ngati izi ndi kusewera masewera apakanema. Ngakhale masewera a makanema (komanso masewera a kanema ambiri) adakhalapo kalekale intaneti isanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kulumikizana kwakukulu pa intaneti kenako kunatsegulira magawo atsopano komanso zomwe akumana nazo pamasewera, makamaka pamasewera a Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs). Ma MMOG apano amatha kukhala ndi osewera nthawi imodzi munthawi yomweyo, ndipo asintha mtundu, luso, komanso masewera osiyanasiyana., Izi mwina ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zovuta zamasewera pa intaneti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito masewera osokoneza bongo pa intaneti kukhala malo osiyana kwambiri ndi kafukufuku. Mfundo yoti Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) ya gulu la Internet Use Disorder, idasinthidwa ndikuwonongeka kwa Masewera pa intaneti chikuwonetseranso kufunikira kwa izi.

Ngakhale kuchuluka kochulukirapo kwa maphunziro omwe adachitika m'maderawa, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi ubale wamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (PIU) ndi masewera ovuta pa intaneti (POG). Kuphatikiza pazowonera, ndizofunikanso pamlingo wothandiza komanso wowunikira kuti muwone ngati pakufunika kusiyana pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi. Mwachidule, kodi PIU ndi POG ndi magawo awiri apadera komanso malingaliro ophatikizika omwe akukhudza anthu osiyanasiyana ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kapena ndi ofanana? Makamaka, kodi machitidwe a omwe akukhudzidwa ndi PIU ndi POG ndi ofanana kapena osiyana? Kodi zomwe zikupereka ndizofanana kapena zosiyana?

Kufufuza koyambirira kukuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi zochitika ziwirizi. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale gulu lalikulu kwambiri lakhudzidwa ndi PIU, POG ikuwoneka kuti imakhudza kwambiri anyamata achichepere., Komabe, njira yovuta kwambiri yopezera zambiri mwa maphunziro awa ndikuti adayesa PIU ndi POG mosiyana. Zotsatira zake, cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuyesa kuyanjana komanso kugawanika pakati pa PIU ndi POG pokhudzana ndi kugonana, kukwaniritsa sukulu, nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso / kapena masewera a pa intaneti, moyo wathanzi, ndikukonda kuchita pa intaneti pamasewera oyimira achinyamata m'dziko.

Njira

Zitsanzo ndi machitidwe

Zambiri zinasonkhanitsidwa mu Marichi 2011 ngati gawo la polojekiti yapadziko lonse yotchedwa European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Diction (ESPAD). Ntchitoyi yachitika zaka zilizonse za 4 kuyambira 1995, ndikuwunika machitidwe osuta fodya komanso kumwa mowa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa achinyamata azaka za 16 zaka zambiri zomwe zikukula. Kuphatikiza pa mafunso ovomerezeka, mu 2011, Hungary idawonjezera magawo awiri achidule kuti ayese PIU ndi POG.

Kuti mupeze zitsanzo za achinyamata azaka za 16 azaka zapakati pa Hungary, njira yotsatiridwa yosasinthika yodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi idagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera dera (Central / Western / Eastern Hungary), kalasi (8-10), ndi mtundu wa kalasi (pulayimale wamkulu, digiri yapamwamba, maphunziro apamwamba, ndi makalasi ogwiritsa ntchito). Gawo la zitsanzo zinali kalasiyo, ndipo mafunso amafunsidwa kwa ophunzira aliyense omwe anali pasukulu pa nthawi yopeza deta. Zambiri zimafunikira kulemera chifukwa chosakakamizidwa chifukwa cha kukana kwa 15%. Kuti mufanane ndi kapangidwe ka omwe ali nawo pamwambowu ndi zitsanzo, masanjidwewo anali olemedwa ndi strata ndi njira yotsatsira matrix yomwe idalimbikitsidwa ndi National Education Information System (KIR-STAT) (Elekes Z, 2012, data yosasindikizidwa).

Mafunso okhudzana ndi PIU ndi POG adangoperekedwa ku mtundu woyimira dziko lonse wa 9th-10th graders in general general and secondary vocational sukulu (N= 5,045). Pambuyo pochotsa milandu yomwe mayankho ku mafunso a PIU ndi POG sanasoweke kwathunthu, zitsanzo zomaliza zinali za achinyamata a 4,875.

