Kudzivulaza komanso kusonkhana ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti komanso kugulitsidwa kwa intaneti kuganiza za kudzipha achinyamata. (2016)

Kudzivulaza (SH) ndi liwu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza zochita zonse zodzipweteka zokha kapena kudzivulaza m'maiko ambiri ku Europe, posasamala za kukhalapo kwa cholinga chofuna kudzipha. Izi ndizofunikira kuzimvetsetsa chifukwa kubwereza kwa SH kumachitika pafupipafupi komanso kudziyimira pawokha podzipha, ngakhale zochita zambiri za SH muunyamata zimayamba ndi malingaliro osaganizira.¹ Kafukufuku wa Longitudinal wotsatira pa SH mu achinyamata adapeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zochitika za SH amakhala ndi ziwengo zinayi zakufa pambiri poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka koyembekezeredwa (kudzipha ndiko chifukwa chachikulu cha chiwopsezo chotere),² ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha kukhala ndi matenda amisala mu ukalamba.³

Zomwe zimayipa za SH mu achinyamata zimapangidwa modabwitsa ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayenderana. Kuunika mwadongosolo kwa zinthu zomwe zikuwopsa kwa achinyamata a SH zikuwonetsa kuti achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la nonfatal SH ali ndi zofanana ndi za achinyamata omwe adadzipha.⁴ Zina mwazomwe zadziwika, kudziwonetsa kudzipha (mwina kusaka kwa kudzipha / kuipitsa kwa chikhalidwe chofuna kudzipha kapena kutengera kwina) kumaonedwa kuti ndi kwamphamvu kwambiri pa achinyamata kuposa akulu.^{5, 6} Kuwonetsedwa panjira zosadzipha zomwe zimachitika m'mabanja ndi abwenzi zimapezeka kuti zimalosera za SH kwa achinyamata.⁷ Komabe, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi ubale womwe ulipo pakati pokhudzana ndi malingaliro ofuna kudzipha ochokera kwa ena, makamaka pamakhalidwe apadera omwe adapangidwa ndi intaneti, komanso zikhalidwe zodzivulaza za achinyamata pagulu.

Kuledzera pa intaneti kumadziwika kuti ndi njira yolakwika yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti yomwe imatsogolera kuwonongeka kwakukulu kapena mavuto.⁸ Zimaphatikizanso chidwi ndi zochitika za intaneti, kulephera kwakanthawi kochepa kukana kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kulolera, kusiya, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwanthawi yayitali kuposa momwe mumafunira, kulakalaka kosalekeza komanso / kapena kuyesa kudula kapena kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti , kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri pa intaneti ndikuchoka pa intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molimbika kuchitira zinthu zofunikira pa intaneti, ndikupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molimbika ngakhale kuti kumakhala ndi zovuta kapena zovuta zakuthupi kapena zamaganizidwe zomwe mwina zidayambitsidwa kapena kuchulukitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.⁹ Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu apeza kuti achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo la intaneti amakhala ndi chidwi chambiri chazomwe amachititsa kuti asakhale ndi vuto lochita zinthu zina, kukhala wokhumudwa, komanso kudana, komanso ngozi yowonjezereka yochita zinthu zankhanza.^{10, 11} Komabe, zochepa zomwe zimadziwika ndizokhudza mgwirizano pakati pa omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti ndi SH mu achinyamata. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka wowunika unansiwu ndi magwiritsidwe omwe amafunikira kuti azindikire ndikuyang'anira SH mu achinyamata.

Phunziroli, cholinga chathu chinali kuyang'ana ubale wa SH mu achinyamata kuti apeze intaneti kuti awone zakukhosi kwa ena. Tinayesanso kufotokoza za mgwirizano wamakampani omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti pa SH mu achinyamata, mwa kuwongolera zovuta za kukhumudwa, kudzipha komweko, kuwonetsa malingaliro oyenera ofuna kudzipha, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zinthu zina zapabanja, kuzindikira kuthandiza, komanso kudzidalira.^{4, 12} Kwa iwo omwe adadzivulaza, tidayang'ananso kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa machitidwe ndi cholinga chofuna kudzipha, komanso ngati njira za SH zomwe zimafufuzidwa pa intaneti zikusiyana pakati pa achinyamata ochita intaneti komanso osavomerezeka. Makhalidwe azomwe zimakhudzana ndi SH adasanthulidwa poyang'ana kukhudzidwa kwa intaneti ndi malingaliro ofuna kudzipha.

