Maphunziro a masewera avidiyo ndi dongosolo la mphoto (2015)

Pitani ku:

Kudalirika

Masewera a vidiyo ali ndi njira yolimbikitsira komanso magawo a mphotho omwe angathe kutukula chidwi. Kafukufuku wa Neuroimaging akuwonetsa kuti masewera amakanema akhoza kukhala ndi chidwi pa dongosolo la mphotho. Komabe, sizikudziwika ngati katundu wokhudzana ndi mphotho amayimira chikhazikitso, chomwe chimakondera munthu kusewera masewera a kanema, kapena ngati izi zisintha chifukwa chosewera masewera apakanema. Chifukwa chake, tinachita kafukufuku wautali kuti tiwone zolosera zokhudzana ndi mphotho zokhudzana ndi chidwi chamasewera a kanema komanso kusintha kwamachitidwe muubongo poyankha maphunziro a masewera a kanema. Ophunzira makumi asanu ndi asanu wathanzi adapatsidwa mwayi wophunzitsidwa masewera olimbitsa thupi (TG) kapena gulu lolamulira (CG). Asanaphunzire / kuwongolera nthawi, maginito ogwiritsa ntchito a resonance imaging (fMRI) adachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mphotho yopanda vidiyo. Pabwino kwambiri, magulu onse awiriwa adawonetsa kukhudzidwa kwamphamvu mu ventral striatum (VS) panthawi yoyembekezera mphoto. Pambuyo posachedwa, TG idawonetsa ntchito zofanana kwambiri za VS poyerekeza ndi zonama. Mu CG, ntchito ya VS idatchuka kwambiri. Kafukufuku wamtunduwu adawonetsa kuti kuphunzitsa masewera apakanema kumatha kusungira kuyankha kwamphamvu mu VS m'malo obwezeretsanso pakapita nthawi. Tikuwonetsa kuti masewera a makanema amatha kusunga mayankho abwinobwino kuti adzapindule mosavuta, kachitidwe kamene kali kofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito monga maphunziro achidziwitso achire.

Keywords: masewera a masewera, kuphunzitsa, kuyembekezera mphoto, kotenga nthawi yayitali, fMRI

MAU OYAMBA

Kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, makampani opanga mavidiyo akula kukhala amodzi mwa mafakitale akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu ambiri amasewera masewera a kanema patsiku. Mwachitsanzo ku Germany 8 kuchokera kwa anthu 10 pakati pa 14 ndi 29 wazaka zakubadwa akuti adasewera masewera apakanema, ndipo 44% kuposa zaka 29 idasewera masewera apakanema. Kutengedwa palimodzi, kutengera ndi kafukufuku wapafupifupi anthu opitilira 25 miliyoni opitilira zaka 14 wazaka (36%) amasewera makanema apa Germany (Illek, 2013).

Zikuwoneka ngati anthu ali ndi chidwi chenicheni chosewerera masewera apakanema. Masewera mavidiyo omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri amaseweredwa ndicholinga chosavuta cha "kusangalatsa" komanso kuwonjezerera kwa nthawi yochepa (Przybylski et al., 2010). Zowonadi, kusewera masewera apakanema kumatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zingapo zamaganizidwe, mwina zimadaliranso masewera apakanema ndi mtundu wake. Kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamalingaliro monga kuthekera (kuzindikira kwa kuchita bwino ndi kupeza maluso atsopano), kudziyang'anira (malingaliro owongoleredwa ndi zolinga zanu muzochitika zatsopano), ndi kufananirana (kuchitirana ndi kufananirana) zimalumikizidwa ndimasewera a kanema (Przybylski et al., 2010). Makamaka, kukhutitsidwa kwa zosowa zamaganizidwe zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi njira zingapo zoyankhira zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa wosewera masewerawa. Kukhazikitsidwa kwamphamvu ndi dongosolo la mphotho ili ndi kuthekera kokulimbikitsira chidwi (Green ndi Bavelier, 2012).

Chifukwa chakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, masewera a kanema alowa pakuwunika komwe kumapangidwa monga psychology ndi neuroscience. Zawonetsedwa kuti kuphunzitsidwa ndi masewera a kanema kumatha kubweretsa kusintha kwazomwe amachita (Green ndi Bavelier, 2003, 2012; Basak et al., 2008), komanso mokhudzana ndi thanzi (Baranowski et al., 2008; Primack et al., 2012). Kupitilira, zawonetsedwa kuti masewera a kanema akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa madokotala aopaleshoni (Boyle et al., 2011,, kuti zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi moyo wapamwamba wamalingaliro mwa okalamba omwe ali nawo mbali (Allaire et al., 2013; Keogh et al., 2013), ndikuti amatha kuthandizira kuchepetsa thupi (Staiano et al., 2013). Ngakhale zili zodziwika kuti masewera a makanema adapangidwa kuti akhale opindulitsa kwakukulu ndi omwe akutukula masewerawa, ndipo opanga makanema amatha kukwaniritsa zabwino kuchokera pamasewerawa, zomwe zimayambitsa phindu lomwe sizimveka bwino. Green ndi Bavelier (2012) omaliza kuchokera pa kafukufuku wawo kuti kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe azidziwitso, "zenizeni zomwe zimasewera pazosewerera makanema zingakhale kukulitsa luso lophunzira ntchito zatsopano." Mwanjira ina, zovuta zamasewera olimbitsa mavidiyo sizingakhale zokhazo zomwe zaphunzitsidwa masewera pawokha; zitha kulimbikitsa kuphunzira pamitundu yosiyanasiyana. M'malo mwake, osewera a makanema adaphunzira momwe angaphunzirire ntchito zatsopano mwachangu chifukwa chake osewera omwe samasewera makanema osachepera pagulu la chidwi chachikulu (Green ndi Bavelier, 2012).

