Zotsatira zakusintha kwama digito paubongo wamunthu ndi machitidwe ake: tili pati? (2020)

Kudalirika

Introduction

Zaka zana limodzi khumi ndi chimodzi zapitazo, EM Forster adasindikiza nkhani yayifupi (The Machine Stops, 1909, Kuwunika kwa Oxford ndi Cambridge ) za zochitika zamtsogolo momwe makina osamvetseka amayang'anira chilichonse, kuyambira chakudya mpaka matekinoloje azidziwitso. M'mikhalidwe yomwe imabweretsa intaneti komanso zochitika zapa digito za lero, mu dystopia iyi, kulumikizana konse kumakhala kwakutali komanso misonkhano yakumaso sikuchitikanso. Makinawo amawongolera malingaliro, chifukwa zimapangitsa aliyense kudalira. Munkhani yayifupi, makina akaleka kugwira ntchito, anthu amagwa.

Nkhaniyi imadzutsa mafunso ambiri, ofunikabe masiku ano, zakukhudzidwa kwa media media ndi ukadaulo wofananira pa ubongo wathu. Magaziniyi ya Kukambirana mu Clinical Neuroscience imafufuza m'njira zingapo momwe zingagwiritsire ntchito momwe zingagwiritsire ntchito njira zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi, zabwino, zoyipa komanso zoyipa za kukhalapo kwa anthu.

Ponseponse, kugwiritsa ntchito zoulutsira mawu pakompyuta, kuyambira pamasewera apa intaneti kupita ku foni yam'manja / piritsi kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kwasintha kwambiri anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Ku UK kokha, malinga ndi zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndi bungwe loyang'anira kulumikizana (Ofcom), 95% ya anthu azaka zapakati pa 16 mpaka 24 ali ndi foni yam'manja ndikuyiyang'ana pafupifupi mphindi 12 zilizonse. Ziwerengero zikusonyeza kuti 20 peresenti ya akuluakulu onse amakhala pa intaneti maola oposa 40 pa sabata. Palibe kukayikira kuti zofalitsa za digito, makamaka pa intaneti, zikukhala zofunika kwambiri pamoyo wathu wamakono. Pafupifupi anthu 4.57 biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi intaneti, malinga ndi zomwe zidasindikizidwa pa Disembala 31, 2019 patsamba la https://web.archive.org/web/20220414030413/https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Liwiro la kusintha ndi lodabwitsa, ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Kodi ndi ndalama zotani zomwe zingatheke komanso / kapena phindu lomwe ubongo ndi malingaliro athu angasinthire?

Zowonadi, nkhawa zakukhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi pakukhudza magwiridwe antchito a ubongo ndi kapangidwe kake, komanso thanzi lamthupi ndi lamisala, maphunziro, kulumikizana pakati pa anthu, komanso ndale, zikuchulukirachulukira. Mu 2019, World Health Organisation (WHO) idasindikiza malangizo okhwima okhudza nthawi yazenera. Ndipo-adalengeza lamulo (Assembly Bill 272) lomwe limalola masukulu kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni. Izi zidachitidwa zotsatira zitasindikizidwa zomwe zimakhudza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwama digito pochepetsa kukumbukira kukumbukira^1-3 ; pamavuto amisala, kuyambira kukhumudwa mpaka nkhawa komanso kusowa tulo^4,5 ; komanso potengera kuchuluka kwakumvetsetsa kwamalemba mukamawerenga pazenera.^6,7 Chotsatirachi ndi chitsanzo chodabwitsa chosonyeza kuti kuwerenga nkhani zovuta kapena zolumikizana m'buku losindikizidwa kumabweretsa kukumbukira bwino nkhaniyi, tsatanetsatane, komanso kulumikizana pakati pa zowona kuposa kuwerenga zomwezo pazenera.^7-9 Chifukwa cha zotsatira zodabwitsazi, poganizira kuti mawu omwe ali pachithunzithunzi chowunikira (LED) kapena m'buku losindikizidwa ndi ofanana, zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi momwe timagwiritsira ntchito mayanjano azomwe zili ndi malo ndi zina zokometsera: malo tsamba m'buku lomwe timawerenga china kuwonjezera, mwachitsanzo, kuti buku lililonse limanunkhira mosiyanasiyana limawoneka ngati lolimbikitsa kukumbukira.⁹ Kuphatikiza apo, wasayansi wazolankhula Naomi Baron, wotchulidwa m'nkhani yolembedwa ndi Makin,¹⁰ akunena kuti zizolowezi zowerengera ndizosiyana kotero kuti malo okhala ndi digito amatsogolera kungowerenga chabe. Izi mwina zimadalira kuti ogwiritsa ntchito atolankhani ambiri amayang'ana ndikuchita zinthu zambiri kuchokera pachinthu china kupita china - chizolowezi chomwe chimachepetsa kutalikirapo kwa chidwi ndikuthandizira kuzindikira kuti vuto la chidwi cha kuchepa kwa chidwi (ADHD) ndilokwera kuposa momwe lidaliri Zaka 10 zapitazo.¹ Kodi uku ndikungolumikizana chabe kapena kukuwonetsa kuti kuchita zinthu zambiri zapa media media kumathandizira, kapena ngakhale kuyambitsa, kuchuluka kwa ADHD? Zifukwa ziwiri zimagwirizana ndi lingaliro loti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri digito pazogwiritsira ntchito digito kumakhudzana ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika pokumbukira: kungowona foni yam'manja (osayigwiritsa ntchito) kumachepetsa mphamvu yokumbukira ndikumapangitsa kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito, chifukwa chakuti gawo la ntchitoyo zinthu zokumbukira zili kalikiliki kunyalanyaza foni.¹¹ Kuphatikiza apo, momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito mafoni awo munjira yodziwikiratu (kusintha mwachangu pakati pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamaganizidwe), ndizosavuta kuyankha kusokonezedwa ndikuchita bwino poyesa mayeso osintha kuposa omwe samakonda kuchita zochulukirapo.¹¹ Zotsatira zakutsutsana (onani ref 10), ndipo kusiyana kumeneku mu zotsatira zake kumatha kukhala kogwirizana ndi kuti makanema azama digito pawokha siabwino kapena oyipa m'malingaliro athu; ndi momwe timagwiritsira ntchito digito. Zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito mafoni am'manja kapena china chilichonse chadijito ndikuti magawo azofunikira kuwunika kangati, mfundo yomwe nthawi zambiri imasiyidwa pazokambirana izi.

