Mayendedwe a Internet Process Addiction: Kuyeza Zowonongeka Kuchita Zowonongeka ndi Internet (2015)

Behav Sci (Basel). 2015 Jul 28;5(3):341-352.

Northrup JC¹, Lapierre C², Kirk J³, Rae C⁴.

1. Introduction

Kuledzera kwa pa intaneti kumadziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti, zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa pantchito, moyo waumwini, thanzi lam'maganizo, kapena thanzi lathupi [1,2,3]. Ili ndi vuto lomwe asing'anga ndi ofufuza ena m'maiko angapo amazindikira, ngakhale kupangitsa kuti boma lilowererepo nthawi zina [4]. Izi zidalandilidwa mokwanira kuti Komiti Yachitukuko ya Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-V (DSM-V) idaganizirana posachedwapa (koma pomaliza pake idaganiza zophatikizira gawo 3 pansi pazochitika zopitiliza kuphunzira) kusiyanasiyana kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti kuti aphatikizidwe mu DSM-V, pomaliza pake amafufuza kuti kufufuza kofunikira kunafunikira asanaikidwe koyenera [5]. Komabe, ena amakayikira ngati munthu angakhale wokonda sing'anga kapena sing'anga, monga intaneti, kusiyana ndi momwe sing'anga amathandizira [6,7,8,9,10,11]. Timagwiritsa ntchito liwu loti "ndondomeko" pano pofotokoza mawu oti, “machitidwe omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chofanana ndi zomwe anthu amadana nazo [12].

Funso loti munthu azitha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kapena ayi, kapena ndi njira yomwe intaneti imathandizira, ndiyofunika kuganizira momwe intaneti yasinthira. Masiku ano intaneti ili ndi ntchito zambirimbiri, kuphatikizapo masewera, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, chibwenzi, kugula malonda, ndi anthu ena ambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru ntchito zambiri mwa izi mwakhala mukuphunziramo zingapo mu zaka zaposachedwa, kumapereka umboni wopanda tanthauzo kwa lingaliro loti munthu amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi kapena zingapo zomwe intaneti imathandizira osati intaneti yomwe (mwachitsanzo, [13,14,15,16]). Kulephera kuzindikira kusiyanitsa pakati pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwathunthu komanso chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kungachititse kuti anthu ena aziganiza molakwika kuti chinthu chomwe ndi chizolowezi cha munthu osokoneza bongo ndi chiyani. Cholinga cha phunziroli ndi kusiyanitsa bwino zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale osokoneza bongo ndi zomwe intaneti imawongolera m'malo mopanga kuyesa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

1.1. Internet Addiction

Ambiri agwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "bongo" kufotokoza kavuto pa intaneti kwa nthawi yayitali [17,18]. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwoneka kuti akuthandizira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa terminology iyi kuti zotsatira zakakamizidwe (mwachitsanzo, masewera olimbitsa thupi pa intaneti) pamayendedwe a dopamine ndi magawo ena a ubongo awonetsedwa kuti amafananizidwa ndi omwe amapezeka pazowonjezera zamankhwala [2,19,20]. Izi zofanana ndi izi ku ubongo zimawoneka kuti zimapereka chidziwitso pakukhulupirira zomwe zimachitika pakanthawi kochepa (nthawi zina zimatchulidwa kuti zosokoneza bongo kapena zovuta zowongolera) zomwe munthu amakakamizidwa kuchita china chake ngakhale atakumana ndi mavuto pambuyo poyesayesa mobwerezabwereza kuti ayime [12,21,22,23]. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina monga kutchova njuga, kugula zinthu, masewera osagwirizana, masewera a kanema komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti [21,22].