Njira zoyambira zamanjenje zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi masewera avidiyo zakhala zikufufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zamaganizidwe ndi njira zoyesera. Kafukufuku wamtundu wa raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) wolemba Koepp et al. (1998) idawonetsa kuti masewera amasewerera makanema (makamaka, masamu osakanikira) amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kumasulidwa kwa dopamine yam'mimba mu ventral striatum (VS). Kuphatikiza apo, mlingo wa dopamine womangiriza wokhudzana ndi kusewera pamasewera (Koepp et al., 1998). VS ndi gawo limodzi mwa njira zopangira dopaminergic ndipo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukonza mphotho ndi kuwalimbikitsa (Knutson ndi Greer, 2008) komanso kupeza kuphunzira malinga ndi cholosera cholosera (O'Doherty et al., 2004; Atallah et al., 2006; Erickson et al., 2010). Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagalasi yotsutsa (MRI) kuyeza voliyumu ya imvi, Erickson et al. (2010) idawonetsa kuti volral ndi dorsal striatal voliyumu ikhoza kuneneratu zopeza zoyambira mu kanema wamasewera wovuta (makamaka, gawo laling'ono lakuwombera danga). Kuphatikiza apo, Kühn et al. (2011) anapeza kuti mbali imodzi pafupipafupi poyerekeza kusewera kanema kusewera kumalumikizidwa ndi voliyumu yaimvi yayikulu kwambiri ndipo mbali inayo inali yokhudzana ndi kuyambitsa kwamphamvu pakuwonongeka (Kühn et al., 2011). Kupitilira apo, ntchito zamagetsi zothandizirana (fMRI) pakuchita masewera kapena kusewera makanema oonera kanema (malo owombera malo, Erickson et al., 2010) kapena mukamaliza ntchito yotsutsana ndi kanema yosiyana ndi kanema (makamaka ntchito yosamvetseka) adaneneratu za kusintha kwamtsogolo kwa maphunziro (Vo et al., 2011). Kutengedwa palimodzi, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti njira za neural zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi masewera a kanema zikuyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa ma neural processing mu VS, malo oyambira pakuchita mphotho. Kuphatikiza apo, makanema oonera makanema akuwoneka kuti akuphatikizidwa ndi kusintha komwe kumachitika potengera malowa. Komabe, sizikudziwika ngati vidiyo yokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe ndi zofunikira zomwe zimawonedwa m'maphunziro oyambilira zikuyimira a mtengo, yomwe imaletsa munthu kusewera masewera a kanema kapena ngati zosinthazo ndizo chifukwa akusewera masewera apavidiyo.

Mwachidule, masewera a makanema amatchuka kwambiri komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi. Chifukwa chimodzi chomwe chingakhale kuti kusewera makanema kumakwaniritsa zosowa za anthu onse (Przybylski et al., 2010). Zosowa zokhutitsidwa zimakulitsa thanzi, zomwe mwina zimapindulitsa. Kafukufuku wa Neuroimaging amathandizira kuwonera uku powonetsa kuti masewera amasewerera makanema amalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwamachitidwe omwe ali ndi mphoto yayikulu. Kuthandizirana pamalipiro ndi njira yofunika kwambiri pophunzitsira anthu zoyeseza. Green ndi Bavelier (2012) inafotokozera masewera a kanema ngati maphunziro ophunzirira momwe angaphunzirire (kuphunzira zamachitidwe othandizirana ndikofunikira kuti mumalize masewera a kanema bwino). Tikukhulupirira kuti maphunziro a masewera a kanema akwaniritsa njira ya mphotho ya striatal (pakati pa madera ena) ndipo zitha kubweretsa kusintha pakukweza mphotho. Chifukwa chake, mu phunziroli, timayang'ana kwambiri kukonzanso mphoto yakubadwa kale komanso pambuyo pa maphunziro a masewera a kanema.

Apa, tidachita kafukufuku wautali kuti athe kuwunika olosera zokhudzana ndi mphotho mogwirizana ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso luso lawo pamasewera komanso kusintha kwamachitidwe muubongo poyankha maphunziro a masewera a kanema. Tinagwiritsa ntchito vidiyo yamalonda yopambana, chifukwa masewera azamalonda amapangidwira kuti azikula bwino (Ryan et al., 2006) chifukwa chake kusangalala kwamasewera ndi mphotho yomwe mwapeza mu masewerawa akhoza kukulitsidwa. Malinga ndi zomwe zikunenedweratu, tikuyembekezera kuti kuyankha kwakanthawi mu mphotho ya ntchito ya masewera asanapange masewera olosera zam'mbuyomu kulosera kugwira ntchito monga momwe tawonera kale m'mbuyomu ndi ntchito ina (Vo et al., 2011). Kuphatikiza apo, tikufuna kudziwa ngati kuyankha kwabwino kwa mtima wathunthu kumalumikizana ndi chisangalalo, chikhumbo, kapena kukhumudwa pagulu laophunzitsira panthawi yophunzitsira. Kuti tiwone momwe maphunziro a masewera a kanema adayendera, tinayendetsa kachiwiri njira ya MRI pambuyo pophunzitsidwa masewera a kanema atachitika. Kutengera ndi zomwe zapezedwa ndi Kühn et al. (2011) kuwonetsa kasinthidwe ka mphotho pafupipafupi poyerekeza ndi osewera azosewerera makanema, timayembekezera kuti zidzasinthidwa mphotho yayitali pakulimbikitsa mphoto kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali omwe adaphunzitsidwa poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera. Ngati pali kusintha kwamachitidwe mu dongosolo la mphotho ya striatal, izi zikuyenera kukhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa maphunziro a masewera a kanema. Ngati sichoncho, zasinthidwa mu phunziroli Kühn et al. (2011) ikhoza kukhala yogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa osewera amasewera apanema pafupipafupi.

ZIDA NDI NJIRA

MALANGIZO

Akulu achinyamata makumi asanu ndi limodzi adalemberedwa kudzera pa zotsatsa nyuzipepala komanso intaneti ndipo adapatsidwa mwayi wophunzitsira gulu masewera (TG) kapena gulu lolamulira (CG). Makamaka, tidalandira anthu okhawo omwe adasewera pang'ono pavidiyo m'miyezi ya 6 yapitayi. Palibe m'modzi mwa omwe adachita nawo masewerawa omwe adasewera kuposa 1 h pa sabata m'miyezi yapitayi ya 6 (pa 0.7 h pamwezi, SD = 1.97) ndipo sanasewerepo masewera [a Super Mario 64 (DS)] kale. Kuphatikiza apo, ophunzirawo anali omasukirana m'maganizo (malinga ndi kufunsa kwaumwini pogwiritsa ntchito Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Mafunso), kumanja, komanso koyenera kutsata njira ya MRI. Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi Komiti Yowona za Makhalidwe Abwino ku Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin ndipo zolembedwa zodziwitsa ena zidapezeka kuchokera kwa ophunzira onse atatha kulangizidwa mokwanira phunziroli. Mapu a mapu ofunikira amawu a awa ophunzira adasindikizidwa kale (Kühn et al., 2013).