Mapulasitiki aubongo okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito media digito

Njira yowongoka kwambiri komanso yosavuta yodziwitsa ngati kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapa digito kumakhudza kwambiri ubongo wa munthu ndikuwunika ngati kugwiritsa ntchito zala zazithunzi kumasintha zochitika mu mota kapena kotekisi yosakanikirana. Gindrat et al^12,13 adagwiritsa ntchito njirayi. Zinali zodziwika kale kuti malo ophatikizika omwe amapatsidwa zolandirira zazing'ono amatengera momwe dzanja limagwiritsidwira ntchito.¹⁴ Mwachitsanzo, osewera zida zamagetsi amakhala ndi ma cortical neurons ambiri opangidwa ndi zala zawo zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito poyimba.¹⁵ Izi zomwe zimatchedwa "cortical plasticity of sensory representation" sizongokhala kwa oyimba; Mwachitsanzo, zimachitikanso ndimayendedwe obwereza mobwerezabwereza.¹⁶ Momwe kusuntha kwaminwe mobwerezabwereza kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mafoni azithunzi, Gindrat et al^12,13 adagwiritsa ntchito electroencephalography (EEG) kuyeza kuthekera kwa cortical komwe kumadza chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito nsonga ya chala chachikulu, chapakati, kapena cholozera cha ogwiritsa ntchito mafoni owonera ndi owongolera omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafoni osagwira okha. Zowonadi, zotsatirazo zinali zodabwitsa, popeza ogwiritsa ntchito zenera logwira pazokha okha ndi omwe adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa zotumphukira kuchokera ku chala chamanthu komanso pazolozera zazala. Mayankho awa anali owerengeka kwambiri okhudzana kwambiri ndi mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito. Kwa chala chachikulu, kukula kwa mawonekedwe amtundu wa cortical kudaphatikizidwa ngakhale pakusintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku pakugwiritsa ntchito zowonekera pazenera. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetseratu kuti kubwerezabwereza kwa zowonera kumatha kupanganso mawonekedwe ena, ndipo zikuwonetsanso kuti kuyimira kotereku kungasinthe pakanthawi kochepa (masiku), kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Kuphatikizidwa, izi zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zowonekera pakompyuta kumatha kukonzanso khungu lamatosensory. Chifukwa chake, wina akhoza kunena kuti kukonza kwa cortical kumapangidwanso mosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapa digito. Zomwe sizinafufuzidwe koma ziyenera kudzafufuzidwa mtsogolomu ndizakuti ngati kuwonjezeka kwa kuyimilira kwamphamvu m'manja ndi chala chachikulu kudachitika chifukwa cha maluso ena olumikizirana ndi magalimoto. Kuyankha uku ndikofunikira kwambiri poganizira kuti luso lamagalimoto limalumikizidwa molingana ndi nthawi yophimba, chifukwa cha mpikisano wapakati pa malo oyenda ndi mapulogalamu oyendetsa magalimoto kapena chifukwa chosachita masewera olimbitsa thupi (mwachitsanzo, onani 17).