Njira

Ma sociodemographics oyambira (mwachitsanzo, kugonana ndi zaka) limodzi ndi magwiridwe antchito kusukulu (owerengera pafupifupi), komanso zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso masewera apa intaneti adasonkhanitsidwa. Mayankho okhudzana ndi nthawi yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso nthawi yomwe mumasewera pa intaneti tsiku lililonse anali ndi mafunso osankha amodzi (<ola limodzi, maola 1-1, maola 2-3, maola 4-5, maola 6-7,> 8 maola). Pofuna kuti zotsatirazi ziwonekere bwino, kuchuluka kwa maguluwo kunachepetsedwa pakuwunikanso ndikuphatikiza magawo awiriwo m'mbali mwake. Zochitika zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti zidalembedwanso. Ophunzira angasankhe pazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi (mwachitsanzo, kufunafuna zambiri pa intaneti, kusewera pa intaneti, kucheza pa intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, kutumiza maimelo, ndi kutsitsa) ndipo atha kutchula zinthu zina ziwiri pa intaneti.

PIU idayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa 6-chinthu cha Pulogalamu Yofunsira Mabuku Ogwiritsa Ntchito Vutoli (PIUQ-6) (Király et al. 2014, cholembedwa chosasindikiza). Kukula koyambirira kunali ndi zinthu za 18 ndi ma subscales atatu: kukhudzidwa, kunyalanyaza, ndi vuto la kuwongolera. Mtundu wofupikawo unasunga kapangidwe kazinthu zitatu zoyesedwa ndi zinthu ziwiri motsatana. Mulingo wa Likert wa 5-point (kuyambira “konse” mpaka “nthawi zonse” pafupifupi ”) unagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa zomwe zaperekedwa zomwe zimawonetsa omwe amafunsidwa. Zambiri zimayambira ku 6 mpaka 30, pomwe pamakweza zambiri zomwe zikuwonetsa PIU yambiri. Chiwerengero cha 15 chidatsimikiziridwa kuti chitha kusiyanitsa pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti omwe ali ovuta. Zida zonsezi zimawonetsa zabwino zama psychometric. Kusintha kwamkati kwa 6-chinthu PIUQ kunali 0.77 pa zitsanzo zomwe zilipo.

POG idayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso amafupizidwe a 12-chinthu Chovuta pa intaneti ya Pafupifupi (POGQ-SF). Chida ichi chimachokera ku 18-product POGQ, muyeso wokhala ndi zinthu zabwino zama psychometric zochokera kuzowonjezera komanso zopatsa mphamvu. Matembenuzidwe onsewa amayeza miyeso isanu ndi umodzi ya masewera ovuta (mwachitsanzo, chidwi, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kumizidwa, kudzipatula, kusagwirizana pakati, ndi kusiya) pogwiritsa ntchito sikani ya 5-point Likert. Zambiri zimayambira ku 12 mpaka 60, zomwe ndi zambiri zomwe zikuwonetsa POG yambiri. Chiwonetsero chodula cha 32 adalimbikitsidwa kuti azisiyanitsa pakati pa ochita masewera apa intaneti omwe ali ovuta. Kusasinthasintha kwamkati kwa 12-chinthu POGQ kunali 0.93 pa zitsanzo zomwe zilipo.

Makhalidwe azachuma monga kupsinjika kwa mawonekedwe (mawonekedwe afupipafupi [6-chinthu] Center of Epidemiological Study Depression-Scale [CES-D]]) ndi kudzidalira (Mulingo wa Kudzidalira kwa Rosenberg [RSES]) adayesedwanso. Fomu C--D ndi chida cholinganizika kuti chiziwonetsa kuchuluka kwa chizindikiro pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 4-point Likert (kuchokera "kawirikawiri kapena ayi" mpaka "nthawi yayitali"). Zambiri zimayambira ku 4 mpaka 24, zomwe zili ndi maulalo apamwamba omwe akuwonetsa kukhumudwa kwakukulu. Kusasinthika kwamkati kunali 0.82 pazomwe zilipo. RSES imawunika kudziona kuti ndiwe wofunika komanso kudzikomera, polingalira kudzinyadira padziko lonse lapansi. Ili ndi zinthu za 10 (zinthu zisanu zosinthidwa) ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito sikani ya 4-point Likert (kuchokera "ndikuvomereza mwamphamvu" mpaka "ndikutsutsa mwamphamvu"). Zambiri zimayambira ku 10 mpaka 40, pomwe pamakhala zotsika zambiri zomwe zikuwonetsa kudzikhulupirira kwambiri. Kusasinthika kwamkati kunali 0.86 pazomwe zilipo.

