The Structured Clinical Interview ya DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: Kupititsa patsogolo ndi Kuvomerezeka kwa Kuzindikira IGD kwa Achinyamata (2017)

. 2017 Jan; 14 (1): 21-29.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2016 Dec 29. do:  10.4306 / pi.2017.14.1.21

PMCID: PMC5240456

Kudalirika

cholinga

Phunziroli lidafuna kukhazikitsa ndi kutsimikizira Zokambirana za Clinical Interview for Internet Gaming Disorder (SCI-IGD) achinyamata.

Njira

Choyamba, ife tinapanga zinthu zoyambirira za SCI-IGD pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga ochokera ku DSM-5 ndemanga zolemba mabuku ndi zokambirana za akatswiri. Kenaka, achinyamata onse a 236, kuchokera kumadera onse ndi odwala, adayesedwa kuti awonetse zigawo za psychomikirini za SCI-IGD.

Results

Choyamba, SCI-IGD idapezeka kuti ikugwirizana pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Chachiwiri, ma concordance azidziwitso pakati pa SCI-IGD ndi mawonekedwe azachipatala anali abwino kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha Likelihood Ratio Positive komanso Likelihood Ratio Negative pakuwunika kwa SCI-IGD chinali 10.93 ndi 0.35, motsatana, kuwonetsa kuti SCI-IGD inali 'mayeso othandiza' pozindikira kupezeka kwa IGD ndi 'mayeso othandiza' podziwa kusapezeka ya IGD. Chachitatu, SCI-IGD imatha kuzindikira ochita masewera olakwika omwe sanasokonezeke.

Kutsiliza

Zomwe zikutanthauza komanso zoperewera za phunziroli zikufotokozedwanso.

Keywords: Njira za DSM-5, vuto la masewera a intaneti, Kuyankhulana kwachipatala, Kukhulupirika, Kuvomerezeka

MAU OYAMBA

Kwazaka 10 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa kafukufuku kwasindikizidwa ponena za Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Poyambirira pa chilengedwe, akuti anthu omwe akuganiza kuti ndi IGD amasonyeza bwino ntchito zowonongeka, kulekerera, kulekerera, ndi zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu awonetsanso anthu omwe amasonyeza makhalidwe ofanana ndi aurosa-psychosocial pamene akuyang'ana zovuta za IGD ndi matenda ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Komabe, pali kutsutsana kwakukulu pa nkhani yoyenera ya IGD ngati matenda odziimira okhaokha chifukwa cha kusokonezeka maganizo komanso kuonekera kwa IGD nthawi zonse. Kuti atsimikizire kuti ndizovomerezeka, ndizofunikira kukhazikitsa lingaliro lovomerezeka ndikudziphatika deta ponena za kufotokozera kwa mibadwo ndi miyambo yosiyanasiyana, kukhazikika kwa nthawi, ndi njira zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ake.

Posachedwapa Petry et al. Anapereka mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wokhudzana ndi matenda opatsirana a IGD mubuku lofufuza komanso lofufuza za matenda a mitsempha, lachisanu la magawo khumi (DSM-5), ngati chikhalidwe choyenera cha phunziro la mtsogolo. Gawo loyamba loyesa kufotokoza mgwirizano wovomerezeka wogwiritsidwa ntchito wogwirizanitsa ndikutengedwa mu masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amachititsa kuti zisamayende bwino chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chiwerengero cha zidziwitso zomwe zilipo komanso palibe chida choyesa kuyeza IGD. Ngakhale Petry et al. Anapanga njira yowunika IGD mwa njira zina, zoyenera za DSM-5, njira zabwino zowunikira, komanso malo omwe akudziwiratu akutsatiridwa. Kuti IGD ikhale yosiyana ndi matenda aumphawi, umboni wodalirika uyenera kusonkhanitsidwa kuti uzindikire kuganiza kwa IGD mwina ngati mowa kapena ayi.

Kuyeza kwa matenda a IGD kumaphatikizapo chidziwitso ndi khalidwe labwino zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a intaneti mosalekeza komanso mobwerezabwereza, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kapena kuvutika kwa miyezi ya 12 monga momwe akusonyezera povomerezera zisanu kapena zina mwa zisanu ndi zinayi zoyenera. Zigawo zisanu ndi zinayi za IGD zikuphatikizapo: 1) kuganizira ndi masewera a pa intaneti; 2) zizindikiro zowonongeka pamene maseŵera a pa Intaneti achotsedwa; 3) kulekerera, zomwe zimachititsa kuti mukhale ndi nthawi yowonjezera yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a pa intaneti; 4) kuyesa kupambana kuti athetse nawo mbali pa masewera a pa intaneti; 5) kutaya chidwi pa zokopa zam'mbuyomu ndi zosangalatsa chifukwa cha, ndipo kupatulapo, maseŵera a pa intaneti; 6) anapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri masewera a pa Intaneti ngakhale adziwa mavuto a maganizo; 7) kunyenga achibale, odwala, kapena ena ponena za kuchuluka kwa nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa maseŵera a pa intaneti; 8) kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a pa Intaneti kuthawa kapena kuchepetsa maganizo okhumudwitsa; ndi 9) pangozi kapena kuthetsa ubale wapadera, ntchito, kapena maphunziro kapena ntchito chifukwa chochita nawo masewera a pa intaneti. Mfundo za IGD zoganizira za DSM-5, zomwe zimagwirizana pa mgwirizanowu, zakhala zikubwereka ku matenda osokoneza bongo kapena kutchova njuga. Ngakhale izi ndizovomerezedwa mwadzidzidzi kwa IGD kudziwa pakati pa ofufuza, Ndikofunika kudziwa momwe chidziwitso cha munthu aliyense chidziwira ndi kufufuza bwinobwino.

