Njira Zozindikira ndi Zopanda Kumvetsetsa: Kodi Zimathetsa Nthawi Zambiri Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito? (2017)

¹Sukulu ya Psychology, Center for Translational Neuroscience ndi Opaleshoni Yowona Mtima, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia

²Sukulu Yachipatala cha Sydney, Yunivesite ya Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia

³Cognitive Neuroscience & Behaeve Lab (CanBeLab), Dipatimenti ya Psychology, Webster Vienna Private University, Palais Wenkheim, 1020 Vienna, Austria

⁴Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria

Mauthenga: Tel: + 43-1-2699-293

Mkonzi Wophunzira: Takayoshi Kobayashi

Zilandiridwa: 1 March 2017 / Yavomerezedwa: 26 April 2017 / Lofalitsidwa: 11 May 2017

Kudalirika

Kuwonjezera pa zolaula zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu amasiku ano, ndi chitukuko cha sayansi chomwe chimalola kuti intaneti ikufulumizitse kwambiri komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wopezeka mosavuta kudzera mwa zipangizo zamakina opanda waya. Kodi kuona zolaula kumawonjezera kusintha kwa maganizo? Kafukufuku wokhudza zolaula amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndikudalira zozizwitsa zomwe zimadziwika. Komabe, chidziwitso chochulukira chimasonyeza kuti malingaliro ndi malingaliro amachitidwa mochuluka pa chidziwitso chosadziwika chisanachitike chidziwitso. Choncho, phunziroli lofufuza ndikufuna kufufuza ngati kuchuluka kwa zolaula kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumakhudza njira zosadziwika komanso / kapena zosamalitsa. Ophunzira (N = 52) omwe adawonetsa kuti akuwonera zolaula zosiyana siyana adawonetsedwa ndi zithunzi zokopa. Zochitika Zowonjezera Ubongo (ERPs) zinalembedwa ndi Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zithetse njira zomwe sizidziwitse. Valence yowonetsera ndi zivomezi zowonetsera mafano omwe adawonetsedwanso zinatengedwanso kuti zidziwe zotsatira zakumverera. Kuzindikira zovumbulutsidwa momveka bwino kunawonekera kusiyana kwakukulu pokhudzana ndi "Erotic" ndi "Pleasant" valence (zokondweretsa) mlingo malingana ndi zolaula ntchito. SRM inasonyeza zotsatira zofikira kufunika kwake ndi ERPs zinasintha kusintha kwa malo am'mbali ndi amphawi a ubongo poyerekezera ndi "Zosangalatsa" ndi zithunzi za "Zachiwawa," zomwe sizinagwirizanitse ndi kusiyana komwe kumawoneka pa zovumbulutsidwa. Zakafukufuku zikusonyeza kuti ntchito yowonongeka yowonjezereka ikuwoneka kukhala ndi mphamvu pa ubongo wosadziŵa mayankho ku zisonkhezero zomwe zimasokoneza zomwe sizinawonetsedwe ndi kujambula koyera.

Keywords:

Zolingalira motsutsana ndi njira zosadziwika; zolaula; kutengeka; mayankho; EEG; katatu

1. Introduction

Pali zinthu zambiri zolaula zomwe zikupezekabe pa Intaneti kuti ziwonongeke [1,2]. Kuperewera kwa malamulo kumatanthauza kuti intaneti imakhala yosavuta komanso yowonjezera njira zomwe zithunzi zolaula zingafalitsidwe, kuzigawidwa, ndi kupezeka kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba mwako, ndi phindu la kupezeka, kudziwika, ndi kukwanitsa [3,4]. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kupita patsogolo kwa zamakono monga mafoni a m'manja, Wi-Fi, ndi mautumiki apakompyuta othamanga kwambiri amatanthauza kuti vuto lalikulu loti liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku desiki ndi chingwe sichikhalanso malire a munthu kuti athe kupeza zolaula zambiri zolaula. Osadandaula, mavuto okhudzana ndi kuwona chilakolako cha kugonana akhala ovuta kwambiri kugonana pafupipafupi m'zaka zaposachedwa [5]

Kafukufuku wochuluka afufuza lingaliro lakuti kuonera zolaula kuli ndi zotsatirapo iliyonse, kaya ndi zabwino kapena zoipa, pazodziŵa zaumwini ndi zochita zawo [3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Ambiri mwa mapepalawa ayesa kuthana ndi mavutowa, pofufuza nkhani ngati kuwonjezeka kwa zolaula kumayambitsa khalidwe lachiwerewere. Kufufuza kwa meta kwa ntchitoyi kwasonyeza kuti kuwonjezeka kwafupipafupi kwa zolaula zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula kungathe kufotokozera zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimachitika mwa anthu [16,17] -Kuonetseranso kuti anthu amene amachitira nkhanza ndi anthu ogonana amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamlingo waukulu kwambiri kusiyana ndi munthu aliyense [18]. Kusanthula meta kolembedwa ndi Allen et al. [6] anawonetsa kuti njira zosawerengera zosawonetsera zosonyeza zolaula ndi kuvomereza nthano zoberekera, pamene maphunziro oyesera (osati kungodalira kudziimira okha) anawonetsa zotsatira zochepa koma zabwino (kuwonetsa zolaula kumawonjezera kuvomereza nthano za kugwiriridwa). Zofufuza zina zimapeza mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malingaliro othandizira chiwawa cha amayi muzoyesera komanso zopanda maphunziro [19]. Zolumikizanazi zinali zapamwamba ngati ophwanya malamulo adziwonetsa zolaula zachiwerewere pazinthu zopanda zachiwawa. Mancini et al. [12] adafufuza kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndipo adawona kuti achinyamata akuonerera zolaula adaneneratu kuti chiwopsezo chidzakwera chifukwa cha manyazi. Olembawo anapezanso kuti zolaula zimangokhalapo chisanachitike chilangocho chinapangitsa kuti anthu ena asavulazidwe chifukwa choona kuti zolaula zimakhudza wolakwira. Palinso ochita kafukufuku amene amawoneka kuti akugwirizana kuti kuyang'ana zolaula kulibe pokhapokha ngati palibe cholakwika pa kuzindikira ndi khalidwe. Ferguson ndi Hartley [20], muzokambirana kwawo, akusonyeza kuti umboni wa chiyanjano cha pakati pa zolaula ndi chiwawa cha kugonana ndizochepa ndipo kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa zolaula ndi khalidwe lachiwawa ndi zosagwirizana bwino. Iwo amati lingaliro loti kuwonjezeka kwa zolaula kumayambitsa chiwerewere chowonjezereka cha kugonana chiyenera kutayidwa. Kawirikawiri, vutoli ndi chabe kusadziŵa kusiyana pakati pa mgwirizano ndi chilengedwe.

