Njira Zozindikira ndi Zopanda Kumvetsetsa: Kodi Zimathetsa Nthawi Zambiri Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito? (2017)

¹ Sukulu ya Zamaganizo, Malo Ophunzirira Sayansi ya Ubongo ndi Kafukufuku wa Zaumoyo wa Maganizo, Yunivesite ya Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia

² Sukulu ya Zamankhwala ku Sydney, Yunivesite ya Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia

³ Cognitive Neuroscience & Behaviour Lab (CanBeLab), Dipatimenti ya Psychology, Webster Vienna Private University, Palais Wenkheim, 1020 Vienna, Austria

⁴ Faculty of Psychology, Yunivesite ya Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria

Mauthenga: Tel: + 43-1-2699-293

Mkonzi Wophunzira: Takayoshi Kobayashi

Zilandiridwa: 1 March 2017 / Yavomerezedwa: 26 April 2017 / Lofalitsidwa: 11 May 2017

Kudalirika

Kuwonjezera pa zolaula zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu amasiku ano, ndi chitukuko cha sayansi chomwe chimalola kuti intaneti ikufulumizitse kwambiri komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wopezeka mosavuta kudzera mwa zipangizo zamakina opanda waya. Kodi kuona zolaula kumawonjezera kusintha kwa maganizo? Kafukufuku wokhudza zolaula amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndikudalira zozizwitsa zomwe zimadziwika. Komabe, chidziwitso chochulukira chimasonyeza kuti malingaliro ndi malingaliro amachitidwa mochuluka pa chidziwitso chosadziwika chisanachitike chidziwitso. Choncho, phunziroli lofufuza ndikufuna kufufuza ngati kuchuluka kwa zolaula kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumakhudza njira zosadziwika komanso / kapena zosamalitsa. Ophunzira (N = 52) omwe adawonetsa kuti akuwonera zolaula zosiyana siyana adawonetsedwa ndi zithunzi zokopa. Zochitika Zowonjezera Ubongo (ERPs) zinalembedwa ndi Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zithetse njira zomwe sizidziwitse. Valence yowonetsera ndi zivomezi zowonetsera mafano omwe adawonetsedwanso zinatengedwanso kuti zidziwe zotsatira zakumverera. Kuzindikira zovumbulutsidwa momveka bwino kunawonekera kusiyana kwakukulu pokhudzana ndi "Erotic" ndi "Pleasant" valence (zokondweretsa) mlingo malingana ndi zolaula ntchito. SRM inasonyeza zotsatira zofikira kufunika kwake ndi ERPs zinasintha kusintha kwa malo am'mbali ndi amphawi a ubongo poyerekezera ndi "Zosangalatsa" ndi zithunzi za "Zachiwawa," zomwe sizinagwirizanitse ndi kusiyana komwe kumawoneka pa zovumbulutsidwa. Zakafukufuku zikusonyeza kuti ntchito yowonongeka yowonjezereka ikuwoneka kukhala ndi mphamvu pa ubongo wosadziŵa mayankho ku zisonkhezero zomwe zimasokoneza zomwe sizinawonetsedwe ndi kujambula koyera.

Keywords:

Zolingalira motsutsana ndi njira zosadziwika; zolaula; kutengeka; mayankho; EEG; katatu

1. Introduction

Pali kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolaula zomwe zikupezeka pa intaneti kuti anthu aziziona [ 1 , 2 ]. Kusowa kwa malamulo kumatanthauza kuti intaneti yakhala njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza yomwe zinthu zolaula zitha kufalikira, kugawidwa, komanso kupezeka kuti anthu aziziona m'nyumba mwawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziziona mosavuta, kusadziwika, komanso kukhala ndi ndalama zochepa [ 3 , 4 ]. Kuphatikiza apo, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo monga mafoni anzeru, Wi-Fi, ndi ntchito za intaneti yothamanga kwambiri kumatanthauza kuti vuto lakale lomangiriridwa pa desiki ndi chingwe silikulepheretsanso munthu kupeza zinthu zolaula zosiyanasiyana. Mosadabwitsa, mavuto okhudzana ndi kuonera zinthu zogonana akhala vuto lofala kwambiri la kugonana m'zaka zaposachedwapa [ 5 ]