Kuwonanso kwaposachedwapa kwa zida zoyesa kusokoneza masewerawa kunanena kuti zida zosiyana za 18 zinapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro a 63. Ngakhale kuti zowoneka bwino zowoneka bwino, zowonongeka zowonongeka zinasonyeza kusayika kwa zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi zizoloŵezi zakugonjetsa, zovuta zosagwirizana zokhudzana ndi chithandizo chamankhwala, kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi kuwonetsetsa. Griffiths et al. anatsutsa mwamphamvu njira yowunikira yofufuza za IGD, zomwe zikanakhoza kuyanjanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Kuyambira pamene IGD inayamba mu ofesi ya DSM-5, mwachangu anayamba kupanga zida zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito, monga Internet Gaming Disorder Scale kapena asintha zida zolekerera zomwe zinkaganiziridwa kuti ziwonetsere zofunikira zisanu ndi ziwiri za IGD, monga Video Game Dependency Scale ndi Masewero a Gaming Disorder Test. Zida zimenezi ndizokhazikitsa ndondomeko zomwe zinapangidwa kuti ziwonetsetse ndikuwonetsa masewera omwe angatheke omwe ali osasokonezeka ndi osewera osasokonezeka.

Mayankho odzipangira okha ali ndi mphamvu chifukwa ali oyenera ndalama komanso osavuta kupereka. Komabe, ali ndi zolephera. Choyamba, ana ndi achinyamata angakumane zovuta kuganizira mafunso omwe akhala akusindikizidwa pamapepala. Chachiwiri, iwo sangakhale ozindikira kuti ndi oyenera kuweruza khalidwe lawo molondola. Chachitatu, iwo angakhale ovuta kuika khalidwe lawo pa nthawi yoyenera / nthawi yonse. Pazifukwa izi, kuyankhulana koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera kumalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuti apeze matenda a maganizo a ana ndi achinyamata., Mgwirizano womwewo ndi wofunika kwambiri pofufuza ndikuzindikira IGD ya ana ndi achinyamata makamaka chifukwa chakuti amatsutsa zovuta zawo zosewera kapena alibe kuzindikira kuti azitsatira khalidwe lawo. Choncho, n'kofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale ndondomeko yolankhulana yofunsira mafunso kuti aunike IGD ya achinyamata.

Ndondomeko zoyankhulirana zoyankhulana zimakhala ndi ubwino wina pazokambirana zachipatala zotseguka. Ngakhale ndi njira ya diagnostic DSM-5, pangakhale kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi ngongole pamene matendawa akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazolumikizidwe zachipatala. Madokotala amachititsa kuti asamangoganizira bwinobwino za matendawa. Akamagwiritsa ntchito njira za DSM-5, dongosolo lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuza njira zosiyanasiyanasiyana pakati pa asing'anga ndi kutanthauzira kwazofunikira kumadalira pazochitikira zawo zachipatala. Mosiyana ndi zokambirana zachipatala zotseguka, zoyankhulana bwino zogonana zimayanjanitsidwa mosamalitsa ndi zofunikira zogonana ndi mawu ndi dongosolo la mafunso ndizokonzedweratu. Chotsatira chake, kudalirika kwapakati ndi kukwera pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yolankhulana ndi mafunso chifukwa sangachite chidwi ndi zokambirana. Choncho, kuyambitsidwa kwa zokambirana zachipatala kwafunikira kwambiri mu gawo latsopano la IGD kuti zitsimikizire kuti zomwe DSM-5 zingayesedwe mosamalitsa. Cholinga chachikulu cha phunziroli chinali kukhazikitsa zokambirana za achinyamata kuti athe kuyesa ndondomeko zisanu ndi zinayi za IGD kuchokera ku DSM-5, ndikuyesera kudalirika ndi kuyenerera kwa Structured Clinical Interview for Internet Gaming Disorder mu DSM-5 (SCI- IGD).