NTCHITO YOPHUNZITSA

TG (n = 25, amatanthauza zaka = 23.8 zaka, SD = 3.9 zaka, 18 zazikazi) adalangizidwa kuti azisewera "Super Mario 64 DS" pa "Nintendo Dual-Screen (DS) XXL" console m'manja kwa osachepera 30 mphindi tsiku nthawi ya miyezi ya 2. Masewera opambana kwambiri a pulatifomu awa adasankhidwa potengera kupezeka kwa ochita masewera a vidiyo naïve, chifukwa amapereka bwino pakati pa kubweretsa mphotho ndi zovuta ndipo ndi otchuka pakati otenga nawo mbali amuna ndi akazi. Mu masewerawa, wosewera amayenera kuyendayenda m'malo ovuta a 3D pogwiritsa ntchito mabatani omwe adalumikizidwa ndi kontrakitala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda, kudumpha, kunyamula, kumenya, kuwuluka, kuthamanga, kuwerenga, ndi kuchita zinthu mwatsatanetsatane. Asanaphunzitsidwe, ophunzirawo adalangizidwa pa kayendetsedwe ka masewerowa m'njira zofananira. Munthawi yophunzitsira, tinapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo (foni, imelo, ndi zina) poti kukhumudwitsidwa kapena kuvuta pakamasewera pamasewera.

CG yosalumikizana ndi (n = 25, kumatanthauza zaka = 23.4 zaka, SD = 3.7 zaka, 18 zazimayi) zidalibe ntchito kwenikweni koma zidachitidwa chimodzimodzi ngati TG. Ophunzira onse adamaliza kupanga fMRI koyambirira koyambirira kwa kafukufuku (wokongoletsa) ndi 2 miyezi itatha yophunzirira kapena atatha gawo lozengereza (losakhalitsa). Maphunziro a masewera a TG adayamba atangoyesedwa pang'ono ndipo adatha isanachitike.

MAFUNSO

Pa maphunziro, ochita nawo TG adapemphedwa kuti alembe kuchuluka kwa nthawi yosewera. Kuphatikiza apo ochita nawo mbali adavotera kuti akusangalala, kukhumudwitsidwa komanso kufuna kusewera pa sewero la vidiyo pa 7-point Likert wadogo kamodzi pa sabata pa chikalata chowongolera mawu (onani, zowonjezera zowonjezera kuti mumve zambiri) ndikutumiza mafayilo amagetsi pakompyuta kudzera kwa imelo. Mphotho yokhudzana ndi masewerawa (nyenyezi zomwe zidatengedwa) idayesedwa moyang'anitsitsa kanema wa masewerawa atatha maphunziro. Nyenyezi zonse zomwe zinali za 150.

SLOT MACHINE PARADIGM

Kuti mufufuze ziyembekezo za mphotho, makina osintha pang'ono omwe adasinthidwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito komwe kudapangitsa kuyankha kwamphamvu (Lorenz et al., 2014). Ophunzira adatha kudutsanso pamakina omwewo kale ndi pambuyo pa maphunziro a masewerawa adachitika. Makinawo amakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Presentation (Version 14.9, Neurobehavioral Systems Inc., Albany, CA, USA) ndipo inali ndi magudumu atatu akuwonetsa zipatso ziwiri zosiyana (zipatso zina X ndi Y). Pazinthu ziwiri zoyezera, makina owotchera omwe ali ndi ma cherries (X) ndi mandimu (Y) kapena mavwende (X) ndi nthochi (Y) amawonetsedwa mwanjira yolimbana ndipo amagawidwanso chimodzimodzi kwa TG ndi CG. Mtundu wa mizere iwiri yopingasa (pamwambapa ndi pansi pamakina ogwiritsira ntchito) amawonetsa malamulo kuti ayambe kuyimitsa makinawo.

Kumayambiriro kwa kuyesa kulikonse, mawilo sanali kuyenda ndipo mipiringidzo yaimvi imawonetsa osagwira ntchito. Zotchingira izi zitasanduka buluu (posonyeza kuyambika kwa mlandu), wophunzirayo adalangizidwa kuti ayambe makinawo ndikudina batani ndi dzanja lamanja. Pambuyo pa batani batani, mipiringidzo idatembenukiranso (malo osayenda) ndipo magudumu atatuwo adayamba kuzungulira molunjika ndi mathamangitsidwe osiyanasiyana (kuchulukitsa kufalikira kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumawondo kumanja, motero). Pamene makina otembenuka apamwamba a mawilo afika (1.66 s pambuyo pa batani batani) mtundu wa mipiringidzo udasandulika kukhala wobiriwira. Kusintha kwamtunduwu kunawonetsa kuti wochita nawo ntchitoyi atha kuyimitsa makinawo ndikudina batani kachiwiri. Pambuyo pa batani linanso, mawilo atatu motsatizana anasiya kuzungulira kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Gudumu lakumanzere linayima pambuyo pa kuchedwa kwa 0.48 ndi 0.61 s pambuyo pa batani batani, pomwe gudumu lapakati ndi lamanja linali likuzungulira. Gudumu lachiwiri linaima pambuyo pa kuchedwa kwakutali kwa 0.73 ndi 1.18 s. Gudumu lamanja limayimilira kuzungulira pambuyo pa gudumu lapakati ndikachedwetsa 2.63 ndi 3.24 s. Kuyimitsidwa kwa gudumu lachitatu kunathetsa mayesowo ndi mayankho okhudza kupambana kwaposachedwa komanso kuchuluka kwa mphotho kuwonetsedwa pazenera. Poyesa kotsatira, batani linasinthira kuchokera ku imvi kupita ku buluu ndipo kuyesa kwotsatira kunayamba pambuyo pa kuchedwa komwe kudali pakati pa 4.0 ndi 7.73 s ndipo amadziwika ndi ntchito yocheperako (onani. chithunzi Chithunzi11).

CHITSANZO CHA 1 

Kapangidwe ka kagawo ka makina a slot. Kusanthula kwa FMRI kumayang'ana poyimitsa 2nd gudumu, pamene matayala awiri oyamba akuwonetsa chipatso chomwecho (XX_) kapena pamene mawilo awiri oyamba amawonetsa zipatso zosiyana (XY_) pomwe 3nd gudumu linali likuzungulira.

Kuyesaku kunali ndi kuyesa kwa 60 kwathunthu. Makina ogwiritsira ntchito slot adatsimikiziridwa ndi kugawa kwa pseudo-osasankhidwa kwa mayesero a 20 opambana (XXX kapena YYY), kuyesedwa kwa 20 (XXY kapena YYX), ndi 20 mayeso otaika pang'ono (XYX, YXY, XYY, kapena YXX). Opanga nawo mbali adayamba ndi kuchuluka kwa ma 6.00 euro oyimira wager a 0.10 euro pamayeso (mayeso a 60 * 0.10 euro wager = 6.00 euro wager) ndipo adapeza 0.50 euro pamayeso, pomwe zipatso zonse zotsatizana zinali zofanana (XXX kapena YYY); ngati sichoncho, otenga nawo mbali sanapambane (XXY, YYX, XYX, YXY, XYY, YYX) ndipo wager adachotsedwa pamtengo wonse. Ophatikizira analibe mphamvu yakupambana kapena kutaya ndipo opindulawo adakwanitsa kuchuluka kwa 10.00 euro (phindu la 0.50 euro * Mayeso opambana a 20 = phindu la 10.00 euro) kumapeto kwa ntchito. Ophunzirawo adalangizidwa kusewera makina a slot 60 ndikuti cholinga mu yeseso ​​lirilonse ndikupeza zipatso zitatu zamtunduwu motsatizana. Kupitilira apo, ophunzirawa adayeseza makina oyeserera asanalowe sikani kuyesa kwa 3-5. Palibe chidziwitso chomwe chinaperekedwa kuti ntchitoyi inali masewera mwangozi kapena luso lililonse lomwe limakhudzidwa.

