Kumvetsetsa Kwambiri za Khalidwe Lopanda Nzeru za Kugonana Kwachidakwa ndi Zovuta Zolaula Gwiritsani ntchito (2018)

Ogasiti 2018, Malipoti aposachedwa a Behaisheral Neuroscience

Rudolf Stark, Tim Klucken, Marc N. Potenza, Matthias Brand, Jana Strahler

DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0162-9

Kudalirika

Cholinga cha Kubwereza

Mu buku la khumi ndi limodzi lotulutsidwa kumene la International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), kukakamizidwa kuchita zachiwerewere (CSBD) kunali koyamba kuphatikizidwa ndikugawidwa ngati vuto losalamulira. Lipoti lilipoli likufuna kufotokozera mwachidule zotsatira zamphamvu pazokhudzana ndi kufalikira kwa ma neurobiological a CSBD, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta. Zowona m'makina oyambira CSBD zitha kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa njira zothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu omwe akhudzidwa.

Zotsatira Zatsopano

Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo posachedwapa wavumbula kuti kugonana kosayenera kumagwirizanitsa ndi kusintha kwa kugonana ndi kusiyana kwa ubongo ndi ntchito.

Chidule

Ngakhale maphunziro ochepa a neurobiological a CSBD adachitika mpaka pano, zambiri zomwe zikupezeka zikuwonetsa kuti vuto la mitsempha limagawana zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zosokoneza zina monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mavuto a njuga. Chifukwa chake, zidziwitso zomwe zilipo zikuwonetsa kuti gulu lake lingakhale loyenererana monga chizolowezi chomangotsatira m'malo mwa vuto losalamulira.

Keywords: Matenda osokoneza bongo Zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito fMRI Chiwerewere Kugonana 

Introduction

Kodi Khalidwe Lodzikakamiza pa Nkhani Yogonana Ndi Chiyani?

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, v. Krafft Ebing [1] adalongosola za satyriasis ndi nymphomania ngati mitundu ya amuna ndi akazi, motero, yamayendedwe ogonana oyipa omwe amachititsa kuti azigonana mokakamiza (CSB). Zowonadi, satyriasis ndi nymphomania zimatchulidwa mwapadera kusindikiza kwakhumi kwa International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) motsogozedwa ndi F52.8 cholembedwa 'kusowa kwazina kwina kosafunikira chifukwa cha zinthu kapena mkhalidwe wakuthupi'2]. Titha kunena kuti CSB idapeza chisamaliro chambiri mu ma 1970s ndi 1980s [3, 4]. Ndi kupezeka kowonjezereka kwa intaneti yothamanga kwambiri, chidwi chamaphunziro chinkakulirakulira, ndipo kafukufuku ananena kuti intaneti ikhoza kulimbikitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za CSB. Pazitsanzo zawo za anthu omwe ali ndi CSB, Reid ndi anzawo [5] adapeza kuseweretsa maliseche kwambiri (78%), ndikuwona zolaula (81%), kugwiritsa ntchito foni (8%) ndi cybersex (18%), kuchezera makalabu (9%), ndikugonana ndi akuluakulu ovomera (45%) monga mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya CSB. Pazitsanzo za amuna okha omwe amadziwika kuti ndi "ogonana", Spenhoff et al. [6] adapeza ziyerekezo zofananira pokhapokha ngati kugonana kosagonana kunapezeka mu 20% yokha.

Pakhala kutsutsana kwakukulu pankhani ngati CSB yopanda tanthauzo ikhoza kufotokozedwa ngati vuto ndipo, ngati ndi choncho, gulu lomwe lingakhale loyenera kwambiri [7, 8]. Maganizo angapo otsogola amawona CSBD ngati chizolowezi [4, 7], vuto loteteza anthu [9], kukakamira kugonana [10], kapena kukokomeza [11]. Mtsutsowu atha kupeza kuti kwawo kwatha ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ICD-11 ku 2018. Apa, matenda kusokoneza khalidwe la kugonana (CSBD) idaphatikizidwa mu chaputala cha kusokonezeka-kudziletsa (code 6C72). Ngakhale pakukambirana zamaphunziro zokhuza njira zomwe zikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera CSBD ndi momwe mungasiyanitsire CSBD pakugonana kosagawanika, pali mgwirizano wina pazinthu zoyambira: kuwongolera, kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe ogonana pazolinga zamalingaliro, ndikupitilizabe kupitilizana mu CSB ngakhale pali zovuta zina pamagwiridwe antchito, banja, zachikhalidwe, maphunziro, ntchito, kapena zina zofunika kuchita.

Monga tafotokozera kale, anthu amatha kuvutika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya CSB. Mofanizira, machitidwe odziwika kwambiri, makamaka mwa abambo, amawonera zolaula zolaula [5]. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamachitidwe a neuroscience ogwiritsa ntchito maginito othandizira a resonance imaging (fMRI) amayang'anitsitsa makamaka maphunziro a amuna omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula (PPU). Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kwakanthawi kumayang'ana kwambiri pa PPU pakuwunikira mwachidule zomwe zikuwonetsa chidwi, komanso zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufuku wa zamankhwala ndi zamankhwala ena za CSB zidzafotokozedwanso (onaninso mwachitsanzo, [12]).

Zochita Zogonana Ndizopindulitsa

Pofunsa anthu za momwe akumvera poonera zolaula, amawonetsa kuti ali ndi malingaliro abwino komanso okondwerera (mwachitsanzo, [13]). Zaka 20 zapitazi zakufufuza zamaganizidwe aubongo zatulutsa chidziwitso chofunikira pakuyankha kwamitsempha pazakugonana. Kufufuza meta zingapo ndikuwunika [14, 15, 16, 17] fotokozani momveka bwino za momwe mbali inayake ya ubongo imagwirira ntchito pogonana. Mtundu umodzi [15] limapereka kuti magawo anayi (ozindikira, okonda kutulutsa, olimbikitsa, komanso azazungulira ndi endocrine) amalumikizidwa ndi zigawo zina za ubongo. Munthawi yolimbikitsira, zida zamaubongo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi makina ofunikira a “mphotho” ya anthu, monga gawo lothandizira (kuphatikiza ma nucleus omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito pambuyo pake) ndi anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), akhala akuwerenga. Kuphatikizidwa kwa zinthuzi muubongo kungapangitse kukhala kopindulitsa komanso kolimbikitsa kwa zinthu zogonana. Kutenga mbali kotereku kumayenderana ndi kusinthika kwa miyambo yomwe imaperekedwa kuti zoyeserera zakugonana ziyenera kulimbikitsa machitidwe akuwonekera kuti atsimikizire kupulumuka kwamtunduwu.