Kafukufuku wochuluka afufuza lingaliro lakuti kuonera zolaula kuli ndi zotsatirapo iliyonse, kaya ndi zabwino kapena zoipa, pazodziŵa zaumwini ndi zochita zawo [3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Ambiri mwa mapepalawa ayesa kuthana ndi mavutowa, pofufuza nkhani ngati kuwonjezeka kwa zolaula kumayambitsa khalidwe lachiwerewere. Kufufuza kwa meta kwa ntchitoyi kwasonyeza kuti kuwonjezeka kwafupipafupi kwa zolaula zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula kungathe kufotokozera zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimachitika mwa anthu [16,17] -Kuonetseranso kuti anthu amene amachitira nkhanza ndi anthu ogonana amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pamlingo waukulu kwambiri kusiyana ndi munthu aliyense [18]. Kusanthula meta kolembedwa ndi Allen et al. [6] anawonetsa kuti njira zosawerengera zosawonetsera zosonyeza zolaula ndi kuvomereza nthano zoberekera, pamene maphunziro oyesera (osati kungodalira kudziimira okha) anawonetsa zotsatira zochepa koma zabwino (kuwonetsa zolaula kumawonjezera kuvomereza nthano za kugwiriridwa). Zofufuza zina zimapeza mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malingaliro othandizira chiwawa cha amayi muzoyesera komanso zopanda maphunziro [19]. Zolumikizanazi zinali zapamwamba ngati ophwanya malamulo adziwonetsa zolaula zachiwerewere pazinthu zopanda zachiwawa. Mancini et al. [12] adafufuza kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndipo adawona kuti achinyamata akuonerera zolaula adaneneratu kuti chiwopsezo chidzakwera chifukwa cha manyazi. Olembawo anapezanso kuti zolaula zimangokhalapo chisanachitike chilangocho chinapangitsa kuti anthu ena asavulazidwe chifukwa choona kuti zolaula zimakhudza wolakwira. Palinso ochita kafukufuku amene amawoneka kuti akugwirizana kuti kuyang'ana zolaula kulibe pokhapokha ngati palibe cholakwika pa kuzindikira ndi khalidwe. Ferguson ndi Hartley [20], muzokambirana kwawo, akusonyeza kuti umboni wa chiyanjano cha pakati pa zolaula ndi chiwawa cha kugonana ndizochepa ndipo kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa zolaula ndi khalidwe lachiwawa ndi zosagwirizana bwino. Iwo amati lingaliro loti kuwonjezeka kwa zolaula kumayambitsa chiwerewere chowonjezereka cha kugonana chiyenera kutayidwa. Kawirikawiri, vutoli ndi chabe kusadziŵa kusiyana pakati pa mgwirizano ndi chilengedwe.

Maphunziro ena angapo m'malo mongoyang'ana ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chiwawa ndi zolaula m'malo mwake ayamba kuyang'ana kwambiri pa zotsatira zoyipa zamaganizo, chikhalidwe, komanso kugonana zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso. Zotsatira zomwe zingachitike komanso zomwe zanenedwa pakati pa zina ndi izi: nkhawa yowonjezereka [ 21 ], zizindikiro za kuvutika maganizo [ 22 ], komanso kulephera kuyambitsa ndikusunga kugonana ndi ogonana nawo enieni popanda thandizo la zolaula [ 23 ], zomwe, zingayambitse kuvutika maganizo ndi matenda okhudzana ndi nkhawa.

Kawirikawiri zimapangitsa kuti kugwirizana kwa makhalidwe ena ndi zotsatira zake zoipa kungakhale chifukwa chodandaula chomwe chingayambitse kuthetsa khalidweli, komabe sizimasonyeza kuti zimakhala zovuta. Ngakhale zili zomveka kuti kuyang'ana zolaula (monga momwe anthu ambiri amachitira zosangalatsa) kungakhale kochitidwa ndi ambiri, ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi zotsatirapo zovuta ndipo kotero sitingaganize kuti kugwirizana kwa zotsatira zolakwikazi ndi woonera zolaula amatanthauza causation.

Zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika (ERPs) nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyeso wa thupi wa momwe zimakhudzira zizindikiro zamaganizo, mwachitsanzo, [ 24 ]. Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito deta ya ERP nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kwambiri zotsatira za ERP pambuyo pake monga P300 [ 14 ] ndi Late-Positive Positive (LPP) [ 7 , 8 ] akamafufuza anthu omwe amaonera zolaula. Mbali zotsatirazi za mawonekedwe a ERP zafotokozedwa kuti zimayambitsidwa ndi njira zoganizira monga chidwi ndi kukumbukira ntchito (P300) [ 25 ] komanso kukonza kosalekeza kwa zinthu zokhudzana ndi malingaliro (LPP) [ 26 ]. Steele et al. [ 14 ] adawonetsa kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kwa P300 komwe kumawonedwa pakati pa kuwona zithunzi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zithunzi zosalowererapo kunali kogwirizana ndi miyeso ya chilakolako chogonana, ndipo sikunakhudze kugonana kwa ophunzira. Olembawo adanenanso kuti izi mwina zinali chifukwa cha zithunzi zomwe zawonetsedwa kuti sizili ndi tanthauzo latsopano kwa ophunzirawo, popeza ophunzira onse adanenanso kuti akuwona zithunzi zambiri zolaula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gawo la P300 lichotsedwe. Olembawo adapitiliza kunena kuti mwina kuyang'ana pa LPP yomwe ikubwera pambuyo pake kungapereke chida chothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa chawonetsedwa kuti ikuwonetsa njira zolimbikitsira. Kafukufuku wofufuza momwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudzira LPP wasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa LPP kumakhala kochepa mwa ophunzira omwe akunena kuti ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu chogonana komanso mavuto owongolera momwe amaonera zolaula [ 7 , 8 ]. Zotsatirazi sizodabwitsa, chifukwa maphunziro ena ambiri okhudzana ndi chizolowezi awonetsa kuti akapatsidwa ntchito yokhudzana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi cue, anthu omwe amanena kuti ali ndi mavuto pokambirana za chizolowezi chawo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa mawonekedwe akuluakulu a LPP akamawonetsedwa zithunzi za mankhwala awo omwe amayambitsa chizolowezi [ 27 ]. Prause et al. [ 7 , 8 ] amapereka malingaliro a chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kungayambitse zotsatira zochepa za LPP posonyeza kuti zitha kukhala chifukwa cha chizolowezi, popeza omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu omwe akunena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso adapeza kuchuluka kwa maola omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito akuonera zolaula.

Mosiyana ndi ERPs, startle reflex modulation (SRM) ndi njira yatsopano kwambiri m'munda uno yomwe yagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofufuza za malingaliro kuti ipereke chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kukonza chidziwitso cha affective, mwachitsanzo, [ 28 ]. Cholinga cha SRM ndikuyesa kukula kwa maso otsekereza omwe amabwera ndi phokoso losayembekezereka la phokoso loyera lomveka bwino pomwe munthu wodabwayo akuwonetsedwa ndi kukondoweza kolamulidwa kutsogolo ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za affective [ 28 ]. Lang et al. [ 29 ] adawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa maso otsekereza komwe kumalembedwa ndi kukondoweza kosayembekezereka kokhudzana ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako (chomwe chimapangitsa maso kutsekereza pang'ono) kapena kutsutsa (maso akulu otsekereza) zomwe zimawonetsedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, maso otsekereza omwe amagwirizana ndi startle probe amawonjezeka munthu akawonetsedwa ndi zinthu zosasangalatsa kapena zoopsa ndipo amachepa akawonetsedwa ndi zinthu zosangalatsa.

Kafukufuku wochuluka adayambitsa startle reflex kufotokozera monga chiwerengero cha zopangira zosavuta kugwiritsira ntchito posiyana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo maganizo a maganizo [30], kulemala kwambiri [31], fungo [32], schizophrenia [33], zopanga mankhwala [34], ndikuyenda kudera lamatauni [35], ndi umwini wokonda [36]. SRM inayambitsanso kwa wogula mankhwala a sayansi [37,38,39,40]. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero ichi cha kujambula pakukonzekera kwa chidziwitso cha kugonana kwasowa [41]. Zofukufuku zomwe zachitidwa nthawi zonse zimasonyeza diso lochepetsedwa lomwe likuphwanyika kuganizira mafano kusonyeza zochitika zabwino (zogonana) zokhudzana ndi zithunzi zosonyeza zosasangalatsa, zopanda ndale [42], ndi woopa [43] zokhutira. Mu 2014, SRM inalangizidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito molingana ndi zomwe zikuchitika panopa [44].