Maphunziro ena angapo m'malo moyang'anitsitsa kugwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa chiwawa ndi zolaula zakhala zikuyamba kuganizira zowawa, zosagwirizana ndi anthu, komanso zowononga zakugonana zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Zomwe zingatheke ndi zotsatira zake pakati pa ena ndizo: kuwonjezeka nkhawa [21], zizindikiro zachisoni [22], ndi kulephera kuyambitsa ndi kusunga yokonzeka ndi ogonana nawo enieni popanda kuthandizira zolaula [23], zomwe zingachititse kuvutika maganizo ndi matenda okhudzana ndi nkhawa.

Kawirikawiri zimapangitsa kuti kugwirizana kwa makhalidwe ena ndi zotsatira zake zoipa kungakhale chifukwa chodandaula chomwe chingayambitse kuthetsa khalidweli, komabe sizimasonyeza kuti zimakhala zovuta. Ngakhale zili zomveka kuti kuyang'ana zolaula (monga momwe anthu ambiri amachitira zosangalatsa) kungakhale kochitidwa ndi ambiri, ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi zotsatirapo zovuta ndipo kotero sitingaganize kuti kugwirizana kwa zotsatira zolakwikazi ndi woonera zolaula amatanthauza causation.

Zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi zochitika (ERPs) zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito monga chiyero cha thupi la zomwe zimachitika pamaganizo, mwachitsanzo, [24]. Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito data ya ERP amaganizira kwambiri zotsatira za ERP monga P300 [14] ndi Zomwe Zitha Posachedwapa (LPP) [7,8] pofufuza anthu omwe amaonera zolaula. Zinthu zotsatirazi za mawonekedwe a ERP zatsimikiziridwa kuti zimakhala ndi zidziwitso monga kusamalira ndi kukumbukira (P300) [25] komanso kugwiritsabe ntchito mosamala zokhudzana ndi maganizo (LPP) [26]. Steele et al. [14] anasonyeza kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kwa P300 komwe kunaoneka pakati pa kuyang'ana zithunzi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zojambula zandale kunali kolakwika kwambiri ndi zokhumba zokhudzana ndi kugonana, ndipo sizinakhudze kugonana kwa otsogolera. Olembawo adanena kuti kupeza kolakwika kumeneku sikungakhale chifukwa cha zithunzi zosonyeza kuti palibe chidziwitso chodziwika kwa phukusi lomwe ophunzirawo adanena, pamene onse akuwonetsa kuti akuwona zithunzi zambiri zolaula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti P300 iwonongeke. Olembawo adanena kuti mwina kuyang'ana zomwe zikuchitika pambuyo pa LPP kungapereke chida chofunikira kwambiri, monga chasonyezedwera kuti chiwonetsere njira zolimbikitsira. Kafukufuku wofufuzira za momwe zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pa LPP zasonyeza kukula kwa LPP kukhala ofooka kwambiri mwa ophunzira omwe amanena kuti ali ndi chilakolako chogonana komanso mavuto omwe amachititsa kuti azionera zolaula [7,8]. Zotsatirazi ndi zosadabwitsa, monga momwe kafukufuku wina wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere wasonyeza kuti pamene ali ndi ntchito yokhudzidwa ndi vutoli, anthu omwe amawauza kuti ali ndi mavuto odzudzula awo amaonetsa mawonekedwe akuluakulu a mawonekedwe a LPP pamene akuwonetsa zithunzi za mankhwala awo okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo [27]. Prause et al. [7,8] kupereka malingaliro a momwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kungawononge zotsatira zazing'ono za LPP posonyeza kuti zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha chizoloŵezi chochita, monga momwe omwe akuyendera mu phunziroli akunena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kunkapitirira kwambiri mwa kuchuluka kwa maola omwe amawonera zolaula zakuthupi.

Mosiyana ndi ERPs, startle reflex modulation (SRM) ndi njira yatsopano m'munda umenewu yomwe idagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofufuza kafukufuku kuti apereke chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malingaliro othandizira, monga,28]. Cholinga cha SRM ndichoyesa kukula kwa maso akuyang'aniridwa ndi phokoso losayembekezereka la phokoso loyera pamene munthu wodabwitsidwayo akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chidwi chokhazikika ndi zinthu zosiyana siyana [28]. Lang et al. [29] anawonetsa kuti mlingo wa diso umanyezimitsa kukula kwake kosayembekezereka kogwirizanitsa ndi zovuta zokhudzana nazo (zomwe zimachititsa kuti diso laling'ono liwonongeke) kapena kutsegula maso (maso akuluakulu akuwoneka). Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kuyang'ana kwa diso kumayambiriro kafukufuku wamayendedwe kumapangidwira pamene munthu akuwonetseratu zosasangalatsa kapena zochititsa mantha ndi kuchepa pamene akufotokozedwa bwino.

Kafukufuku wochuluka adayambitsa startle reflex kufotokozera monga chiwerengero cha zopangira zosavuta kugwiritsira ntchito posiyana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo maganizo a maganizo [30], kulemala kwambiri [31], fungo [32], schizophrenia [33], zopanga mankhwala [34], ndikuyenda kudera lamatauni [35], ndi umwini wokonda [36]. SRM inayambitsanso kwa wogula mankhwala a sayansi [37,38,39,40]. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero ichi cha kujambula pakukonzekera kwa chidziwitso cha kugonana kwasowa [41]. Zofukufuku zomwe zachitidwa nthawi zonse zimasonyeza diso lochepetsedwa lomwe likuphwanyika kuganizira mafano kusonyeza zochitika zabwino (zogonana) zokhudzana ndi zithunzi zosonyeza zosasangalatsa, zopanda ndale [42], ndi woopa [43] zokhutira. Mu 2014, SRM inalangizidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito molingana ndi zomwe zikuchitika panopa [44].