Wamng'ono [24] anali m'gulu la anthu oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti “kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti.” Iye ndi ofufuza ena adazindikira njira zodziwonera za matenda amiseche omwe amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kapena omwe ali ndi vuto lotsogolera kuti adziwe vuto lomwe ali nalo pa intaneti [17,18,24]. Makhalidwe molingana ndi matanthauzidwe awa akuphatikiza kulumikizidwa ndi intaneti, kuchuluka kwa nthawi pa intaneti, kuyesa kulephera kusiya, kusachedwa kuyesa kubweza, kukhala pa intaneti kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe mukufunira, kusokoneza ubale waukulu kuti mukhale pa intaneti, kunama kuti mubise kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti , ndikugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati kuthawa mavuto [25]. Njira zowunikira mosakayikira sizinavomerezeredwe kwathunthu ndi ofufuza, koma magawo anayi adanenedwa kuti ndiofunikira pakuwunika: (1) Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti (makamaka mukakhala ndi kutaya nthawi kapena kunyalanyaza ntchito zazikulu); (2) zizindikiro zochotsa ngati kukwiya kapena kukhumudwa pamene intaneti sichitha; (3) kulolerana, komwe kumawonetsedwa ndikufunika kogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti muchepetse zizindikiro zoyipa; ndi (4) zotsatira zoyipa, monga kukangana ndi abwenzi kapena abale, kunama, kusawerengera bwino sukulu kapena kugwira ntchito, kudzipatula, komanso kutopa [26]. Beard amangotenga chidziwitso chonse cha izi, akunena kuti zimachitika ngati "malingaliro a munthu, omwe akuphatikizira onse malingaliro ndi malingaliro, komanso ophunzira awo, pantchito yawo komanso zochitika zina ndi anzawo, akuwonongeka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito anthu wamba” [27] (p. 7).

Komabe ena amasiyanitsa pakati pa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso chizolowezi cha njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe intaneti imayambitsa, akunena kuti liwu loti "kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti" likugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, kapena sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi zosokoneza pazomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi intaneti [2,7,8,9]. Jones ndi Hertlein [28], mwachitsanzo, kusiyanitsa pakati pa malingaliro okhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo za pa intaneti, kukhudzana ndi kugonana komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi intaneti, ndi kusakhulupirika pa intaneti. Pawlikowski et al. [11] onetsani kusiyana komwe kukuwoneka pakati pa omwe ali ndi vuto pa osewera pa intaneti ovuta ovuta, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta pa intaneti, akuthandizira lingaliro lakuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti yovuta ikhoza kusiyanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake mu maphunziro amtsogolo. Zitsanzo zina za njira zomwe anthu agwiritse ntchito intaneti mokakamira kuphatikizira kugula [29], zolaula [30];31], kusewera makanema pavidiyo [32], malo ochezera a pa Intaneti [33], ndi kutchova njuga [34]. Tikuvomereza kuti intaneti ndi sing'anga, koma gawo lazomwe zimayenera pazokha siziyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Intaneti imakhala ndi mapulogalamu ambiri opindulitsa, komanso imathandizira kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo njira zambirimbiri zomwe zingayambitse vuto.

1.2. Mayeso Othandizira pa intaneti

Olemba za kafukufukuyu adaganiza zosintha chida chomwe chilipo kuti chizikhala bwino pazowunikira. Zida zingapo zapangidwa kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (kapena malingaliro ofananawo), kuphatikizapo Chinese Internet Addiction Inventory (CIAI), Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) [35], Game Addiction Scale (GAS) [36], The Generalised movuta Internet Use Scale (GPIUS) [37], Internet Addiction Test (IAT) [24], Internet Consequences Scale (ICS) [38], Vuto Logwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Yovuta (PIUS) [39], ndi Vidiyo Yosewera Poyeserera Vidiyo (PVGPT) [40], mwa ena [41]. Ngakhale zida zonsezi zili ndi machitidwe olimba, IAT idasankhidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira yodula kuti ithandizire kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta, chitukuko chake mchitsanzo cha ku America (dziko lomwe achokera omwe amapezeka ndi ofufuzawo), kupezeka kwake mu Chichewa (chilankhulo chomwe olemba adalemba), ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo m'mabuku, The IAT [24] ndi chipangizo cha 20 chomwe chawonetsa kudalirika komanso chitsimikizo ndipo chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kutsimikizira kuti anthu ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti [42,43,44]. Sifotokoza njira zingapo zomwe intaneti imathandizira, komabe, koma imafotokoza za intaneti yonse monga chinthu chomwe anthu angachite kuti atengere. Cholinga cha phunziroli ndikuwongolera bwino za a Young [24] kapangidwe koyambirira ndikupanga kuyesa komwe kumayesa njira zomwe zidapezeka pa intaneti osati kungochita “zosokoneza bongo za pa intaneti.” Kuyesedwa koteroko kungapereke chidziwitso chodziwikiratu kwa asing'anga ndi ofufuza omwe akugwiritsa ntchito njira za intaneti.