Zolemba za Neurobiological za CSBD

Njira Zosinthidwa Zogonana mu CSBD

Kusintha kwa zinthu zolaula (SEM) mu CSBD yokhudzana ndi zolaula kwafufuzidwa m'maphunziro a cue-reacaction. Lingaliro la cue-reacaction lakhala likufufuzidwa kwanthawi yayitali pakafukufuku wopanga zinthu zosokoneza bongo [18]. Milandu imakhala yoyeserera, yomwe imatha kukhala zodetsa nkhawa, malingaliro, kapena zokopa zina, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi kudya mankhwala osakhudzidwa (osakhudzidwa). Cites amakhala olosera zam'tsogolo zomwe zimayambitsa matenda osokoneza bongo. Pakukonza ndi kusamalira chizolowezi, amalimbikitsa kulakalaka komwe kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kusokonekera kwa chiphunzitso cholimbikitsa chisangalalo [19]. Lingaliro lalikulu la chimango ichi ndi kupatula kusiyana ndi kufuna. Chiphunzitsochi chimanena kuti kumayambiriro kwa chizolowezi chosokoneza bongo, chisangalalo cha hedonistic (= kukonda) ndikulamulira zomwe zachitika; Pambuyo pake, munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto laukali amamva kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (= kufuna) zomwe zimangokhala zosangalalira. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ngakhale kufunafuna kumatha kulumikizidwa bwino ndi mesolimbic dopamine njira, kukonda si.

Pankhani ya CSBD yokhudzana ndi zolaula, ndi funso lililonse ngati kukondweretsedwa kwamalingaliro kapena malingaliro osayenera. Amatanthauziridwa ngati zingwe ngakhale zinthuzi mwina sizili ndi mawonekedwe (pokambirana nawo nkhaniyi, onani [20]).

Kwazaka khumi zapitazi, kafukufuku woyamba wogwira ntchito m'maganizo mwanu adachitika. Maphunzirowa akuwonetsa kusintha kwa zinthu zakugonana mu CSBD (Gome 1).

Gulu 1

Kupenda kwachilengedwe kwa maphunziro a fMRI osiyanitsa mayankho a neural omwe amayesedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magazi a oxygenation amadalira (BOLD) chizindikiro mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logonana (CSBD) komanso maphunziro opanda CSBD (maphunziro azachipatala). Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro a fMRI omwe amafufuza mu zitsanzo zomwe ali pachiwopsezo cha CSBD (maphunziro owerengeka) amaphatikizidwa. M'maphunziro ambiri, amuna okha ndi omwe adaphatikizidwa

phunziro

Topic

Yesani

Zitsanzo

Zotsatira zazikulu

FMRI maphunziro — zitsanzo zamankhwala

Politis et al. [21]

kukonzanso

ntchito yongowonera

• midadada ya zithunzi za

- mankhwala

- chakudya

- ndalama ndi kutchova njuga

- zachiwerewere

- osalowerera

okhutira

• magawo awiri: Mankhwala a ON kapena OFF L-Dopa

n = 12 (1 mkazi) odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a Parkinson ndi CSBD

n = 12 (azimayi 2) odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a Parkinson koma opanda CSBD

CSBD yapezeka ndi

• mndandanda wazotsatira

• kuyankhulana kwamankhwala

Chidziwitso: odwala omwe anali ndi CSBD anali kutenga ma dopamine agonists kwambiri komanso ochepa L-DOPA kuposa odwala opanda CSBD

osapatula mankhwala a ON kapena OFF L-Dopa:

• mayankho akuluakulu a neural kumayendedwe azithunzi poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zosagwirizana ndi omwe ali ndi CSBD mu:

- mbiri ya OFC, ACC yapakati, PCC yamanzere, amygdala, mayiko awiri apakati pazinthu, mbiri Hypothalamus (ROI isanthula)

- mbali ziwiri zakunja kwa PFC, SPL yapakati, IPL yoyenera (ubongo wonse ukuunikira)

• mayankho ochepa a neural kumayendedwe azithunzi poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zosagwirizana ndi omwe ali ndi CSBD mu:

- njira ziwiri, kumanzere kumanja (ubongo wonse umafufuza)

Voon et al. [22]

kukonzanso

ntchito yongowonera

Zithunzi za 9 s: SEM, zolaula, zosachita zogonana, ndalama, osalowerera ndale

• kusiyana kwakukulu ndi chidwi: 'SEM minus Exiting video'

n = 19 amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi CSBD (yang'anani zolaula pa intaneti)

n = Amuna 19 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha opanda CSBD

CSBD yapezeka ndi

• Kuyesa Kwakugonana pa Internet [23]

• Mafunso azachipatala potsatira njira za Kafka [11] ndi miyeso yomwe inafotokozedwa ndi Reid [5]

• chilakolako chachikulu pakugonana ndi SEM mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi amuna opanda CSBD

• mayankho akulu a neural ku SEM mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi amuna opanda CSBD mkati

- dACC, pomwe pali mawu oyendetsera mbali yamanja, amygdala wamanja, mbali yayikulu ya nigra (kuwunika kwakukulu)

• kulumikizana kwapamwamba pakati pa chikhumbo chogonana ndi kulumikizana kwachidziwitso pakati pa dACC / pomwe ventral striatum ndi dACC / amygdala wamanja, ndi DACC / kumanzere substantia nigra (kuwunikira kowunika) mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD

Seok & Sohn [24]

kukonzanso

ntchito yongowonera

• SEM ndi zithunzi zosasangalatsa za SEM

n = 23 amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi CSBD

n = Amuna 22 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha opanda CSBD

CSBD yapezeka ndi

• Kuyesa Kuyesa Kugonana Kwazakutsogolo-R (SAST-R [25]),

• Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI [26])

• kuyankhulana kwamankhwala

• chilakolako chachikulu pakugonana ndi SEM mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi amuna opanda CSBD

• mayankho akulu a neural ku SEM mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi amuna opanda CSBD mkati

- lamanja dacC, lamanzere ndi lamanja lamanja lamanzere, phokoso lamanzere lamanzere, kumanzere kwakumanzere, kumanzere kwa kumanzere

• Kuchuluka kwa CSBD (kuyesedwa ndi SAST-R [25], HBI [26]) idalumikizidwa bwino ndi ma neural activation mu thalamus lamanja komanso kumanja koyambirira kwa dorsolateral