Cholinga chinanso chinali kufufuza momwe zidziwitso za IGD zilili pa DSM-5. Ngakhale kuti malamulo ambiri a DSM-5 of IGD ankaganiziridwa kuti akugwira bwino ntchitoyi, zina mwazovuta zakhala zotsutsana pakati pa ochita kafukufuku m'munda.,, Pakalipano, pakhala kuyesayesa kogwiritsa ntchito mafunsowo kuti apangidwe ndi IGD mu DSM-5. Ko et al. posachedwapa anayezetsa momwe matenda a IGD amadziwira mu DSM-5 pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku woganizira. Zinanenedwa kuti IGD zonse zinali ndi zolondola zoganizira kuchokera ku 77.3% mpaka 94.7% kupatulapo "chinyengo" ndi "kuthawa" zofuna kusiyanitsa ophunzira a ku yunivesite ndi IGD kuchokera kwa ophunzira. van Rooij et al. Anapanganso chida choyesa chithandizo chachipatala chomwe chimaperekedwa kuchipatala (CVV), kuti ayambe kuyesa zitsanzo zisanu ndi zinayi za DSM-5 muzitsanzo za achinyamata ndipo adawonetsa kuti C-VAT 2.0 imadziwika bwino 91% ya chitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha DSM-5 chodulidwa. Komabe, mndandanda wa C-VAT 2.0 sungathe kufufuzidwa chifukwa iwo sanaphatikize masewera olimbitsa thupi. Ngakhale kuti maphunziro awiriwa adapereka chidziwitso chofunika kwambiri pa zenizeni za DSM-5, zizindikiro za IGD mu DSM-5 ziyenera kugonjetsedwa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za m'deralo ndi zitsanzo zachipatala kuti athe kukhalanso odalirika komanso olondola.

Kukula kwa SCI-IGD

SCI-IGD inapangidwa kudzera mu magawo atatu. Gawo loyamba la phunziroli linali ndi chiyambi cha zinthu. Olemba amafotokozera IGD kukhala ngati khalidwe lachizoloŵezi cha khalidwe labwino limene sikuti limagawana zofananako powonetsera ndi vuto la kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi vuto lakutchova juga (mwachitsanzo, kutaya mphamvu, zotsatira zoipa) komanso zimakhala zosiyana ndi IGD (mwachitsanzo, kukhumudwa, zokhudzana ndi umoyo mavuto). Kuwerenga ndi kulankhulana ndi akatswiri a 8 omwe ali ndi zochitika zogwira ntchito za IGD zinapangidwa pofuna kukhazikitsa gulu la gulu la IGD. Chotsatira chake, zigawo zonse za 7 monga kusamala, kudziletsa, kutaya mphamvu, kulekerera, kutaya, kusintha maganizo, ndi zotsatira zoipa, anasankhidwa. Kupanga zinthu, zinthu zojambula zigawo za 7 zidaposedwera kwambiri kuchokera ku zida zomwe zilipo kale, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku gulu la DSM.,,,,, Poyesa dothi loyambirira la zinthu, zinthu zomwe zidagwedezeka kapena zikutanthawuza zolakwika zinachotsedwa. Pofuna kuthetsa zinthu ndi kufotokozera mafunso, kukambirana kwa olemba ndi msonkhano wogwirizana ndi akatswiri anapangidwa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti SCI-IGD ya zinthu za 16 ziziyang'ana zigawo za 6: kuthandizira (kuphatikizapo kudzipereka), kuchotsa, kulekerera, kutaya mphamvu (DSM) -CIUMUMX criteria; 'kusayesayesa kuyesa' ndi 'kupitilirabe ngakhale mavuto'), kusinthidwa kwa maganizo (DSM-5 criteria; 'kuthawa'), zotsatira zoyipa (DSM-5 chikhalidwe; 'kutaya chidwi', 'kunyenga', ' kuopsya '). Pachigawo chachiwiri, SCI-IGD yapitayi inkaperekedwa kwa ophunzira a sukulu ya pulayimale a 5 omwe anali ndi vuto la masewera (28 amuna ndi 19) omwe anavomera kutenga mbali pa zokambirana. Pofuna kuyang'anitsitsa zoyenera kuyankhulana ndi zinthu zoyankhulana, kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa mayankho ku zokambirana ndikuwonetseredwa mosamala. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, anapeza kuti palibenso chisamaliro chowonjezeka pamene ofunsidwawo sadziwa kuti kusewera ndi vuto. Chifukwa cha matanthawuzo osamveka, zinthu za 9 zidatulutsidwa kuchokera kumapeto omaliza. Malingana ndi kuyesedwa koyambirira kwa SCI-IGD, zinthu zonse za 4 zinasankhidwa monga zomaliza za SCI-IGD.

Kufotokozera kwa mapeto a SCI-IGD

Kufufuza kufotokoza

SCI-IGD imalola kuwonetsa za DSM-5 Gaming Disorder for zochitika m'miyezi ya 6 yapitayi.

Chikhalidwe ndi zokhutira

SCI-IGD ndi kuyankhulana kwathunthu, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza za matenda a matenda ndi matenda a zaumoyo. Baibulo lomaliza la SCI-IGD linapangidwa ndi magawo awiri. Gawo loyambirira la SCI-IGD linali gawo loyambanso kugonana lomwe lili ndi mafunso kuphatikizapo chidziwitso cha anthu komanso masewera. Gawo lachiwiri la SCI-IGD linali gawo loyankhulana.

Kulemba masinthidwe

SCI-IGD imafuna mafunso osachepera awiri, awiri kapena atatu omwe ayenera kuvomerezedwa.