1.3. Mafunso Mafunso ndi Mafanizo

Pa kafukufukuyu, tidaganizira mafunso otsatirawa:

(1)

Kodi zosokoneza pa intaneti zikugwirizana motani ndi IAT? Timaganizira kuti izi zikuyenera kukhala zolumikizika bwino chifukwa anthu omwe akumaliza IAT mwina akuchita izi ndi malingaliro awo osokoneza bongo poyankha zinthu. Wamng'ono [24] mayeso, komabe, samasiyanitsa momveka bwino pakati pamafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana.

(2)

Kodi zosokoneza za intaneti ndizogwirizana motani? Timaganizira kuti payenera kukhala kulumikizana kwakukulu, popeza kupezeka kwa chizolowezi chilichonse nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopanda tanthauzo m'maganizo [45]. Kukhala ndi thanzi lamagetsi kumathandizanso lingaliro loti omwe akuchita nawo mapikisano apamwamba akulimbana ndi njira zochotsera kwenikweni, osati vuto lokhalitsa.

2. Njira

2.1. Mayeso Othandizira pa intaneti

Chida chomwe adapanga kafukufukuyu ndi Internet process Addiction Test (IPAT). Ndi mtundu wowunika wa zida zowunikira kuti muwone ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njira zopangidwira pa intaneti zitha kusiyanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake. Chida ichi chimasintha ndikuwonjezera pa a Young's [24] kapangidwe koyambirira. Wamng'ono [24] mawu a zida zoyambirira za IAT's 20 adasinthidwa kuti m'malo moyankha mafunso mogwirizana ndi lingaliro loipa la "Internet," otenga mbali adayankha mafunso omwewo pokhudzana ndi njira zisanu ndi ziwirizi. Mwachitsanzo, choyambirira cha Young chimati, "Ndi kangati kamene mumakhala pa intaneti kuposa momwe mumafunira?" [24] (p. 31). Woyankhapo amayankha funsoli pa sikelo ya 5-point Likert yolemba pakati pa "Kawirikawiri" ndi "Nthawi zonse." Ku IPAT, chinthucho chimasinthidwa kotero kuti chimawerengedwa, "Ndi kangati kamene mumagwiritsa ntchito zotsatirazi kuposa inu cholinga chake? ”Gawoli limayankhidwa kuti wophunzirayo ayankhe momwe zinthu zikuyendera panjira zotsatirazi pa intaneti: Kusewera pamalowo (mwachidziwikire kukaona malo osiyanasiyana azosangalatsa monga nkhani, masewera, kapena nthabwala), Online Masewera (kusewera kanema pa intaneti) masewera), Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (kuyendera malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ngati Facebook), Zochita Zakugonana (kuwonera zolaula za pa intaneti kapena kucheza nawo), Kutchova juga (kuchita nawo njuga kudzera pa intaneti, monga masamba a intaneti), Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafoni kuti mupeze intaneti, imelo, masewera, kapena mameseji), ndi Zina (gawo-lonse la madera osaphimbidwa apa). Mulingo wofanana wa Likert kuchokera ku IAT umagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochita zilizonse, kupatula yankho lowonjezera la "Sikugwiritsanso Ntchito" lilinso.