KUSINTHA KWA KUSINTHA

Makina olingalira a Magnetic resonance anachitika pa Tesla Motorola TIM Trio Scanner (Nokia Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany), yokhala ndi chida cha 12 chasewerera mutu wambiri. Kupanga makanema ojambula pamakina, makina opakika zida zowonetsedwa adawonetsedwa kudzera pa kachitidwe kagalasi komwe kali pamwamba pa coil pamutu. Zithunzi zantchito zinajambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito axial yolingana ndi T2*-weighted gradient echo planar imaging (EPI) ndi magawo otsatirawa: magawo a 36, ophatikizira kukwera kagawo kagawo, nthawi yobwereza (TR) = 2 s, nthawi ya echo (TE) = 30 ms, gawo lakuwona (FoV) = 216 × 216, flip angle = 80 °, kukula kwa voxel: 3 mm × 3 mm x 3.6 mm. Pazofotokozera za anatomical, zithunzi za ubongo za 3D za anatomical zonse zidalandiridwa ndi magawo atatu a kulemera kwa T1 wokhala ndi magawo atatu okonzedwa (MPRAGE; TR = 2500 ms; TE = 4.77 ms; inversion time = 1100 ms, kupeza matrix = 256 × 256 × 176, flip angle = 7 °, kukula kwa voxel: 1 mm × 1 mm x 1 mm).

DALANI ANALYSIS

Kujambula pazithunzi

Dongosolo lamaganizidwe a Magnetic resonance lidasanthula pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM8, Wellcome department of Imaging Neuroscience, London, UK). EPIs idakonzedwa kuti itenge nthawi ndikuyenda mozungulira kenako kusinthidwa kukhala malo oyeserera a Montreal Neuroimaging Institute pogwiritsa ntchito gawo la algorithm momwe likugwiridwira ntchito mu SPM8. Pomaliza, ma EPI adasinthidwanso (kukula kwa voxel = 3 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm) ndikutalikirana bwino ndi 3D Gaussian kernel ya 7 mm kwathunthu mulifupi.

Kusanthula kusanthula

Mtundu wosakanizira wamagulu awiri wosakanikirana wowoneka bwino (GLM) unachitika. Pamutu umodzi, mtunduwo unali ndi kuchuluka kwa miyeso yonse ya fMRI, yomwe idadziwika ndikuyenerera kwa tsatanetsatane m'magawo osiyanasiyana. GLM iyi idaphatikizanso ma regressor osiyana pa gawo lililonse kuti azitha kuyembekezera (XX_ ndi YY_) ndipo palibe chiyembekezo choyembekezera (XY_ ndi YX_) komanso ma regressor otsatirawa opanda chidwi: phindu (XXX ndi YYY), kutayika (XXY ndi YYX), kutayika koyambirira (XYX, XYY, YXY, and YXX), makina osindikizira (batani litasinthidwa kukhala lamtundu wamtundu komanso wobiriwira), mawonekedwe otuluka (kuzungulira kwa mawilo), ndi magawo asanu ndi amodzi olimbitsa thupi. Zithunzi zakusiyana kosiyaniranatu kuti musayembekezere kusapeza phindu (XX_ vs. XY_) zidawerengedwa kuti zitha-ndi zamtundu wanthawi yomweyo ndipo zimawerengedwa. Pa gawo lachiwiri, izi TZithunzi-zowonetsera zidalowetsedwa mu kusinthika kwachidziwikire kosinthika kwa kusinthasintha (ANOVA) ndi zinthu gulu (TG vs. CG) ndi nthawi (pre-vs. posttest).

Zotsatira zonse zaubongo zinakonzedwa pakuyerekeza kambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a Monte Carlo based based cluster size (AlphaSim, Nyimbo ndi al., 2011). Kuyerekeza chikwi chimodzi cha Monte Carlo kuwonetsa vuto lofanana la alpha p <0.05, mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma voxels oyandikana ndi 16 omwe ali ndi malire owerengera a p <0.001. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa meta ko Knutson and Greer (2008), magwiridwe antchito panthawi yolandila mphoto amayembekezeredwa mu VS. Kutengera izi zapamwamba kwambiri, tidanenanso posachedwa kusanthula mkati mwa ubongo uno pogwiritsa ntchito gawo la chidwi (ROI). Kuti izi zitheke, tidagwiritsa ntchito ROI yolemba mabuku ya VS (Schubert et al., 2008). Ma ROI adapangidwa ndikuphatikiza zomwe zapezedwa pazakuthandizirani pamalipiro (makamaka ndalama zolimbikitsira ntchito) ndi malire ofunika kufikitsa ku ubongo. Zambiri mwatsatanetsatane pakuwerengedwa kwa VS ROI kukufotokozedwa pazowonjezera. Kupitilira apo, tinayang'anira kuwongolera ndi magawo omwe adachotsedwako kuchokera ku kalozera wamakolo oyambira, chifukwa dera lino liyenera kuyima palokha pakuyesa popanga mphotho. Chifukwa chake tidagwiritsa ntchito ROI ya anatmical ya gyri wa Heschl monga momwe akufotokozera mu Anatomic Labelling (AAL) atlas (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002).

ZINTHU

Zotsatira za PREDICTION-RELATED RESULTS (PRETEST)

Kuyankha kwa ubongo pakuyembekezera

Poyeserera, panthawi yamakina ogwiritsira ntchito magulu onse awiriwa, khalani ndi chidwi (osayembekezera kuti angapeze phindu) amatulutsa mphamvu mu njira yolumikizana ndi madera ena kuphatikiza madera aang'ono a VS, thalamus), malo oyambira (malo owonjezera oyendetsa magalimoto, magalimoto oyambira, ndi pakati kutsogolo gyrus, gorus wakutsogolo), ndi kotengera kwamkati. Kuphatikiza apo, kuonjezera mphamvu mu ma occipital, ma parietal ndi okonda kwakanthawi kunawonedwa. Madera onse aubongo omwe akuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu amalembedwa m'Mataulo owonjezera S1 (kwa TG) ndi S2 (kwa CG). Dziwani kuti kusiyana mwamphamvu kwambiri kwachitetezo kunawonedwa mu VS m'magulu onsewa (onani Table Table11; chithunzi Chithunzi22). Potsutsana ndi TG> CG, kuyambitsa kwamphamvu m'galimoto yowonjezerapo yoyenera [SMA, kukula kwa masango 20 voxel, T(48) = 4.93, MNI-coordinates [xyz] = 9, 23, 49] ndi CG> TG kuyambitsa kwamphamvu pallidum yoyenera (kukula kwa masango 20 voxel, T(48) = 5.66, MNI-coordinates [xyz] = 27, 8, 7) zidawonedwa. Madera onsewa samagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi mphotho monga zikuwonetsedwa mu kusanthula kwa meta ndi Liu et al. (2011) kudutsa maphunziro a mphotho ya 142.