Phunziroli likufuna kugwiritsira ntchito njira zogwiritsira ntchito matenda opatsirana pogonana (EEG ndi SRM) kuti adziwe ngati zolaula zosawerengeka pakati pa anthu ambiri zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo pazidziwitso zosamvetsetsa komanso kudzidzimva bwino.

Mayankho a kudzipangira okha ndiwo njira zambiri zomwe ochita kafukufuku ndi madokotala amayesa kuzindikira maganizo ndi makhalidwe omwe akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, nthawi zambiri popatula njira zina [45,46]. Ngakhale mayankho odzipangira okha angakhale njira yabwino kwambiri yosonkhanitsira deta yochulukirapo pa chiwerengero cha anthu ambiri, amatha kukumbukira zosokoneza, zosowa za anthu zomwe zimafunidwa [13,45,47], ndi kuipitsa chidziwitso [48]. Kukonzekera kwachisoni kwawonetsedwa kukhala ndi zigawo zokhudzana ndi zipangizo za ubongo zosadziŵika, zosamvetseka komanso zomangamanga. Motero, zizindikiro za maganizo zingakhalepo popanda kuzindikira [38,49,50,51]. Kukhoza kupereka mayankho omveka bwino pamaganizo onse kumafuna kusamalitsa kuganizira bwino zomwe zimachititsa kuti ayesedwe. Izi zongomvetsetsa, komabe, zimaphatikizapo kuphatikizapo njira zakuthupi zozama za thupi zomwe zimachitika mwachibongo mu ubongo pamodzi ndi chidziwitso cha cortical brain processing. Izi zasonyezedwa ku kutanthauzira kwa mtundu wa chidziwitso cha zomwe zimachitika pa thupi, chodabwitsa chomwe chimatchedwa kuti chiwonongeko [48]. Choncho, n'zotheka kuti kudandaula pa deta zomwe zimapezeka mwazidziwitso zenizeni sizimapeza zenizeni za momwe munthu amaganizira. Poyankha chifukwa cha zolephera izi, olemba mu phunziroli akuganiza kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zowonjezera kuti azidziŵa njira zosadziwika bwino kuphatikizapo miyambo yachikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, kutsata njira ya katatu). Electroencephalography (EEG), yomwe imayesetsa kupanga ubongo wa ubongo ndikuphatikizapo chidziwitso chophatikizidwa kuchokera kumagulu a ubongo wong'onong'ono ndi ofuntha. Kuphatikiza apo, Electromyography (EMG) mwa njira ya Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM), yomwe imakhudzana ndi ntchito za ubongo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi ndondomeko zowonetsera zolemba zoyipa (mafunso, mayankho ) chomwe chimafuna kuyanjana, kulingalira kwapamwamba-zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi kukonza zamakono. Njira zitatu izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsanso kusiyana pakati pa anthu omwe saganizirako zaumoyo komanso mauthenga ozindikira ndikukwera m'magulu osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kukonza mauthenga.

Ophunzira makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu awiri adatumizidwa kudzera mu kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka Yunivesite ya Newcastle yotchedwa SONA, mawu amlomo, kapena mapepala. Ophunzira onse anali ophunzira ku Yunivesite ya Newcastle, Australia omwe ali pakati pa 18 ndi 30 zaka (M = 21.1; SD = 2.9). Otsatira onse adapereka chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa. Monga gawo la ndondomekoyi, ophunzira omwe adaloledwa kumaphunzirowa ananena mosapita m'mbali kuti anali amodzi, amanja, amanja, anali ochiritsira kuwona bwino, osakhala ndi mbiri ya matenda okhudza ubongo / matenda a m'maganizo, analibe dongosolo lachitsekemera chokhudza mankhwala kapena zinthu , analibe mbiri yakuzunzidwa mwakuthupi / kugonana, ndipo analibe mbiri yakukhala m'ndende. Ophunzirawo analipira ngongole pa nthawi yawo kapena amapatsidwa ngongole. Azimayi sanatuluke kuti apereke chitsanzo chofanana cha anthu poyerekeza. Mwachizoloŵezi, amuna amatha kupeza zofuna zogonana zokhudzana ndi zosangalatsa ndipo chotero ndiye pamene cholinga chathu chinali pa phunziro la tsopano. Phunzirolo linavomerezedwa ndi Komiti ya University of Newcastle Human Research Ethics Committee (H-2013-0309, 5 December 2013).

Gawo loyambirira la phunziro lino likuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ma-questionnaires pa intaneti kuti aunike mayankho omwe amadziwa kuchokera kwa aliyense. Kafukufuku wa pa Intaneti adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Lime Survey [52], kuphatikizapo mafunso okhudza anthu, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) kuti adziwe ngati magulu onse omwe anapangidwawo anali osiyanasiyana pazinthu zawo zosadzikonda; Snyder Self-Monitoring Scale [53] kudziwa momwe gulu lirilonse liyang'anirako zofuna zawo; ndi mafunso ovomerezedwa ndi cholinga kuti awonetse khalidwe loonera zolaula lokhala ndi makhalidwe omwe ali ndi zinthu zingapo zolembedwa ndi olemba komanso kuphatikizapo zinthu kuchokera ku Harkness et al. [54]. Ophunzira okhaokha omwe ali pakati pa 18 ndi 30 zaka amatha kulemba mafunsowa ndipo adayitanidwa kuti akwaniritse zochitika za thupi. Kafukufuku anatenga pafupifupi 20-25 min kuti amalize.

Electroencephalography inayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya 64 BioSemi Active Two dongosolo (BioSemi, Amsterdam, Netherlands) ndi Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM) inagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito Nexus-10 kujambula mafoni (yopangidwa ndi Mind Media BV, Herten, The Netherlands). Kuti mumve tsatanetsatane wa ndondomekoyi ndi teknoloji, chonde onani Walla et al. [48].

Chithunzi pa phunziro lino lomwe lili ndi zithunzi za 150 zochokera ku International Affective Picture System (IAPS) [55]. IAPS ndi mndandanda wazithunzi zazithunzi za 1000 zomwe zikuwonetsera anthu, malo, zinthu, ndi zochitika ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu kafukufuku wamaganizo, mwachitsanzo, [56]. Zolinga zamakono, zojambula zinagawidwa m'gulu limodzi mwa magawo asanu: Chiwawa, Zochita, Zosangalatsa, Zosasangalatsa, ndi Zosalowerera, ndi zithunzi za 30 mu gulu lirilonse. Gawo lirilonse la mafano linali losiyana wina ndi mzake mu valence yawo yachizolowezi. Fano lirilonse linawonetsedwa kwa ophunzira aliyense pa 5 s. Otsatirawo adavotera chithunzi chilichonse pazithunzi zosiyana zapadera za 9 za valence ndi kuvomereza.