Mphamvu pa ubongo womwe ukukula

Zotsatira zamaluso oyendetsa galimoto ndi gawo limodzi lofunika kuligwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi zamagetsi, zinthu zina zimakhudza chilankhulo, kuzindikira, ndikuwona kwa zinthu zowoneka muubongo womwe ukukula. Pachifukwa ichi, ndizodabwitsa kuti Gomez et al¹⁸ adawonetsa kuti zambiri zakukula kwa mawonekedwe azithunzi zingakhudzidwe ndi zomwe zili muzofalitsa zapa digito. Kuti muwone izi, kulingalira kwamagnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) kudagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula ubongo kuchokera kwa anthu achikulire omwe adasewera Pokémon mwamphamvu ali ana. Zinali zodziwika kale kuti kuzindikira zinthu ndi nkhope kumakwaniritsidwa m'malo owoneka bwino amtsinje wowonekera, makamaka munthawi yanthawi yayitali.¹⁹ Ziwerengero zamtundu wa Pokémon ndizosakanikirana ndi nyama ngati zaumunthu ndipo ndi chinthu china chosawoneka m'malo amunthu. Akuluakulu okha omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chachikulu cha Pokémon ali mwana adawonetsa kuyankha kwama Pokémon pamiyeso yam'mbali yam'mbali pafupi ndi madera ozindikira nkhope. Izi-monga chitsimikizo cha mfundo-zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapa digito kumatha kubweretsa chiwonetsero chazinthu zantchito komanso zokhalitsa ngakhale zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti osewera onse a Pokémon adawonetsa mawonekedwe ofanana

mumtsinje wowonekera wa ziwonetsero za Pokémon. Komanso, sizikudziwikiratu kuti izi zimangowonetsa kupulika kwakukulu kwaubongo kuwonjezera ziwonetsero zatsopano zamagulu azinthu kumalo owoneka bwino kapena ngati kuyimira chinthu kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri digito kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoipa pakuzindikira nkhope ndikukonzekera monga zotsatira za mpikisano wa malo oyeserera. Mwakutero, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti m'maphunziro achisoni kwa achinyamata, kulumikizana pakati pa nthawi yomwe timagwiritsa ntchito pazamagetsi komanso kumvera ena chisoni anthu ena kwanenedwa.^20,21 Kaya ndi chifukwa chosazindikira zomwe anthu ena angaganize (malingaliro amalingaliro) kapena zovuta zakudziwika pankhope kapena kusayanjana ndi anzawo (chifukwa chocheza kwambiri pa intaneti) sizikudziwika pakadali pano. Tiyenera kutsindika kuti kafukufuku wina sananene kuti pali kulumikizana kulikonse pakati pa nthawi yapaintaneti ndi kumvera ena chisoni (pakuwunika, onani tsamba 22 ndi 23).

Mbali ina yosangalatsayi ndikuti chitukuko cha njira zokhudzana ndi chilankhulo (semantics ndi galamala) chimakhudzidwa ndi njira iliyonse yogwiritsa ntchito media. Izi ndizodetsa nkhaŵa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zowonekera koyambirira kwa ana asukulu zam'mbuyomu kumatha kukhala ndi chidwi pamanenedwe azilankhulo, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi MRI yotsogola yotsogola^24,25 (Chithunzi 1). Njirayi imapereka kuyerekezera kwa kukhulupirika pazinthu zoyera muubongo. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito zakuzindikira zimayesedwa kwa ana asanakwane. Izi zinayezedwa m'njira yokhayokha pogwiritsa ntchito chida chowunikira cha 15 cha owonera (ScreenQ), chomwe chikuwonetsa malingaliro pazofalitsa zapa American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Zowerengera za ScreenQ panthawiyo zimalumikizidwa ndi kufalikira kwamayeso amtundu wa MRI komanso kuchuluka kwa mayeso, kuwongolera zaka, jenda, komanso ndalama zapakhomo. Ponseponse, kulumikizana kowoneka bwino kunawonedwa pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa ana amagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zazing'ono komanso kukhulupirika kwazinthu zazigawo zoyera, makamaka pakati pa madera a Broca ndi Wernicke muubongo ( Chithunzi 1 ). Kumvetsetsa chilankhulo ndi kuthekera kwake zimayenderana kwambiri ndikukula kwa mathirakitiwa, monga momwe Grossee et al²⁶ ndi Skeide ndi Friederici.²⁷ Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito zoyang'anira m'munsi komanso kutha kulemba ndi kuwerenga zimawonedwa, ngakhale zaka ndi ndalama zapakhomo zimafanana. Komanso, makanema ogwiritsa ntchito digito amalumikizidwa ndi zocheperako pamachitidwe oyang'anira. Olemba akumaliza²⁵ : "Popeza kuti makanema ogwiritsa ntchito pazosewerera amapezeka paliponse ndipo akuwonjezeka kwa ana kunyumba, kusamalira ana, komanso kusukulu, zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kufunikira kopitiliza kuphunzira kuti mudziwe zomwe zingakhudze ubongo womwe ukukula, makamaka panthawi yakukula kwamphamvu kwamubongo kumayambiriro ubwana. ” Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti maluso akuwerenga atha kusokonekera ngati matrakiti azigawo pakati pazilankhulo sanaphunzitsidwe mokwanira. Poganizira kuti kuwerenga kwa ana ndi njira yabwino yophunzirira sukulu, kungakhalenso kopindulitsa kuphunzira ngati zowerengera za ScreenQ zikugwirizana ndi kuchita bwino kusukulu kapena momwe kuwerenga kwanyimbo m'mabuku kumafanizira ndi kuwerenga pazenera, m'mabuku, komanso patsamba .

