Zochitika (co-) za masewero a masewera ovuta, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, ndi mavuto a maganizo pa achinyamata (2014)

J Behav Addict. 2014 Sep;3(3):157-65. doi: 10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.013.

VAN Rooij AJ1, Kuss DJ2, Griffiths MD3, Pfupi GW4, Schoenmaker MT1, VAN DE Mheen D5.

Kudalirika

ZOYENERA:

Kafukufuku waposachedwa adafufuza zamitundu yamavuto (yosokoneza) makanema (PVG) ndikuyanjana ndi mtundu wamasewera, thanzi la psychosocial, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

ZITSANZO:

Zambiri adaziphatikiza pogwiritsa ntchito pepala ndi pensulo polemba. Zitsanzo zitatu zomwe adaziunjikira kuti azikwaniritsa achinyamata onse mwapadera a 8478 achinyamata. Makala anali ndi miyeso yogwiritsira ntchito masewera, mtundu wamasewera, Vidiyo ya Masewera a Zosokoneza (VAT), kukhumudwa, kudziona kukhala wosungulumwa, nkhawa, kucheza ndi anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osuta fodya, mowa ndi chikonga (kusuta).

ZOKHUDZA:

Zotsatira zomwe zatsimikizidwa kuti ndizovuta pamasewera ndizofala kwambiri pakati pa osewera achinyamata omwe amasewera pamasewera ambiri pa intaneti. Anyamata (60%) anali othekera kwambiri kusewera pa intaneti kuposa atsikana (14%) ndipo ochita masewera ovuta anali othekera kwambiri kukhala anyamata (5%) kuposa atsikana (1%). Osewera ovuta kwambiri adawonetsa zambiri pamtundu wokhumudwitsa, kusungulumwa, kuda nkhawa, kudziona kuti ndi wopanda pake, komanso kudziwonetsa kuti amachita kusukulu yasekondale. Nicotine, mowa, ndi masisitere ogwiritsa ntchito anyamata anali pafupifupi kuti atchulepo PVG yayikulu kuposa osagwiritsa ntchito.

MAFUNSO:

Zikuwoneka kuti masewera a pa intaneti nthawi zambiri samakhudzana ndimavuto. Komabe, ochita masewera ovuta amawoneka kuti amasewera pa intaneti pafupipafupi, ndipo kagulu kakang'ono ka opanga masewera - makamaka anyamata - adawonetsa magwiridwe antchito m'maganizo komanso m'munsi. Kuphatikiza apo, mayanjano omwe amapezeka ndi mowa, chikonga, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amapezeka. Zikuwoneka kuti masewera ovuta ndi vuto losafunikira pagulu laling'ono la opanga masewera. Zomwe apezazi zikulimbikitsanso kuwunikanso gawo lazogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pamasewera ovuta.

MAFUNSO:

Kusokoneza Masewera pa intaneti; achinyamata; mowa; cannabis; kukhumudwa; kusungulumwa; kudzinyenga kolakwika; masewera a pa intaneti; masewera a kanema ovuta; kusuta; nkhawa zakudziko

Introduction

Masewera ovuta komanso 'masewera osokoneza bongo'

Ngakhale liwu loti 'chizolowezi cha masewera' ndi maimidwe ake monga kukakamiza, kuchuluka, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zovuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse komanso mosinthana (Kuss & Griffiths, 2012b), kuvomerezeka kwamankhwala ndi kufunikira kwa 'masewera osokoneza bongo' atsopano omwe angapangidwe sikunaletsedwe (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). Komabe, kufufuza komwe kukufunikira Kusokonezeka kwa Masewera a pa intaneti idaphatikizidwa ndi Zowonjezera (Gawo 3) la DSM-5 ndicholinga chofuna kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wina pamutuwu (Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013; Petry & O'Brien, 2013). Kuzindikira kumeneku kumanenedwa ngati "[p] kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kuchita masewera ena nthawi zonse pamasewera, nthawi zambiri ndimasewera ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusokonezeka kwakukulu kapena kuvutikira monga zasonyezedwa ndi zisanu (kapena kuposa) mwa [zotsatirazi] mu [ 12-mwezi ”Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 795).

Zambiri zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano 'zimachitika' pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku. Ngakhale zida zosiyanasiyana zilipo, zimakonda kupezeka pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsira ntchito 'vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo' komanso 'vuto la kutchova juga' - chomalizachi ndichokhacho chomwe chimayambitsa matenda osokoneza bongo mu DSM-5 (Griffiths, 2005; Lemmens, Valkenburg & Peter, 2009; Rehbein, Kleimann & Mößle, 2010; van Rooij, Schoenmakers, van den Eijnden, Vermulst & van de Mheen, 2012). Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, maphunziro ochokera ku US, Norway, Germany ndi Netherlands akuwonetsa kuti 'masewera osokoneza bongo' ali ponseponse mu 0.6% mpaka 11.9% ya achinyamata (Wamitundu, 2009; King, Delfabbro & Griffiths, 2012; Mentzoni et al., 2011; Rehbein et al., 2010; van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, van den Eijnden & van de Mheen, 2011). Kuwunika mwachidule kochokera kwa Ferguson et al. akumaliza kuti kuyerekezera kwapafupifupi pafupifupi 3.1% mwina ndizolondola kwambiri (Ferguson, Coulson & Barnett, 2011).