Mapulogalamu asanu oyambitsidwa amajambulidwa ndi 5 yosankhidwa mwachisawawa kuchokera pa zithunzi za 30 pamagulu onse ofotokozera (zowonjezereka za 25 mapulogalamu pachiyeso). Mapulogalamu oyambirira ankawonekera mwachibadwa pa 110 dB ndipo anali ndi 50 ms kutalika kwa phokoso loyera loyera.

Pambuyo pokwaniritsa mayankho a pa intaneti, ophunzirawo anaitanidwira ku lab. Phunziroli, mayeso oyambirira a EEG ndi SRM adasonkhanitsidwa pamene ophunzira adawona ndikuyesa mafano a IAPS. Kusonkhanitsa deta momveka bwino kunaphatikizapo ophunzira kutengera zovuta zonse ponena za kukweza komanso valence pomwe panthawi imodzimodziyo, EEG ndi SRM zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mayankho omveka. Otsatira akhala pansi mosamala kutsogolo kwa 32 '' Kuwunika kwa LED (zizindikiro za 1024 × 768). Ophunzira adagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira ya BioSemi Active Two EEG komanso kusintha kwa ubongo kunayesedwa pogwiritsira ntchito electrode ya 64 komanso ma electrodes ena asanu ndi atatu omwe amaikidwa pamtunda, pamtunda, pamtambo, ndi pa mastoids. Mitundu iwiri ya 4 mm Biotrace imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera pa Startle Reflex Modulation (ndi pafupifupi 20 mm kusiyana pakati pa otsika orbicularis oculi ya diso lakumanzere).

Pulogalamu ya pakompyuta, Presentation (Neurobehavioral Systems, Albany, NY, USA) idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana mauthenga oyenerera komanso mndandanda wa zolembera. Kuwonetsedwa kwa chiwonetsero ndi kujambula kwapadera kwapadera kunkachitika kuchokera ku chipinda chosiyana. Ophunzirawo anapatsidwa mwachidule mwachidule phunziroli panthawi yomwe anakhazikitsa zidazo ndipo adafunsidwa kuti awerenge malangizo omwe akugwira pa chithunzicho asanayambe kujambula. Mafoni a m'manja (Sennheiser HD280, Wedemark, Germany) anayikidwa pamakutu ndi mayeso omwe anayambitsa ophunzirawo anayamba ndi iwo omwe adagwira nawo ntchito pokhapokha kuti azionetsetsa kuti ali ndi maganizo oyenera.

Chithunzi chilichonse cha IAPS chinaperekedwa pawindo la 5, imodzi pa nthawi. Potsatira chifaniziro chilichonse, ophunzira adasonyezedwa kuyeso ndipo adafunsidwa kuti afotokoze valeni (chisangalalo) cha fanoyo pogwiritsa ntchito msinkhu wochokera ku 1 "wokondweretsa kwambiri" ku 9 "wosasangalatsa kwambiri". Potsata chiyeso ichi choyamba, ophunzira adasonyezedwa ndi chiwerengero china ndipo adafunsidwa kuti afotokoze kukula kwa fanoyo pogwiritsa ntchito msinkhu wochokera ku 1 "kwambiri" mpaka 9 "yotonthoza kwambiri". Pambuyo pake, mtanda wawung'ono woyera wokonzekera unaonekera pamdima wakuda wa 1 s chithunzi chotsatiracho chikaperekedwa. Ngati ndondomeko yoyamba ikuphatikizidwa ndi fano, idachitika patsiku lachiwiri la 4th post-stimulus. Zolinga zamaganizo ndi zoonekeratu zinatengedwa pazithunzi zonse za 150 IAPS. Zithunzi zinaperekedwa mwadongosolo. Kupuma pang'ono kunaperekedwa kwa wophunzira pa gawo lochepa kuti achepetse zotsatira za kutopa. Mwachiwonekere, kusanthula kwa SRM zithunzi zokhazokha zomwe zinali ndi kafukufuku wamayendedwe zinayambanso kufufuza komanso zithunzi zomwezo zokhudzana ndi ziganizo zowoneka bwino.

Ophunzirawo adagawidwa m'magulu pogwiritsa ntchito mayankho awo ku zinthu ziwiri zosiyana siyana pa Zolemba Zogwiritsira Ntchito Zojambula Zolaula. Zinthuzi zinali: "Mukawona zolaula, mungagwiritse ntchito nthawi yochuluka bwanji panthawi imodzi?" Ndipo, "Chaka chatha, kodi nthawi zambiri mumaonera zolaula?" Mayankho a chinthu chilichonse adagawidwa payekha kwa aliyense ndipo adachulukitsa kuti adziwe maola angapo a zolaula zomwe amadya pachaka. Olembawo adayamba kupanga magawo apakati pa gulu koma atatha kupeza ophunzira ambiri akulozera pazomwe amapanga mapepala apakatikati ndi zowerengera zambiri zomwe zikuphatikizidwa m'magulu atatu osiyana, adasankha kugawa magulu kuti akhale "otsika", Magulu "apakati", ndi "apamwamba" okhudzana ndi kufalikira kwa zinthu zambiri. Njira ndi zolekanitsa za maola omwe gulu lirilonse likuwona zolaula lingathe kuwonedwa Gawo 3.2.

Mayankho omveka bwino (valeni ndi kuwukitsidwa) kuchokera kwa ophunzira aliyense amagawidwa m'magulu awo (otsika, apakati, kapena apamwamba) pogwiritsa ntchito mayankho a mafunso a pa intaneti. Zomwe gulu lirilonse linayankha zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kufufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Njira Zowonongeka Zosinthika (ANOVA) pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili mkati mwazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mukhale ndi nkhawa (zosangalatsa, zosasangalatsa, zowonongeka, zachiwawa, komanso zopanda ndale). ndi apamwamba). ANOVAs ankachitidwa mosiyana pa "valence" ndi "zowutsa" miyeso.