Intaneti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito njira zambiri, ndipo zinali zovuta kusankha njira zoyenera kuphatikiza. Kutalika kwa chipangizocho ndikofunikira kuti kukhale kothandiza kwa asing'anga ndi ofufuza. Kusankha kwa njira zophatikizira kunapangidwa poyankhulana ndi akatswiri awiri oyambitsa aSTART, pulogalamu yaukadaulo yogwiritsira ntchito ukadaulo yomwe yakhala ikuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto laukadaulo kuyambira 2009. Mmodzi (Cosette Rae) ndi MSW ndipo winayo (Hillarie Cash) ndi Phungu Wovomerezeka wa Mental Health yemwe ali ndi doctorate mu psychology. Adotolo awa agwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku ndi anthu ena kuyesera kuthana ndi vuto laukadaulo. Panthawi yosonkhanitsa deta, awa anali okhawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse chithandizo chamankhwala chokhazikitsidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo ku US Nthawi zonse amagwiritsa ntchito IAT ngati gawo lawo la zowunikira, ngakhale panthawi yakusunga deta iwo samadziwa zida zilizonse mu Chingerezi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paliponse. Ngakhale anali asanatsate mwatsatanetsatane njira za pa intaneti pomwe adakumana koyamba za vutoli, ndi omwe ananena kuti njira zisanu ndi ziwirizi zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri ndiukadaulo ndi zomwe takambirana pamwambapa. Malingaliro awo amawoneka kuti ali othandizidwa kwambiri ndi zolembedera mwachitsanzo, [11,12,13,14]. Ndondomekozi zidaphatikizidwa ndi IPAT.

Mafunso asanu ndi awiri omwe sanayankhidwe mu IAT adawonjezeredwa ku IPAT, monga adadziwitsidwa ndi Griffiths [46] ndi Tao et al. [26]. Zinthu izi zili ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe akuwayankha kuti achite izi: Chepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi, gwiritsani ntchito njira zothawira, gwiritsani ntchito matekinoloje ena kuti mupewe kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi, muzitha kuona ngati mukulephera, mwachitsanzo, kusakhazikika, kukwiya, kapena kuda nkhawa ) poyesa kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi, kusiya nthawi mukamachita njirazi, kusiya zomwe zinkakusangalatsani pochita izi, ndikuchita nawo njirazi ngakhale mutakhala ndi zotsutsana (monga, mavuto amgwirizano, kusowa sukulu, kusowa ntchito, kapena kutaya ndalama).

Chinthu chimodzi kuchokera ku IAT choyambirira sichinasinthidwe kuti chiphatikizidwe ndi IPAT. Izi zidafunsidwa zokhudzana ndi zomwe anthu omwe akuyankha mafunso angafotokozere zosokoneza za moyo ndi malingaliro ochepetsa pa intaneti. Olembawo adawona kuti funsoli lidatchulidwa kovuta kwambiri pakusintha, kotero adachichotsa. Mafunso ena ochepa adasinthidwa kupitilira zomwe zidakambidwa pamwambapa chifukwa mafunso omwe adasiyidwa mu mawonekedwe awo oyambawo atha kusiyanitsa anthu ena mwadala. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani "Kodi ndi kangati komwe mumanyalanyaza ntchito zapakhomo kuti mupeze nthawi yapaintaneti?" [24] (p. 31), idasinthidwa kukhala "Ndi kangati kamene mumanyalanyaza maudindo anu kuti muwononge nthawi yambiri pochita zotsatirazi?" kuti musayerekeze kupatula aliyense yemwe sakanachita ntchito zina. Zotsatira zomaliza zakusinthidwa ku IAT zinali magawo asanu ndi awiri oyankha (njira) yamafunso a 26, okwanira 182 zinthu zapadera.

2.2. The Mental Health Inventory-5

Kuphatikiza pa omwe akuchita nawo IAT ndi IPAT kuti ayese kutsimikizika kotsimikizika, adatsitsanso Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5) kuti ayesere kutsimikizika kwa kutanthauzira. MHI-5 ndi chida chachifupi kwambiri (zinthu zisanu) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa thanzi lonse laumunthu pazoyankha [47]. Zawonetsa kuvomerezeka kwakukulu pozindikira mavuto amtundu waumoyo mwa omwe akuyankha monga zovuta zamavuto ndi nkhawa, ngakhale akuperewera [48]. Zambiri zapamwamba zimawonetsa thanzi lam'mutu, pomwe zocheperako zimawonetsa thanzi lam'mutu. Zambiri zosasuntha (5-25) zimasamutsidwa kukhala mulingo wa 100-point. Mankhwala omwe amathandizira kuti asokonezeke maganizo ndi 60 kapena zochepa (0.83 sensitivity, 0.78ity)48]. MHI-5 ili ndi chitsimikizo chamkati chokhala ndi mndandanda wa alpha wa Cronbach wa 0.74 [48].