Chidziwitso: Kuyesa kopanda tanthauzo kwa mawerengero, mwachitsanzo, palibe kuwongolera kwa FWE

Klucken et al. [27]

mawonekedwe okopa

masiyanidwe okonda magawidwe paradigm

• mabwalo achikuda ngati CS + ndi CS-

• UCS: zithunzi za SEM

• Kulimbitsa kwa 100%

n = Amuna 20 omwe ali ndi CSBD

n = Amuna 20 opanda CSBD

CSBD yapezeka ndi

• Njira za Kafka [11]

• kuyankhulana kwamankhwala

• mayankho apamwamba anaphunzira CS + mosiyana ndi CS- mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi amuna opanda CSBD mu amygdala woyenera

• kulumikizana kogwira ntchito pakati pa ventral striatum ndi preortal cortex m'mitu ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi amuna opanda CSBD

Banca et al. [28]

kuphunzira mtima

masiyanidwe okonda magawidwe paradigm

• Makatani achikuda a 6 anali ngati 2 × CS + sex, 2 × CS + ndalama, ndi 2 × CS-

• Pambuyo pa CS + pakugonana chithunzi cha akazi amaliseche; pambuyo pa CS + ndalama chizindikiro cha mapaundi a 1 chidaperekedwa, pambuyo pa CS- bokosi laimvi litawonetsedwa

• gawo lowonongeka atatha kupeza: palibe mphotho kapena chithunzi chowongolera pambuyo pa ma CS osiyanasiyana

n = Amuna 20 omwe ali ndi CSBD

n = Amuna 20 opanda CSBD

CSBD yapezeka ndi

• Kuyesa Kwakugonana pa Internet [23]

• Mafunso azachipatala potsatira njira za Kafka [11] ndi miyeso yomwe inafotokozedwa ndi Reid [5]

• sizinawakhudze gulu lonse pazokhudzana ndi mayankho a neural kumayendedwe osiyanasiyana a CS

• zoyankha pazithunzi zakugonana (pambuyo pa CS + kugonana) zidachepa mwachangu mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD kuposa amuna opanda CSBD mu dACC

• Amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi amuna opanda CSBD adawonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa DACC ndi pomwe pali mawu ena kumanzere kumanzere ndi kumanzere kumanja kwa Hippocampus chifukwa cha mayeso omaliza atayesedwa pazithunzi zoyeserera

Gola et al. [29]

kukonzanso

kulimbikitsani kuchedwetsa ntchito:

• ma cue (chithunzithunzi: chizindikiro cha bwalo, chisonyezo cha ndalama: chizindikiro cha dola, chithunzi cholakwika: chithunzi cha azimayi) zimakhala ngati zisonyezo kuti zisalandire chilichonse (chithunzi chosasimbika) kapena ndalama (chithunzi cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe apambana) kapena mphoto zolakwika (Chithunzi cha SEM). Kuperekera mwachangu zotsatira zake ngati mukufuna kuthana ndi cholinga cha tsankho

n = 28 amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi CSBD

n = Amuna 24 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha opanda CSBD

CSBD yapezeka ndi

• Njira za Kafka za Hypersexeness [11]

• kuyankhulana kwamankhwala

• kufunafuna chithandizo kwa amuna onse omwe ali ndi CSBD

• Nthawi zazifupi mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD kuposa abambo omwe alibe CSBD pamayesero osavomerezeka koma osayesa ndalama

• mayankho akulu kwambiri amtundu wolakwika wa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD kuposa amuna opanda CSBD kumanzere ndi kumanzere kwamanja

•Osagwirizana pagulu pamavuto azomwe amachita pamavuto azachuma

• palibe kusiyana pagulu pamavuto azithunzi za SEM (kutumiza mphotho)

Chidziwitso: Zomwe zimachitika kokha kumanja ndi kumanzere kwanyengo ya porral zomwe zidawunikidwa (a priori madera achidwi)

fMRI - zitsanzo zochepa

Kühn ndi Gallinat [30]

kukonzanso

ntchito yongowonera

• zithunzi zakugonana komanso zosagonana

• block block-ma ulaliki:

- zithunzi zakugonana

- zithunzi zosagonana

- kukonza

n = Amuna a 64 amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi zolaula zosiyanasiyana

kudziimira mosiyanasiyana: maola ochuluka oledzera

• Kuyanjana pakati pa kumwa malola ola limodzi kwa ola limodzi komanso mayankho amayendedwe amakono pazakugonana kumanzere

Brand et al. [31]

kukonzanso

ntchito yongowonera

SEM ndi

• Amuna achimuna / achimuna

• Amuna achimuna / achikazi

• Amayi achikazi / achikazi

• kapangidwe kokhudzana ndi zochitika

• mavoti pambuyo pazithunzi zilizonse pazithunzi zokongola zogonana, zosasangalatsa, kuyandikana ndi chithunzi 'chabwino'

n = Amuna 19 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha

zitsanzo zosiyanasiyanazi zakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti

Chizolowezi cha intaneti choyezedwa ndi Short Internet Addiction Test chosinthidwa ndi cybersex (s-IATsex) [32]

• kutha kwa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kunakhudzidwa ndi mayendedwe azinthu zosiyanitsa 'zazimayi (zachimuna / zachimuna) zopangira zosasankhika (zazimuna / zazimuna)' pabalaza

FWE cholakwika chanzeru za banja, SEM zolaula, magawo a ubongo: dACC dorsal anterior cingate kotekisi, PCC posterior cingulate kotekisi, OFC orbitof mbeleal kotekisi, IPL otsika parietal lobule, SPL wamkulu parietal lobule

Phunziro lawo la seminal fMRI, Voon et al. [22] anayerekezera mayankho amakanema am'mafilimu a SEM ndi mafilimu omwe ali ndi zinthu zosangalatsa koma zosagonana mu nkhani zachimuna zomwe zili ndi CSBD. Zotsatirazi zidawonetsa kuti amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD adawonetsa mayankho ochulukirapo a oxygenation level-BOLD) mu dongosolo lamaubwino (ventral striatum, dorsal ACC) ndi amygdala kuposa momwe amathandizira amuna kutsata SEM. Kupitilira apo, SEM idalimbikitsa chilakolako chogonana mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD kuposa amuna opanda CSBD. Mu kafukufuku wofanana ndi Seok ndi Sohn [24], amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD ndipo sanawone zithunzi za SEM ndi zithunzi za zinthu zopanda kugonana. Apanso, amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi omwe alibe akuwonetsa mayankho BONI molunjika ku SEM mosiyana ndi zoyambitsa kugonana zosagonana m'magawo angapo aubongo kuphatikiza thalamus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pomwe supramaginal gyrus, dorsal ACC, ndi caudate. Mayankho okhudzidwanso adawonetseranso kuchuluka kwa chikhumbo chogonana cha SEM-kwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD kuposa amuna opanda CSBD. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa fMRI wa Brand et al. [31•] adaloza mbali yomweyo: kukula kwa zomwe ena anena zokhudzana ndi zolaula za intaneti (subclinical male sample) zogwirizana ndi mayankho a neural kulinga kwa SEM yosiyana (mosiyana ndi SEM yosakondedwa) mu ventral striatum.