Phunziroli likufuna kugwiritsira ntchito njira zogwiritsira ntchito matenda opatsirana pogonana (EEG ndi SRM) kuti adziwe ngati zolaula zosawerengeka pakati pa anthu ambiri zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo pazidziwitso zosamvetsetsa komanso kudzidzimva bwino.

Mafunso odzidziwitsa okha ndi njira yodziwika bwino yomwe ofufuza ndi asing'anga amayesera kudziwa malingaliro ndi machitidwe amalingaliro mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, nthawi zambiri osagwiritsa ntchito njira zina [ 45 , 46 ]. Ngakhale mafunso odzidziwitsa okha akhoza kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri yosonkhanitsira deta yambiri pa anthu ambiri, amatha kukumbukira tsankho, tsankho lofunikira pagulu [ 13 , 45 , 47 ], ndi kuipitsidwa kwa chidziwitso [ 48 ]. Kukonza malingaliro kwawonetsedwa kuti kuli ndi zigawo zokhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka ubongo kosazindikira, kosagwirizana ndi ubongo komanso kapangidwe ka ubongo kozindikira. Chifukwa chake, mbali za malingaliro zimatha kukhalapo popanda kuzindikira [ 38 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Kutha kupereka mayankho omveka bwino pa chilichonse chamalingaliro kumafuna mulingo wa chidziwitso chozindikira chomwe chimabweretsa kuwunika. Komabe, kuwunika kumeneku kwa chidziwitso kumachitika chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa njira zakuzama za thupi zomwe zimachitika pang'onopang'ono muubongo limodzi ndi kukonza ubongo kozindikira kwambiri. Izi zawonetsedwa potanthauzira mozindikira mitundu ya zomwe zimachitika m'thupi, chinthu chomwe chimatchedwa kuipitsidwa kwa chidziwitso [ 48 ]. Chifukwa chake, n'zotheka kuti kudalira kwambiri deta yomwe yapezedwa ndi miyeso yodzidziwitsa yokha sikungawonetse bwino momwe munthu amaganizira. Pofuna kuwerengera vuto ili, olemba omwe ali mu kafukufukuyu adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito miyeso yachilengedwe kuti atsimikizire njira zosazindikira kuwonjezera pa miyeso yachikhalidwe (monga, kutsatira njira ya triangulation). Electroencephalography (EEG), yomwe imayesa ntchito ya ubongo wa cortical ndipo imaphatikizapo chidziwitso chogwirizana kuchokera ku kapangidwe ka ubongo wa cortical ndi sub-cortical, idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, Electromyography (EMG) kudzera mu Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM), yomwe imakhudzana ndi ntchito za ubongo wa sub-cortical ndikuyesa kukonza chidziwitso chosazindikira, idagwiritsidwanso ntchito limodzi ndi miyeso yachikhalidwe yodzidziwitsa (mafunso, masikelo owerengera) omwe amafunikira yankho loyezedwa, lapamwamba kwambiri lokhudzana ndi kukonza chidziwitso cha cortical. Njira zitatuzi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kusiyana kulikonse m'makhalidwe osazindikira a ophunzira komanso mayankho ozindikira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito milingo yosiyanasiyana yokonza chidziwitso cha malingaliro.