Kusanthula kusanthula

Kusanthula kofotokozera kunachitidwa ndi IBM SPSS Statistics ya Windows, v20.0. Kuti muyese kuyanjana pakati pa ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti masiku onse ndi masewera apakati pa intaneti (amayeza ngati mitundu), komanso kuyanjana pakati pa PIU ndi POG, matebulo awiri apangozi adapangidwa. Kuti muwunike mabungwe awiri a nosological omwe amafunsidwa ndi mabuku aposachedwa a malingaliro (mwachitsanzo, PIU ndi POG), kuyanjana kwa PIU ndi POG kuyerekezedwa ndi mitundu yosinthika yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito kusanthula kofananirana kosiyanasiyana pakati pa masanjidwe oyeserera (SEM) mu MPLUS v6.0. Makulidwe angapo osinthika amatha kuyerekeza kuyanjana pakati pazosintha chimodzi ndikupitilira kuposa chimodzi cholosera. Kuphatikiza apo, mu mtundu uwu wa kusanthula, ma coefficients onse amayerekezedwa ndikuwongolera zosinthika zina zonse zautunduwo. Chifukwa cha kupatuka pakugawa kwabwinobwino, kuwerengetsa kwakukulu koyenera ndikuyerekeza zolakwika zolondola kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusanthula konse kunachitika pa anthu olemedwa. Zosowa mu Mplus zidawathandizidwa ndi njira yonse yotsatirika.

Results

Ziwerengero zofotokozera

Kutanthauza zaka za chitsanzo (N= 4,875) anali zaka 16.4 (SD= 0.87), ndi 50% anali amuna. Ophunzira asanu ndi mmodzi okha (0.1%) ndi omwe sananene kuti sagwiritsa ntchito intaneti m'mwezi watha kusonkhanitsa deta. Ambiri mwa ophunzira omwe adagwiritsa ntchito intaneti atha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: (a) iwo omwe sanasewerepo intaneti (n= 709, 14.5%), (b) iwo omwe adasewera m'mwezi watha kutola deta (n= 2,073, 42.5%), ndi (c) iwo omwe adasewera pa intaneti koma osati mwezi watha kutola deta (n= 1,799, 36.9%). Kusanthula konse kunachitika pa gawo lachiwiri lomwe limakhala ndi osewera pakalipano kuti athe kupanga fanizo pakati pa PIU ndi POG. Zaka zankhondo zomwe pulogalamu yamasewera yapamwambayi inali yofanana ndi yonse. Komabe, magawidwe ogonana anali osiyana: magawo awiri (atatu) a 69.1% a opanga masewera tsopano anali amuna poyerekeza ndi theka (50.4%) ya zitsanzo zonse.

Nthawi yomwe ndagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndikuchita masewera a pa intaneti

Kuti muwone kuyanjana pakati pa ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti tsiku lililonse ndi masewera apakati pa intaneti, patebulo ladzidzidzi linapangidwa (onani Gulu 1). Zowonetsa zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapakati pa intaneti komwe kumagawidwa nthawi zonse moyenera pakati pa magawo atatuwo, masewera a pa intaneti adachepa kwambiri pomwe magawo a nthawi amawonjezeka. Tebulo limawonetsanso kuti ngakhale masewera a pa intaneti akuphatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zotsutsana sizowona. Mwakutero, iwo omwe amawononga nthawi yayitali kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti samataya nthawi yayitali akuchita masewera a pa intaneti.

Gulu 1. 