NJIRA

ophunzira

Mapeto a SCI-IGD adaperekedwera kwa ophunzira onse akusukulu a 236 [kutanthauza zaka: zaka 13.61 (SD = 0.87)] ku Seoul, Korea [atsikana a 69 (29.3%), anyamata a 167 (70.7%)]; Ophunzira a 192 adatumizidwa kuchokera ku sukulu zapakati zisanu ku Seoul ndi chigawo cha Gyeonggi ku Korea (m'masukulu ena, oyang'anira sukulu analimbikitsa ophunzira omwe anali ndi masewera olimba kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali pa phunziroli pofuna kulengeza chidziwitso, ndipo 39 adasankhidwa kuchokera ku malo ochezera a pa Intaneti omwe achinyamata ali ndi intaneti Mavuto okhudzana ndi mavutowa amathera nthawi yambiri yopuma, komanso odwala 5 omwe akufunafuna mankhwala okhudzana ndi masewerawa kuchokera ku 'A' Hospital Hospital ku Seoul. Ophunzirawo anasankhidwa malinga ndi zotsatirazi: 1) akhoza kupita ku 20-min kuyankhulana ndi 2) iwo angapereke mayankho ogwirizana pa mafunso. Pakati pa olowa 236, 111 [zaka zenizeni: 13.53 (SD = 0.73); Atsikana a 27 (24.3%), anyamata a 84 (75.7%); 93 kuchokera ku masukulu apakati, 18 kuchokera pa intaneti za pa intaneti] anafunsa mafunso awiri kuti aunike mgwirizano wa kugonana; kamodzi mwa wofunsa mafunso pogwiritsa ntchito SCI-IGD ndipo kamodzi ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo akuyambitsa zokambirana zachipatala.

Kayendesedwe

Bungwe la Institute Institutional Review Board (IRB) la University of B linavomereza njira zonse. Kuonjezera apo, magawo onse oyesera ankachitidwa payekha ndipo ndi anthu omwe samasowa zopezeka pa zokambirana zina. Lamulo la kayendetsedwe linali lopanda malire. Nthawi yeniyeni ya kuyankhulana kuli pakati pa 15 ndi 20 maminiti. Chidziwitso chovomerezeka chinalandiridwa kuchokera kwa ophunzira onse ndi makolo awo isanayambe kuyankhulana; Pambuyo pake, ophunzirawo adatsiriza mayankho a mafunso okhaokha. Mtsikana aliyense adalandira kalata ya mphatso ya $ 10 kuti agule mabuku kuti atenge mbali. Pofuna kukhulupiliranso, otsogolera a 16, atayambitsa kuyankhulana kwawo kwa SCI-IGD, adayitanidwa kukafunsanso mafunso ofanana ndi a SCI-IGD omwe sanadziwitse zomwe adazipeza kuchokera koyamba. Iwo adalangizidwanso kuti sayenera kuganiza kuti zizindikiro zomwe zimasonyezedwa mu zokambirana zoyesayesa siziyenera kuyanjananso muzofunsidwa za retest. Nthawi yotsatizana pakati pa kafukufuku uliwonse mu phunziro ili inali pafupi masabata anayi.

Zochita za wofunsana ndi maphunziro

Madokotala azamisala awiri omwe adatenga nawo gawo anali ndi chidziwitso chachikulu pakuwunika ndi kuchiza IGD ku Internet Game Addiction Counselling Center, yomwe idalumikizidwa ndi department of psychiatry ku 'A' University Hospital. Kuti awone kudalirika kwa matenda amisala, kappa adawerengedwa pamayeso ndi momwe angadziwire. Mgwirizano wapakati pama asing'anga awiriwa udachokera pazabwino mpaka zabwino kwambiri, zonse zomwe zinali pamwamba pa 0.89.

Akatswiri anayi a zachipatala omwe ali ndi zaka zosachepera zisanu zomwe amaphunzira kuchipatala, ndipo asanu ndi amodzi ophunzira omwe adayang'aniridwa ndi adokotala a zachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi SCI-IGD iliyonse. Asanayambe kukambirana ndi ophunzirawo, onse ofunsidwa anauzidwa ku maphunziro a maphunziro a maphunziro a SCI-IGD a miniti 60. Chigwirizano pakati pa oyankhulanawo chinachokera ku zabwino kupita patsogolo ndi pamwamba pa 0.89.

Njira

K-Scale

A K-scale ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kufufuza nthawi yomweyo SCI-IGD. K-scale ili ndi zinthu 40, chinthu chilichonse chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito 4-point-point 1 (osati konse) mpaka 4 (nthawizonse). Poyamba, panali zinthu zitatu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zochepa, monga zowonongeka za kuyesedwa kwenikweni, malingaliro osokoneza maganizo, ndi maubwenzi enieni, komanso zizindikiro zinayi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi zizindikiro za moyo, kusokonezeka, kulekerera, ndi kuchotsa. Koo et al. posachedwa adasanthula kutsimikizika kwazidziwitso za K-chizindikiro, chopanga zinthu 24 kuchokera kuzinthu zinayi zokhudzana ndi zizindikilo ndikuwerengera njira zatsopano zodziwira. Alpha ya Cronbach ya K-scale inali 0.96 mu phunziroli.

Mwachidule Chizindikiro Inventory

Baibulo la BSI la Korea idaperekedwa kuti iwonetse kukhumudwa komanso kuchuluka kwa nkhawa zamaphunzirowa. Omvera adavomereza kufunikira kwa chinthu chilichonse pazomwe adakumana nazo m'masiku 7 apitawo pamlingo wa 5-point, kuchokera ku 0 (ayi konse) mpaka 4 (kwambiri). Alpha ya Cronbach yokhudzana ndi kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa inali 0.85 ndi 0.81 mu kafukufuku woyambirira wovomerezeka ndi 0.89 ndi 0.91 mu phunziro laposachedwapa.