Ophunzira makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu awiri adatumizidwa kudzera mu kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka Yunivesite ya Newcastle yotchedwa SONA, mawu amlomo, kapena mapepala. Ophunzira onse anali ophunzira ku Yunivesite ya Newcastle, Australia omwe ali pakati pa 18 ndi 30 zaka (M = 21.1; SD = 2.9). Otsatira onse adapereka chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa. Monga gawo la ndondomekoyi, ophunzira omwe adaloledwa kumaphunzirowa ananena mosapita m'mbali kuti anali amodzi, amanja, amanja, anali ochiritsira kuwona bwino, osakhala ndi mbiri ya matenda okhudza ubongo / matenda a m'maganizo, analibe dongosolo lachitsekemera chokhudza mankhwala kapena zinthu , analibe mbiri yakuzunzidwa mwakuthupi / kugonana, ndipo analibe mbiri yakukhala m'ndende. Ophunzirawo analipira ngongole pa nthawi yawo kapena amapatsidwa ngongole. Azimayi sanatuluke kuti apereke chitsanzo chofanana cha anthu poyerekeza. Mwachizoloŵezi, amuna amatha kupeza zofuna zogonana zokhudzana ndi zosangalatsa ndipo chotero ndiye pamene cholinga chathu chinali pa phunziro la tsopano. Phunzirolo linavomerezedwa ndi Komiti ya University of Newcastle Human Research Ethics Committee (H-2013-0309, 5 December 2013).

Gawo loyamba la kafukufukuyu linaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso apaintaneti kuti ayese mayankho a malingaliro ochokera kwa aliyense. Kafukufuku wapaintaneti adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Lime Survey [ 52 ], womwe udaphatikizapo mafunso a anthu, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) kuti adziwe ngati gulu lililonse lomwe lapangidwalo limasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kukhudzidwa komwe lidanena; Snyder Self-Monitoring Scale [ 53 ] kuti adziwe momwe gulu lililonse limayang'anira zomwe limadziwonetsera lokha; ndi mafunso opangidwa ndi cholinga choyesa khalidwe lowonera zolaula lokhala ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe olembawo adapanga komanso kuphatikiza zinthu kuchokera kwa Harkness et al. [ 54 ]. Omwe ali ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi 30 okha ndi omwe anali oyenerera kumaliza mafunsowo ndipo pambuyo pake adapemphedwa kuti amalize miyeso ya thupi. Kafukufukuyu adatenga pafupifupi mphindi 20-25 kuti amalize.

Electroencephalography inayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya BioSemi Active Two ya ma channel 64 (BioSemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) ndipo Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM) inayendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chojambulira cha m'manja cha Nexus-10 (chopangidwa ndi Mind Media BV, Herten, The Netherlands). Kuti mudziwe zambiri za njira ndi ukadaulo womwe ulipo, chonde onani Walla et al. [ 48 ].

Cholimbikitsa cha kafukufukuyu chomwe chili ndi zithunzi 150 zochokera ku International Affective Picture System (IAPS) [ 55 ]. IAPS ndi gulu lokhazikika la zithunzi pafupifupi 1000 zomwe zikuwonetsa anthu, malo, zinthu, ndi zochitika ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakufufuza za malingaliro, mwachitsanzo, [ 56 ]. Pazifukwa za kafukufukuyu, zithunzi zidagawidwa m'magulu asanu: Zachiwawa, Zolaula, Zosangalatsa, Zosasangalatsa, ndi Zosalowerera, ndi Zithunzi 30 pagulu lililonse. Gulu lililonse la zithunzi linali losiyana ndi linzake mu valence yawo yokhazikika. Chithunzi chilichonse chinawonetsedwa kwa aliyense wotenga nawo mbali kwa masekondi 5. Kenako ophunzirawo adayesa chithunzi chilichonse pamiyeso yosiyana ya Likert ya 9-point kuti apeze valence ndi arousal.

Mapulogalamu asanu oyambitsidwa amajambulidwa ndi 5 yosankhidwa mwachisawawa kuchokera pa zithunzi za 30 pamagulu onse ofotokozera (zowonjezereka za 25 mapulogalamu pachiyeso). Mapulogalamu oyambirira ankawonekera mwachibadwa pa 110 dB ndipo anali ndi 50 ms kutalika kwa phokoso loyera loyera.