Phunziroli linali kafukufuku wapaulendo womwe unachitika mu Taipei City ndi Taipei County kuyambira Okutobala 2008 mpaka Januwale 2009. Panali masukulu apamwamba a 13 omwe anali ndi masukulu apamwamba (8 m'tauni, 3 mtawuni, ndi 2 masukulu akumidzi malinga ndi Bukhu la Taiwan-Fukien Demographic Fact Book¹³). Masukulu onse omwe anali ndi mbali anali ndi zida zamakalasi ophunzirira, zomwe ophunzirawa adazigwiritsa ntchito pakudziyimitsa okha pazofunsa mafunso pa intaneti.

Ntchitoyo idachitidwa ndi wothandizira wofufuza, osagwira nawo ntchito ophunzira, kuti apewe kukakamizidwa. Wofufuzayo adalongosola mosamala zolinga ndi njira za kafukufukuyu, adatsimikiza zazinsinsi, ndikupeza zomwe ophunzira adalemba. Kalata idaperekedwa kwa makolo kupempha chilolezo ndipo mayankho awo adalembedwa ndi ophunzira omwe atenga nawo mbali. Kuvomerezeka kwamaphunziro awa kunapezeka kuchokera ku Institutional Review Board of MacKay Memorial Hospital asanalembedwe ntchito.

Izi zidaphatikizapo maphunziro (onse anali mgiredi yoyamba pasukulu yasekondale mu kafukufukuyu), zaka, jenda, chipembedzo, mavuto azachuma pabanja omwe adadziwika pofunsa kuti “Kodi ndizovuta kuti banja lanu likhale ndi zosowa zofunikira (monga chakudya, zovala, pogona , ndi zina?) ”, anthu omwe amakhala nawo (" Kodi mukukhala ndi makolo anu onse obadwa? "), Ndi mgwirizano wamabanja (" Mukuganiza kuti pali kusamvana kwakukulu m'mabanja am'banja mwanu? ").

Zambiri zidatoleredwa, pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso wamba, pamaso pa malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, ndi machitidwe a SH mchaka chatha, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa zomwe SH, ngakhale atafunsira tsamba lililonse la intaneti za njira za SH, ngati cholinga chodzipha chinalipo anayesera kudzivulaza ("Nthawi iliyonse mwa izi munkafunadi kudzipha?"), komanso ngati anali atadziwitsapo za ena ofuna kudzipha mdziko lenileni ("Kodi pali wina amene mumamudziwa amene adanenapo kapena adakambirana za Kudzipha okha ndi iwe? ”) komanso pa intaneti (" Kodi mudakhalapo pomwe munthu yemwe mwakumana naye pa intaneti yekha adakambirana zakudzipha yekha ndi inu? ") Chaka chatha. Mafunso onse adapangidwa molingana ndi chidwi chathu chofufuza, ndikutsimikizika kudzera pagulu lomwe likuwunika.

26-item Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kukhalapo kwa vuto la intaneti ndipo idayesedwa pamiyeso ya Likert yokhala ndi mfundo zinayi, yomwe ili ndi chiwerengero chonse kuyambira 26 mpaka 104. Makhalidwe a psychometric a sikeloyo adayesedwa ndipo kudalirika kwamkati kuchokera ku 0.79 mpaka 0.93.¹⁴ Kutengera ndi Kudziwitsa Zoyenera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zomwe Zingachitike Pakompyuta pa Achinyamata,⁹ achinyamata omwe amalemba 64 kapena kupitilira pa CIAS adapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto la intaneti. Kuzindikira koyesera kunali 87.6%.¹⁵

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) ndi mndandanda wazinthu zisanu ndi zinayi zomwe zimayambira pa Diagnostic ndi Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder — Njira Yachinayi (DSM-IV) yodziwitsa kupsinjika, kuwunika kuzama, ndikuwunika mayankho azithandizo.¹⁶ Mtundu waku China wa PHQ-9 unali ndi kusasinthasintha kwamkati (alpha = 0.84) komanso kudalirika koyesereranso kuyeserera (ICC = 0.80) mwa achinyamata.¹⁷ Pogwiritsa ntchito Kiddie-schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (Epidemiological Version) monga muyezo woyeserera, mphotho ya PHQ-9 ≥ 15 inali ndi kuzindikira kwa 0.72 komanso kudziwika kwa 0.95 pozindikira kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa achinyamata.¹⁷