Kuwonjezera apo, ANOVA imodzi-njira inkachitidwa kuti ione mayankho omwe anapezeka kudzera mu Snyder Self-Monitoring Scale kuti adziwe ngati panali mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa maola olaula ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kudziyang'anira.

Zosintha zokhudzana ndi ubongo zinalembedwa pa mlingo wa 2048 samples / s pogwiritsa ntchito 64-njira BioSemi Active Two dongosolo ndi ActiView software (BioSemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Deta zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito EEG-Display (version 6.4.8; Fulham, Newcastle, Australia). Pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya sampuli inachepetsedwa kukhala zitsanzo za 256 / s ndi fyuluta yamtundu wa 0.1 kwa 30 Hz imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zochitika za ERP zinatanthauzidwa motsutsana ndi kuwonetsedwa kwa chithunzi chilichonse cha IAPS kuchokera ku -100 ms pre-1000 ms post-stimulus ast. Zonsezi zinali zowonongosoledwa ndi chikonzedwe chomwe chimachitika 100 ms isanayambe kutsitsimula ndi mfundo za data pamtunda wa ERP zinachepetsedwa kukhala ndondomeko ya data ya 15 pamsonkhano wachiwiri woyamba kutsegulira kafukufuku wowonjezera. Njira Zowonjezedwa ANOVA idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula ERP amplitudes nthawi iliyonse yomwe imagwiritsira ntchito mkati mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi (zokondweretsa, zosasangalatsa, zowonongeka, zachiwawa, komanso zopanda ndale) ndi malo ozungulira (kumanzere, kumanja).

Pambuyo poyang'anitsitsa zithunzi, zinawonetseratu kuti kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa gulu lirilonse likuwonekera pamakutu a ERP a chikhalidwe cha "Chiwawa" ndi "Erotic" pokhudzana ndi zovuta zina, ndipo magulu awiri ofotokozerawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mafotokozedwe osiyana. Pofuna kukonza zolakwira zapadera, ndondomeko ya Greenhouse-Geisser inagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusiyanitsa kosavuta kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mudziwe momwe zingakhalire zotsatira zazikulu.

Mayendedwe a maso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira kwa reflective reflex amayesedwa pogwiritsira ntchito Nexus-10 (yopangidwa ndi Mind Media BV) chipangizo chojambula ndi Bio-trace + software. Mafilimu a bipolar EMG amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumaso kwamanzere a ophunzira aliyense ndipo kusintha komweku kunasintha musculus orbicularis oculi. Mtengo wamakono wa EMG unali 2048 / s ndi fyuluta yopita ku 20-50 Hz yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba. Deta yaikulu ya EMG idakonzedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito mizu yeniyeni (RMS) njira yosinthira zizindikiro zamagetsi ghafiira ku amplitudes. Chidwichi chimamveka kuti chiwerengero chazamtundu wa EMG chimawoneka pamayesero okhudzana ndi kayendedwe koyamba. Monga tafotokozera, ma OVA akhala akubwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti azisanthula ziwerengero (onani [28]).

Gulu lathu linali ndi chitsanzo chofanana kwambiri. Ambiri mwa ophunzirawo adanena kuti ali ophunzira omwe adaliza maphunziro apamwamba a sekondale, amakhala ndi wokondedwa kapena osakwatirana, ndipo adzidziwika kuti ndi a Caucasus obadwira ku Australia (onani Gulu 1).

Gulu 1. Makhalidwe a chiwerengero cha ophunzira.

Kufotokozedwa kwa mayankho omwe akugwira nawo pafunsoli kumawonekera Gulu 2. Magulu otenga nawo mbali adagawika potengera kawirikawiri kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mibadwo yosiyana siinali yosiyana kwambiri pakati pa magulu. Chofunika kwambiri, njira yodziimira yodziyimira ANOVA inasonyeza kuti panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu ochepetsera, ochepa, ndi apamwamba omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula potsutsana ndi chiwerengero cha Snyder chiwerengero F (2, 49) = 1.892, p = 0.162.

Gulu 2. Maola ophatikiza pa chaka ndi Snyder Total chigawo chinagawanika ndi gulu.

Zotsatira kuchokera ku mavotere ovomerezeka sakuwonetseratu zomwe zimachitika Gulu ndi kugwirizana kwa Emotion. Kusiyanitsa kumatsutsana ngakhale kuti kunasonyeza kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa vumbulutso la "Erotic" ndi "Pleasant" lodziwika bwino (zosangalatsa) F (2) = 3.243, p = 0.048. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezedwa ndi ziwonetsero zomveka bwino zotsatila (onani) Chithunzi 1).

Chithunzi 1. Valenti Yoyera (A) ndi Arousal (B) chiwerengero cha gulu lililonse lachisokonezo m'magulu onse. Kuyankhulana kwakukulu kwa Gulu kunachitika chifukwa cha mayeso a valence mu magulu a "Erotic" ndi "Pleasant" (otchulidwa ndi asterisks).

Zotsatira za Startle Reflex Modulation zinaonetsa zotsatira za Gulu pa matalikidwe amaso pazinthu zonse zomwe zikubwera pakufunika kwa F (2) = 3.176, p = 0.051 Chithunzi 2.

Chithunzi 2. Diso loyang'ana pamaso likulumikiza mayankho (kumanzere) ndi ma grafu am'mbali (kumanja) kwa Low (A), Medium (B), ndi Wapamwamba (C) magulu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Ngakhale kuti palibe kusiyana kulikonse kwakukulu, kugwirizanitsa kosavuta kumagwira ntchito yaikulu ya ERP ya "zosasangalatsa" ndi magulu a "zachiwawa" 250-563 ms kumpoto kwa mbali za ubongo. Zotsatira zofunikira pakati pa magulu awiri ofanana ndi omwe adawonetsedwanso m'masitepe apambuyo pakapita nthawi (563-875 ms) (Onani Gulu 3; Chithunzi 3). Kulephera kwa zotsatira zake kumatanthauzidwa ngati zotsatira za kusiyana kwa ERP.

Chithunzi 3. ERPs kutsogolo (AF7 / AF8) ndi malo a parietal (P5 / P6) m'magulu onse ofotokoza magulu opangira zolaula, Low, Medium, ndi High. Onani zotsatira zazikulu za gulu la "Zosasangalatsa" ndi magulu a "Zachiwawa" 250-563 ms kumbali za ubongo ndi pakati pa 563-875 ms m'madera a parietal.