Pambuyo pokwaniritsa mayankho a pa intaneti, ophunzirawo anaitanidwira ku lab. Phunziroli, mayeso oyambirira a EEG ndi SRM adasonkhanitsidwa pamene ophunzira adawona ndikuyesa mafano a IAPS. Kusonkhanitsa deta momveka bwino kunaphatikizapo ophunzira kutengera zovuta zonse ponena za kukweza komanso valence pomwe panthawi imodzimodziyo, EEG ndi SRM zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mayankho omveka. Otsatira akhala pansi mosamala kutsogolo kwa 32 '' Kuwunika kwa LED (zizindikiro za 1024 × 768). Ophunzira adagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira ya BioSemi Active Two EEG komanso kusintha kwa ubongo kunayesedwa pogwiritsira ntchito electrode ya 64 komanso ma electrodes ena asanu ndi atatu omwe amaikidwa pamtunda, pamtunda, pamtambo, ndi pa mastoids. Mitundu iwiri ya 4 mm Biotrace imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera pa Startle Reflex Modulation (ndi pafupifupi 20 mm kusiyana pakati pa otsika orbicularis oculi ya diso lakumanzere).

Pulogalamu ya pakompyuta, Presentation (Neurobehavioral Systems, Albany, NY, USA) idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana mauthenga oyenerera komanso mndandanda wa zolembera. Kuwonetsedwa kwa chiwonetsero ndi kujambula kwapadera kwapadera kunkachitika kuchokera ku chipinda chosiyana. Ophunzirawo anapatsidwa mwachidule mwachidule phunziroli panthawi yomwe anakhazikitsa zidazo ndipo adafunsidwa kuti awerenge malangizo omwe akugwira pa chithunzicho asanayambe kujambula. Mafoni a m'manja (Sennheiser HD280, Wedemark, Germany) anayikidwa pamakutu ndi mayeso omwe anayambitsa ophunzirawo anayamba ndi iwo omwe adagwira nawo ntchito pokhapokha kuti azionetsetsa kuti ali ndi maganizo oyenera.

Chithunzi chilichonse cha IAPS chinaperekedwa pawindo la 5, imodzi pa nthawi. Potsatira chifaniziro chilichonse, ophunzira adasonyezedwa kuyeso ndipo adafunsidwa kuti afotokoze valeni (chisangalalo) cha fanoyo pogwiritsa ntchito msinkhu wochokera ku 1 "wokondweretsa kwambiri" ku 9 "wosasangalatsa kwambiri". Potsata chiyeso ichi choyamba, ophunzira adasonyezedwa ndi chiwerengero china ndipo adafunsidwa kuti afotokoze kukula kwa fanoyo pogwiritsa ntchito msinkhu wochokera ku 1 "kwambiri" mpaka 9 "yotonthoza kwambiri". Pambuyo pake, mtanda wawung'ono woyera wokonzekera unaonekera pamdima wakuda wa 1 s chithunzi chotsatiracho chikaperekedwa. Ngati ndondomeko yoyamba ikuphatikizidwa ndi fano, idachitika patsiku lachiwiri la 4th post-stimulus. Zolinga zamaganizo ndi zoonekeratu zinatengedwa pazithunzi zonse za 150 IAPS. Zithunzi zinaperekedwa mwadongosolo. Kupuma pang'ono kunaperekedwa kwa wophunzira pa gawo lochepa kuti achepetse zotsatira za kutopa. Mwachiwonekere, kusanthula kwa SRM zithunzi zokhazokha zomwe zinali ndi kafukufuku wamayendedwe zinayambanso kufufuza komanso zithunzi zomwezo zokhudzana ndi ziganizo zowoneka bwino.

Ophunzira adagawidwa m'magulu kutengera mayankho awo pazinthu ziwiri zosiyana pa Mafunso Okhudza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula. Zinthu izi zinali: "Mukamaonera zolaula, mudzakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji pa gawo limodzi?" ndi, "Chaka chatha, kodi mumaonera zolaula kangati?" Mayankho a chinthu chilichonse adawerengedwa padera pa wophunzira aliyense ndipo adachulukitsidwa kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa maola omwe zithunzi zolaula zimadyedwa pachaka. Olembawo poyamba ankafuna kuchita kugawa kwapakati pa gululo koma atapeza ophunzira ambiri akulemba pa kapena kuzungulira zigoli zapakati komanso kuchuluka kwa zigoli zomwe zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu osiyana, adaganiza zogawa maguluwo m'magulu "otsika", "apakatikati", ndi "apamwamba" kutengera kufalikira kwa zigoli. Njira ndi kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa maola omwe gulu lililonse lidawonera zolaula zitha kuwoneka mu Gawo 3.2.