Atafunsidwa za momwe masewerawa amakhalira, gawo lalikulu la osewera limawonetsa kuti akuvutika kuwongolera machitidwe awo. Popeza mavutowa ndi muyeso, sizikudziwika kuti izi zapeza kuti osewera omwe ali ndi vuto lotani (Ferguson et al., 2011) mwa anthu athanzi komanso / kapena zitsanzo zamasewera amatanthauzira kuzipatala zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chokhala osokoneza bongo. Pali chifukwa chochenjera ngati manambala omwe atchulidwa kuchipatala ku Netherlands - ochita masewera a 411 pamankhwala osokoneza bongo (Wisselink, Kuijpers & Mol, 2013) - amasiyana pakati pamalingaliro achichepere achi Dutch omwe akuyerekezera a 1.5% mpaka 2% (Lemmens et al., 2009; van Rooij et al., 2011). Kuzindikira kumakhalabe kovuta pakakhala kugwirizana pang'ono pofufuza njira. Ngakhale malingaliro opanga masikelo atsopano apangidwa (Petry et al., 2014), izi ndizosavomerezeka ndipo zimachokera ku njira zamavoti zamkati. Pakadali pano, njira zovomerezeka sizigwirizana kwathunthu ndi zomwe zikuyimira DSM-5 pano (Mfumu, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar & Griffiths, 2013).

Olembawa amakhala osamala pakugwiritsa ntchito mawu osokoneza bongo pakufufuza zakafukufuku ali aang'ono. Chifukwa chake, timanena za zovuta (kanema) zamasewera (PVG) mu kafukufuku waposachedwa wamafukufuku owerengeka wathanzi. PVG imatanthauzidwa ngati chizolowezi chomachita pakulowerera zomwe zimaphatikizaponso kukumana ndi: (a) Kulephera kuwongolera mayendedwe, (b) kusamvana ndi anthu ena, (c) Kulimbana ndi masewera, (d) kugwiritsa ntchito masewera Zolinga zakuthana / kusinthika kwa machitidwe, ndi (e) Zizindikiro zosiya (van Rooij, 2011; van Rooij et al., 2012). Njira zoyezera izi (onani 'Njira') zimayika PVG mosasintha mosasintha (Helzer, van den Brink & Guth, 2006) ndipo imaphatikizapo magawo akuluakulu a intaneti / masewera osokoneza bongo (Lortie & Guitton, 2013). Kufika paunyamata ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa phunziroli. Ino ndi nthawi yofunikira kwambiri pakukula, gulu la zaka lomwe limatengera luso la masewera (mwachangu), komanso gulu lomwe limatchulidwapo kawiri kawiri (pachipatala) limasimba za masewera (Ponseponse, Juvonen & Gable, 2002; Subrahmanyam, Greenfield, Kraut & Gross, 2001).

Kuyanjana pakati pa masewera a pa intaneti ndi masewera ovuta

PVG nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi masewera osewera pa intaneti (Council on Science and Public Health, 2007; van Rooij, Schoenmakers, van den Eijnden & van de Mheen, 2010). Kafukufuku waku Germany (N = 7761, anyamata okha) adapeza osewera otchulidwa kuti ndi otengera (atatu osasintha) kapena apamwamba kuposa apakati pa masewera awo pakompyuta amadalira KFN-CSAS-II) adathera nthawi yawo yambiri amasewera pa intaneti. Ngakhale izi zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro a DSM-5 a 'masewera a intaneti', kuthekera kwa chizolowezi pamasewera osavuta ndi ena wamba (a smartphone) kumachitika mobisa m'mabuku (Rehbein & Mößle, 2013). Ngakhale njira zomwe zimayambitsa masewera osokoneza bongo sizikudziwika, olemba aganizira za gawo la mphotho, chikhalidwe chamasewera pa intaneti, kutha kwamuyaya (King et al., 2012), ndikukhutitsidwa ndimasewera osiyanasiyana (Kuss, Louws & Wiers, 2012). Malingaliro otsatirawa atha kupangidwa:

  • Hypothesis (1): Ochita masewera a pa intaneti amawaganizira kuti ndi omwe angatengeke kwambiri pamasewera ovuta (osokoneza bongo), poyerekeza ndi omwe amasewera pazoseweretsa komanso masewera wamba.
  • Hypothesis (2): Ochita masewera ovuta amayesedwa kuti amatha nthawi yambiri pamasewera pa intaneti, poyerekeza ndi omwe amasewera pa intaneti komanso masewera wamba.