2.3. Makina Ofufuza

Kafukufuku wapano anali wopanga ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika malingaliro ophunzirira kutembenuka ndi kusinthika kovomerezeka poyerekeza IPAT yomwe yangopangidwa kumene motsutsana ndi IAT ndi MHI-5. Zowunikira zowonjezera pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwapang'onopang'ono (kusanthula kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire zopanga za IPAT.

2.4. Ophunzira

Ophunzira nawo adalembedwa kudzera pa Google Ads komanso kudzera pa webusayiti ya reSTART. Zolembazo zinali zamaukadaulo ogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wokwera 7.41 (SD = 4.66, Range = 24) tsiku la nthawi yosagwira ntchito pomwe anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti 13 pa sabata pa nthawi yonse yogwira ntchito komanso yosagwira ntchito [49]. Onse omwe adatenga nawo gawo adauzidwa asanayambe kafukufukuyo kuti kutenga nawo mbali anali odzipereka, osadziwika, ndipo apatsidwa ndemanga zochokera ku IAT ndi MHI-5. Kutsiriza kafukufukuyu kunafunikira pafupifupi 30 min.

Zambiri adazisonkhanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito chida chowunikira pa intaneti. Mu nthawi ya sabata ya 51 yomwe kafukufukuyu adapezeka, zowunikira zoposa 1121 zidayamba. Mwa omwe adatumizidwa, kufufuzidwa kwathunthu kwa 274 kunasonkhanitsidwa ndipo 4 idachotsedwa chifukwa chodziikira kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, owunikira azaka za 100 omwe adagwiritsa ntchito 24 h pa intaneti) kusiya 270 kufufuza kwathunthu kosanthula. Zitsanzo za phunziroli zinali zazimuna za 160 (59.3%) ndi akazi a 110 (40.7%) kuyambira azaka za 19 mpaka 79 wazaka (M = 27.83, SD = 9.87). Zaka zoyenera zazimuna zinali 26.91 (SD = 10.46) ndipo kwa akazi ambiri anali 29.17 (SD = 10.52).

Mwa omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu, a 204 (75.6%) adadziwika kuti ndi Caucasian, 18 (6.7%) Asia / Pacific Islander, 18 (6.7%) multiracial, 6 (2.2%) Black, 2 (0.7%) Native American, ndi 22 (8.1%) anakana kuzindikira mtundu wawo. Kuphatikiza apo, 29 (10.7%) adazindikira mtundu wawo kuti Hispanic.

Zana limodzi makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu awiri (71.1%) sanakwatirane, 58 (21.5%) okwatirana, 15 (5.8%) amasudzulidwa, 4 (1.5%) adasiyanitsidwa, ndipo 1 (0.4%) anali amasiye.

Zana limodzi ndi makumi atatu ndi awiri (48.9%) anali ophunzira, 76 (28.1%) adalemba ntchito malipiro, 22 (8.1%) anali odzilemba okha, 19 (7.0%) anali pantchito koma akuyang'ana, 10 (3.7%) anali pantchito osayang'ana, 5 (1.9%) anali opanga nyumba, 4 (1.5%) sanathe kugwira ntchito, ndipo 2 (0.7%) adapuma pantchito.

Zana limodzi ndi chimodzi (37.4%) amapanga ndalama zosakwana $ 25,000 pachaka, 29 (10.7%) yopanga pakati pa $ 25,000 ndi 35,000, 29 (10.7%) yopangidwa pakati pa $ 35,000 ndi 50,000, 32 (11.9%) yopangidwa pakati pa $ 75,000 ndi 100,000 , 15 (5.6%) yopangidwa pakati pa $ 100,000 ndi 125,000, 7 (2.6%) yopangidwa pakati pa $ 125,000 ndi 150,000, ndi 12 (4.4%) yopanga kuposa $ 150,000. Makumi awiri ndi awiri (8.1%) anakana kuyankha mafunso okhudza ndalama zomwe amapeza.