Gulu 1 

Kuyanjana kwamagulu ndi nthawi (TG: Post> Pre)> (CG: Post> Pre) pazotsatira zakupeza chiyembekezo poyembekezera mopanda chiyembekezo pakuwunika konse kwaubongo pogwiritsa ntchito Monte Carlo kukonza komwe kuli p <0.05. NKHANI, ...
CHITSANZO CHA 2 

Olosera za zosangalatsa zosangalatsa. Zotsatira zakuyembekezera (XX_) posayembekezera phindu (XY_) zikuwonetsedwa pamtengoY = 11) pamzere wapamwamba wa gulu lolamulira (CG) ndi gulu lophunzitsira (TG). Kuyerekeza kwa gulu (CG <> ...

Kuyanjana pakati pa zochitika zapakati pazakanthawi ndi machitidwe a masewerawa okhudzana nawo

Poyesa kutsimikizira kwa zodziwikiratu zamphamvu za mphotho yakubwera kwa masewera a kanema, siginecha yam'kati idatulutsidwa payokha pogwiritsa ntchito ROI yochokera m'mabuku ndikugwirizana ndi zinthu zamafunso komanso kupambana pamasewera, omwe adayesedwa poyang'ana kanema wamasewera. Chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi omwe achitapo kanthu, zambiri zofunsa mafunso sabata iliyonse za ophunzira anayi zidasowa. Mafunso sabata iliyonse okhudza zosangalatsa zokumana nazo (M = 4.43, SD = 0.96), kukhumudwa (M = 3.8, SD = 1.03) ndi makanema okonda masewera (M = 1.94, SD = 0.93) zidafotokozedwa m'miyezi ya 2. Ophunzira adatola nyenyezi za 87 (SD = 42.76) pafupifupi pa nthawi yophunzitsira.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito kukonza kwa Bonferroni pazowunikira zowerengedwa (zofanana ndi tanthauzo lakufikira p <0.006), palibe malumikizidwe omwe anali ofunikira. Palibe chikhumbo chosewerera makanema [kumanzere VS: r(21) = 0.03, p = 0.886; kumanja VS: r(21) = -0.12, p = 0.614] kapena kukhumudwa [VS yatsala: r(21) = -0.24, p = 0.293; kumanja VS: r(21) = -0.325, p = 0.15] kapena kulandira zotsatira zokhudzana ndi masewera [kumanzere VS: r(25) = -0.17, p = 0.423; kumanja VS: r(25) = -0.09, p = 0.685] idaphatikizidwa ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi mphotho. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopanda tanthauzo yosangalatsa yomwe idachitika pakasewera kanema idalumikizidwa bwino ndi zochitikazo panthawi yomwe akuyembekeza VS yoyenera [r(21) = 0.45, p = 0.039] ndipo mawonekedwe awonedwa mu VS kumanzere [r(21) = 0.37, p = 0.103] monga zikuwonekeramo chithunzi Chithunzi22 (pansi kumanja). Komabe, mukamagwiritsa ntchito kukonza kwa Bonferroni pakuwunika kumeneku, komanso kulumikizana komwe kumachitika pakati pa zosangalatsa ndi zochitika zanyumba sikunali kopanda tanthauzo.

Tinapanganso kuwunika kosanthula kuti ndikafufuze, ngati kufufuzaku ndikofunikira kwa VS. Tidasinthasintha zosiyana momwe timakhalira ndi chiyerekezo chamtundu wa Heschl's (main auditory cortex). Kuwunikaku sikunawonetse kugwirizana kwakukulu (zonse p's> 0.466).

ZOTHANDIZA ZOTHANDIZA Vidiyo ya VIDEO (PRE- NDI POSTTEST)

Kusanthula kwa kuyembekezera kudzapeza kusawerengera kopindulitsa pogwira ntchito pamakina owonetsa pambuyo povumbula kusintha kosiyana mu TG mu njira yolumikizana yomweyo monga momwe zawonedwera (mwatsatanetsatane onani Tebulo S3). Mu CG, izi zinali zofanana, koma zotengera (onani chithunzi Chithunzi33; Tchati S4). Kuyanjana kwa gulu ndi nthawi kunawulula kusiyana kwakukulu pamadera okhudzana ndi mphotho (kumanja VS ndi malo ena ofikira / otsika kutsogolo kwa gyrus, par orbitalis) ndi madera okhudzana ndi magalimoto (kumanja kwa SMA ndi ufulu wa gululi wa kumanja) kosonyeza ntchito ya VS yosungidwa TG pakati pa nthawi yanthawi, koma osati CG. Lowani zolemba Kuwunika kwa ROI pogwiritsa ntchito VS ROI yochokera m'mabuku kumatsimikizira zotsatira za kuyanjana [Gulu la mogwirizana nthawi: F(48,1) = 5.7, p = 0.021]. Kuwunikira kwa ROI kudera lolamulira (Heschl's gyri) sikunali kofunika. Zowonjezera t-Mayeso adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nthawi yomwe ili mkati mwa gulu la CG [t(24) = 4.6, p <0.001] komanso kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu atapumira [t(48) = 2.27, p = 0.028]. Zotsatira za gulu loyanjana ndi nthawi zimafupikitsidwa Table Table11 ndipo akuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi Chithunzi33.

CHITSANZO CHA 3 

Zotsatira zamasewera ophunzitsira masewera. Zomwe zimachitika posachedwa m'mene mungayembekezere (XX_) osayembekezera phindu (XY_) akuwonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kudula kwapang'onopang'ono (Y = 11) mzere wapamwamba wowongolera gulu (CG) ndi gulu la maphunziro (TG). Kutsatira zotsatira za ...