Gulu 3. Chidule cha zotsatira zazikulu za Gulu zokhudzana ndi zosasangalatsa motsutsana ndi zachiwawa zokhudzana ndi zochitika zatsoka (ERPs).

Kafukufuku wamakono akugwiritsidwa ntchito njira yapamwamba yopatulira katatu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo panthawi imodzi pofotokoza njira zosiyana zopezera mayankho ogwira mtima komanso zofunikira za thupi. Kuwonetsera kusiyana kwakukulu kachiwiri, zizindikiro zooneka ndizochita zoyenera zomwe zimafuna yankho lodziwitsidwa, mwachindunji ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kukonza mfundo zamakono. Startle Reflex modular ndi gawo losazindikira laiwisi lakukhudzana ndi chidziwitso pakapangidwe kogwiritsa ntchito (onani [57]) ndipo limagwirizana ndi ziwalo zobongozetsa za ubongo, mwachitsanzo, [29]. Electroencephalography (komanso kuwonjezera apo, ERP) imakhala yokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusinthidwa kwa chidziwitso cha cortical, koma imaphatikizansopo mgwirizano wochokera ku ubongo wodabwitsa kwambiri (makamaka wosadziwa). Zitha kunenedwa kuti zochitika zonse zakuthupi zimakhala zosiyana ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi zooneka bwino.

Ndi chidziwitso ichi, kodi tingadziwe ngati nthawi zambiri zolaula zimagwiritsira ntchito njira zomwe timazidziwitsira (zozizwitsa) ndi zosadziwika (zowonongeka) zimayankhidwa pazidziwitso za maganizo? Ngakhale kuti Snyder ziwerengero za gulu lirilonse sizinali zosiyana kwambiri-zosonyeza kusiyana kulikonse pakudziwonetsera-zomwe zotsatira zomwe zapezeka mu phunziro laposachedwapa zasonyeza kusagwirizana mwa zotsatira zomwe zinapezedwa mwaziwonetsero ndi zovuta.

Zithunzi "zokhudzana ndi zolaula" zinayesedwa bwino ngati zosasangalatsa ndi gulu lochepetsetsa la zolaula kuposa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zolaula. Mwina ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula samakonda kupeza zolaula kapena zolaula, choncho gulu lochepetsetsa limapeza zithunzi za "zolakolaka" panthawi yoyesera kuti zisakhale zosangalatsa ngakhale zosokoneza. Zina mwazifukwa zomwe zingakhalepo zikuphatikizapo kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula sakhala ndi zolaula zambiri ndipo samakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogwiritsa ntchito osakanikirana kapena ogwiritsa ntchito. Mosiyana ndizo, anthu omwe amaona zolaula zosasangalatsa angasankhe kusagwiritsa ntchito ndipo amagwera m'magulu ogwiritsira ntchito mochepa ndipo nthawi zina sichikhala chinthu chofunikira. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, gulu lalikulu la ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula lidavotera zithunzi zolaula kuti ndizosasangalatsa kuposa gulu logwiritsira ntchito. Olembawo amati izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha "zithunzi zolaula" zomwe zili mu deta ya IAPS zomwe sizikuwunikira momwe angafunire, monga momwe adawonetsera ndi Harper ndi Hodgins [58] kuti kawirikawiri amaonera zolaula, anthu ambiri nthawi zambiri amayamba kuona zinthu zolimba kuti akhale ndi moyo womwewo. Gawo loti "zokondweretsa" limagwirizana ndi magulu atatuwa kuti likhale lofanana ndi gulu logwiritsira ntchito zithunzizo ngati zosavuta kwenikweni kuposa ma gulu ena. Izi zikhoza kukhalanso chifukwa cha zithunzi zabwino "zosangalatsa" zoperekedwa osati zosangalatsa zokwanira kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Kafukufuku akhala akuwonetsa kusokonezeka kwa thupi pakukonzekera chilakolako chokhutira chifukwa cha chizoloŵezi cha anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amafufuza zolaula [3,7,8]. Ndizogwirizana ndi olemba kuti zotsatirazi zikhoza kuwerengera zotsatira zomwe zachitika.

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwakukulu kunawoneka pakati pa "zosasangalatsa" poyerekeza ndi "chiwawa" pakati pa magulu, zomwe zikusiyana ndi zotsatira zowonekera. Pambuyo poyang'ana zojambulazo, kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kosawonetseka kungawonedwe mu gulu lochepa logwiritsira ntchito zolaula chifukwa cha "zosasangalatsa" pa nthawi ya LPP ya mpikisano (400-500 ms) m'madera onse awiri omwe ali kumbali ya ubongo. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zilipo pokhapokha m'dera labwino lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zolaula. Ngakhale zotsatira zamtunduwu sizinapulumuke kuwerengera, zomwe zikuwoneka zitha kuwonetsa zotsatira za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi. Cholinga chachikulu choterechi chinasonyezedwanso ndi kafukufuku wolembedwa ndi Cuthbert et al. [59], pomwe adawona kuti mbali zakutsogolo za ubongo zimawonetsa kuthekera kosangalatsa kuposa zithunzi zosasangalatsa, mkhalidwe “wosaloŵerera” m'maphunziro awo ndiwomwe sunayende bwino. Olemba a pepala lomwe tatchulali anayesera kuzindikira za kusintha kwabwino kwa mafano okondweretsa ponena kuti zikhoza kusonyeza kukondana kosakhudzidwa kwambiri kusiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha valence choyambirira chifukwa cha zithunzi zosangalatsa mu phunziro lawo zomwe zimachititsa kusintha kwakukulu muchitetezo chodziimira ( kapangidwe ka khungu) m'malo mokomera zokongoletsera. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe amtsogolo a asymmetry atha kufotokozedwa ndi m'baleyo kuti akupitiliza zithunzi "zosasangalatsa" zomwe zimapangidwa kumbali yakumanzere ya magulu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti ntchito yowonjezera yotsalira yotsalira ingagwirizane ndi njira zoyendetsera zokakamiza (onani [60,61]). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakanthawi kachitidwe kazithunzi ka "zosasangalatsa", ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri atha kuona zithunzi zosasangalatsa kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino.