Mayankho pa kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti omwe anali nawo anali ochokera ku United States (68.1%), n kutsatiridwa ndi Canada (5.9%), United Kingdom (4.1%), Latin America (3.3%), Italy ndi Germany (1.9% aliyense). Ofunsa makumi atatu ndi asanu ndi awiri (13.8%) adawonetsa "ena" ndipo 3 (1.1%) sanayankhe funso.

3. Zotsatira

Kafukufuku wowerengera adachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Statistical Package for the Social Sayansi (SPSS) 21.0 kuti ayese kuyanjana pakati pa IAT, IPAT, ndi MHI5, kufufuzira kuvomerezeka, kudalirika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa IPAT pokhudzana ndi zida zina.

Zambiri pa IAT zidachokera ku 0-98 zokhala ndi 49 komanso kupatula 19.54. Kuphatikiza kwa zero kunachitika pakati pa MHI-5 ndi IAT (r = -0.474, p <0.001). Zowonjezera za IPAT zidapangidwa powerengera zambiri pazomwe zinafufuzidwa. Poyamba, njirayi idaphatikizapo zopangira zisanu ndi ziwiri: Kusaka, Masewera Paintaneti, Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, Mafoni Am'manja, Kutchova Juga, Kugonana, ndi Zina. Mayankho a omwe atenga nawo mbali pazothandizira zambiri za IPAT atatha kuwongolera kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu (jenda, zaka, mtundu, fuko, mkhalidwe wabanja, maphunziro, ntchito, ndi ndalama) zidalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi mayankho awo ku IAT komanso MHI-5 (Gulu 1).

Gulu 1. Malumikizano apakati a IAT, MHI5, ndi ma IPAT Subalesales anayi *. Dinani apa kuti muwonetse tebulo

Ma subscales onse a IPAT amalumikizana kwambiri ndi IAT kupatula Kutchova Juga. Mwa kulumikizana kotsalira kotsalira, Surfing subscale yolumikizana yolimba kwambiri ndi IAT, r (259) = 0.79, p <0.001, pomwe kulumikizana kofooka kwambiri kunali ndi sex subscale, r (259) = 0.32, p <0.001. Atatu mwa ma subscales a IPAT sanalumikizane kwambiri ndi MHI-5, kuphatikiza Kutchova Juga, Cell Phone, ndi Ma subscales Ena. Mwa kulumikizana kotsalira kotsalira, Surfing subscale yolumikizana yolimba kwambiri ndi MHI-5, r (259) = -0.47, p <0.001, pomwe kulumikizana kofooka kwambiri kunali ndi Social Networking subscale, r (259) = -0.21, p = 0.001. Pambuyo powunikiranso izi zoyambirira, ofufuzawo adaganiza zochotsa Cell Phone, Kutchova Juga, ndi Zowonjezera zina chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi IAT ndi / kapena MHI-5.

Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunika kwa zinthu kunkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa zinthu (PCA) pa IPAT kuti mufufuze momwe chida chimapangidwira. Kugwiritsa ntchito chiwembu chazomwe zimayikidwa pa 1.0, zigawo za 12 (zinthu) zidapangidwa. Zidazo zidasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Promax ndipo atawunika chiwembucho adaganiza zophatikizira zinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi ma eigenvalues ​​opitilira 3.0. Kuwunikaku kunawonetsa zinthu zinayi zomwe zimawerengera 78% ya kusiyanasiyana. Factor 1 (zinthu za 26) zimawerengera 58.11% zakusiyana ndikuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito makanema osokoneza bongo. Factor 2 (zinthu za 31) amawerengera 10.19% yamitundu ndi miyezo yolowera ochezera pa intaneti. Factor 3 (zinthu za 26) adawerengera 5.95% ya kusiyanasiyana ndikuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Factor 4 (zinthu za 15) adawerengera 3.73% ya kusiyanasiyana ndikuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Kusasinthika kwamkati pazinthu zinayi zonsezo kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito alpha ya Cronbach ndi mfundo zake pazinthu zonse zinayi zinali 0.97 (kusewera) ndi 0.98 (masewera apakanema, malo ochezera a pa intaneti, komanso kugonana / zolaula) zomwe zikuwonetsa kudalirika kwa chidacho. Kuphatikiza apo kudalirika kwathunthu kunali kwakukulu ndi mtengo wa 0.99. Poyerekeza ndi IAT ndi MHI-5, IPAT idawonetsa kuvomerezeka kofananira ndi kulumikizana kuyambira 0.31-0.78 (n = 269, p <0.001) ya IAT ndi -0.19 mpaka -0.46 (n = 269, p <0.002 ) ya MHI-5.