Gome Lodzidzimutsa Likuwonetsa Chiwerengero Cha Anthu PaintanetiN= Achinyamata a 2,057)

Ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ovuta ndi osewera ovuta pa intaneti

Kuti mudziwe kukula kwa PIU ndi POG komanso kudutsa pakati pa awiriwo, tebulo lina ladzidzidzi linapangidwa lomwe lili ndi magulu anayi osiyanasiyana: (a) osagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ovuta, kapena osewera ovuta pa intaneti (80.2%), (b) ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ovuta koma osati ovuta pa intaneti (8.8%), (c) ochita masewera apa intaneti koma osati ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (4.3%), ndi (d) onse ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ovuta komanso osewera ovuta pa intaneti (6.7%) (onani Gulu 2).

Gulu 2. 

Tebulo Yadzidzidzi Ikuwonetsa Kuphatikiza Pakati pa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mavuto paintaneti ndi Masewera Ovuta paintaneti (N= Achinyamata a 1,923)

Multivariate angapo regression

Makina ophatikizira amitundu yosinthira amaphunziridwa Gulu 3. Kuti mufananitse kuyanjana kwa PIU ndi POG ndi mitundu yolosera yolosera, kusakanikirana kofananirana kunachitika (onani Chith. 1). Zotsatira zawonetsa mayanjano amitundu ina yolosera zotsatizanatsatizana ndi zosiyana ziwiri zotsatila. Kukhala wamwamuna kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zonse ziwiri. Komabe, kuyanjana kunali kolimba kwa POG (β = −0.29, p<0.001) kuposa PIU (β = -0.07, p<0.01). Maola opitilira 5 ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti tsiku lililonse anali ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu ndi PIU (β = 0.20, p<0.001) kuposa POG (β = 0.07, p<0.01), pomwe ndimasewera pa intaneti kwa maola opitilira 5 patsiku wamba ndinali kulumikizana kwambiri ndi POG (β = 0.20, p<0.001) kuposa PIU (β = 0.07, p<0.01). Kudzidalira kunali ndi gawo lotsika kwambiri pazinthu zonse ziwiri (β = -0.08, p<0.01 ya PIU; = −0.09, p<0.01 ya POG), pomwe zipsinjo zowonetsa zikuwonetsa kuyanjana pang'ono ndi PIU (β = 0.29, p<0.001 motsutsana β = 0.22, p<0.001). Kuphatikiza apo, magwiridwe antchito pasukulu yoyesedwa ndi magiredi apakati anali ndi zotsatirapo zotsika kwambiri pamavuto onse awiri pa intaneti (β = 0.05, p<0.05 ya PIU; = 0.07, p<0.01 ya POG). Pokhudzana ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zapaintaneti zomwe zidaperekedwa kuti ziwerengedwe ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zitatu zomwe amakonda kwambiri pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, kufunafuna zambiri, kusewera masewera apa intaneti, kucheza, kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, kutumiza maimelo, ndi kutsitsa), kungosewera masewera apakompyuta adalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi POG (β = 0.20, p<0.001), pomwe anali kusewera masewera a pa intaneti, kucheza pa intaneti, komanso malo ochezera a pa Intaneti onse anali ogwirizana ndi PIU, ngakhale kukula kwake kunalibe tanthauzo (β = 0.09, p<0.01; β= 0.06, p<0.01; ndipo β= 0.05, p<0.05, motsatana).

CHITH. 1. 

Multivariate angapo regression model yamavuto ovuta pa intaneti (POG) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Internet kwa pathological (PIU). Zindikirani: Zovuta zolakwika pakati pazomwe zimayeneratu sizikuwonetsedwa chifukwa chomveka. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p ...
Gulu 3. 

Correlation Matrix Yophatikiza Zonse Zosintha Phunziro

Kukambirana

Kafukufukuyu akufuna kuwunika ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa PIU ndi POG pazitsanzo zoyimira achinyamata. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kunali kofala pakati pa achinyamata, masewera a pa intaneti anali ndi gulu laling'ono kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, masewera "ovuta" (mwachitsanzo, omwe amasewera pa intaneti kwa maola 7 patsiku) anali osowa kwambiri kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwa nthawi yayitali (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti> maola 7 patsiku). Kutengera izi, sizosadabwitsa kuti achinyamata ambiri amakwaniritsa zofunikira za PIU kuposa POG, pomwe gulu laling'ono la achinyamata limawonetsa zizindikilo zamavuto onse awiriwa. Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndi zolemba zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri kuposa masewera a pa intaneti, ndi PIU yapamwamba kuposa POG pama zitsanzo a achinyamata.