Zaumoyo ndi zamagetsi

Ofufuzawo adapeza mgwirizano pakati pa miyeso ya PVG ndi zovuta zama psychosocial (mwachitsanzo Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen & Yen, 2005; Ng & Wiemer-Hastings, 2005; Rehbein et al., 2010; van Rooij et al., 2011; Wood, Gupta, Derevensky & Griffiths, 2004). Ntchito zoyipa kusukulu zalumikizananso ndi PVG. Ngakhale maubwenzi apakati pa PVG ndi kuchepa kwa thanzi la m'maganizo akuwonekera, kutanthauzira kwawo kulibe. Olemba ena amati PVG ikhoza kuonedwa ngati chiwonetsero cha vuto lomwe lili ngati kukhumudwa kapena kusungulumwa (mwachitsanzo Wood, 2007). Ndi malingaliro awa, mikhalidwe yokhudzana ndi psychosocial state imasanthulidwa: kukhumudwitsa kwa mtima (Han & Renshaw, 2011; Mentzoni et al., 2011), kusungulumwa (Caplan, Williams & Yee, 2009; van Rooij, opanga Schoen, van den Eijnden, Vermulst & van de Mheen, 2013), nkhawa zamagulu (Cole & Hooley, 2013; Amitundu ndi al., 2011), kudziona kuti ndi wopanda pake (Ko et al., 2005), komanso mndandanda wazodzilemba (Amitundu ndi al., 2011) mwa omwe ali ndi masikelo ambiri PVG ndi omwe ali ndi otsika kwambiri. Kuyang'ana kwambiri zoopsa kumakhala koyenera chifukwa ubale pakati pa masewera ndi zovuta zamavuto ukhoza kusokonekera mwachilengedwe, pomwe zovuta zina zikuwonongeka (Allahverdi-pour, Bazargan, Farhadinasab & Moeini, 2010; van Rooij et al., 2011). Izi ndi izi:

  • Hypothesis (3): Achichepere omwe amasewera pa intaneti adachepetsa thanzi ndi malingaliro poyerekeza ndi omwe samasewera pa intaneti.
  • Hypothesis (4): Opanga masewera ovuta akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa thanzi kawirikawiri kuposa owonetsa masewera osavuta.

Makhalidwe ophatikizika arisris: kumwa, kusuta, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Achinyamata ndi nthawi yoyesera zokhudzana ndi zinthu zonse ziwiri komanso zinthu zomwe zimakhala zoopsa monga njuga (Volberg, Gupta, Griffiths, Olason & Delfabbro, 2010; Winters & Anderson, 2000). PVG imatha kuonedwa ngati chiopsezo momwe ikufalikira ndipo imalumikizidwa ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana (Rehbein et al., 2010; Sublette & Mullan, 2012). Ngati tivomereza kuti anthu ena atha kukhala ndi chibadwa komanso / kapena malingaliro okonzekera kuzolowera / zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito izi zitha kudziwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa PVG komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, zolakwika zofananira zamtunduwu zimaganiziridwa kuti zimakhalapo pakubwera kwa njuga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Goudriaan, Oosterlaan, de Beurs & van den Brink, 2006). Choyamba, kufanana kwa mitsempha yokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kumapezekanso ndi PVG (Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a). Kusokonekera, monga chitsanzo china, kwapezeka kuti ndi chinthu choopsa pamakhalidwe onse ovuta (kuphatikizapo kumwa mowa) mwa achinyamata (Evenden, 1999; Khurana et al., 2013) ndi masewera ovuta (Amitundu ndi al., 2011; Park, Kim, Bang, Yoon & Cho, 2010; van Holst et al., 2012). TNazi zovuta zambiri zofananira za zakumwa zoledzeretsa zosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta zina zamagulu achinyamata (Hawkins, Catalano & Miller, 1992), mwa omwe angapo adawerengera ndikupezeka PVG; mwachitsanzo, mayendedwe kusukulu, mavuto azikhalidwe, mayendedwe, mtundu wa umunthu, komanso mavuto amtsogolo (Kuss & Griffiths, 2012b).

Zachidziwikire kuti owerenga ambiri omwe ali ndi zoopsazi mwina atha kupanga masewera ovuta kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu. Komabe, kusatetezeka kumeneku kungachititse kuti pakhale zochulukirapo, monga tikudziwira kuchokera m'mabuku kuti kupezeka pakati pazokonda zosiyanasiyana ndizofala kwambiri (Sussman, Lisha & Griffiths, 2011). Zotsatira zopezeka zimawonetsa kuti zizolowezi zomwe zimakonda kuchitikira limodzi zimachitika. Izi zimaphatikizapo zitsanzo monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi njuga (Fisoun, Floros, Siomos, Geroukalis & Navridis, 2012; Floros, Siomos, Fisoun & Geroukalis, 2013; Griffiths, 2002; Lee, Han, Kim & Renshaw, 2013; Wood et al., 2004), ndi zovuta zama kompyuta (masewera) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu (Grüsser, Thalemann, Albrecht & Thalemann, 2005) kapena njuga (Wood et al., 2004). Ngakhale ubale pakati pa PVG ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala udawerengedwa kale, zotsatira zake ndizosiyana ndipo zimachokera kumagawo ang'onoang'ono. M'malo mwake, kafukufuku waku Germany sanapeze mayanjano ofunikira (Grüsser et al., 2005). Tiona kwambiri za kupezeka komwe kumachitika mitundu iwiri ya ngozi: kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi PVG.

  • Hypothesis (5): Achinyamata omwe amasewera masewera a pa intaneti amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa psychoactive (nikotini, cannabis, mowa) nthawi zambiri kuposa omwe samasewera pa intaneti.
  • Hypothesis (6): Ogwiritsa ntchito bongo wa achinyamata (nikotini, cannabis, mowa) amatha kukhala ovuta kwambiri kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.