KUKANGANANI

Cholinga cha phunziroli lipezeka kawiri: Tinalinga kuti tifufuze momwe kuwongolera mphotho yabwinobwino kumaneneratu zokhudzana ndi masewerawa azomwe zikuchitika komanso zokumana nazo komanso chidziwitso cha maphunziro amasewera pazakanema. Ponena za kunenedweraku, tapeza mayanjano olimba pakati pa maubwino olandila mphoto pakukongoletsa komanso kusangalala ndi maphunziro apamasewera apano. Pankhani yamasewera amakanema, gulu lofunikirana ndi nthawi linawonedwa ndi kutsika kwa chizindikiro cha mphotho mu CG.

KUGWIRITSITSA NTCHITO NDIPONSO ZOPHUNZITSIRA NDIPONSO ZOPHUNZITSIRA VIDEO GAMING

Ubwenzi pakati pa chizindikiro cha mphotho ya striatal ndi kusewera kwa masewera kapena kudziwa kukhudzidwa ndi kukhumudwa sizinawoneke. Komabe, tinatha kuwonetsa kuyanjana kwabwino kwa chikwangwani cha mphoto ya striatal ndikusangalala ndi zokumana nazo pakuphunzitsidwa masewera a kanema. Chifukwa chake, tikukhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwa zochitika pakubwezeretsa pakubwezeretsa mphotho mumasewera omwe siosewerera makanema kumakhala kolosera kwa masewerawa azisangalalo. Komabe, izi zikuyenera kutanthauziridwa mosamala, popeza kuwongolera sikunawonekere kutakhala kofunikira kuti ayesedwe mayeso angapo.

Kutanthauzira komwe kungachitike pakati pa makina olandirira mphoto yakanthawi yolumikizana ndi makanema ojambula kungakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa mphotho ya striatal pamakina otchovera juga kumawonetsa kuwongolera kwa mphotho yomwe ingakhale yolumikizidwa ndi dopaminergic neurotransmission mu striatum. Motsatira, kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti ntchito ya VS panthawi yolakalaka mphotho ikugwirizana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine m'derali (Schott et al., 2008; Buckholtz et al., 2010). Zawonetsedwanso kuti masewera a kanema adalumikizidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine m'dera lomweli (Koepp et al., 1998). Chifukwa chake, VS ikuwoneka kuti ikutenga nawo gawo pazosokoneza mphotho za neural komanso masewera apakanema, zomwe zimakhudza zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zopindulitsa. Makamaka, tikukhulupirira kuti ubale womwe udalipo pakati pa ntchito ya VS ndikusangalala nawo ungakhale wokhudzana ndi kuyankha kokhudzana ndi mphotho yokhudzana ndi driometri yolumikizana ndi dongosolo la hedonic. VS yalumikizidwa ndi kusunthika ndi zisangalalo zomwe zimachitika pakuwunika kwaposachedwa ndi Kringelbach ndi Berridge (2009). Chifukwa chake, mayanjano omwe amawoneka pakati pamasewera olimbitsa thupi ndi zosangalatsa zomwe zimatanthauzira za hedonic komanso zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi masewera pamasewera zimawoneka ngati zoyambira. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuunikanso ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kuyankha kwa mphotho ya striatal ndikusangalala ndi zisangalalo panthawi yamasewera a vidiyo kuti tionenso ubalewu mozama.

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kumasulidwa kwa driatal dopamine (Koepp et al., 1998), voliyumu (Erickson et al., 2010), ndi ntchito pamasewera (Vo et al., 2011) adalumikizidwa ndi kusewera kwamavidiyo. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wapano sizinawonetse kuyanjana pakati pamasewera a vidiyo ndi ntchito ya VS. Mphotho yomwe idakwaniritsidwa idayendetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zidakwaniritsidwa mmasewera. Mishoni zomwe zimachitika mkati mwa masewerawa zimawonetsedwa mwachitsanzo pakugonjetsa abwana, kuthetsa mapikisheni, kupeza malo obisika, kuthamangitsa mdani, kapena kutola ndalama zasiliva. Mishoni izi zikuwonetsa kupita patsogolo pamasewera osati kusewera kwenikweni. Chifukwa chake, zosinthika izi sizingakhale magwiridwe antchito oyenera. Komabe, sitinathe kusankhanso zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi masewera, chifukwa "Super Mario 64 DS" ndi masewera azosewerera makanema ndipo kuwonetsa kanema wamasewera awa sikunali kotheka.

Tinafufuzanso ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mauthenga olandila mphoto ya striatal ndi chidwi chofuna kusewera panthawi yophunzitsira masewera a kanema. Zokhumba pamawonekedwe awa ndizogwirizana ndi zosowa ndi chiyembekezo cha makanema osangalatsa omwe angakwaniritse komanso mphotho yake. Kufuna sikusiyanitsidwa momveka bwino ndi kusowa, chifukwa nthawi zambiri kumachitika limodzi ndi kusowa. Neurobiologically, kufunafuna sikumangotengera malo obisika okha, komanso malo oyambira omwe ali ogwirizana ndi machitidwe owongoleredwa ndi cholinga (Cardinal ndi al., 2002; Berridge et al., 2010). Chifukwa chake, cholumikizira cha neural chikhumbo sichingakhale chokwanira pamalo olandirira mphotho. Poyeneradi, Kühn et al. (2013) adawonetsa kuti kusintha kwamakimidwe ka grey kumasintha mu dorsolateral prefrontal cortex koyambitsidwa ndi maphunziro a masewera a kanema kumalumikizidwa bwino ndi kumverera kwa chikhumbo pakukonzekera masewera a kanema. Chifukwa chake, mu kafukufuku waposachedwa kuyankha kwa mphoto ya striatal sikungagwirizane ndi kulakalaka, chifukwa kulakalaka kungakhale komwe kumayanjanitsidwa ndi zolinga zoyambirira zotsogola. Maphunziro amtsogolo angafufuze izi mwatsatanetsatane.

Tinkayembekeza kulumikizana koipa pakati pa kuyankha kwa mphotho ya striatal ndikhumudwitsidwa panthawi yophunzitsira masewera a kanema popeza ntchito ya VS yafupika chifukwa chotsalira cha mphotho polandila mphotho (Abler et al., 2005). Komabe, ubalewu sunawoneke. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti insula imayendetsedwa mwanjira yachisangalalo (Abler et al., 2005; Yu et al., 2014). Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamtsogolo akhoza kuunikanso zochitika zopanda pake munthawi ya mphotho yomwe yasiyidwa.