Kuphatikiza apo, magulu "achiwawa" komanso "osasangalatsa" kudera lakumanja akuwoneka kuti akutsatiranso njira yofananira pambuyo pake (> 500 ms) kuchoka pa otsika kupita pakati mpaka ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula makamaka mdera lakumaso kwa ubongo. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsanso ntchito komweku kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri akamangoyang'ana zachiwawa komanso zosasangalatsa zomwe zimafanana ndi ochepetsa zolaula. Kupita patsogolo kwambiri kumadera okhudzana ndi ubongo, magulu awiri omwewo ("achiwawa" komanso "osasangalatsa"), nawonso, akuwoneka kuti akusinthidwa chimodzimodzi pagulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi ya LPP (> 500 ms ) komwe amakhala osiyana m'magulu ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa. Mchitidwe wa mayankho athupi ungatanthauze kuti kuwonera zolaula nthawi zambiri kumakulitsa kukonda ndipo potero kuyandikira zolimbikitsazo, potero kumapangitsa kukulitsa LPP yofanana ndi LPP yopangidwa chifukwa cha zomwe zingapewe chifukwa chowonera zachiwawa. Mosiyana ndi izi, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kwawonetsedwa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amakonda kujambula zinthu zowoneka bwino kwambiri pakapita nthawi chifukwa chazokhumudwitsa komanso kufunikira kowonera zatsopano komanso zinthu zoopsa kuti athe kudzutsidwa [58]. Nkhanizi zingaphatikizepo zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimasonyeza zochitika zosiyanasiyana za kugonana komwe anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri akhoza kuyamikiridwa ndikutsatiranso zithunzi za "zolakolaka" pazithupi zofanana ndi zithunzi "zachiwawa".

Kuyambira kwa reflex modulation, monga tanenera poyamba, kumagwirizana ndi kugwirizanitsa kugwirizanitsa ntchito ndi kutsindika koyera pa valence. Monga momwe zinalili, zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti "chikhalidwe" chakhala chosavuta kwambiri, komanso m'magulu onse atatu, gulu lachisokonezo "lachisokonezo" linapanga yankho lalikulu kwambiri la mayendedwe. Ngakhale zotsatira zopezeka zimasonyeza p-mtengo wokha womwe ukufikira kufunika kwake, pa kuyang'anitsitsa zithunzi za mazenera zikhoza kuwonedwa kuti pali mafotokozedwe atatu osiyana a mayankho omwe amachititsa gulu lililonse. Chizoloŵezi chikuwoneka chikuyenda kuchokera kumunsi mpaka pakati mpaka zolaula zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, monga kufalitsa kwapadera kwa mayankho akuoneka kuti kumawonjezeka mosiyana (mwachitsanzo, gulu lalikulu logwiritsira ntchito zolaula liri ndi mndandanda waukulu kwambiri wa mayankho okhudzidwa pakati pa zovuta zowonongeka (zosokoneza) ndi magawo okonda kwambiri (achiwawa)). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti ojambula opanga mafilimu opanga mafilimu ambiri amachititsa zithunzi zowonongeka ngati zowonjezereka potsutsana ndi magulu ena okhudzidwa omwe alibe chidziwitso. Zotsatira zake zikuwoneka kuti zikutsatira maphunziro ambiri m'munda uno, zomwe zimayambitsa chisokonezo chotsutsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zowonjezereka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zowoneka bwino kwambiri [32,42,43]. Zomwe zingatheke chifukwa chake gulu logwiritsira ntchito zolaula likuwonetsa kuchepa kwa mayendedwe oyambitsa ziwonetsero kungakhale chifukwa cha zithunzi zonse zomwe zakhala zikuwoneka kuti ndizolembedwa kwa ophunzira ndipo chifukwa chake malingaliro awo osadziwika amatsutsa kuti chinali chisangalatso chosangalatsa chimene sichinayambe kukhala chizoloŵezi. Ngati zili choncho, zingakhale zosangalatsa kudziwa momwe ziwonetsero zofanana zowonekera zimakhalira, monga momwe kafukufuku wakale amasonyezera kuyang'ana kwa zochitika pamtundu wazomwe zimawonetsa kuwonjezereka kwa diso kuwonetsetsa kwa kayendedwe kakang'ono chifukwa cha zinthuzo zimakhala zopweteka ndi zosokoneza [41]. Wachibale wapamwamba amplitude startle effect akuwonetsedwa m'magulu otsika ndi osakaniza akugwiritsidwa ntchito magulu angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi omwe ali mu gulu mwachindunji kupeŵa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, chifukwa angawone kuti ndi zosasangalatsa kwambiri. Zotsatira zake zowonjezera, zotsatira zomwe zatulukanso zingakhale chifukwa cha chizoloŵezi, zomwe anthu m'magulu awa amawonera zolaula kuposa momwe adanenera - mwina chifukwa cha manyazi pakati pa ena, monga momwe zizoloŵezi zimasonyezera kuwonjezera mayendedwe a maso osokoneza maganizo [41,42].

Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero chofunikira chopezeka sichingakhale chomwe chikayembekezeredwa, chikhalidwe chikuwoneka chikuchokera kuchokera ku deta yomwe ikuwonetsa kusokonezeka pakati pa ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula omwe nthawi zambiri ndi ochepa. Ndizowona momwe olembawo amaonera kuti kusowa kwa konkireti kungakhale chifukwa cha nambala zochepa za ophunzira. Gulu lalikulu likhoza kuonjezera mphamvu zowononga zotsatira zamphamvu. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti zochitika zomwe zimachitika pazinthu zapadera za phunziroli zikuperekanso njira zina zomwe zimafukufuku zikuphatikizira kuwonetsera kwabwino.