Phunzirani pano

Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso kuchokera ku zitsanzo zazikulu za achinyamata kuti apereke chidziwitso pamasewera ovuta (osokoneza bongo). Udindo wamtundu wamasewera, thanzi la psychosocial, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zidawunikidwa, ndikuyembekeza kuti masewera a pa intaneti, kuchepa kwa ntchito zama psychosocial, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zogwirizana ndi PVG. Poyerekeza ndi ntchito yakale, kafukufuku waposachedwa amathandizira ndikuwonjezera pa ntchito yomwe ilipo pofotokoza deta yayikulu yayikulu pachiyanjano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndi PVG.

Njira

Ophunzira ndi ndondomeko

Phunziroli limaphatikiza zitsanzo za 2009, 2010 ndi 2011 za pachaka cha Dutch Monitor Study 'Internet and Youth'. Kuphunzira kwa mapepala ndi zolembera kumeneku kumagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosankha masukulu kuti achitepo kanthu malinga ndi dera, kutukuka kwa mizinda, komanso maphunziro ku Netherlands. Mu 2009, masukulu khumi omwe adatenga nawo gawo (mafunso a 4909 adagawidwa), masukulu khumi omwe adatenga nawo gawo pa 2010 (4133 yomwe idagawidwa) ndi sukulu za 13 zomwe adachita nawo 2011 (3756). Mitengo yonse yoyankha mayeso anali 83% (n = 4063; 2009), 91% (n = 3745; 2010), ndi 84% (n = 3173; 2011). Kuyankha sikunachitike chifukwa chamakalasi onse amatuluka chifukwa chamakonzedwe amakono. Ndi makalasi awa, kupatula mtundu wa mayankho a kalasi iliyonse anali 93% (2009), 93% (2010), ndi 92% (2011).

Pa kafukufuku wapano omwe anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njirazo anagwirira zaka zitatu; milandu yotalikilidwa mobwerezabwereza idachotsedwa kuti ipeze dawunilodi ndi anthu apadera. Mwachitsanzo ngati munthu adatenganso nawo gawo ku T2, ataphatikizidwa ku T1, nkhaniyi idachotsedwa pamndandanda wophatikizira ku 2010 (ndipo mwina 2011). Kuchepetsa motere, mtundu womaliza wophatikiza uli ndi milandu ya 8,478. (Kuti mumve zambiri za njirayi onani: van Rooij et al., 2010, 2012, 2011).

Njira

Mitundu ya anthu

Zosiyanasiyana za demokalase zinaphatikizidwa ndi kugonana, mulingo wa maphunziro (otsika, mwachitsanzo, maphunziro aukadaulo kapena maphunziro apamwamba, mwachitsanzo, maphunziro asukulu zamaphunziro aku koleji kapena kuyunivesite), komanso chaka chachiwiri cha maphunziro achi Dutch (chaka choyamba, chachiwiri, chachitatu, kapena chachinayi).

Kugwiritsa ntchito masewera

Gwiritsani ntchito ndi maola sabata iliyonse omwe mumasewera pa intaneti, masewera wamba (osatsegula), ndi masewera a pa intaneti. Mitundu itatu yamasewera idasiyanitsidwa: (masewera ambiri) pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, Kuitana kwa Duty, World of Warcraft), masewera wamba (osatsegula) (mwachitsanzo, freebrowsergames.com), ndipo pamapeto pake masewera a pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo Sims 2). Chiwerengero cha maola sabata iliyonse omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera awa adapezeka ndikuchulukitsa kwa mafunso awiri kuyeza masiku sabata iliyonse yamasewera (osatengera [pafupifupi] tsiku lililonse) ndi maola pafupifupi a masewera patsiku lomwe amasewera (osakhala ndi nthawi ya 9 +), mogwirizana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu (van Rooij et al., 2010, 2011). Izi zimayimiridwanso ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanema kapena osagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wamtundu wina. Achinyamata ambiri omwe anafunsidwa adasewera pafupifupi mtundu wina wa masewera (N = 6757, 80%). Kusewera mitundu yambiri yamasewera kunali kofala; 41% ya opanga masewera adasewera mitundu iwiri, pomwe 22% ya opanga masewera adasewera mitundu yonse iwiriyi.

Mayeso a Kanema wa Masewera (VAT). Mulingo wa 14-chinthu VAT (van Rooij et al., 2012) umakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana azikhalidwe zosokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo: kuwongolera kuwongolera, kusamvana, kusamala / kusagona, kusintha / kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro, ndi zizindikiro za kusiya. VAT inawonetsa kudalirika kwakukulu pamampangidwe aposachedwa (a Cronbach's a = 0.93). Zitsanzo za VAT zikuphatikiza: 'Ndi kangati kamene zimakuvuta kusiya masewera?' ndi 'Kodi mumaganizira kangati pamasewera, ngakhale mutakhala kuti mulibe intaneti?' ndi mayankho osankha kuchokera ku 'never' (alama 0), kawirikawiri (1), nthawi zina (2), mpaka 'kawirikawiri' (3) ndi 'pafupipafupi' (4) pamlingo wasanu.