Zovuta ndi Zovuta Masewera a Mafunso

Dongosolo la SDQ la Korea idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika zovuta zamakhalidwe, zovuta zakusamalira, komanso zovuta za anzawo. Amapangidwa ndi zinthu za 25 zokhala ndi zinthu za 5 muchimodzi mwazinthu zisanu, zomwe zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 4-point kuchokera ku 0 (ayi) mpaka 3 (kwambiri). Alpha ya Cronbach yokhudzana ndi mayendedwe, chidwi, komanso mavuto amnzanu a SDQ adachokera ku 0.50 mpaka 0.80 muchitsanzo cha ku Korea ndi kuchokera ku 0.70 mpaka ku 0.87 mu phunziro la tsopano.

Mafunso Ovuta Kuyankha Mafunso Okhudza Kukhumudwa Kwambiri

DERQ ya Korea idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kuthekera kwamalamulo okhudzidwa. Ili ndi zinthu 36 ndipo imayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 5-point kuchokera ku 1 (pafupifupi konse) mpaka 6 (pafupifupi nthawi zonse). Alpha ya Cronbach ya DERQ inali 0.93 pachitsanzo cha ku Korea ndi 0.90 mu phunziro la tsopano.

Kusanthula kusanthula

Tinawerengetsera ndondomeko zenizeni zowona bwino (kuzindikira, kudziwika, zofanana) kuti muwone kugwirizana kwachidziwitso pakati pa SCI-IGD ndi chithandizo chachipatala chomwe chinatsimikizidwa ndi amatsenga. Kumvetsetsa ndizotheka kuti SCI-IGD ikuti munthu ali ndi IGD pamene atapezeka kuti ali IGD ndi amatsenga. Zenizeni ndizotheka kuti SCI-IGD ikuti munthu alibe IGD pamene iwo sanapezepo ngati IGD ndi amatsenga. Ngakhale kuti malingaliro abwino ndi osayenera (PPV ndi NPV) amamasuliridwa kuti afotokoze kulondola kwa chidziwitso cha mayesero, ali ndi mavuto omwe angasinthe ndi kufalikira kwa matendawa. Choncho, mwayi wofanana, womwe umakhala wogwirizana ndi chidziwitso komanso mwatsatanetsatane komanso wosasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, anasankhidwa ngati ziwerengero zowonjezereka pofuna kufotokoza mwachidule kufotokoza. Zimafotokozedwa motere: Likelihood Ratio Positive (LRP) = sensitivity / (1-specificity, Likelihood Ratio Negative (LRN) = (1-sensitivity) / specificity. Kuyesedwa ndi LRP ya> 10 kapena LRN ya <0.1 kuyenera kukhala 'mayeso othandiza kwambiri' ndipo ma LRP a 2 mpaka 10 kapena LRN a 0.1 mpaka 0.5 atha kukhala 'mayeso othandiza'. Kumbali inayi, pomwe LRP ya <2 ndi LRN> 0.5 amatanthauza 'kuyesa kosavuta'.,

Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa matenda opatsirana pogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi SCI-IGD poyerekeza ndi chithandizo cha kuchipatala, matebulo otsogolera anayesedwa kuti aone ngati chiwerengero cha matenda a SCI-IGD ndi chiyani. Kufufuza kwodalirika kunkachitika pa chiwerengero cha mafunso komanso chidziwitso. Chodziwika bwino, coefficient Yopangidwira Yokonzedweratu Yokonzedweratu ya Kappa (PABAK), yosankhidwa ngati osauka (≤0), yochepa (0.01 kwa 0.20), yosayenerera (0.21 kwa 0.40), yochepa (0.41 mpaka 0.60), yaikulu (0.61 kwa 0.80), kapena pafupifupi wangwiro (0.81 kwa 1.00) ankagwiritsidwa ntchito monga muyeso wodalirika, ndipo amafotokozedwa ngati muyeso wa mapangano awiri omwe amakonzedwa mwangozi. Mpaka wa PABAK unagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa coefficient kappa amachititsa kappa kulingalira kukhala osakwanira otsika makamaka pamene chiwerengero ndi otsika mu chiwerengero cha phunziro.

ZINTHU

Ziwerengero zofotokozera

Gulu 1 kufotokoza mwachidule zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chiwerengero cha anthu. Otsatira makumi awiri ndi atatu (11.0%, n = 26) adanena kuti nthawi yawo yayitali kwambiri pa masewera a 24 ndi oposa maola a 12. Makumi makumi asanu ndi anai (31.4%) adayankha kuti ankasewera masewera tsiku ndi tsiku. Komanso, ambiri othamanga amalemba kuti anayamba kusewera masewera ali aang'ono kwambiri, makamaka asanakwane zaka 6 (15.3%, n = 36), ndi pakati pa zaka za 7-12 (69.9%, n = 165).