Kuphatikiza pakukula kwa madera azilankhulo, zizolowezi zowerenga zimatha kusintha pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi. Kusintha kumeneku kumatha kukhala ndi tanthauzo kwa owerenga atsopano komanso kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kuwerenga. Zowonadi, izi zawunikiridwa posachedwa.²⁸ Apa, fMRI idagwiritsidwa ntchito ana akamamvera nkhani zitatu zofananira pamawu amawu, zithunzi, kapena makanema ojambula, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuyesa kokumbukira kwenikweni. Kulumikizana kwapakati ndi pakati pa netiweki kunafaniziridwa pamitundu yonse yokhudzana ndi izi: malingaliro owoneka, zithunzi zowoneka, chilankhulo, makina osinthira (DMN), ndi mgwirizano wa cerebellar. Mwa kulongosola kokhudzana ndi mawu, kulumikizana kwantchito kunachepetsedwa mkati mwa netiweki ndikuchulukirachulukira pakati pamawonekedwe, DMN, ndi ma cerebellar network, kuwonetsa kuchepa kwa zovuta pamaneti yolankhulirana yoperekedwa ndi zithunzi ndi zithunzi zowoneka. Kulumikizana pakati pa netiweki kunachepetsedwa pamanetiweki onse ojambula makanema ojambula pamitundu ina, makamaka fanizo, kuwonetsa kukondera pakuwonera kophatikizira kuphatikizika kwa netiweki. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pakalumikizidwe kogwiritsa ntchito maubongo aukadaulo kwa makanema ojambula komanso achikhalidwe mu ana azaka zakubadwa kusukulu, kulimbitsa chidwi cha mabuku azithunzi azaka zambiri kuti pakhale kulumikizana koyenera kwa chilankhulo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwerenga mwakuya kumatha kutengeka ndi makanema azama digito.²⁹ Kusintha kwa njira yowerengera kungasokoneze kukula kwa luso lowerenga mwa achinyamata.

Nthawi yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa ubongo ndiunyamata, nthawi yomwe malo amubongo omwe amakhudzidwa ndimikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akusintha kwambiri. Ma media azachuma atha kukhudza kwambiri ubongo wa achinyamata chifukwa amalola achinyamata kuti azicheza ndi anzawo nthawi imodzi osakumana nawo mwachindunji. Zowonadi, zomwe zidasindikizidwa zikuwonetsa njira zina zosinthira kukhudzika kwa achinyamata, zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito media. Izi zawonetsedwa pamutu wakuda wa amygdala, womwe umakhudza mtima ( Chithunzi 2 ).^30,31 Izi zikuwonetsa kulumikizana kofunikira pakati pazomwe zimachitikadi pa intaneti komanso chitukuko chaubongo.³² Kutengeka mtima, kutengera anzawo, kapena kuvomereza kumatha kupangitsa achinyamata makamaka kukhala pachiwopsezo chankhani zabodza kapena zochititsa mantha, komanso zomwe angayembekezere, kapena kukhala pachiwopsezo chazomwe zitha kukhudzidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zosayenera zamagetsi.³³ Zomwe zikusowa pano ndi maphunziro a nthawi yayitali kuti adziwe ngati ubongo wachinyamata umapangidwa mosiyana ndi kukula kwa malo ochezera a pa intaneti m'malo moyanjana mwachindunji.

Monga cholemba cham'mbali, umboni woti masewera achiwawa amakhudza kwambiri machitidwe aanthu amafotokozedwa bwino.³⁴ Kusanthula kwa meta kwamapepala apano kukuwonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa pamasewera achiwawa achiwopsezo ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu pakuchulukitsa nkhanza komanso kuchepa kwachisoni komanso kutsika kwamakhalidwe abwino.³⁴

Synaptic plasticity

Makamaka, kafukufuku wofotokozedwa pamwambapa amathandizira lingaliro la ubongo wapulasitiki wopangidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri media. Mwatsatanetsatane, zomwe zimawonedwa ndizodabwitsa, koma chonsecho, zawonetsedwa kale kuti ubongo umasintha magwiridwe antchito ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe kake, mwanjira ina, chifukwa cha kuphunzira, zizolowezi, komanso chidziwitso.^35,36 Kuti tiwone izi pazabwino zakuzindikira komanso thanzi laanthu, funso ndilakuti ngati ubongo wathu - pogwiritsa ntchito digito kwambiri - ukugwira ntchito mwanjira inayake yazidziwitso, mwina kupweteketsa ena omwe ali ofunikira. Zotsatira zakuthekera kwa ubongo kusintha magwiridwe antchito ndi kapangidwe kake kawonetsedwa m'maphunziro ambiri okhudza chidwi ndi anthu³⁷ ; kuti muwunikenso, onani Ref 38. Maphunziro ena, kuphatikiza limodzi lolembedwa ndi Maguire³⁹ muma driver aku taxi aku London, komanso maphunziro a oyimba piano (monga tafotokozera pamwambapa)¹⁴ ndi ozembetsa⁴⁰ Onetsani kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kungalimbikitse kukula kwa ma synaptic malumikizidwe atsopano ("gwiritsani ntchito") pomwe nthawi yomweyo kumachotsa kulumikizana kwa ma neuronal synaptic komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi ("kutaya").^41,42