Kulemba kwapakati pazinthu za 14 VAT kumapereka chisonyezero choopsa cha zovuta zovuta pazinthu zonse. Avereji amawerengedwa pomwe pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu a muyeso adatsirizika, koma 99% ya zowerengeka za VAT zimawerengedwa pazaka 13 kapena 14. Pakufufuza kwaposachedwa, cholinga chake chinali kuyesa gulu lomwe linakwera kwambiri pa VAT. Pofuna kusiyanitsa gululi, kuchuluka kwa magawo kumagawika m'magulu awiri. Chiwerengero choyamba chagulu chimachokera ku 'konse' mpaka 'nthawi zina', pomwe mayankho a gulu lachiwiri amachokera ku 'kawirikawiri' kupita 'pafupipafupi'. Gulu lotsirizali ndi gulu lomwe lanena kwambiri za PVG.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Psychoactive / osagwiritsa ntchito

Kumwa mowa, kusuta ndudu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osuta a cannabis kunayambiranso ntchito kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito, monga momwe zikuwonekeranso pakugwiritsa ntchito masabata onse (Lolemba mpaka Lachinayi) kapena masiku a sabata (Lachisanu mpaka Lamlungu) mwezi watha.

Mitundu ya Psychosocial

Njira zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa magawo osiyanasiyana okhalanso ndi thanzi lamaganizidwe, kuyang'ana kwambiri za kudzidalira, kusungulumwa, kuvutika maganizo, komanso kuda nkhawa ndi anthu ena. Choyambirira, Rosenberg's 10-item self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikusinthidwa kotero kuti zambiri zapamwamba zimawonetsa kudzikweza (Cronbach's a = 0.87). Mayankho anaperekedwa pamiyeso inayi. Kachiwiri, UCLA 10-into Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau & Cutrona, 1980) idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayankho asanu oyankha (Cronbach's a = 0.85). Chachitatu, kumasulira kwachi Dutch kwa 6-item Depression Mood List (Engels, Finkenauer, Meeus & Deković, 2001; Kandel & Davies, 1982, 1986) idagwiritsidwa ntchito, yokhala ndi mayankho a 5-point choyesa (Cronbach's a = 0.81). Pomaliza, Revised Social Anxcare Scale for Children (La Greca & Stone, 1993) subscales Social kupewa ndi mavuto (a = 0.85, zinthu za 6) ndi Social kupewa ndi Kusautsika ponseponse (a = 0.81, zinthu za 4) zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi muyeso wa mayankho a 5, kuyambira 'ayi konse (1)' mpaka 'kwambiri (5)'. Matanthauzowa adagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana achi Dutch asanachitike (van Rooij et al., 2013, 2011). Pa miyeso yonse inayi, kuchuluka kwapamwamba kumawonetsa zovuta zambiri zomwe zikunenedwa ndipo kuchuluka kwapakati pazinthu zonse kumagwiritsidwa ntchito posanthula.

Kudzidziwitsa nokha kuchititsa maphunziro. Kuti muwone momwe ophunzira adagwirira ntchito (ophunzira), ophunzira adafunsidwa funso lotsatira: "Mukuyenda bwanji kusukulu?", Yankho lake limachokera ku 'zoyipa kwambiri (1)' mpaka 'zabwino kwambiri' (7).

Kusanthula

Milandu ya PVG yapamwamba komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimaganiziridwa kuti imakhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa mu achinyamata achi Dutch (van Rooij et al., 2011; Verdurmen et al., 2011). Pomwe ma hypotheses amayang'ana kwambiri kupezeka kwa machitidwe awa, njira zokhazikika sizinali malo oyambira pakusanthula ndi kuyesa komwe sikunali koyambira kunagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotsatira zopitiliza, poyerekeza ndikugwiritsa ntchito mayeso odziimira tokha, kuchuluka kwa ma Cohen's d ya> 0.2 imawonedwa ngati yaying'ono,> 0.5 ngati sing'anga, ndipo> 0.8 yayikulu (Cohen, 1992).

Ethics

Njira zophunziridwazo zidachitika mothandizidwa ndi Declaration of Helsinki. Popeza nkhaniyi, palibe kuvomerezeka kwakanthawi kovomerezeka kumalamulo achi Dutch. Onse ana ndi makolo amalandira mwayi wokana kutenga nawo mbali nthawi iliyonse popanda zotsatira: izi sizinachitike kawirikawiri.

Results

Zitsanzo za chitsanzo

Zitsanzozi zidaphatikizapo ophunzira ochokera ku sekondale yophunzirira ya Dutch sekondale chaka chimodzi (43%) ndi chaka chachiwiri (32%). Zaka zophunzirira zitatu ndi zinayi (25%) zinaphatikizidwa chifukwa chaka chophunzira chachinayi chinali ndi owayankha ochepa. Zaka mu chaka choyamba zinali zaka za 13.2 pa avareji, 14.3 mchaka chachiwiri, ndi 15.5 mchaka chachitatu / chachinayi. Zaka zonse zoyankha zinali zaka za 14.2 (SD = 1.1). Anyamata amapanga 49% ya zitsanzo, ndipo gawo la maphunziro linagawika maphunziro a pre-koleji / yunivesite (apamwamba) (59%) ndi pre-vocational maphunziro (otsika) (41%).