Gulu 1 

Makhalidwe a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu (N = 236)

Kulumikizana pakati pa matenda opangidwa kuchokera ku zokambirana zachipatala ndi SCI-IGD

Gulu 2 imapereka chidwi (Sen), kulunjika (Spe), mwayi wokhala ndi mwayi (LRP), komanso kuyerekezera koyipa (LRN) kwa SCI-IGD pamiyeso komanso kuchuluka kwa DSM-5. Mwa omwe atenga nawo mbali 111, khumi ndi awiri (10.8%) adapezeka ndi IGD malinga ndi SCI-IGD [n = 7 pakati pa 93 (7.5%) ochokera kusukulu; n = 5 pakati pa 18 (27.8%) kuchokera ku malo omwera pa intaneti]. Mwa 12 omwe adapezeka ndi SCI-IGD, asanu ndi atatu (66.7%) adapezedwanso kuti ndi IGD ndi kuyankhulana kwazachipatala kutengera DSM-5 ya IGD. Malingaliro a LRP ndi LRN pakuwunika komaliza kwa SCI-IGD anali 10.93 ndi 0.35, motsatana, kuwonetsa kuti SCI-IGD inali 'mayeso othandiza' pozindikira kupezeka kwa IGD ndi 'mayeso othandiza' pakuzindikira kuti kulibe IGD. Mwachindunji, LRP yambiri yazinthu za SCI-IGD idawonetsedwa kuti ndi yayikulu kuposa 2, kuwonetsa kuti ndiyothandiza pozindikira kupezeka kwa zidziwitso za IGD. Ngakhale LRN ya 'kuchotsa' komanso 'kuyesayesa koyesa kuwongolera' zinthu zidapitilira 0.5, ma LRN ambiri azinthu za SCI-IGD anali pansi pa 0.5, kuwonetsa kuti zinthu za SCI-IGD zinali zothandiza kuzindikira kupezeka kwa zizindikiritso za IGD . Mosiyana ndi izi, LRP ndi LRN ya 8th muyezo ('kuthawa') inali pansi pa 2 ndi pamwamba pa 0.5, motsatana, kutanthauza kuti chinthu 'chothawa' chidatsimikizika kuti 'sichothandiza kwenikweni' pozindikira kusapezeka kwa chizindikiritso cha 'kuthawa' . Zitha kukhala kuti zidachitika chifukwa chovuta kuyezetsa chizindikirocho chifukwa kunalibe omwe adatenga nawo gawo poyankha poyeserera pazachipatala, zikuyenera kusamala potanthauzira izi.

Gulu 2 

Kuyerekeza kwa IGD matenda ndi wodwala komanso SCI-IGD

SCI-IGD-retest yodalirika

Zotsatira ziwonetsetsa kuti njira zonse zogwiritsira ntchito zogwiritsira ntchito zogwirizana ndi "mgwirizano" ndi "mgwirizano wangwiro", ndi PABAK coefficients pakati pa 0.41 ndi 0.91, An 'pafupifupi wangwiro' PABAK coefficient ya 0.91 analandira pa kuchotsa ndi kunyenga, posonyeza kuti akhoza kukhala osagwirizana kwambiri pa nthawi ya mwezi umodzi. Kumbali inayi, PABAK coefficients ya 0.44 inapezedwa chifukwa cha 'kusayesayesa kuyesa' ndi 'kuthawa maganizo' osagwirizana, kutanthauza kuti izi zikhoza kukhala zovuta kwambiri pa kusintha kwa nthawi kapena kusintha kwa malo kusiyana ndi njira zina.

Zotsutsana: Kusiyanitsa pakati pa IGD ndi gulu losati IGD molingana ndi SCI-IGD

Otsatira onse (n = 236) adagawanika kukhala gulu la IGD (n = 27) ndi gulu lopanda IGD (n = 209) malinga ndi SCI-IGD. Gulu 3 adawonetsa kuti panali kusiyana kwakukulu pa K-scale (F = 45.34, p <0.001) ndi K-symptom scale (F = 44.37, p <0.001) pakati pa gulu la IGD ndi lomwe siliri la IGD. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti tanthauzo pa sikelo ya K-chizindikiro cha gulu la IGD lidapezeka kuti lofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa matenda a cutoff (60.5) omwe a Koo ndi anzawo adachita (2015). Komanso, gulu la IGD linali ndi ziwonetsero zambiri zakukhumudwa (F = 15.03, p <0.001), nkhawa (F = 12.80, p <0.001), zovuta zamavuto (F = 16.75, p <0.001), zovuta zowonera (F = 3.86, p <0.001), ndi zovuta pamalamulo am'maganizo (F = 3.93, p <0.05) kuposa gulu lomwe silinasokonezedwe lomwe linaperekedwa ndi SCI-IGD, kupatula vuto la anzawo (F = 1.18, ns).

Gulu 3 

Kusiyanasiyana pakati pa K-scale ndi maganizo pakati pa gulu losokonezeka ndi losagwirizana ndi SCI-IGD

KUKANGANANI

Phunziroli linalimbikitsa kukhazikitsa SCI-IGD ndikuyang'aniranso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maganizo mwa achinyamata pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo. Zinasonyezedwa kuti SCI-IGD inapezeka kuti ndi chida chodalirika komanso chodalirika kuti adziwe IGD achinyamata.