Mosiyana ndi malipoti awa, Kuehn ndi Gallinat [30] adapeza kuyanjana pakati pa mayankho a neural ku SEM mu striatum (kumanzere kwa putamen) ndi kuchuluka kwa maola omwe amakhala akuwonerera zolaula mu zitsanzo zawo zamphongo zachimuna. Olembawo adatanthauzira izi ngati kuti zingalumikizidwe ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kukhalanso ndi zithunzi zolaula. Pakufufuza kopindulitsa kwa fMRI, komwe kunasokoneza magawo a neural omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi magawo omwe amayembekezeredwa motsutsana, Gola et al. [29••] adapeza mayankho ofanana ndi a neural mwa abambo omwe amafuna chithandizo cha PPU ndi amuna opanda PPU pomwe amawonera zithunzi zolaula. Komabe, kuwonera oyambira (= miyambo) kulosera za chiwonetsero cha SEM (poyerekeza ndi njira zomwe zikuneneratu za mphotho yazachuma) pantchito yoleketsa izi kunapangitsa mayankho apamwamba a BOLD mwa amuna omwe ali ndi PPU kuposa amuna opanda PPU kumanzere ndi kumanzere kwamanja . Politis et al. [21] adaphunzira magulu awiri aanthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Parkinson, amodzi omwe ali ndi zizindikiro za CSB ndi enanso okhala ndi vuto la Parkinson koma osakhala ndi zizindikiro za CSB. Monga tafotokozera pansipa, CSB ndi zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zamagetsi komanso zovuta (zokhudzana ndi njuga, kugula, ndi kudya) zalumikizidwa ndi zina mwa matenda a Parkinson kuphatikiza chithandizo chake [37, 38, 39]. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo wa FMRI zidawonetsa kuti mayankho a BOLD opita ku SEM anali okwera kwambiri ku Parkinson odwala omwe ali ndi CSB kuposa odwala omwe alibe CSB m'malo angapo aubongo kuphatikiza ndi orbitofrontal cortex, ACC, posterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum, ndi hypothalamus [21]. Madera awiri omwe odwala CSB adawonetsa kukhudzidwa pang'ono anali ovomerezeka ndi claustrum.

Kuti tifotokozere mwachidule, maphunziro ambiri a fMRI omwe amafufuza za cue mu CSBD adawonetsa kuti mayankho BONI KWA SEM ndiwokwera kwambiri mu dongosolo la mphotho lomwe lili mgululi [21, 22, 24, 29, 31]. Phunziro limodzi lokha [30] adawonetsera chiyanjano chosagwirizana pakati pa poyankha yokhudzana ndi SEMBLE pamayendedwe akumanzere ndi zolaula, ndipo izi sizinali mu zitsanzo ndi CSBD.

Popeza njira zowongolera zitha kukhala zofunikira pakukula kwa CSBD, tikuganiziranso apa maphunziro a fMRI awiri ofufuza momwe zinthu zasinthira mu CSBD.

Banca et al. [28•] adanenanso kuti amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD amakonda buku la SEM ndipo amakhala kwa SEM kwambiri kuposa amuna opanda CSBD. Kafukufukuyu adaphatikizanso kuyesa kwa FMRI pazakudya zosiyana. Ngakhale kuti palibe zotsatira zamagulu pazomwe mayankho a BOLD apezeka, kuyankha KOBADWA mdziko la ACC kupita ku SEM komwe kumakhala mwachangu mu gulu la CSBD kuposa gulu lofananira. Zomwe apezazi zikuwonetsa kuti ntchito ya ACC imathandizira kuti pakhale zochitika zokhudzana ndi zovuta zolaula. Munthawi ina yakusangalatsidwa kwa fMRI kuyesa zithunzi zogonana ngati zokondweretsa zopanda pake, Klucken et al. [27] adapeza kusiyana kwakuyankha kotsimikizika KOPANDA mu amygdala pakati pa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD. Kupitilira apo, adawona kuti kuchepa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa preortal cortex ndi ventral striatum mu gulu la CSBD; izi zapezanso mwayi kuti mabwalo oyambira-oyambilira atha kukhala okhudzidwa ndikuwongolera kuzungulira kwa ubongo wama ubongo mu CSBD monga zanenedwera pakuphatikizidwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo [40].

Maphunziro owonjezera amakula ndi autali amafunikira kuti abwereze ndikulimbikitsa kumvetsetsa kwazomwe zikuchitika mu CSBD ndi momwe zochitika zina (mwachitsanzo, kuwongolera koyang'anira pakumvera kwa subcortical panthawi yolamulira kukhumbira) kungakhale kofunikira kuganizira mu CSBD ndi chithandizo chake.

Mosiyana ndi maphunziro a fMRI owonetsa mayankho owonjezeka a SEM-elicited neural mu CSBD, Prause et al. [41] adatinso kuchepa kwa zochitika za cue monga zikuwonetsedwera ndi kuchepa kwakatha moyenera pa elekitroencephalogram (EEG). Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito chowonera chongokhala nacho ndi zithunzi zam'mutu kuphatikizapo SEM. Ngakhale kutsutsana kumakhalapo pokhudza momwe mungatanthauzire zomwe zapezekazo [20], kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kufotokozera kusiyana komwe kungachitike pakati pa maphunziro am'mbuyomu a fMRI ndi kafukufukuyu wa EEG.