Kuyerekeza pakati pa ochita masewera apa intaneti ndi ena onse omwe amapereka

Gulu 1 imapereka chiwonetsero cha kusiyana pakati pa ochita masewera pa intaneti ndi ena onse omwe amapereka zitsanzo (osasewera pa intaneti) pazinthu zingapo zosiyanitsa. Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti anyamata anali ochulukirapo kuposa ma 4.4 nthawi zambiri kuposa atsikana kukhala osewera pa intaneti (Relative Risk or RR). Kachiwiri, iwo omwe ali ndi zaka zochepa zophunzira (ophunzira achichepere) anali othekera kuposa zaka zophunzira zapamwamba kuti azisewera masewera amu intaneti (39% mchaka choyamba ndi 31% mchaka chachitatu). Ngakhale mphamvu yaying'ono idapezekanso pakugwiritsa ntchito cannabis (RR = 1.25), sizikumana ndi chitsimikizo chofunikira chovomerezeka. Opanga masewera opezeka pa intaneti adapezeka kuti ali ndi mwayi kuposa opanga masewera omwe sapezeka pa intaneti pa PVG (Cohen's d = 0.79). Pali ena ofooka (a Cohen d <0.20) zikuwonetsa kuti opanga masewera pa intaneti samakhala ndi nkhawa zochepa ndipo amakhala ndi kudzidalira kuposa omwe samachita pa intaneti. Zowonjezera zakukula kwakukula kukuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa kusungulumwa, nkhawa zamagulu munthawi zatsopano, komanso zoyipa zomwe ophunzira adziwonetsa kusukulu kwa osewera pa intaneti.

Gulu 1. 

Zowonetsa anthu ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kwa osewera pa intaneti ndi osewera omwe sapezeka pa intaneti (zitsanzo zina)

Masewera ovuta komanso ogwirizana nawo

Okwatirana amatenga gawo lofunikira pamasewera: nthawi zambiri masewera a anyamata amakhala nthawi yayitali komanso nthawi zambiri. Zotsatira zochokera Gulu 1 onetsani kuti izi ndizowona pa masewera a pa intaneti, omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi PVG komanso jenda. Chifukwa chake, zopezazo zili Gulu 2 adagawikana ndi jenda. Monga Gulu 2 ili ndi omwe adayankha omwe adadzaza mndandanda wa VAT, omwe amatha kudumpha ndi osasewera, tebulo ili ndi zotsatira za gawo lazoyendetsa masewera.

Gulu 2. 

Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Kwa anyamata, opanga masewera omwe amasewera pa intaneti anali pafupifupi kanthawi anayi kuti athe kuchita zambiri pa PVG kuposa ochita masewera osakhala pa intaneti (RR = 3.84). Palibe kusiyana komwe kunapezeka mwa mitundu yamasewera wamba komanso yopanda pake. Mwa mitundu yonse itatu yogwiritsa ntchito zinthu, kusiyana kwakapezeka: iwo omwe amamwa mowa (RR = 1.9), osuta ndudu (RR = 1.8), kapena amagwiritsa ntchito cannabis (RR = 2.4) anali pafupifupi kawiri kuwonetsa kwambiri pa PVG. Pazinthu zomwe zikuchitika mosalekeza, gulu lazovutitsa lalikulu lidapezeka kuti limawononga nthawi yambiri ndikuchita masewera a pa intaneti (zotsatira zazikulu, a Cohen d = 0.97), nthawi yochulukirapo kusewera masewera akunja (mphamvu yapakatikati, Cohen's d = 0.49), ndikuwononga nthawi yambiri pamasewera wamba (mphamvu yaying'ono, a Cohen's d = 0.31). Nthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera apa intaneti anali okwera kwambiri pa avareji komanso, ndi maola a 23 kwa osewera ovuta kwambiri, motsutsana ndi maola a 11 omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera opanda intaneti ndi maola a 4 pamasewera wamba. Gulu lalikulu lamasewera abambo linapezekanso loti lithe kutsika pang'ono pazakuchita bwino; zotsatira zazikulu zidapezeka kuti zikuwonjezera kukhumudwa, zotsatira zapakati zimapezeka chifukwa cha kusungulumwa, nkhawa zamagulu (zochitika zodziwika komanso zatsopano), kudziona kuti ndi wopanda pake, komanso zotsatira zochepa zogwira ntchito pasukulu yapansi.

Mwa atsikana, gulu lalikulu lovuta linali laling'ono poyerekeza ndi amuna ku 1.3% ya opanga masewera achikazi (poyerekeza ndi 4.8% ya anyamata omwe adakwera kwambiri pa PVG). Zotsatira zake, ziwonetsero zonse mu Gulu 2 atsikana anali otsika, okwanira 30 mgulu lamavuto. Izi zikuyenera kuchenjeza ndikumasulira kwa kuyesa kwa ma Chi-mraba, pomwe ena amawona kuti maselowa ali ndi milandu yochepera 10 ndipo ena amayembekezeredwa kuti ma cell anali ochepera asanu. Komabe - komanso ofanana ndi anyamata - atsikana amasewera pa intaneti akuwoneka kuti akhoza kukwera kwambiri pa PVG (RR = 20.0). Ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo achikazi (RR = 3.3) ndi omwa mowa (RR = 9.0) nawonso amawoneka kuti akhoza kukhala ochita masewera ovuta. Nthawi yomwe amathera pamasewera pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti adapezeka kuti anali okwera pagulu lamavuto azimayi, okhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu. Komabe, nthawi yapakati pa sabata yomwe amathera pamasewerawa ndi atsikana imawoneka yocheperako pamasewera apakompyuta, pafupifupi maola 14 pasabata. Apanso, gulu lomwe linali pamavuto akulu kwambiri lidapeza zowopsa pazisonyezo zonse zakukhalira ndi moyo wamaganizidwe: zotsatira zamphamvu zapezeka pakukhumudwa komanso nkhawa zamagulu, komanso zotsatira zakusungulumwa, kudzidalira, nkhawa zamagulu munthawi zatsopano, ndikuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito kusukulu.