Pamasamba apakompyuta, chodabwitsa ichi chatchedwa synaptic plasticity, yoyesedwa ndi Korte ndi Schmitz.³⁵ Tsopano ndizovomerezeka kuti ma neuron omwe amakhala mu kotekisi ya munthu komanso hippocampus, komanso m'malo ochepera, amakhala apulasitiki kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti kusintha kwamachitidwe amanjenje, mwachitsanzo, opangidwa ndi kuphunzira kwambiri, kusintha magwiridwe antchito a synaptic komanso kapangidwe ka synaptic. Ntchito yodalira synaptic plasticity imasintha mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito synaptic (plastiki yogwira ntchito) ndikusintha kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana kwa synaptic (pulasitiki).^35,43,44 Mapuloteni a Synaptic amamanga maziko osinthira ubongo wa amayi apakati pobereka chifukwa cha zomwe akumana nazo ndipo ndikukhazikitsa kwama foni pophunzira ndi kukumbukira, monga akuwonetsera mu 1949 kuchokera kwa a Donald O. Hebb. Adanenanso kuti kusintha kwamachitidwe amanjenje chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito, kuphunzitsa, chizolowezi, kapena kuphunzira amasungidwa m'misonkhano yama neuron osati m'mitsempha imodzi yamitsempha.⁴¹ Mapulasitiki mwa njirayi amachitika pamlingo wogwiritsa ntchito netiweki posintha ma synapses pakati pa ma neuron chifukwa chake amatchedwa synaptic plasticity. Zolemba za Hebb zimaphatikizaponso lamulo lofunikira, kulosera kuti mphamvu ya synaptic imasintha pomwe ma pre-and postynaptic neurons awonetsa zochitika zofananira (kulumikizana), ndipo izi zimasintha mawonekedwe olowetsa / kutulutsa pamisonkhano yapa neuronal. Pokhapokha ngati awa atsegulidwanso limodzi pomwe angathe kukumbukira. Chofunikira ndikuti kuyankha kwama synaptic ku zochitika zina zamaubongo mwamphamvu yomwe yapatsidwa kumalimbikitsidwa; kuti mumve zambiri onani Magee ndi Grienberger.⁴⁵ Izi zikutanthawuza kuti zochitika zonse za anthu zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi- kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito makina azama digito, malo ochezera a pa intaneti, kapena intaneti basi - zitha kusindikizidwa muubongo, kaya zabwino, zoyipa, kapena zoyipa zazidziwitso zamunthu zimadalira ntchitoyo, kapena ngati zimachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zina. Mwanjira imeneyi, yolumikiza mitundu yambiri yamagetsi ndi ma cell a synaptic apulasitiki, Sajikumar et al⁴⁶ adawonetsa kuti kuyambitsa zolowetsa zitatu zomwe zimakhudza ma neuronal omwewo munthawi yopapatiza (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi anthu poyesa kuchita zinthu zambiri) kumabweretsa kulimbikitsana kwa zolowetsa, osati kwenikweni zolimba kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kusungidwa kwa zinthu zofunikira kumatha kusokonekera ngati kulowetsa maukonde a neuronal mdera linalake laubongo kupitilira malire ake opanga mphamvu.

Zojambula zamagetsi zimakhudza ubongo wokalamba

Zovuta zake komanso zovuta zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito digito, chikhalidwe, komanso kulumikizana sizingodalira nthawi yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi chidziwitso chomwe chimakhudzidwa; Zikhozanso kudalira zaka. Chifukwa chake, zoyipa zomwe zimachitika kwa ana asukulu asanapite kusukulu, monga ananenera Hutton Et al,²⁵ atha kukhala osiyana kwambiri ndi omwe amawoneka akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwa akulu (monga chizolowezi) kapena zovuta zomwe zimawonedwa mwa okalamba. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzitsa kwaubongo okalamba pogwiritsa ntchito media digito kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zosiyana kuposa nthawi yophimba kwa ana asukulu yakusukulu kapena zosokoneza kwamuyaya mwa akulu.

Kukalamba sikumangotengera za chibadwa, komanso kumadalira moyo komanso momwe ubongo umagwiritsidwira ntchito ndikuphunzitsidwa; Mwachitsanzo, onani Ref 47. Njira imodzi yoyeserera media media idapangitsa kuti anthu okalamba azikhala ndi chidwi chambiri kudzera m'maphunziro apakompyuta.⁴⁸ Apa, maphunzirowa adachitika piritsi kwa miyezi 2 yokha, ndipo kuwunika kwakukulu pakuletsa kwakanthawi kunawonedwa poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira. Zotsatirazi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zokula, zomwe zimawoneka ngati makulidwe akulu kwambiri kumanja otsika kutsogolo kwa gyrus (rIFG) triangularis, dera laubongo lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi choletsa chammbali.⁴⁹ Zotsatirazi, mwina zoyanjanitsidwa kudzera pakapangidwe kapangidwe ka pulasitiki zimadalira nthawi yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito pophunzitsa: zotsatira zake zidakhala bwino pakalumikizana kofanana ndi nthawi yophunzitsira. Ponseponse, titha kunena mwachidule kuti mapulogalamu ophunzitsira digito atha kulimbikitsa chidwi kwa okalamba ndipo zikugwirizana ndi maphunziro ena omwe akuwonetsa kuti kuphunzitsa chidwi kumayendetsedwa kudzera pakuwonjezera zochitika kumtsogolo.⁵⁰ Kafukufuku wina wathandizira zotsatirazi posonyeza kuti maphunziro apakompyuta ndi njira yothetsera ubongo kwa anthu achikulire (> 65 wazaka zakubadwa), ndipo mapulogalamu ophunzitsira ubongo angathandize kulimbikitsa ukalamba wazidziwitso^51,52 (onaninso ref 53). Zikhala zosangalatsa kufufuza ngati zida zamagetsi mtsogolomu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa okalamba kusunga kapena kukulitsa kuthekera kwazidziwitso, monga chidwi, zomwe zimavutika pambuyo pogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri digito / kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri pazaka zazing'ono.