Kuphatikiza pa maphunziro a fMRI ndi EEG omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa, maphunziro angapo amachitidwe apenda ma neuropsychological a CSBD, omwe angaperekenso chidziwitso pakuwunika kwamachitidwe omwe akukhudzidwa ndi CSBD. Miner et al. [33] adati amuna a 8 omwe ali ndi CSBD adawonetsa kukhudzika kwakukulu komanso kuyankha pamphamvu pantchito ya Go / No-Go kuposa amuna a 8 opanda CSBD. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakhalidwe oyipa a Mechelmans et al. [42] adawonetsa kuti amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD anali ndi chidwi chachikulu pa SEM koma osati chokopa kuposa amuna opanda CSBD. Komabe, kusiyana kumeneku kunawonedwa pazenera poyankha pafupi ndi chithunzi, asanafike pomaliza kudziwa kapena kudziwa. Messina et al. [43] ndinayerekezera ntchito zamtsogoleri wamkulu (mwachitsanzo, kupanga chisankho pa Iowa Ginja Task, kusinthasintha kwazindikiritso pa Chiwonetsero cha Khadi la Wisconsin Card) mwa amuna omwe alibe ndi CSBD asanafike komanso atangoyang'ana SEM. Amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi omwe adapanga zisankho zowonongeka koyambirira ku Iowa Kutchova Juga Task ndikuwonetsa kusinthasintha kocheperako potsatira kuwonera kwa SEM. Schiebener et al. [44] adawona kuti mwa zitsanzo za abambo a 104 omwe akuchita ntchito yogawa ndi zithunzi zogonana kapena zosagonana, amuna omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe za CSBD sanachite bwino pazithunzi zakugonana komanso zosagonana, zomwe zapezeka zikuwonetsa kupewa kapena kuyandikira njira ya SEM mu kucheza ndi CSBD. Kafukufuku wina pogwiritsa ntchito Approach-Fightance Task, anthu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti amatha kupewa kapena kufikira SEM [45]. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa heterogeneity pokhudzana ndi kufotokozera zamakhalidwe ogwirizana ndi CSBD mwa amuna.

Kusintha kwa Ubongo Wamalingaliro mu CSBD

Ochepera ndi anzawo [33] adachita kusanthula kwa kulingalira kwa masoka (DTI) kuyerekeza tanthauzo losiyanitsa komanso kusokonekera kozungulira pamadera otsika komanso apamwamba kutsogolo kwa amuna a 8 omwe ali ndi amuna a 8 opanda CSBD (Table 2). Mosiyana ndi zoyembekezeredwa zotsogola pamalingaliro apansi pazovuta zakumaso pamavuto oyendetsa-zisankho (mwachitsanzo, [46]), adapeza kusiyana kochepa m'malo apamwamba. Schmidt et al. [34] adapeza buku lamanzere lamanzere lakumanzere kwakukulu monga limayesedwa ndi voxel-based morphometry (VBM) mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi amuna opanda. Kupitilira apo, kunachepetsedwa kupuma kwapakati pa boma pakati pa amygdala wamanzere ndi mbali yapawiri ya dorsolateral prefrontal cortex m'gululi ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi gulu lomwe linalibe. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti zoyambitsa kutsogoleredwa kuzomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtima ukhale wolimba komanso wopatsa chidwi zitha kuchepetsedwa mwa abambo omwe ali ndi CSBD, ngakhale izi zitha kuchititsa kuti kafukufuku ayende bwino. Mu kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri ndi Seok ndi Sohn [36], kuchuluka kwa kumanzere kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kwakanthawi ndi kuluma kwakanthawi kochepa kunachepetsedwa mwa amuna omwe anali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi amuna opanda. Kupitilira apo, kulumikizana kwapansi pang'onopang'ono kwa boma kunawonedwa mu CSBD pakati pamanzere apamwamba amanzere apanja ndi mbali ya kumanzere kwakumanja. Popeza gwero lamanzere lamanzere apamwamba am'tsogolo komanso kulumikizana kwina pakati pa dzanja lamanzere la mphamvu yakumanzere ndi kulumikizana kwakumanja kunali kolumikizana molakwika ndi kuuma kwa CSBD, olemba adanena kuti zonyansa kumanzere kopitilira muyeso ikhoza kukhala yofunikira mu CSBD . Pazitsanzo zawo zazing'ono zazimuna, Kuehn ndi Gallinat [30] adakondana ndi maola olaula zolaula sabata iliyonse ndikuwonjezerapo kanthu ndipo adapeza kuphatikiza koyenera munthawi yoyenera. Kupitilira apo, adapeza kuti kulumikizana kwazinthu zokhazokha pakati pa nthaka yolondola (mbewu yam'mphepete) ndi dorsolateral prefrontal cortex yolingana ndi maola omwe adanenedwa kuti amamwa zolaula. Olembawo adatanthauzira mayanjano oyipawa kuti ndi chifukwa chotheka cha kukondweretsedwa kwakukulu kwa dongosolo la mphotho, ngakhale kuti maphunziro apakatikati amafunikira kuti aunikire mwachindunji mwayi wotere.

Gulu 2

Kafukufuku pazakusiyana kwamapangidwe pakati pa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD ndi amuna opanda CSBD (maphunziro azachipatala) ndi maphunziro okhudzana nawo (maphunziro owerengeka). Maphunzirowa adafufuza za amuna amuna

phunziro

Mutu ndi njira

Zitsanzo

Zotsatira zazikulu

Maphunziro azachipatala

 Mgodi ndi al. [33]

Kulumikizana kwa zomanga: DTI

n = Amuna 8 omwe ali ndi CSBD

n = Amuna 8 opanda CSBD

CSBD yapezeka ndi

• kupezeka kwa malingaliro obwerezabwereza komanso okhudzana ndi chilakolako chogonana, zilakolako zogonana, kapena zizolowezi zawo kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yomwe imabweretsa mavuto kapena kuwonongeka

• kufunafuna chithandizo kwa amuna onse omwe ali ndi CSBD

• Amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD anali okopa kwambiri kuposa amuna opanda CSBD monga amayeza ndi mafunso komanso gulu la Go / No-Go paradigm

• zikutanthauza kuti kusiyana pakati pa amuna omwe anali ndi CSBD kunali kotsika kuposa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD m'malo apamwamba

Chidziwitso: zotsatira zake zakusiyana zinali zosemphana ndi malingaliro omwe amayembekezera kukwera kwakukulu pamadera otsika kutsogolo

 (Adasankhidwa) Schmidt et al. [34]

• voliyumu yaimvi: VBM

• kulumikizana: kupumula kwa boma komwe kumagwira ntchito

n = Amuna 23 omwe ali ndi CSBD (yang'anani kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti)

n = Amuna 69 opanda CSBD (n = 45 pazakufufuzira kwa boma)

CSBD yapezeka ndi:

• Njira za Kafka za Hypersexeness [11] ndi machitidwe a Carnes okonda kugonana [35]