Kukambirana

Kafukufuku wapano adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zazikulu (N = 8,478) kuphunzira masewera ovuta (osokoneza bongo) m'gulu la achinyamata. Zotsatira zatsimikiza kuti kusewera mwamasewera pamavuto ndizofala kwambiri pakati pa osewera achinyamata omwe amasewera pamasewera ambiri pa intaneti. Opanga masewera omwe amasewera pa intaneti anali pafupifupi kanthawi anayi kuti awononge kwambiri PVG. Gender idachita gawo lalikulu pakukonda masewera onse ndi PVG: anyamata (60%) anali othekera kwambiri kusewera pa intaneti kuposa atsikana (14%) ndipo osewera ovuta anali othekera kukhala anyamata (5%) kuposa atsikana (1%). Ngakhale ochita masewera ovuta amakhala nthawi yochulukirapo pamitundu yonse itatu ya masewera, masewera a pa intaneti adawonetsa kuchuluka kwamaola angapo (maora a 23 pa sabata) ndikuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kukula (Cohen's d = 0.97) kwa osewera ovuta kwambiri abambo.

Kupatula kukhala wamwamuna, wocheperako pang'ono, komanso wofulumira ku PVG, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa ochita masewerawa pa intaneti ndi ena onse achitsanzo. Mwachitsanzo, palibe kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo palibe (chowonjezera) pamavuto amisala omwe adapezeka. Komabe, PVG yayikulu idalumikizidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zovuta zamaganizidwe a anyamata ndi atsikana. Nikotini, mowa, komanso chamba chogwiritsa ntchito anyamata zinali zowirikiza kawiri kuti atchule PVG yayikulu. Gulu lalikulu la atsikana a PVG linali laling'ono kwambiri mwamalingaliro (n = 30). Zotsatira zake, panali zisonyezo zakuti atsikana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, makamaka mowa ndi chamba, amakwera kwambiri pa PVG pafupipafupi, koma chenjezo ndilofunika kutanthauzira chifukwa cha kukula kwamagulu ochepa. Pakufunika kuti mumvetsetse gululi, ndipo kafukufuku wamtsogolo angafune kuyesa PVG mwa atsikana. Osewera masewera ovuta kwambiri - anyamata ndi atsikana - adawonetsa kuchuluka pakukhumudwa (zotsatira zazikulu), kusungulumwa, nkhawa zamagulu (zonse zomwe zachitika komanso zatsopano), kudzidalira, komanso kudzinenera kwa ophunzira kusekondale.

Zomwe zapezeka pano zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zidalipo m'mbuyomu ndikuwonjezera pa kuyanjana kwa mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi PVG. Udindo wamasewera opezeka pa intaneti ambiri omwe amapezeka pano amathandizidwa ndi maphunziro ena (Council on Science and Public Health, 2007; Rehbein et al., 2010; van Rooij et al., 2010). Zonsezi, zomwe apeza zikuwonetsa kuti kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuwunikira momwe zinthu zilili pamasewera apawebusayitiyi komanso kuonjezera mwayi wawo wokhala osokoneza. DSM-5 imangoyang'ana pa intaneti (pa intaneti) masewera. Kuyang'ana pa mtundu umodzi wamasewera kumawoneka posachedwa potengera zomwe zaperekedwa apa. Ngakhale masewera a pa intaneti amapezeka kuti ndi ovuta kwambiri, kusewera mitundu yambiri yamasewera kunali kofala (63% ya osewera amasewera mitundu iwiri kapena kupitilira). Kusewera pa intaneti kungapangitse zovuta (Griffiths, King & Demetrovics, 2014).

Pomwe maphunziro ochepa adachitika pazolumikizana pakati pa PVG ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zapezazo zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira zomwe zikugwirizana ndi gawo la njuga. Griffiths ndi Sutherland adapeza kuti achinyamata otchova juga (azaka za 11-16) amatha kumwa mowa, kusuta ndudu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Griffiths, Parke & Wood, 2002; Griffiths & Sutherland, 1998). Kafukufuku wapano yemwe adapeza PVG yayikulu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ziyenera kuchitika, mosiyana ndi ntchito yakale yaku Germany (Grüsser et al., 2005). Zomwe tapeza zingapereke thandizo ku lingaliro lachiwopsezo chamakhalidwe oyipa omwe amatsogolera achinyamata ku mikhalidwe yonse yoyipa (Hawkins et al., 1992; Shaffer ndi al., 2004).