Makina osokoneza bongo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito media

Kuphatikiza pamavuto achikale ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zizolowezi zamakhalidwe amatchulidwanso kuti zizolowezi zosokoneza bongo.⁵⁴ Tsopano WHO ikuphatikiza vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti (IUD) kapena vuto la masewera a pa intaneti / chizolowezi cha intaneti (IGD) mu Magawo Apadziko Lonse Amatenda 11th Revision (ICD-11) , zomwe mtsogolomo zingaphatikizepo "vuto logwiritsa ntchito ma smartphone" monga chizolowezi chomachita (https://icd.who.int/browse11/lm/en). Kuledzera kumadziwika kuti ndi vuto lokhalanso lobwerezabwereza, lowonetsedwa ndikukakamizidwa kufunafuna ndikugwiritsa ntchito chinthu kapena machitidwe, monga kutchova juga. Kuphatikiza apo, zimaphatikizaponso kulephera kudziletsa pakuchepetsa machitidwe ena kapena kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo makamaka kumalumikizidwa ndi kutuluka kwamalingaliro oyipa (mwachitsanzo, kuda nkhawa, kukwiya, kapena dysphoria,) m'malo omwe mankhwala kapena machitidwe ake sangapezeke. Neurologically, kuledzera kumadziwika ndi kusintha kwa ma netiweki pama circuits a frontostriatal komanso frontocingate. Izi ndizonso zizindikiritso za chizolowezi cha IGD / IUD.⁵⁴ Makamaka achinyamata akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo.⁵⁵ Kuti muwone mwatsatanetsatane ndikusintha kwa meta pakusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi kapangidwe kake kokhudzana ndi IGD, onani ndemanga zotsatirazi za Yao et al⁵⁶ ndi D'Hondt et al.⁵⁷

Ndizofunikanso kudziwa kuti kafukufuku wina adapeza kulumikizana pakati pa kusintha kwamatenda amubongo ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (SNS).⁵⁸ Zikuwonetseratu kuti kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi zoulutsira nkhani kumatha kulumikizidwa ndikusintha kwaimvi m'malo am'magazi omwe amachita zikhalidwe zosokoneza bongo. Komanso kafukufuku wina adanenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri media media kumatha kukhudza kwambiri ma neuronal muubongo wamunthu, monga tawonera mu Ref 32. Pazonse, zomwe zimafotokozedwazi ndikuti kafukufuku wama neuroscience ndi psychology ayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri Kumvetsetsa ndi kupewa zovuta zakutha pa intaneti kapena zizolowezi zina zoyipa zokhudzana ndi masewera ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti.

Neuroenhancement ndi zida zamagetsi

Pakadali pano takambirana za digito, koma zida zamagetsi zambiri zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kutsegulira ubongo wamunthu. Chovuta apa ndikuti ubongo wamunthu si makina osavuta a Turing,⁵⁹ ndipo algorithm yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito siyowonekera bwino. Pachifukwa ichi, sizokayikitsa kuti ubongo wathu utha kusinthidwa ndi ukadaulo wa digito ndikuti kukopa kosavuta kwa madera ena aubongo kumakulitsa luso lakumvetsetsa. Komabe, kukondoweza kwaubongo ngati njira yothandizira matenda a Parkinson, kukhumudwa, kapena kuledzera ndi nkhani ina.^60-62 Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wazomwe amati ubongo / makina olumikizira makina (BMIs) awonetsa kuti pokhudzana ndi magalimoto ndi kuphatikizira zida zopangira, mwachitsanzo, malekezero a robotic / avatar, kuphatikizidwa pakuyimira kwina kwaubongo ndikotheka.⁶³ Izi zimagwira ntchito chifukwa ma neuron amaphunzira kuyimira zida zopangira kudzera munjira yodalira synaptic plasticity.⁶³ Izi zikuwonetsa kuti, inde, kudzikonda kwathu kungasinthidwe ndi matekinoloje amagetsi kuphatikiza zida zakunja. Nicolelis ndi ogwira nawo ntchito awonetsa posachedwa kuti kukulitsa kwa thupi kwa odwala opuwala omwe adaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za BMI kumatha kuwalola kuyendetsa mayendedwe a matupi a ma avatar, zomwe zingayambitse kuchira.⁶⁴