• kuyankhulana kwamankhwala

• voliyumu yakumanzere yayikulu ya amygdala mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD kuposa amuna opanda CSBD

• Kuchepetsa kulumikizika kwa mgwirizano pakati pa mbewu ya amygdala kumanzere ndi PFC yotsatira (kusanthula kusanthula kwa VBM) mu CSBD

 Seok & Sohn [36]

• voliyumu yaimvi: VBM

• kulumikizana: kupumula kwa boma komwe kumagwira ntchito

n = 17 yokhala ndi CSBD

n = 17 yopanda CSBD

CSBD yapezeka ndi:

• Njira za Kafka za Hypersexeness [11] ndi machitidwe a Carnes okonda kugonana [25]

• HBI [26]

• kuyankhulana kwamankhwala

• Kutsitsa kwambiri gawo laimvi mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD poyerekeza ndi amuna opanda CSBD mu STG kumanzere ndi MTG wamanja

• Kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ntchito yopumulira kwa abambo omwe ali ndi CSBD kuposa amuna opanda CSBD pakati pa STG (mbewu) lamanzere kumanzere ndi kumanzere kwamanja

Maphunziro a Subclinical

 Kühn ndi Gallinat [30]

• voliyumu yaimvi: VBM

• kulumikizana: kupumula kwa boma komwe kumagwira ntchito

n = Amuna a 64 amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi zolaula zosiyanasiyana

kudziimira mosiyanasiyana: maola ochuluka oledzera

• kuphatikizana kwakuthupi pakati pa kumwa mankhwalawa kwa ola limodzi pang'onopang'ono ndi voliyumu yoyenera ya caudate

• Kuyanjana pakati pa maola ogwiritsidwa ntchito zolaula ndi kulumikizidwa kwazinthu pakati pa striatum wamanzere ndi PFors yakumanzere pakupumula kwa boma fMRI

DTI kuyerekezera kopitilira muyeso, VBM voxel-based morphometry, dera la ubongo: PFC prefrontal cortex, MTG medial zosakhalitsa STG wamkulu gorus wanthawi yochepa

Kutengedwa palimodzi, zoyambira zoyambirira zikuwonetsa kuti CSBD mwa amuna imayendera limodzi ndi kusintha kwamachitidwe m'malo ena a ubongo. Maphunziro owonjezerawa ayenera kuwunika ngati kusiyana komwe kuwonedwa kungawonetse zomwe zimayambitsa kapena zotsatira za chitukuko cha CSBD.

Ma Horona a Kupsinjika ndi CSBD

Mu zitsanzo za ku Sweden CSBD, Chatzittofis et al. [47] idanenedwa pa kukomoka kwa axothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis mwa amuna omwe ali ndi CSBD. Baseline cortisol ndi adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) sizinasiyane pakati pa amuna omwe anali ndi CSBD. Komabe, atatha kuyesedwa koponderezedwa ndi dexamethasone, gulu la CSBD linali lowonetsa kwambiri kusaponderezana komanso kuchuluka kwa ACTH kuposa gulu lopanda CSBD. Mu zitsanzo zomwezo, ofufuzawo adapeza kuchepetsedwa kwa methylation ya CRH gene mu gulu la CSBD [48]. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwa malingaliro komwe kumapangidwa mu CSBD mwanjira zogwirizana ndi zochitika zina zamaganizidwe ndi machitidwe kuphatikizapo kupsinjika, uchidakwa, ndi kudzipha (onani, mwachitsanzo, [49]).

Makhalidwe a Umunthu ndi CSBD

Zolimbikitsa zingapo zokhudzana ndi kugonana zanenedwa kuti ndizambiri mu CSBD, kuphatikizira kukakamizidwa kugona ndi amuna [50, 51], zoyeserera zakugonana [27], ndi chisangalalo cha kugonana [52, 53]. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo adzafunika kuyang'anitsitsa gawo lowongolera pamakhalidwewa mu CSBD. Zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapezeka kuti zimakwezedwa mu CSBD zimaphatikizaponso kunyinyirika [28, 42, 52, 54, 55], kufunafuna zatsopano [56], ndi zovuta pamalamulo am'malo [54, 57, 58], kungotchula madera angapo odziwika. Kuphatikiza apo, zokumana nazo zovuta zaubwana, makamaka ziwawa pakati pa anthu ndi nkhanza, zimawonekeranso kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi CSBD [59, 60, 61], ndipo izi ziyenera kulingaliridwa pochiza CSBD.

Genetics

Kafukufuku wokhudza chibadwa cha CSBD akadali wakhanda, maphunziro mpaka pano amatenga chidwi kwambiri ndi mitundu ya ofuna kusankha, ogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zazing'ono osati kuphatikiza anthu omwe ali ndi CSBD (m'malo mwake kuwunika machitidwe osiyanasiyana ogonana). Kafukufuku angapo adasanthula ma polymorphisms omwe angafanane ndi ntchito ya dopamine pokhudzana ndi machitidwe akugonana. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wolemba Miller et al. [62] adawonetsa kuti msinkhu wakugonana koyamba kumalumikizidwa ndi mitundu ya dopamine receptor genes DRD2 ndi kuyanjana pakati DRD1 ndi DRD2 males. Zachidziwikire, kuchuluka kwake DRD2 Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kujambulidwa kwa gene kwa D2 dopamine receptor pa se idatsutsidwa, mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana kwa matenda ANKK1. Age ya kugonana koyamba idalumikizidwanso ndi geno la dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) polymorphism [63]. Kupitilira apo, Ben-Ziyoni et al. [64] adapeza kuyanjana kwa a DRD4 polymorphism ndi mafunso amafunsidwe okhudzana ndi chilakolako chogonana, chisangalalo, ndi ntchito. Momwemonso, Garcia et al. [65] anenetsa kuti DRD4 polymorphism idalumikizidwa ndi chiwerewere chonyansa komanso kusakhulupirika kwa kugonana. Beaver et al. [66] adanenanso kuti polymorphism ya genopus transporter gene (DAT1) adalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa akazi ogonana nawo. Pakuyerekeza, kafukufuku woyamba wa majini omwe amayang'ana kwambiri ma polymorphisms omwe akuwoneka kuti akuwonetsa zomwe zimachitika muzochitika zina zogonana. Komabe, kusamala ndikofunikira chifukwa maphunziro akulu amtundu wa chibadwa (mwachitsanzo, maphunziro a genome-wide Association (GWAS)) samapeza ngati chilimbikitso champhamvu pazosinthika zomwe zimakhudzidwa mu maphunziro a gene. Chimodzi mwazomwe GWAS yapeza posachedwapa zomwe zikusonyeza kuti majini omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana omwe ali pachiwopsezo chodalira mowa angadutse ndi omwe ali ndi vuto la umunthu komanso ma psychopathologies ena ndikuti izi zitha kukhudzidwa ndi jenda / kugonana [67]. Maphunziro ochulukirapo amtunduwu omwe amafufuza mwachindunji CSBD pogwiritsa ntchito GWAS ndi njira zina (mwachitsanzo, zowopsa zowopsa za polygenic) zimafunikira.