Ubale unapezeka pakati pa kuchepa kwaumoyo wamagulu, magwiridwe antchito pasukulu yotsika, ndi PVG yayikulu. Kukhumudwa, nkhawa pagulu, kudzidalira, kusungulumwa, komanso magwiridwe antchito kusukulu zonse zinali zoyipa pagulu lalikulu la PVG - anyamata ndi atsikana. Ngakhale izi zikugwirizana ndi zolembedwazo, zimapereka chidziwitso chakuti gulu la ochita masewera ovuta amakumana ndi mavuto amakumana ndi zovuta zopitilira PVG. Pomwe kafukufuku wapano amagwiritsa ntchito njira popanga, sizingadziwike ngati kuchepa kumeneku kumayambitsa kapena chifukwa cha PVG. Mabukuwa akuwonetsa kuti zitha kukhala zonse ziwiri. Choyamba, pali umboni wina wosonyeza kuti ana omwe ali ndi mavuto ambiri amisala, monga nkhawa pamagulu, amakonda kucheza ndi anzawo pa intaneti (Valkenburg & Peter, 2011). Kachiwiri, kafukufuku wamagulu awiri pakati pa akatswiri a masewera a 543 Dutch (Lemmens, Valkenburg & Peter, 2011) adawonetsa kuti kulumikizana ndi anthu ena, kudzidalira, komanso kusungulumwa zinali zowonetseratu za kusintha kwa PVG (yokhala ndi zotsika zazing'ono), pomwe kusungulumwa ndi zomwe zinali zotsatira. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti masewera ambiri, masewera olimbitsa thupi ochepetsedwa, komanso kuthamangitsidwa kwakukulu zinali zinthu zomwe zingayambitse vuto la PVG pomwe kukhumudwa, nkhawa, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso kusewerera kusukulu kumawoneka ngati zotsatira (Amitundu ndi al., 2011).

Kugwiritsa ntchito pepala lalikulu, lophatikizika ndi mphamvu pa phunziroli. Komabe, kafukufukuyu alinso ndi zolephera zina. Choyamba, mitundu ya masewera idagawika m'magulu atatu otakata. Izi ndizomveka popeza kafukufuku wakale wagwiritsanso ntchito kusiyanitsa uku (van Rooij et al., 2010), koma imataya tsatanetsatane ngati mtundu wamasewera (Elliott, Golub, Ream & Dunlap, 2012; Ghuman & Griffiths, 2012). Kugawa muyeso wa PVG kumapereka chidziwitso kusiyanitsa magulu otsika komanso ovuta koma owerengeka omwe adatsimikizika, atha kutsutsidwa (van Rooij et al., 2011). Komanso, potengera kuchuluka kwa zocitika zina zomwe tidaganizapo, sitingathe kusintha kusanthula komwe kungakhale ndi zotsatira zosokoneza (mwina ndi kalasi kapena chaka). Pomaliza, zomwe zidafotokozedwazo zidangodziwonetsa zokha. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo atha kupindula ndikuphatikiza zotsatira zakunja, monga zam'makalasi kapena pulogalamu yotsata pulogalamu (Griffiths & Whitty, 2010).

Pomaliza, kafukufuku wapano adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zambiri pakuwonjezera zomwe zapezedwa pamasewera atatu omwe ali ndi zovuta (zosokoneza) masewera: gawo la mtundu wamasewera, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso thanzi la maganizo. Zomwe zidapezeka zidawonetsa chithunzi chosakanizika. Zikuwoneka kuti masewera a pa intaneti ambiri samakhudzana ndi mavuto. M'malo mwake, pali zofooka zina zomwe zimawonetsedwa kuti zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwa kukhumudwa ndikuyenda bwino kwa kudzidalira. Komabe, masewera a pa intaneti nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta, ndipo owerenga zovuta akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa ntchito zama psychosocial ndi magiredi otsika. Komanso, mayanjano ndi mowa, nikotini, ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo amapezeka anyamata. Zotsatira zomwe zaperekedwa pano zikulimbikitsa kuwunika kwina kwa ntchito ya psychoactive drug mu PVG ndikuwonetsa kuti zitha kukhala zachangu kuti musanyalanyaze gawo la masewera omwe si a intaneti pophunzira 'Internet Gaming Disorder'.

Magwero azandalama

Kafukufuku wapano adayendetsedwa ndi ndalama zoyendera (#31200010) zoperekedwa kudzera ku The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw).

Zopereka za olemba

Wolemba woyamba adalemba kukonzekera koyamba, kusonkhanitsa ndikuwunika. Olemba anayi oyamba adakhudzidwa mwachindunji pakusanthula deta. Olemba onse adathandizira kuti alembedwe komanso kuunikiranso.

Kusamvana kwa chidwi

Palibe.

Zothokoza

Olembawo akuthokoza mabungwe otsatirawa chifukwa chothandizira kusonkhanitsa deta ya Monitor Study 'Internet and Youth': Netherlands Organisation for Health Research & Development (ZonMw, project no. 31160208), Kennisnet Foundation, Tactus Addiction Care, ndi Volksbond Foundation Rotterdam. Kuphatikiza apo, tikuthokoza wowerenga palokha Edwin Szeto pazopereka zake.

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