Izi sizitanthauza kuti ubongo wamunthu umatha kutsanzira malingaliro am'manja kapena kusanja kwazida zamagetsi, koma umawunikiranso momwe makina azama digito ndi makanema azama digito angakhudzire maluso athu amisala ndi machitidwe (zomwe zafotokozedwa mozama ndi Carr⁶⁵ ). Izi zikuwunikidwanso chifukwa cha kusungidwa kwamtambo paintaneti ndi ma injini osakira pokumbukira kwaumunthu. Chitsanzo cha paradigmatic ndi kafukufuku yemwe mbadwa zadijito adapangidwa kuti akhulupirire kuti zomwe adapemphedwa kuloweza zitha kusungidwa mumtambo wosungira pa intaneti.⁶⁶ Poganizira izi, adachita bwino kwambiri kuposa maphunziro omwe amayenera kungodalira momwe amakumbukira ubongo wawo (makamaka pakanthawi kochepa), monga fMRI
kusanthula kwaunikira.⁶⁶ Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti kupititsa patsogolo kusaka kosavuta kwamaganizidwe osungira mtambo pa intaneti ndikudalira pama injini osaka m'malo mwa kukumbukira kwamaubongo athu kumachepetsa kuthekera kwathu kuloweza ndikukumbukira
mfundo m'njira yodalirika.

Kukhala bwino ndi anthu komanso kuchita zambiri

Kuledzera ndi neuroenhancement ndizotsatira zina zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi. Zomwe zimafala kwambiri ndi zotsatira zakuchulukitsa zinthu pazambiri za chidwi, kusinkhasinkha, komanso kuthekera kokumbukira.¹¹ Kusintha mitsinje yambiri yazidziwitso mosalekeza ndizovuta kwa ubongo wathu. Kafukufuku wambiri adayankha ngati pali kusiyanasiyana kwamachitidwe pakusintha kwazidziwitso pakati pa media multitaskers (MMT) yanthawi yayitali.^6,67 Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti ma MMT olemera amatha kutengeka ndi zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosafunikira zakunja kapena zoyimira m'machitidwe awo okumbukira. Izi zidadzetsa zotsatira zodabwitsa kuti ma MMT olemera adachita zoyipa pakuyesa kuthekera kosintha ntchito, mwina chifukwa chakuchepetsa kuthekera kosokoneza zosokoneza zosafunikira.⁶ Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuchita zinthu mosiyanasiyana, komwe kumakula mwachangu, kumalumikizidwa ndi njira yosinthira chidziwitso chofunikira. Uncapher et al⁶ fotokozani mwachidule zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu: "Achinyamata aku America amakhala nthawi yayitali atolankhani kuposa zochitika zina zilizonse zodzuka: pafupifupi maola 7.5 patsiku, tsiku lililonse. Pafupifupi, 29% ya nthawiyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthamangitsa mitsinje yambiri yama media nthawi imodzi (mwachitsanzo, media multitasking). Popeza kuchuluka kwa ma MMT ndi ana ndi achikulire omwe ubongo wawo ukupitilirabe, ndikofunikira kuti mumvetsetse mbiri ya ma MMTs. "

Kumbali inayi, zikuyenera kukhala zofunikira kumvetsetsa zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso kuti muphunzire moyenera munthawi ya 21 ^st zaka zana limodzi. Umboni wochuluka womwe ukuwonetsa kuti ma MMT olemera amaonetsa kusagwira bwino ntchito kukumbukira, kuwonjezeka kwachisangalalo, kumvera ena chisoni, komanso nkhawa zambiri.⁵ Kumbali yamitsempha, amawonetsa voliyumu yocheperako mu anterior cingate cortex. Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano zikuwonetsa kuti kusintha msanga pakati pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana (multitasking) panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito digito kungasokoneze zotsatira zamaphunziro.⁶ Komabe, munthu ayenera kusamala potanthauzira zotsatirazi chifukwa, popeza kuwongolera sikukuwonekera bwino, machitidwe azama media ambiri atha kuwonekeranso kwambiri mwa anthu omwe ali ndi zocheperako komanso osamala kwambiri poyambira. Apa, maphunziro azitali amafunikira. Zomwe zimawonetsedwa pazosangalatsa pa intaneti pamaluso athu achilengedwe (kuchokera pakumvera ena chisoni mpaka malingaliro am'malingaliro a anthu ena) ndi gawo lina momwe titha kudziwa momwe zingagwiritsire ntchito momwe digito yama digito ingakhudzire malingaliro athu ndikusintha kwamalingaliro azachikhalidwe. Mwa maphunziro ambiri, imodzi ndi Turkle⁵ ziyenera kufotokozedwa apa. Turkle adagwiritsa ntchito zoyankhulana ndi achinyamata kapena achikulire omwe anali ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri media zapa media komanso mitundu ina yazomwe zilipo. Chimodzi mwazotsatira za kafukufukuyu chinali chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zoulutsira mawu komanso zochitika zenizeni kumatha kubweretsa chiwopsezo cha nkhawa, kuchezerana kwenikweni, kusowa maluso ochezera komanso kumvera ena chisoni, komanso zovuta pakakhala payekha. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu omwe adafunsidwa adanenanso zakukhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso media media. Kachitidwe kamalingaliro kokhala "olumikizidwa nthawi zonse" kwa mazana kapena ngakhale masauzande a anthu atha kukhala kuti akulemetsa malo athu aubongo okhudzana ndi kulumikizana mwa kukulitsa modabwitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe titha kulumikizana nawo bwino. Cholepheretsa chisinthiko chitha kukhala malire kukula kwa gulu pafupifupi anthu 150.⁶⁸ Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwathu, mwachitsanzo, anyani amalumikizana pafupipafupi ndi anthu 50, koma itha kukhalanso malire azomwe ubongo wathu ungakwaniritse. Mosiyana ndi choletsa ichi, timangolumikizana mosalekeza ndi gulu la anthu omwe amapitilira malire athu am'magazi chifukwa chazanema. Zotsatira za kuchuluka mopitilira muyeso kotereku ndi zotani? Kuda nkhawa ndi kuchepa kwa chidwi, kuzindikira, komanso kukumbukira? Kapena titha kusintha? Pakadali pano, tili ndi mafunso ambiri kuposa mayankho.