Zambiri mu Neurobiological Underpinnings za CSB kuchokera ku Research Research minda

CSB Yoyambitsa Mankhwala

Dopaminergic ndi zina (mwachitsanzo, ma transotter a serotonergic) angathandizire ku CSBD. Ma dopamine agonists adalumikizidwa ndi CSB ndi machitidwe ena owongolera-oletsa [68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74]. Komabe, kupezeka kuti zinthu zina zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi CSB ndi zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale matenda a Parkinson, kuphatikiza malo ndi ukwati pakati pazinthu zina, etiology ya CSB pamatenda a Parkinson ndiyotheka kukhala yovuta komanso yolimba [75]. Kuphatikiza apo, wina ayenera kukhala wosamala pakuchotsa matenda ngati a Parkinson (omwe amalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa dopamine) kwa anthu osakhala a Parkinson. Dopamine agonists imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza zotupa zamchiberekero ndi miyendo yosakhazikika, ndipo malipoti akuwonetsa kuti mankhwalawa (kapena machitidwe omwe akuchitidwa) amathanso kukhala ogwilizana ndi CSB (zotupa za tchire lakuthwa: [76, 77, 78, 79]; Chithandizo cha miyendo yosakhazikika: [80, 81]). Kuphatikiza apo, nkhani za monoamine oxidase inhibitors (safinamide [82] ndi rasagiline [83, 84]) yogwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a Parkinson ilipo chifukwa cha Hypersexeness. Chofunikira kwambiri, munthu ayenera kukhala wosamala potanthauzira ma data kuchokera mumalipoti amilandu ndi madatiso akulu potengera malipoti a milandu ngati zinthu zingapo (mwachitsanzo, kulengeza) angakondwere mwakutero [85]. Mwakutero, zopangidwa mosamala kwambiri zamatenda akulu zokhala ndi vuto ndizofufuzira zinthu ngati izi.

Malipoti a milandu alinso a CSB okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito psychostimulants (ampethamine [86], methylphenidate [87], ndi modafinil [88]), mankhwala oletsa antiepileptic [89], ndi antidepressants (duloxetine [90] ndi venlafaxine [91]). Malipoti a CSB omwe ali ndi mankhwala oletsa kupanikizika amatha kudabwitsa chifukwa mankhwalawa amaphatikizidwa ndi kusokonekera kwa mitsempha. Palinso malipoti omwe amalumikizana ndi atypical antipsychotic mankhwala (risperidone [92], paliperidone [93], ndi aripiprazole [94, 95, 96]) ku CSB. Ngakhale milandu yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa ikusonyeza kuti achipatala ayenera kuwunika anthu a CSB omwe ali ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana, chisamaliro chimakhala chofunikira pakuwonjezera malipoti amtanthauzira pakalibe maphunziro akulu komanso owonjezera.

Pharmacological Chithandizo cha CSBD

Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zamankhwala othandizira ma CSBs angatanthauze njira zotheka za neurotransmitter zomwe zikuyambira CSBD. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mitundu itatu yamankhwala itha kuchepetsa CSBs (mwachidule [97]): ((1) antidepressant mankhwala okhudza dopaminergic, noradrenergic, ndi kufalikira kwa serotonergic; (2) anti-androgens; ndi (3) gonadotropin-yotulutsa agonists a mahomoni. Zotsirizirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zam'mbuyo chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera komanso zotheka zotsatirapo za mankhwalawa. Komabe, Safarinejad [98] adanenanso zotsatira zabwino pakuyesa kwa pepala lokhazikika kwa mahoni a gonadotropin (mwachitsanzo, triptorelin) mwa amuna omwe ali ndi hypparsexourse yopanda tanthauzo. Maphunziro owongoleredwa owonjezereka ku CSBD amawoneka ovomerezeka.

Zotsatira zabwino za kusankha kwa serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda okhumudwitsa, nkhawa, komanso zovuta-pama-CSB aperekedwa m'maphunziro oyamba a citalopram [99, 100], fluoxetine [101], ndi paroxetine [102]. Komabe, mayesero azachipatala omwe amafikira posachedwa amafunikira kuti ayese kuyesetsa kwakanthawi komanso kwanthawi yayitali komanso kulekerera. Pamenepa, kafukufuku yemwe Gola ndi Potenza adachita [102] imayambitsa kukayikira pazotsatira zomwe zimakhalapo ndi lingaliro kuti mankhwalawa adaphunzira (paroxetine) angangoyang'ana gawo lazinthu (mwachitsanzo, nkhawa kapena kukhumudwa) zokhudzana ndi kuchitidwa kwa CSBs.

Pali milandu ina yowonjezerapo za zotheka za opioid antagonist naltrexone [103, 104, 105], oletsa beta (mwa wachinyamata wazaka [106]), atypical antipsychotic mankhwala (clozapine [107]), cholinesterase inhibitors (mu matenda a Alzheimer [108]), ndi mankhwala a anticonvulsant / antimanic (topiramate [109]) pochiza ma CSB.

Malipoti a milandu akuwonetsa kuthekera kwa kutengapo gawo kwa ma neurotransmitters ambiri ku CSBD. Komabe, mayesero azachipatala omwe amayendetsedwa ndi placebo omwe amayendetsedwa ndi osafunikira amafunikira kuti apangidwe ndikuona kulekerera. Izi ndizofunikira popeza pakadali pano palibe mankhwala okhala ndi chisonyezo (mwachitsanzo, ndi US chakudya ndi Drug Administration) ya CSBD.

CSBD ndi Mavuto ochitika

Mavuto omwe amachitika mwanjira imodzi amatha kupereka chidziwitso pakuwongolera kwa ma neurobiological a CSBD. Mavuto omwe amapezeka ndimatenda omwe amapezeka mu CSBD ndipo amatha kusokoneza thanzi ndikuwongolera chithandizo. Pakafukufuku waposachedwa pa intaneti, Wery et al. [110] adapeza kuti 90% ya omwe ali ndi CSBD adanenedwa kuti amapezeka ndi amisala. Zovuta zomwe zimachitika kwambiri zimatha kukhala ndi nkhawa, nkhawa, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso zovuta zina [111, 112]. Matenda aumunthu [113, 114], mwanjira yoganizira amuna ndi akazi [54], itha kupezekanso pafupipafupi ndi CSBD.