ZOTHANDIZA ZA VIDEO GAME KUTI MUZIPHUNZITSA PA SYSTEM YOMWEYO

Kühn et al. (2011) adawonetsa pakagawo kakang'ono komwe osewera omwe amasewera makanema pafupipafupi (> 9 h pa sabata) adawonetsa zochitika zambiri zokhudzana ndi mphotho poyerekeza ndi omwe amasewera makanema pafupipafupi. Komabe, funsoli lidatsalira, ngati izi zidayambitsa kapena chifukwa cha masewera apakanema. Pakafukufuku wathu wamtali, khalani ndi chiyembekezo pantchito yamakina oyeserera yomwe idawulula ntchito ya VS, yomwe idasungidwa mu TG pamiyezi 2, koma osati ku CG. Timaganiza kuti chisonyezo cha mphotho yolandila chitha kuwonetsa kukhudzidwa pantchito yamakina oyeserera, yomwe idali yayikulu mu TG kumapeto. Omwe akuchita nawo TG atha kusunga kuyankha pakukonzekera mphotho ndi chidwi chofuna kumaliza ntchito yamakina olowa m'malo achiwiri mchigawo chomwecho monga nthawi yoyamba. Kulongosola kwakupezako kungakhale kuti maphunziro amasewera pakanema amathandizira pakukonzekera mphotho yokhudzana ndi dopamine pamasewera (Koepp et al., 1998). Zotsatira zathu zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro awa, chifukwa mwina sangakhale ndi malire pamasewera, koma atha kukhala ndi chidwi pa kuyankha kwakanthawi kovomerezeka mu maphindu osagwirizana ndi masewera a kanema. Kringelbach ndi Berridge (2009) idawonetsa kuti zochitika mu VS zitha kuyimira ntchito yolimbikitsa, chifukwa chake, masewera amakanema amatha kusunga kuyankhidwa kwamasewera pawokha, komanso ngakhale muntchito zina zopindulitsa mwakukulitsa zochitika zokhudzana ndi chisangalalo. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro a masewera a kanema akhoza kuonedwa ngati kulowerera komwe kukuyang'ana dongosolo la dopaminergic neurotransmitter, lomwe lingafufuzidwe mtsogolo. Pali umboni, kuti kulowererapo kwa dopaminergic pamalingaliro azophunzira zamankhwala kumatha kukhala ndi chikhalidwe chochizira. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wama pharmacological wogwiritsa ntchito kulowetsa dopaminergic pa okalamba okalamba wathanzi ndi Chowdhury et al. (2013) idawonetsa kuti kukhudzana kwa mibadwo yolumikizana kwa mphotho yakukalamba kungabwezeretsedwe ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi dopamine. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuwunikira zovuta zomwe zingakhalepo pazoyeserera zamasewera ophunzitsira pamasewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amafunikira chidziwitso cha dopaminergic striatal sign. Zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri kudziwa zovuta zamasewera azakanema mu fronto-striatal circry. Zomwe tapezazo zikuwonetsa chidwi pakuwongolera mphotho, komwe ndikofunikira pakuwongolera njira yolunjika ndikusinthira kuzinthu zosinthika (Zamakhalidwe, 2008). Chifukwa chake, ntchito zomwe zimaphatikizapo zisankho zokhudzana ndi mphotho monga kuphunzira mobwerezabwereza ziyenera kufufuzidwa m'maphunziro amtsogolo autali limodzi ndi maphunziro a masewera a kanema. Kafukufuku wambiri wama pharmacological awonetsa kuti kuwongolera kwa dopaminergic kungapangitse kukulira kapena kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito a kuphunzira, zomwe zimatengera kufunikira kwa ntchito komanso milingo ya munthu woyambira dopamine (Klanker et al., 2013).

Zotsatira zowoneka zamaphunziro a masewera pa pulogalamu ya mphotho zidachititsidwanso ndi kuchepa kwa zochitika mu CG nthawi yayitali kwambiri, yomwe mwa gawo lina ingafotokozeredwe ndi kukana kwamphamvu pakufunitsitsa kumaliza ntchito yamakina oyendetsa pakuyambiranso. . Phunziro la Shao et al. (2013) adawonetsa kuti gawo limodzi lokonzekera ndi makina olowetsa gawo lisanapange gawo lenileni lisanatsike lidatsika mu ntchito zamalipiro abwinobwino pakukonzekera bwino poyerekeza ndi gulu lomwe silinaphunzitsidwe. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka wa Fliessbach et al. (2010) adafufuza kudalirika koyesanso kwa mphotho zitatu za ntchito zolipira ndikuwonetsa kuti kudalirika koyesanso mu VS panthawi yopeza kuyembekezeraku kunali koperewera, kusiyana ndi kudalirika kokhudzana ndi mota mu pulayimale yamagalimoto oyambilira omwe amadziwika kuti ndi abwino. Kulongosola komwe zapezazi kungakhale mtundu wa ntchito zabwinozo. Mphotho yofananira nthawi zonse ziwirizi sizingatsogole ku mphoto yomweyo panthawi yachiwiri yogwira ntchito, chifukwa kumverera kwa mphotho komwe kumachitika kungayambike chifukwa cha kusowa kwatsopano.

Zachidziwikire, mu kafukufuku wapano kuyesedwanso kwatsopano kunatsirizidwa ndi magulu onse awiri, koma kuchepa kwa ntchito yolandira mphoto yolimbikitsidwa kunawonedwa mu CG, osati mu TG. Izi zateteza mu TG mwanjira ina zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi maphunziro apamasewera a kanema monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Komabe, CG sinali yolumikizana ndipo sinamalize kugwira ntchito ndipo izi zitha kuyimiranso zotsatira za TG. Komabe, ngakhale ngati sichinali maphunziro apakanema a kanema wokha omwe anali chifukwa chachikulu choyankhira pakubwezeretsa, kafukufuku wathu atha kutanthauziridwa ngati umboni wotsimikizira kuti masewera a kanema amatsogolera ku zotsatira zolimba ngati-placebo mwanjira yachirendo kapena yophunzitsira. Ngati masewera a kanema angayimire kulimba kwa placebo kuposa mankhwala a placebo kapena ntchito zina zonga placebo ndi funso lotseguka. Kuphatikiza apo, mkati mwasantikali yomwe ophunzira anali mumkhalidwe womwewo mu scanner ndipo wina akuyembekeza kuti magulu onse awiriwo atulutsa zotsatira zofananira. Komabe, zotsatira zakusungidwa ziyenera kutanthauziridwa mosamala, chifukwa zotsatira za placebo zitha kusokoneza zotsatira (Boot et al., 2011). Maphunziro amtsogolo omwe amayang'ana pa dongosolo la mphotho ayeneranso kukhala ndi gawo lowongolera pazomwe mukuphunzirazo.

Cholepheretsa china phunziroli ndi chakuti sitinalamulire makanema a CG. Tidawalangiza omwe atenga nawo mbali pa CG kuti asasinthe momwe amakhalira masewera pakanthawi yakudikirira komanso kuti asasewere Super Super 64 (DS). Komabe, machitidwe a masewera a kanema mu CG atha kukhala atasintha ndipo atha kukhudza zotsatira zake. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kukhala ndi magulu othandizira ndikuwunika mayendedwe azosewerera makanema panthawi yophunzira mwatsatanetsatane.