Multivariate angapo regression modzionetseranso kusiyana pakati pamakhalidwe awiri apawebusayiti. Kusiyana kodziwika kwambiri kunali kokhudza kugonana komanso nthawi yomwe amawononga zochitika ziwirizi. Ngakhale onse PIU ndi POG adalumikizidwa kuti ndi wamwamuna, kukula kwake kunali kwakukulu kwambiri POG. Kuyanjana kwa PIU ndi nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kunali kolimba kuposa mgwirizano wake ndi kusewera masewera a pa intaneti, pomwe kuyanjana ndi POG ndi nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti kunali kolimba kuposa mgwirizano wake ndi nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Kusiyanaku kukuwonekeranso ndi zokonda zosiyanasiyana pa intaneti. Pomwe masewera a pa intaneti anali okhawo ochitika pa intaneti omwe amatchulidwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimachitika pa intaneti pa POG, PIU idalumikizidwa ndi masewera a pa intaneti, kucheza pa intaneti, komanso malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Komabe, kukula kochepera kwambiri pa malo ochezera a pa PIU kunali kodabwitsa. Kutanthauzira kwina kungakhale kuti kutchuka kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ku Hungary kunayamba kukula kutengera nthawi yomwe deta iyi inkasonkhanitsidwa. Kuchulukitsa kwaposachedwa kokhala umwini wa mafoni anzeru titha kusintha zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufuku yemwe akubwera wa ESPAD pokhudzana ndi zochitika monga malo ochezera a pa Intaneti.

Chochititsa chidwi, kudziona wotsika kunali ndi zotsika zazing'ono pamikhalidwe yovuta pa intaneti. Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale koma zimatsutsana ndi maphunziro ena.,, Komabe, zisonyezo zokhumudwitsa zimalumikizidwa ndi PIU ndi POG, zimakhudza PIU pang'ono. Izi zikuthandizanso kwambiri m'mabuku akale.

Ngakhale pali mphamvu zambiri za phunziroli, kuphatikizapo kukula kwa zitsanzo zazikulu, kuyimira kwa dziko mwachitsanzo, komanso mphamvu zama psychometric pazida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa POG ndi PIU, pali malire pazidziwitso zomwe zapezeka. Zambiri zidadziwikitsa zonse, motero, zimakonda kusankhana mitundu (mwachitsanzo, kufunikira kwa anthu, kukumbukira kukumbukira kukumbukira). Kuphatikiza apo, onse omwe atenga nawo mbali anali achinyamata aku Hungary ndipo zotsatira zake mwina sizingafanane ndi achinyamata ochokera kumaiko ena kapena zitsanzo za akulu. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zomwe anasonkhanazo zinasonkhanitsidwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti asanachitike, ndipo ngati akubwereza tsopano, kafukufukuyu atha kubweretsa zotsatira zosiyana. Phunziroli liyenera kukhala loti limasuliridwe pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata omwe ali m'maiko osiyanasiyana.

Kutengera ndi zomwe apeza phunziroli, POG ikuwoneka ngati njira yosiyana ndi PIU. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti mitundu iwiri yamavuto azovuta pa intaneti amawoneka kuti ndi osiyanasiyana ndipo amagwirizana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa. Zomwezo zimathandizira lingaliro lakuti Internet Addiction Disorder ndi Internet Masewera Osokoneza ndi magawo osiyana a nosological. Chifukwa chake, kutsegula POG yokha ngati vuto m'magulu apano azomwe angayambitse kusazindikira zinthu zina zomwe zingakhale zosokoneza pa intaneti monga malo ochezera pa intaneti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta kwambiri.

Kuvomereza

Ntchitoyi idathandizidwa ndi Hungary Science Science Research Fund (manambala opereka: K83884, K111938, ndi K81353). Gyöngyi Kökönyei ndi Zsolt Demetrovics amavomereza kuthandizira kwachuma kwa János Bolyai Research Fsoci yoperekedwa ndi Hungary Academy of Sciences.

Chidziwitso cha Mlembi Wolemba

Palibe zopikisana zachuma zomwe zilipo.

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