Choyamba, kuvomereza kuyesayesa kotsimikiziridwa monga momwe tawonedwera mu nthawi ya masabata a 4 kunawonetsa zowerengera zazikulu kuchokera pa msinkhu wopitirira kufika kumtunda wangwiro. Izi zikusonyeza kuti SCI-IGD inapezeka kuti imakhala yosasinthasintha kwa nthawi yayitali, yokhalanso mwezi umodzi. Komabe, ziwerengero zina za PABAK coefficients pakati pa kafukufuku awiri anali otsika. Mwachitsanzo, coefficient ya PABAK yochepa ya 0.44, ngakhale kuti yayamba bwino, inapezedwa chifukwa cha 'kusayesa kuyesa' ndi 'kutaya zinthu zosokoneza'. Zingakhale zovomerezeka ndikuti phunziroli linagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali kwambiri pakati pa mwezi kusiyana ndi maphunziro ena. N'zotheka kuti zinthu zina zowonongeka zingakhale zogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa nthawi kapena kusintha kwa zinthu kuposa zinthu zina. Komabe, chenjezo liyenera kulipiridwa potanthauzira zotsatirazi chifukwa cha kukula kwake kochepa.

Kenako, tidasanthula kulondola kwa matenda a SCI-IGD pogwiritsa ntchito Likelihood Ratio chifukwa sichimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. SCI-IGD idatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi chida chothandiza kuzindikira kupezeka ndi kupezeka kwa matenda a IGD omwe adayesedwa ndi kufunsa kwamankhwala amisala. Pa mulingo wazachipatala, SCI-IGD idawonetsa kuthekera konse kuzindikira kupezeka kwa njira zodziwira za IGD. Komabe, LRN ya 'kuchotsa' komanso 'kuyesayesa koyesayesa kuwongolera' idapitilira pang'ono 0.5, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuthekera kwa kuzindikira kwa zinthuzi sikothandiza kwenikweni pozindikira kusowa kwa njirazi. Mwanjira ina, zinthu za SCI-IGD zitha kukhala ndi mitengo yayikulu kwambiri ya 'kuphonya'. Izi mwina zidadza chifukwa chazovuta pakupanga malipoti olondola ochokera kwa achinyamata omwe alibe kuzindikira kuti azindikira momwe akumvera kapena amkati mwa "kusiya" komanso "kusadziletsa". Palinso kuthekera kwakuti achinyamata ambiri sanayesepo kuchepetsa kapena kuyimitsa masewerawa ndipo chifukwa chake adalephera kuyankha mafunso kuti awone ngati 'zakuchoka' komanso 'kutaya mphamvu'. Chifukwa cha zovuta zamankhwala izi, zikuwonekeranso kuti mafunso omveka bwino angafunike kutsimikizira chigamulo chovomerezeka. Kafukufuku wotsimikizira zamtsogolo akuyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri kufikira ndi kuphunzira zitsanzo zamankhwala. Chifukwa cha zovuta zamankhwala izi, zikuwonekeranso kuti mafunso omveka bwino angafunike kutsimikizira chigamulo chovomerezeka. Komabe, kuyerekezera kwapakati pazowerengera za Likelihood zomwe zapezedwa munjira zina zinali zabwino, ndikuwonetsa kuti omwe amafunsidwa ndi SCI-IGD amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa 'zachilendo' ndi 'zokumana nazo zofunikira pachipatala'. Njira imodzi yothandizira kutsimikizika kwa chida chofunsirachi ndi yopatsa omwe adzafunsane nawo maphunziro owonjezera kuti amvetsetse momwe zinthuzo ziliri ndikuthetsa mayankho omveka pakufunika. Zowonjezerapo, komabe, chizolowezi chomafunsidwa kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi kachipatala, chadziwika bwino m'mabukuwa. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti madokotala amatha kupeza zambiri pazomwe angaphunzire ndikudziwitsa okha zachipatala.

Kuonjezera apo, chidziwitso cha "kuthawa" chizindikiro chinayesedwa kukhala chovuta, chifukwa chakuti panali mlingo wochepa kwambiri. Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zingathe kufotokozera mlingo wotsika kwambiri wa "kuthawa" chidziwitso. Chotheka chimodzi chikugwirizana ndi kusagwirizana kwina kwa chidziwitso cha DSM-5 'kuthawa'. Zovomerezeka zapadera zogonana zimasonyeza kuti ndizofunikira kusiyanitsa pakati pa odwala pamaziko a 'zilembo za golidi'. Komabe, mpaka pano, pakhala pali zochepa zofufuza zofufuza kuti zitsimikizire kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi chidziwitso cha IGM cha DSM-5. Ko ndi anzake anawona kuti ziyeneretso za IGD za achinyamata ndizovomerezeka, komanso kuti ndizovomerezeka zenizeni za 'kunyenga' ndi 'kuthawa'. N'zotheka kuti achinyamata asamadziwe bwino zomwe akufuna kuti apulumuke, poyerekezera ndi achinyamata. Chinthu china chiri chakuti lingaliro la 'kuthawa' likhoza kukhala losavomerezedwa kawirikawiri mumsampha wamtunduwu, pamene zingatheke mosavuta mu chitsanzo cha mankhwala. Kupeza izi kungathenso kusonyeza kuti 'kupulumuka' chidziwitso sichitha kukhala chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika zomwe zimadziwitsa osewera pa masewera a intaneti ndikuzisiyanitsa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, monga momwe ena ofufuza adanenera.,, Akuyeneranso kufufuza kuti aone momwe chiwerengero cha IGD cha DSM-5 chilili.