Ngakhale kuti phunziroli linali lokwanira, panalibe malire osapeŵeka. Izi ziyenera kutchulidwa kuti zithunzi zomwe zinapanga gulu la "zosokonekera" zomwe zidapangidwa kudzera mu deta la IAPS zingawonedwe ngati zowonongeka za zochitika zolaula kapena zolaula poyerekezera ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "zolaula" zimene, masiku ano, ziri zambiri kuwonjezera ndi kuwonetsa zolimbikitsa. Maphunziro amtsogolo angafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wazithunzi wamakono kuti aziwerengera zikhalidwe. Ndiponso, mwinamwake ogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula amaweruziratu zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwawo panthawi yophunzira. Kulongosola uku kunali kosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi [7,8] kuti afotokoze zotsatira zawo zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ndi zochepa poyandikira zolimbikitsa zowonjezedwa ndi zing'onozing'ono za LPP (kuchepa kwabwino) mphamvu ya zithunzi zolaula ndi anthu omwe amafotokoza zolaula zosagwiritsidwa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito. LPP amplitudes yasonyezedwa kuti ichepetse pakutsata malamulo mwachidziwitso [62,63]. Choncho, LPP yoletsedwa kwa mafano osokoneza bongo angayese chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zotsatira zopezeka m'magulu amodzi pa magulu a "chikhalidwe". Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha ophunzira omwe saloledwa kuchita maliseche pamene akuwonera zolaula (kapena zochitika zowonongeka) panthawi ya kuyesa, zomwe ndizo zomwe angachite [64].

Zomwe zinachititsanso kuti pulogalamuyi ikhale yophatikizapo kuti zigawenga zigawidwe zikhale zogawanika pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe zimadziwika. Monga momwe kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ziphunzitso zokhudzana ndi zolaula amachitika posakhalitsa, sipangakhalepo zida zokhudzana ndi thupi kapena zochitika za thupi zomwe zimathandiza kusiyanitsa pakati, kunena kuti, "pansi" kapena "mkulu" gulu. Nkhani yowoneka mwa njirayi ikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha olemba ena omwe sakufunsidwapo kapena akufotokozera zochitika zawo zolaula. Kuwonjezera apo, kafukufuku wamakono sanadalire zitsanzo zachipatala ndi zolaula zomwe zimadziwika ndi zamagetsi zimayambitsa mavuto. Gulu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa phunziroli likupezeka mkati mwa "zachizolowezi" zomwe zimakhala zosagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe zingatchulidwe kuti sizinali zofunikira kwenikweni ndipo kotero sizingaperekedwe ngati zotsatira zamphamvu monga kuyerekezera pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda omwe amapezeka ndi omwe alibe mankhwala.

Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe zalembedwa mu pepalali kusiyanitsa pakati pa magulu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zimatha kuwonetsa kuwongolera m'malo motupa. Chiyanjano chikhoza kukopeka poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe akudya mowa. Zonse zolaula ndi kumwa mowa zingakhale zokondweretsa komanso zomwe zingawonongeke ndi anthu ambiri, koma ndi ochepa okha omwe amachitapo mbali kwambiri m'makhalidwe amenewa mpaka pamene amachititsa kuti anthu azivutika komanso kuti asokonezeke. N'zosakayikitsa kuti gulu lathu linali ndi anthu omwe sakhala ndi zovuta zowonongeka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Kafukufuku wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso ndi chinthu chaposachedwa kwambiri, ndipo pakufunika kukhazikikapo mafunso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito moyerekeza ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso zotsatira zake. Pali ziwerengero zambiri zomwe zakhazikitsidwa kale komanso zowonongeka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kudziwa mbali zosiyanasiyana za kugonana pakati pawo:65], Pepala Lofuna Kuonera Zolaula [66], Zithunzi Zolaula Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula [67], ndi Zovuta Zolaula Zolaula [68], koma ndi kusintha kosakhalitsa kwa zolaula za munthu payekha kudzera pa intaneti ndi zomwe zilipo, zinthu zambiri paziwerengerozi zingawonedwe ngati zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo ziyenera kusinthidwa, koma chifukwa chosowapo, maphunziro ambiri (monga momwe tachitira) asankha kukhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zawo, nyumba zopangidwa ndi zolinga komanso zopanga zochitika zina pamene ena (makamaka omwe amaphunzira zolaula) amangofuna kusinthasintha miyeso ya mankhwala oledzeretsa yomwe ilipo ndikusintha chinthu choledzera (mwachitsanzo, mowa, cocaine, heroin, etc.) ndi mawu olaula. Vuto ndi izi ndi kusowa kwa chiberekero ndi kutsimikizirika kwa muyeso kupeza zotsatira zosagwirizana ndi zolondola pakati pa maphunziro mu gawo lino.

Mwachidule, ngakhale zochitika zonse zikuwonetsa zotsatira zofunikira (kapena pafupi ndi zazikulu), ndizofunikira kuzindikira kuti kusiyana komwe kunawonetsedwa mu zovumbulutsidwazo sikunali kusiyana komwe kumayendera pa zochitika za thupi. Zofanana ndi kufotokoza kwazomwe mawu akugwiritsira ntchito pamene kusokonezeka kunapezedwa pakati pa ziwonetsero ndi zowoneka bwino (onani [69]) izi zikusonyeza kuti pali zifukwa zenizeni zoganizira kuti popeza pali kusiyana pakati pa momwe chidziwitso chokhudza maganizo chikugwiritsidwira ntchito mosamala komanso mosadziŵa, palibe njira imodzi yokha yomwe ingafotokozere molondola zenizeni za mtima wa munthu. Ponena motere, njira zingapo zomwe zimaphatikizapo zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera komanso zosavuta ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zizindikire mbali zosiyanasiyana za kugwirizanitsa ntchito zomwe zimatsogolera. Zoonadi, kafukufuku wokha sikuti amachititsa zotsatira zolimba.

Olembawo akufuna kuthokoza Ross Fulham chifukwa cha thandizo lake lovomerezeka ndi EEG komanso kusokoneza deta. Iye ndi munthu wodabwitsa yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chofunikira, luso ndi luso.

Sajeev Kunaharan, Sean Halpin, Thiagarajan Sitharthan, Shannon Bosshard ndi Peter Walla adalenga ndikupanga zoyesayesa; Sajeev Kunaharan adayesera izi; Sajeev Kunaharan ndi Peter Walla adafufuza deta; Sajeev Kunaharan, Sean Halpin ndi Peter Walla anathandizira zipangizo / zofufuza; Sajeev Kunaharan ndi Peter Walla analemba pepala; Sean Halpin, Thiagarajan Sitharthan ndi Shannon Bosshard adapereka zolemba zawo ndikulemba kuphatikizapo malingaliro ndi malingaliro. Olemba onse anathandiza kwambiri ntchitoyi.

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