Kutsiliza

Ubongo umakhudzidwa ndi momwe timaugwiritsira ntchito. Sizingatambasulire kuyembekezera kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri digito pazosintha zamaubongo amasintha ubongo wa anthu chifukwa chamachitidwe apulasitiki a neuronal. Koma sizikudziwika bwino momwe matekinoloje atsopanowa angasinthire kuzindikira kwaumunthu (maluso azilankhulo, IQ, kuthekera kokumbukira ntchito) ndikukonzekera momwe akumvera pagulu. Cholepheretsa chimodzi ndikuti maphunziro ambiri pakadali pano sanaganizire zomwe anthu akuchita akakhala pa intaneti, zomwe akuwona, komanso kulumikizana kwamtundu wanji komwe kumafunikira nthawi yophimba. Chomwe chikuwonekeratu ndikuti media zapa digito zimakhudza thanzi lamaganizidwe amunthu komanso magwiridwe antchito, ndipo izi zimadalira nthawi yathunthu pazenera komanso zomwe anthu akuchita pazama digito.⁶⁹ Pazaka khumi zapitazi, kafukufuku wopitilira 250 adasindikizidwa poyesera kufotokoza zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito digito; ambiri mwa kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito mafunso omwe adziwonetsa okha omwe ambiri sankaganizira zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe anthu adakumana nazo pa intaneti. Komabe, momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso nthawi yonse yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti imakhala ndi zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana pa thanzi la munthu ndi machitidwe ake.⁶⁹ Ochita kafukufuku amafunikira mapu atsatanetsatane azomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pazama digito. Mwanjira ina, chomwe chikufunika ndiyeso yeniyeni yazomwe anthu amachita akakhala pa intaneti kapena akuyang'ana pa digito. Ponseponse, zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano sizingathe kusiyanitsa nthawi zambiri pakati pazoyambitsa ndi kulumikizana koyera. Maphunziro ofunikira ayambitsidwa,^70,71 ndi Phunziro la Kukula Kwazidziwitso Zazachinyamata (ABCD kuphunzira) ziyenera kutchulidwa. Amakonzedwa ndi National Institutes of Health (NIH) ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuyesa kuwunika momwe chilengedwe, chikhalidwe, majini, ndi zina zamoyo zimakhudzira kukula kwaubongo. Kafukufuku wa ABCD adzalemba ana a 10 000 athanzi, azaka zapakati pa 9 mpaka 10 ku United States, ndikuwatsata kufikira atakula; kuti mumve zambiri, onani tsambali https://abcdstudy.org/. Phunziroli liphatikizira kulingalira kwakutsogolo kwa ubongo kuti muwonetse kukula kwaubongo. Ikufotokozera momwe chilengedwe ndi kulera zimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe izi zimakhudzira zotsatira zachitukuko monga thanzi lathupi kapena lamaganizidwe, komanso luso lakumvetsetsa, komanso kuchita bwino pamaphunziro. Kukula ndi kukula kwa phunziroli kulola asayansi kuzindikira njira zopitilira patsogolo (mwachitsanzo, ubongo, kuzindikira, kukhudzika, komanso maphunziro) ndi zomwe zingawakhudze, monga momwe kugwiritsa ntchito digito yamagetsi kumakhudzira ubongo womwe ukukula.

Zomwe zikuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndikuti kuchuluka kwakanthawi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito onse omwe akukhala ofalitsa chidziwitso kungakhale chiwopsezo chachikulu pakupeza chidziwitso chokhazikika komanso kufunika kwakuti aliyense apange malingaliro ake ndikukhala opanga. Kapena kodi matekinoloje atsopanowa apanga mlatho wabwino kwambiri wopitilira kuzindikira ndi malingaliro, kutipangitsa kuti tifufuze malire atsopano omwe sitingaganizire pakadali pano? Kodi tidzakhala ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana ozungulira ubongo, monga momwe tidapangira pomwe anthu adayamba kuphunzira kuwerenga? Kuphatikizidwa, ngakhale pakufunikabe kafukufuku wambiri kuti aweruze ndikuwunika zomwe zingachitike pazama digito paumoyo wa anthu, neuroscience itha kukhala yothandiza kwambiri kusiyanitsa zomwe zimayambitsa chifukwa cha kulumikizana kokha.

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