4. Kukambirana

Malumikizidwe pakati pamabungwe omaliza a IPAT (Kugwiritsa Ntchito Masewera, Paintaneti, Paintaneti, ndi Kugonana) kukuwonetsa kuti IPAT ili ndi chitsimikizo chofanana. Kupanda kulumikizana pakati pa Ngongole yocheperako ndi IAT kungasonyeze kuti kwa osuta a juga, kutchova juga sikudalira pa intaneti monga njira zina. Intaneti ikhoza kukhala imodzi mwanjira zingapo zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kutchova juga.

Malumikizidwe pakati pamabungwe omaliza a IPAT ndi MHI-5 amawonetsa chitsimikizo chabwino; Anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti amakhalanso ndi thanzi labwino. Kusowa kwa kulumikizana pakati pa Gansi subscale ndi MHI-5 kunali kodabwitsa, popeza izi zikuwoneka ngati zikutsutsana ndi kafukufuku wapitawu womwe umawonetsa momwe otchova juga pa intaneti angatulutsire mavuto [50]. Kuphatikizana ndi kusowa kwa ubale pakati pa Guga subscale ndi IAT, izi zitha kuwonetsa cholakwika chazomwe zili mkati mwa Masewera olipiritsa. Kuphatikiza apo, kusowa kwa kulumikizana pakati pa foni yam'manja ndi Zina zomwe zikuperekedwa ndi MHI-5 zitha kuwonetsa zovuta pamapangidwe a opangidwawo, monga foni yam'manja imatha kuonedwa ngati sing'anga ina komanso "Zina" mwanjira ikusowa kulunjika. Zolakwika izi zitha kuonetsanso kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chomachita siomwe amakhala ndi thanzi lam'mutu. Izi zitha kuthandizanso kudziwa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto omwewa poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya maukonde a intaneti omwe ayesedwa pano. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, izi zapezedwa zikuwonjezera kafukufuku wina.

Zotsatira za phunziroli zimapereka thandizo kuntchito yomwe ikukula yomwe imasiyanitsa pakati pazokonda zingapo zapamtundu wa intaneti kusiyana ndi chizolowezi chodziletsa pa intaneti [6,7,8,9,10,11] ndikuthandizanso kuvomerezeka kwamaphunziro omwe adasanthula njira zowonjezera zothetsera intaneti zomwe sizitsutsana ndi intaneti yonse [13,14,15]. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chizolowezi chomwe chimatchedwa "kukhudzika kwa intaneti" ndi liwu lomwe lingatanthauze kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse, iliyonse yomwe ingafunike njira zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala. Awo omwe ali ndi vuto lokakamira pa intaneti, mwachitsanzo, atha kukhala ndi chithandizo chosiyana ndi omwe ali ndi vuto la masewera a pa intaneti; komabe popanda mawu olondola kwambiri, onsewo angatchulidwe kuti "osokoneza bongo a pa intaneti." Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatirazi zimapereka chida chothandizira pazida zodziwikiratu zomwe zimayang'ana njira zina monga zomwe zimayang'ana kusewera kwamavidiyo akusewera [37,39,40]. Zida zamtsogolo zitha kukhala zothandiza kwambiri ngati zingayang'ane njira zina mmalo moyesa kuyang'ana pa lingaliro lalikulu ngati "kukopeka pa intaneti". Chida monga mtundu wa IPAT chosavomerezeka chingayang'ane njira zingapo nthawi imodzi ndipo mwina chitha kuwunikira zovuta zomwe chida chodziwika bwino monga IAT sichingapeze chokha. Chida chomwe chimatha kuyang'ana njira zingapo nthawi imodzi chitha kukhala chothandiza kwa othandizira omwe angakumane ndi makasitomala ofuna thandizo la mtundu umodzi wa njira zowonjezera, osazindikira kuti pali njira zina zomwe zingakhale zovutanso.