Multi-Dimensional Support Scale (MDSS) ndi njira yankhani ya kupezeka kwanu ndi zokwanira zothandizidwa ndi anthu kuchokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana.¹⁸ Itha kukhala yofananira ndi zosowa zapadera za kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana. Apa tidagawaniza thandizo la achinyamata m'magulu anayi (mwachitsanzo, makolo, mabanja ena, abwenzi, ndi aphunzitsi). Mtundu waku China wamlingo uwu sunapezeke panthawi yamaphunziro iyi; idamasuliridwa mu Chitchaina ndi wolemba, ndikutanthauzira kodziyimira payokha ndi wamankhwala wazambiri. Maphunziro apamwamba pa MDSS akuwonetsa kuthandizidwa kwachikhalidwe

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) ndichida chodzidziwitsa nokha cha 10 chomwe chimayeza kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse lapansi.¹⁹ Kutsimikizika ndi kudalirika kwa mtundu wa China wa RSES kwakhazikitsidwa ku anthu aku Taiwan.²⁰ Kulemba kwakukulu pa RSES kumawonetsa kudzikhulupirira kwambiri.

Mowa Dziwitsani Kuyeserera Kuzindikira Kuyeserera (AUDIT-C) kuli ndi zinthu zitatu zoyambirira za AUDIT zodziwitsira kumwa kowopsa.^{21, 22} Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mtundu wa Chitchaina wamtunduwu waposachedwa kwatha.²³ Chiwerengero cha AUDIT-C ≥ 4 chinali ndi chidwi cha 0.90 komanso kudziwika kwa 0.92 pozindikira kumwa moopsa.²³

Tidalemba ana a 3994 chaka choyamba cha ana asukulu yasekondale m'masukulu omwe adayandikira. Ophunzira okwana 2479 adapereka chilolezo chodziwitsa okha ndi cha makolo awo ndikumaliza kufunsa mafunso (kuchuluka kwa mayankho = 62.1%). Zaka zawo zenizeni zinali zaka 15.44 (zaka 14-19 zaka; kupatuka kofanana ndi 0.61); ambiri anali akazi (n = 1494; 60.3%) ndipo osapembedza (n = 1344, 54.2%). Kuchuluka kwa SH mchaka chatha chinali 10.1% (n = 250). Mwa omwe atenga nawo mbali, 17.1% anali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti (n = 425) ndipo 3.3% anali atadziwitsidwa zakudzipha pa intaneti (n = 82) mchaka chatha.

Makhalidwe a omwe ali ndi SH kapena opanda SH akufotokozedway Gulu 1. Zaka sizinali zofunikira kwenikweni, chifukwa ophunzira okha mchaka choyamba cha kusekondale ndi omwe adalembedwa. Wophunzira m'modzi yekha ndiye adanenapo zakusagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kotero izi sizingaphatikizidwe pakuwunika. Achinyamata omwe ali ndi SH mchaka chathachi anali othekera kwambiri kukhala achikazi, osakhala pakadali pano ndi makolo awo awiri obadwa, ndikuti anene kupezeka kwa kusagwirizana kwamabanja. Pankhani yofuna kudzipha, ophunzira omwe ali ndi SH amakonda kukhala ndi malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso mapulani awo ofuna kudzipha, komanso kuti adziwitsidwa ndi ena ofuna kudzipha mdziko lenileni komanso pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, anali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi nkhawa komanso mwayi wotsika wothandizidwa ndi anzawo komanso kudzidalira, ndikusuta, kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa, komanso kuzolowera intaneti.

Zotsatira za kusanthula kwamalingaliro okhudzana kopanda phindu zimaperekedwa Gulu 2. Kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chodziwika bwino cha anthu komanso kudzidalira komwe kumayenderana ndi chiopsezo chocheperako cha SH kwa achinyamata. Zinthu ziwiri izi zidadziwika kuti ndizoteteza; Tidawaika pamapeto pa kusanthula kwamphamvu kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthuGulu 3). Monga momwe taonera Gulu 3, chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso malingaliro ofuna kudzipha pa intaneti onse anali okhudzana kwambiri ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha SH, atatha kuwongolera jenda, zochitika zapabanja, kuwonetsa malingaliro ofuna kudzipha m'moyo weniweni, zina mwazokha, komanso kudzipha komweko (Zitsanzo za I -IV). Kusintha kwa mulingo wothandizidwa pagulu, mitundu yonse iwiri idakhalabe pachiwopsezo cha SH (Model V). Komabe, kuyanjana pakati pa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi SH kudafooka ndikukhala kopanda tanthauzo pambuyo poti asinthe kuchuluka kwa kudzidalira (Model VI), pomwe intaneti ili ndi malingaliro ofuna kudzipha idakhalabe yokhudzana kwambiri ndi chiwopsezo cha SH mwa achinyamata (zovuta = 1.96; Nthawi yokhulupirira 95%: 1.06-3.64).