Zotsatira zake zinawonetsanso kuti omwe amapezeka ngati osokonezeka osewerera achinyamata, malinga ndi SCI-IGD, adawonetsa zambiri zapamwamba pa K-scale, chimodzi mwa zida zomwe anagwiritsa ntchito ku Korea kusindikiza IGD achinyamata, kusonyeza kuti SCI- IGD imatha kusiyanitsa achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la achinyamata omwe ali osasokonezeka. Anasonyezanso kuti gulu losokonezeka lomwe likuyang'aniridwa ndi SCI-IGD linali losiyana kwambiri ndi gulu losagwirizana ndi maganizo osiyanasiyana, monga kuvutika maganizo, nkhawa, khalidwe ndi nkhawa, komanso kusokonezeka maganizo, komwe kumadziwika kuti yogwirizana ndi IGD. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mavuto a anzako pakati pa gulu losokonezeka lomwe likuyang'aniridwa ndi SCI-IGD ndi gulu losasokonezeka. Zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zapeza kale mavuto a anzanu sakugwirizana kwambiri ndi IGD kusiyana ndi zinthu zina.

Pomalizira, phunziroli linasonyeza kufalikira kwakukulu (10.8%) ya kuwonjezeka kwa IGD poyerekeza ndi zomwe zikufotokozedwa mu maphunziro apitalo. Kufalikira kwakukulu kumeneku kungakhale kotheka ndi ndondomeko ya sampuli. Monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa mu gawo la ophunzira, ophunzira m'masukulu ena apakati achita nawo phunziroli ngati gawo la njira yopewera ndi maphunziro kwa ogwiritsa ntchito masewera olemera, ndipo ophunzira ena adasankhidwa kuchokera ku malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komwe achinyamata omwe ali ndi mavuto aakulu a intaneti amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri yawo. Kusanthula kwina kukuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa chiwerengerochi kunasiyana malingana ndi malo osambira omwe akuchokera ku 3.3% mpaka 33.3%.

Zolephera za kafukufukuyu zinali motere. Choyamba, kuwunika kwina kunayamba chifukwa chotsika kwambiri cha IGD chifukwa chazitsanzo zochepa za anthu ammudzi. Chachiwiri, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri masewera a intaneti pakati pa achinyamata ndikofunikira kwambiri paumoyo wa anthu, kafukufukuyu cholinga chake chinali kutsimikizira SCI-IGD ya achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 18. Komabe, ophunzira achichepere achichepere adalembedwa chifukwa timafuna kukhala kuyankhulana mafunso osavuta kumva kwa achinyamata achinyamata ndikuwunika kudalirika komanso kuzindikira kwachidziwitso. Momwe njira yogwiritsira ntchito masewera a achinyamata imawonedwera kukhala yofananira mzaka zonse (Amitundu 2009), zimaganiziridwa kuti zomwe zapezedwa pakutsimikizika komanso kuvomerezeka kwa SCI-IGD zitha kupangidwira achinyamata achikulire. Komabe, m'maphunziro amtsogolo, zomwe zapezazi zikuyenera kufotokozedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zazikulu ndi omwe atenga nawo mbali achikulire.

Ngakhale panali zoperewera izi, ndiyoyesa koyamba kukhazikitsa njira zoyankhulirana zowunikira zomwe zatsimikizika kuti ndi zodalirika komanso zowona zomwe zimapereka 1) zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi njira za DSM-5; 2) ziganizo zakuthambo pakupezeka / kusapezeka kwa chisokonezo komanso chilichonse chazizindikiro zake; ndi 3) kuphweka kokwanira kololeza kuyendetsedwa ndi wofunsa mafunso wophunzitsidwa bwino. Kuyankhulana kwatsopano kumeneku kwa IGD kumatha kudzaza kufunikira kwa chida chofunsa mafunso kuti chiwonetsetse IGD molondola kuposa mafunso amafupikitsidwe achidule. Zithandizira kukonza kulondola kwa matenda azachipatala a IGD ndikuthandizira mgwirizano pakati pa asing'anga. Zitha kulimbikitsanso kafukufuku kuti awunikire kuchuluka kwa, IGD, kulosera, komanso zoopsa za IGD. Ponseponse, zomwe zapezedwa pano zikuthandizira kulimbikitsa lingaliro la IGD lomwe DSM-5 (APA, 2013) limapereka. Ngakhale gawo loyambirira loti agwirizane pamalingaliro ndi kuzindikira kwa IGD lidatengedwa, mafunso akadatsalabe oti adzayankhidwe pakufufuza kwamtsogolo za mawonekedwe ndi mawonetsedwe a IGD pamisinkhu kapena mibadwo yosiyanasiyana.

Kuvomereza

Nyuzipepala ya National Information Society (NIA), Korea, inapereka ndalama za phunziroli. NIA sanakhale nawo mbali pakupanga maphunzilo, kusonkhanitsa, kusanthula kapena kutanthauzira deta, kulemba zolembedwazo, kapena chisankho chopereka pepala kuti lifalitsidwe.

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