Njira zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito zilibe malire. Gawo laling'ono laling'ono linali loyera kwambiri ku United States. Kulemba ntchito kunapangitsa kuti pakhale chitsanzo chosavuta, chomwe chimalepheretsa zonse zomwe zapezeka. Komanso, kafukufuku wamtsogolo angaganize zofunikira kuchita pakusankha njira zomwe zingaphatikizidwe, monga njira zotsata njira zamankhwala, kuti kusanthula kwa kafukufukuyu kuvomereze. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu za IPAT (182) kuphatikiza ndi kukula kocheperako pang'ono kunaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kotsimikizika kuti zitsimikizire zonena zabodza mu IPAT. Mtengo wapamwamba woponya unathandizira kukula kwakanthawi kakang'ono, mwina chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Komanso, momwe IPAT idapangidwira kuchokera ku zinthu za IAT ndi zida zonse ziwiri zitagwiritsidwa ntchito, pakhoza kuti panali zovuta zina poyankha zinthu zofananira. Kutalika kwa zida zophatikizika zosiyanasiyana (zinthu za 245 zonse) kunathandizanso kuti ambiri mwa omwe adasiya kafukufukuyo asanamalize. Monga momwe ambiri amafufuzira, ophunzirawo adadzisankhira okha zomwe amadzichitira okha. Popeza kunalibe kuwunikira kwakunja sikunali kotheka kuzindikira malo omwe amachokera kuchipatala kuti adziwe zovuta zomwe zingayambitse vuto. Kuphatikiza apo, pomwe phunzirolo linali lotseguka kwa aliyense, chitsanzo ichi chinali chopangidwa mwa anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu sanayang'ane bwino pakuwonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti, kuzunza, kapena kusokoneza, koma izi zitha kuchitika pokhazikitsa njira zokhotakhota pamawu amodzi kapenanso kawiri pamwambapa kagwiridwe kake ka IPAT kamene kamatengedwa kuchokera pachosawoneka bwino.

5. Zotsatira

Ngakhale izi zili ndi malire, olemba amalimbikitsidwa ndizomwe zikuwonetsa kuti IPAT ikuvomerezeka. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ndi IPAT angapindule potsimikizira ziphunzitso za chiphunzitso cha IPAT. Izi zingafune kulembetsa zitsanzo zokulirapo komanso / kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimbikitsira mitengo yokwera. Komanso, kafukufuku wamtsogolo akhoza kuyesa kufananiza mphamvu yolosera ya IAT ndi IPAT pamachitidwe osiyana siyana omwe amati amayeza. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayeneranso kuyesa kudziwa kuchuluka kwa njira zomwe azitsatsa pa intaneti ndi chida chachifupi chomwe tsiku lina chitha kusintha IAT ngati chida chowonera.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Jason Northrup anathandizira kuyesa ndikuyesa kuyesa, adalemba zowunikira zamankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti, ndikupanga zinthu za IPAT. Coady Lapierre anathandizira kuyesa ndikuyesa kuyesa ndikuwunikanso mabuku a MHI-5. Jeffrey Kirk adachita kusanthula deta. Cosette Rae anathandiza kutenga phunziroli ndikupanga zinthu za IPAT.

Mikangano ya Chidwi

Cosette Rae ndi CEO, Co-founder, ndi Program Director of reSTART, pulogalamu yothandizira pa intaneti, masewera a kanema, komanso njira zosokoneza bongo.

Zolemba ndi Malemba

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