Tikayerekezera magulu ena pakati pa omwe ali ndi SH kuti awone mawonekedwe a SH okhudzana ndi zomwe takumana nazo pa intaneti, tinapeza kuti ophunzira omwe amafunsidwa kuti adzipha anali pachiwopsezo chambiri kuchita zochitika zambiri za SH ndipo ali ndi cholinga chodzipha panthawi ya SH (Gulu 4). Poyerekeza ndi anzawo, ophunzira omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti adatha kukhala ndi cholinga chodzipha ndipo adafunsitsa malo atsamba pa intaneti za njira (Gulu 4).

Uwu ndi umodzi mwamaphunziro oyamba omwe achinyamata amachita kuti afufuze mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa anthu ena, ndi SH. Zotsatira zinawulula kuti kukhudzana ndi malingaliro ofuna kudzipha ena kumawonjezera mwayi wamakhalidwe a SH ndipo ngakhale kuwonekera nkhope pamaso pa intaneti kumatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha SH.

Kukula kwa 10.1% ya SH pakati pa achinyamata aku Taiwan opezeka mkati mwa chaka chathachi kumagwirizana ndi malipoti am'mbuyomu a kuchuluka kwa mwezi wa 12 wa SH mu achinyamata (3.2-9.5%).²⁴ Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti pa kuphunzira kwathu kunali 17.1%, komwe kumapangidwanso ndi kuchuluka komwe kunanenedwapo kwa 18.8% kumwera kwa Taiwan.¹¹ Mwa achinyamata omwe adafufuzidwa, 3.3% idawonetsedwa ndi malingaliro ofuna kudzipha pa intaneti chaka chatha. Chifukwa chosowa kafukufuku wofanana ndi gulu, sitingafanane ndi zotsatira zathu. Komabe, kuchuluka kwathu pakuphunzira kwathu kukuwonetsa kuti kuwonekera kumeneku sikwachilendo pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti achinyamata. Popeza kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, chiwerengero chenicheni cha achinyamata omwe ali pachiwopsezochi ndi chachikulu. Zochita pa intaneti zimapatsa achinyamata mwayi wokhala ochezera omwe saumidwe ndi malire achikhalidwe kapena kuwunikidwa ndi akuluakulu, motero amalimbikitsa kutengapo gawo.²⁵ Kuchita pa intaneti kungapereke chithandizo chofunikira kwa achinyamata omwe akutalikirana, komanso atha kusintha komanso kulimbikitsa machitidwe a SH.²⁶

Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adasanthula gawo la machitidwe azikhalidwe pofalitsa kudzipha kudzera mwa anzawo. Adanenanso kuti zomwe anthu omwe siabanja amakhala nazo pakudzipha zitha kukhala zazikulu monga zomwe mabanja amapeza.⁷ Pakafukufuku wathu, tidatsimikizira zotsatira zawo ndipo tidapeza kuti ngakhale kudziwitsidwa ndi ena zakudzipha kungakulitse chiopsezo cha machitidwe a SH mwa achinyamata. Pambuyo pakuwongolera pazinthu zingapo, mwayi wa SH mwa iwo omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofuna kudzipha kuchokera kwa ena m'moyo weniweni, komanso pa intaneti, adakulitsidwa kamodzi pokhapokha poyerekeza ndi omwe sanawululidwe chaka chatha. Zomwe zimawonekera pangozi zakhala zofunikira pachiwopsezo cha machitidwe a SH achinyamata, osadalira zovuta zomwe zidalipo kale monga kukhumudwa komanso malingaliro awo ofuna kudzipha. Chodabwitsachi cha "kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu" sichimaphunziridwa koma sichipezeka pachiwopsezo chodzivulaza pakati pa achinyamata.²⁷ Kafukufuku wowonjezereka pa izi ndioyenera, makamaka makamaka momwe ngozi izi zingachepe.

Pakufufuza kwathu, tidapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kumalumikizana ndi SH muunyamata pambuyo pakusintha pazinthu zomwe zingakhale zosokoneza, zogwirizana ndi kupeza kolemba koyambirira komwe kunayesa kuyanjana pakati pa kusuta kwa intaneti ndi chikhalidwe chodzivulaza pakati pa achinyamata.²⁸ mpaka kuchuluka kwa kudzidalira kunachepetsa chiyanjano ichi. Adanenedwa kuti pakati pa achinyamata omwe ali ndi chidwi chosowa / kuperewera, kuchuluka kodzinyadira ku RSES kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi zizindikiro zowonjezera pa intaneti.²⁹ Ngakhale kuyanjana kumeneku ndikulinso pakati pa achinyamata omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe cha SH, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ubale wofooka pakati pakulimbana ndi intaneti ndi SH, ufunike kufufuza kwina.

Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adazindikira zingapo zingapo zokhudzana ndi SH pa achinyamata.^{30, 31} Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zoyesayesa za kudzipha kwa achinyamata ku Hong Kong ndi USA adawonetsa kuti kukhumudwa, malingaliro apano komanso malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, kutaya chiyembekezo, kuyanjana ndi anthu wamba, komanso kudziwana pakudziyesa komanso othandizira zinali zangozi za kuyesera kudzipha m'zikhalidwe zonsezi.³² Phunziro lathu, mawonekedwe aumwini (mwachitsanzo, kukhumudwa, kupezeka kwa malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, kudzidalira, kusuta fodya komanso kumwa mowa woopsa) zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi SH. Thandizo lazachikhalidwe lidateteza ku khalidwe la achinyamata la SH, ndikufanizira zomwe zapezedwa kale.^{33, 34} Kukula kwa mawonekedwe ena am'banja, monga osakhala ndi makolo awiri obadwira komanso kusagwirizana m'mabanja, kunazimiririka atatha kulamulirana pazinthu zathu komanso zochitika zina pachitsanzo chathu. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti kwa achinyamata, kuwoneka ngati thandizo lochokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana kungabwezeretse mavuto omwe mabanja adakumana nawo. Zomwe tapezazi zimatikumbutsanso zakufunika kwa njira zophunzitsira zosiyanasiyana tikamacheza ndi wachinyamata yemwe akuchita SH.

Tikawunikidwa kuti tiwunike momwe ophunzira amaphunzirira malingaliro awo ofuna kudzipha pa intaneti mkati mwa SH subsample, kuwunika kwathu kunapeza kuti amakonda kuchita SH ndipo amafuna kufa. Popeza uku kudali kafukufuku wofufuza, sitinathe kudziwa ubale wapakati pazowonekera, kuchuluka kwa zochita za SH, ndi cholinga chawo chodzipha. Achinyamata atha kukhala akulimbikitsa kapena kulimbikitsa malingaliro awo ofuna kudzipha poulula za ena ofuna kudzipha, ndikupanga machitidwe awo a SH. Kuphatikiza apo, achinyamata atha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti m'njira zosiyana ndi anthu ena onse pokhudzana ndi kudzipha. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adayeza zochita za injini zakusaka pa intaneti za Google pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kudzipha ndipo zimalumikizidwa ndi kudzipha komanso kudzivulaza mwadala. Adapeza kuti pomwe kusaka pa intaneti kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kudzipha mwa anthu wamba, kumalumikizidwa bwino ndikudzivulaza mwadala komanso kudzipha pakati pa achinyamata.³⁵ Phunziro lathu, achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti amakonda kuyang'ana pa intaneti za njira zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito SH. Kupezeka kwa chida ichi mbali imodzi kumatha kupatsa mwayi wopeza munthu zambiri, komabe, kungathandizenso kukhazikitsa kudzipha ndi achinyamata omwe ali pachiwopsezo.³⁶ Chisamaliro chapadera chikuyenera kulipira njira achinyamata, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi. Kugwiritsira ntchito malangizo azama TV popewa kudzipha kumafunidwa kwa mawebusayiti, monganso malo omwe angadzipulumutse okha kwa anthu omwe amafuna kudzipha omwe amayang'ana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito achinyamata.³⁶

Zina zomwe sitimaphunzirira tiyenera kuziganizira. Umboni woperekedwa ndi kafukufuku wopanga gawo silokwanira kujambula kunyengerera konse. Muyezo wathu unkakhazikitsidwa podzidziwitsa, chifukwa chake pamakhala lipoti. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo zimangodalira funso limodzi lomaliza mmalo mwa mafunso okhazikika. Zotsatira zake, kusinthaku sikungaphatikizidwe pakuwunika kuti kusinthidwe. Ngakhale panali zoperewera, kuphunzira kwathu kunali koyamba kuwunika mayanjano pakati pa kukhudzana ndi malingaliro oyenera ofuna kudzipha ndi SH pamudzi; tinatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndikuwonetsa intaneti malingaliro ofuna kudzipha omwe amalumikizidwa ndi SH mu achinyamata; ndipo monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zomwe tapeza zikugwirizana ndi maphunziro angapo am'mbuyomu.