Mu kafukufukuyu tinayang'ana pa VS. Komabe, tidawona chofunikira chokhudzana ndi kuphunzitsanso mu malo osungirako zinthu, SMA, ndi gyrus yoyambira. Kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwa meta ndi Liu et al. (2011) kuphatikiza maphunziro a mphotho ya 142 adawonetsa kuti kupatula "gawo lalikulu la mphotho" VS komanso insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and infarialal parietal lobule are part of the network network panthawi ya chiyembekezo cha mphotho. Wofunikirayo amatenga nawo gawo limodzi pakuphatikizika kwa chidziwitso chokomera, mwachitsanzo pamaphunziro olakwika pamalingaliro osangalatsa ndi kuzindikira (Craig, 2009; Singer et al., 2009). Kutsegulidwaku panthawi ya mphoto kuyembekezerera pamakina owongolera kungawonetse kuyika mtima panjira ndi ntchitoyo. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zofunikira pophunzitsanso zofunikira mu insula zitha - zofanana ndi momwe VS - imayimira gawo lolimbikitsidwa, lomwe linasungidwa mu TG posakhalitsa. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akhoza kuyesa izi, pogwiritsa ntchito milingo yokongoletsa ndikuwongolera izi ndi ntchito zopanda pake. Malinga ndi kusiyana kwa SMA ndi gyrus yoyambirira, tikufuna kuwunikira kuti maderawa sangakhale nawo pachiwonetsero cha mphotho popeza siyamtunduwu pakuwonetsa za meta-kusanthula (Liu et al., 2011). M'malo mwake, SMA imakhudzidwa ndikuphunzira mayanjano okhudzana ndi zopatsa mphamvu zamagalimoto pakati pazantchito zina (Nachev et al., 2008). Ponena ndi phunziroli laposachedwa, ntchito ya SMA ikhoza kuwonetsa njira yolimbikitsira (makina olowetsa matayala atatu otembenuza) - kuyankha (batani batani kuti muyimitse makina oyendetsa) - zotsatila (apa pomwe pakuyimitsidwa kwa gudumu lachiwiri: XX_ ndi XY_) - unyolo. Mwachindunji, gulu la ophunziralo limamvetsetsa makina owerengetsa pambuyo pophunzitsidwa ngati masewera apakanema, momwe angapangitsire bwino magwiridwe awo mwachitsanzo, kukanikiza batani nthawi yoyenera. Mwanjira ina, omwe atenga nawo mbali mu TG atha kuganiza kuti atha kusintha zomwe makina amakina amasintha momwe angayankhire. Chonde dziwani kuti ophunzira sanazindikire kuti makina opanga ali ndi mawonekedwe ofikitsa. Popeza gyrus yoyambirira nayonso ili gawo la magalimoto, kutanthauzira kwa tanthauzo kwa zomwe SMA ikupeza kungakhale kovomerezanso kwa olamulira. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo angatsimikizire kutanthauzira kwa SMA ndi mayendedwe achilendo mwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana oyankha.

KULIMA KWA VIDEO, SUPER MARIO, KUSINTHA KWA ZINSINSI, KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO BWINO, NDIPONSO NJIRA YA NJIRA

Kuchokera pamawonedwe azosangalatsa, masewera achisangalalo a makanema amapereka magwiridwe antchito othandiza kwambiri, magawo osinthika bwino komanso kuyanjana kwambiri (Green ndi Bavelier, 2012). Katunduyu akhoza kukhala ndi mwayi wokwaniritsa zosowa zamaganizidwe monga kuthekera, kudziyimira payekha komanso kukhudzana (Przybylski et al., 2010). Phunziro la Ryan et al. (2006) adawonetsa kuti otenga nawo mbali omwe akumverera mokakamizidwa ndi gawo lophunzitsira la 20 min Super Super 64 anali ndi moyo wabwino atatha kusewera. Kupeza bwino kumeneku kunalumikizidwanso ndikuwonjezereka kwa kumverera kochita bwino (mwachitsanzo, kudziyang'anira pawokha) komanso kudziyimira pawokha (mwachitsanzo, kuchita motengera chidwi). Pamodzi ndi zomwe zapezedwa pakusungidwa kwa chizindikiro cha mphoto mu ntchito yophunzitsidwa, timakhulupirira kuti masewera a makanema amakhala ndi chida champhamvu pa maphunziro apadera (ozindikira). Kutengera mtundu wamasewera a vidiyo ndi zomwe munthu akuchita pamasewera, makanema apakanema amafunikira zochitika zambiri zovuta kuzimvetsa komanso zamagalimoto kuchokera kwa osewera kuti athe kukwaniritsa cholinga cha masewerawo ndikuwonetsetsa kwenikweni. Kukula kopindulitsa kwamasewera a kanema kumatha kudzetsa gawo lokwanira mkati mwa gawo lophunzitsira.

POMALIZA

Kafukufuku wapano akuwonetsa kuti kuyankha kwamphamvu pakubwezeretsa kwa masewerawa kumaneneratu za kusewera kwakanema kwa masewerawa ndikulimbikitsa kuti kusiyanasiyana pakubwera kwamphamvu kungakhudze kutengeka ndi masewera a kanema, koma kutanthauzaku kumafunikira chitsimikiziro mu maphunziro amtsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wakaleyu adawonetsa kuti kuphunzitsidwa kwamasewera a kanema kungasunge kuyankha kwamphamvu mu VS poyesanso. Tikukhulupirira kuti masewera a makanema amatha kusunga mayankho abwinobwino kuti adzapindule mosavuta, kachitidwe komwe kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri kuti kusunthike kukhale kofunika, motero kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kuphunzitsidwa mwanzeru ndi kuthekera kwachithandizo. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo afunika kufufuza ngati maphunziro a masewera a kanema angakhale ndi vuto pa kupanga zisankho zabwino, zomwe ndi zofunikira kwambiri pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Kuvomereza

Kafukufukuyu anathandizidwa ndi Unduna wa Zamaphunziro ndi Kufufuza ku Germany (BMBF 01GQ0914), Germany Research Foundation (DFG GA707 / 6-1), ndi German National Academic Foundation kupatsa RCL. Tili othokoza chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi Sonali Beckmann omwe akuyendetsa sikani komanso David Steiniger ndi Kim-John Schlüter poyesa omwe adatenga nawo mbali.

NKHANI ZOTHANDIZA

Zowonjezera Zowonjezera pa nkhaniyi zitha kupezeka pa intaneti pa: http://www.frontiersin.org/journal/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00040/abstract

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