CSB mu Matenda a Neurological

CSB ndimaganizo azachipatala mumikhalidwe yambiri yamitsempha. CSB yawonedwa, mwachitsanzo, mu dementia [115, 116, 117]. Poyerekeza pakati pa matenda am'mbuyo a chiwindi ndi matenda a Alzheimer's, Mendez ndi Shapira [118] adapeza CSB mu 13% ya odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la chidwi cha frontotemporal koma palibe m'modzi mwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a Alzheimer's. Kupitilira apo, pali malipoti a CSB mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lodana ndi ubongo [119], Matenda a Huntington [120], kuvutika maganizo (mwa akazi) [121], multiple sclerosis [122], ndi Kluver Bucy syndrome [123, 124]. Malipoti mu Kluver Bucy syndrome akuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwa gawo lozungulira kwa CSB popeza mtundu wa Kluver Bucy syndrome umakhudza zotupa za padziko lapansi. Ntchito ya lobe yochepa ku CSB ikufotokozedwanso ndi zomwe zapezeka kuti ndizotupa za lobe zosakhalitsa [125] ndi ma strabo lobe osakhalitsa angayambitse CSB. Pankhaniyi, Korpelainen et al. [126] adapeza libido yowonjezereka yakugonana mu 10% ya odwala stroke.

Zambiri kuchokera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amitsempha imakhudzanso chithunzithunzi cha preortal cortex ndi lobe yochepa ku CSB. Izi zikugwirizana ndi ntchito za zigawo zaubongo mu malingaliro / kukakamiza kuchita ndi malingaliro.

Kutsiliza

Kuphatikizidwa kwa CSBD ku ICD-11 kumathandizira kuti mavuto omwe anthu omwe ali ndi CSBD adziwike azilandira ndi kulandira chithandizo chamankhwala choyenera. Popeza kuvomereza kwathunthu njira zodziwira matendawa kuyenera kuthandiza pakupanga njira zabwino zamankhwala komanso zamankhwala ku CSBD. Kukhazikitsa njira zamankhwala othandizira kudzathandizidwa ndikuthandizira kumvetsetsa kwamalingaliro ndi maumunthu omwe amapanga CSB. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi za Behavioural neuroscience ndikofunikira kuti tiwongolere kumvetsetsa kwathu zomwe zimayambitsa chitukuko, kulimbikitsa, kuchulukitsa kwa CSBD, komanso kuchira kuchokera ku CSBD. Mwa zina chifukwa cha zokambirana ngati kapena kusankha CSBD ngati vuto komanso kusowa kwa njira zambiri zodziwonera, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mitsempha ya mafupa akhala akuchepa mpaka pano.

Ngakhale maphunziro owerengeka a ubongo adachitika mu CSBD, ena angayesedwe. Choyamba, kafukufuku wa fMRI akuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa amuna omwe alibe CSBD pokonza zoyeserera zakugonana monga zikuwonekera ndi kusintha kwa BOLD mu "dongosolo la mphotho." Zowonadi, kafukufuku wambiri wayang'ana pa PPU mwa amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, potero amachepetsa kutsutsana kwakukulu kuchuluka kwa ma CSB m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikizidwa kwa dongosolo la mphotho lomwe likuwonedwa mu maphunziro a kulingalira kwa ubongo mpaka pano kumakwanira bwino ndi maphunziro ochokera kumunda wamagulu osokoneza bongo.

Zomwe taphunzira mwachidule muzowonjezera zathu zimaphatikizapo zofanana ndi zizoloŵezi zokhudzana ndi khalidwe ndi zakuthupi, zomwe zimagawana zambiri zolakwika zomwe zapezeka kwa CSBD (monga momwe zikuwonzedwera mu [127]). Ngakhale kuti silingathe kufotokozedwa ndi lipoti laposachedwapa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi khalidwe lachikhalidwe amadziwika ndi kusintha kwachidwi komwe kumawongolera mwachindunji, zoyenera kuchita, ndi zokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo (zochitika mwachidule ndi ndemanga: [128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133]; mowa: [134, 135]; cocaine: [136, 137]; fodya: [138, 139]; njuga: [140, 141]; masewera: [142, 143]). Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito zogwirira ntchito zimasonyeza kufanana pakati pa CSBD ndi zina zoledzeretsa [144, 145]. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kudziwa mtundu woyenera kwambiri wa CSBD. Ndiko kuti, ngakhale iyenera kufotokozedwa ngati vuto losalamulira-losokoneza, monga ICD-11 yaposachedwa, kapena moyenera monga chizolowezi chakhalidwe. Kubwezeretsanso koteroko (kuyambira pakulamulira-kuwongolera mpaka pamavuto osokoneza bongo) kunachitika ndi vuto la kutchova njuga ku DSM-5 ndi ICD-11 potengera deta yomwe ilipo. Pomwe deta zambiri zimasonkhanitsidwa pa CSBD, magulu ake akhoza kuyambiranso.

Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kumvetsetsa CSB ndi CSBD, mafunso ofunikabe akadayankhidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ndi funso lotseguka ngati njira zamtunduwu zomwe zimagwira mu PPU poyerekeza ndi ma CSB ena (mwachitsanzo, machitidwe azovuta azakugonana omwe amaphatikizapo omwe amagonana nawo). Komanso, kafukufuku wambiri wayang'ana pa anyamata, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna oyera. Limakhalabe funso lotseguka ngati njira zomwezi zimapezekanso m'magulu ena (mwachitsanzo, achikulire, azimayi, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akazi kapena amuna anzawo, kapena omwe si oyera mtima ndi CSBD. Pomaliza, chifukwa cha kusapezeka kwa njira zovomerezeka zowunikira padziko lonse za CSBD m'zaka zapitazi (zomwe zasintha tsopano ndi ICD-11), palibe kuyesa kodalirika komanso kovomerezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa CSBD, mpaka pano. Pamene izi zimasonkhanitsidwa, kupita patsogolo popewa ndi kuchiza kwa CSBD, komanso mfundo zokhudzana ndi CSBD, ziyenera kupangidwa.

Zothandizira

Mapepala ofunika kwambiri, omwe asindikizidwa posachedwa, awonetsedwa monga: • Chofunikira •• Chofunika kwambiri

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