Mayankho omveka bwino (valeni ndi kuwukitsidwa) kuchokera kwa ophunzira aliyense amagawidwa m'magulu awo (otsika, apakati, kapena apamwamba) pogwiritsa ntchito mayankho a mafunso a pa intaneti. Zomwe gulu lirilonse linayankha zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kufufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Njira Zowonongeka Zosinthika (ANOVA) pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili mkati mwazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mukhale ndi nkhawa (zosangalatsa, zosasangalatsa, zowonongeka, zachiwawa, komanso zopanda ndale). ndi apamwamba). ANOVAs ankachitidwa mosiyana pa "valence" ndi "zowutsa" miyeso.

Kuwonjezera apo, ANOVA imodzi-njira inkachitidwa kuti ione mayankho omwe anapezeka kudzera mu Snyder Self-Monitoring Scale kuti adziwe ngati panali mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa maola olaula ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kudziyang'anira.

Zosintha zokhudzana ndi ubongo zinalembedwa pa mlingo wa 2048 samples / s pogwiritsa ntchito 64-njira BioSemi Active Two dongosolo ndi ActiView software (BioSemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Deta zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito EEG-Display (version 6.4.8; Fulham, Newcastle, Australia). Pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya sampuli inachepetsedwa kukhala zitsanzo za 256 / s ndi fyuluta yamtundu wa 0.1 kwa 30 Hz imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zochitika za ERP zinatanthauzidwa motsutsana ndi kuwonetsedwa kwa chithunzi chilichonse cha IAPS kuchokera ku -100 ms pre-1000 ms post-stimulus ast. Zonsezi zinali zowonongosoledwa ndi chikonzedwe chomwe chimachitika 100 ms isanayambe kutsitsimula ndi mfundo za data pamtunda wa ERP zinachepetsedwa kukhala ndondomeko ya data ya 15 pamsonkhano wachiwiri woyamba kutsegulira kafukufuku wowonjezera. Njira Zowonjezedwa ANOVA idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula ERP amplitudes nthawi iliyonse yomwe imagwiritsira ntchito mkati mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi (zokondweretsa, zosasangalatsa, zowonongeka, zachiwawa, komanso zopanda ndale) ndi malo ozungulira (kumanzere, kumanja).

Pambuyo poyang'anitsitsa zithunzi, zinawonetseratu kuti kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa gulu lirilonse likuwonekera pamakutu a ERP a chikhalidwe cha "Chiwawa" ndi "Erotic" pokhudzana ndi zovuta zina, ndipo magulu awiri ofotokozerawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mafotokozedwe osiyana. Pofuna kukonza zolakwira zapadera, ndondomeko ya Greenhouse-Geisser inagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusiyanitsa kosavuta kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mudziwe momwe zingakhalire zotsatira zazikulu.

Mayankho a kuthwanima kwa maso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha ma startle reflex adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chojambulira cha Nexus-10 (chopangidwa ndi Mind Media BV) ndi pulogalamu ya Bio-trace +. Ma electrode a Bipolar EMG adalumikizidwa ku diso lakumanzere la wophunzira aliyense ndipo kusintha komwe kungachitike kwa musculus orbicularis oculi kudayesedwa. Chiŵerengero cha EMG sampling chinali 2048/s ndipo fyuluta yodutsa kuchokera ku 20-50 Hz idagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula. Deta ya Raw EMG idawerengedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya root mean square (RMS) kuti isinthe ma frequency signals kukhala amplitudes. Mtengo wa startle blink amplitude udatanthauzidwa ngati kukwera kwakukulu kwa mafunde a EMG pamayeso okhudzana ndi startle probe. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ma ANOVA obwerezabwereza adachitika kuti ayese ziwerengero (onani [ 28 ]).

Gulu lathu linali ndi chitsanzo chofanana kwambiri. Ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali mu kafukufukuyu adanena kuti anali ophunzira omwe adamaliza maphunziro awo a sekondale, kaya akukhala ndi mnzawo kapena sanakwatiranepo, ndipo adadzitcha kuti ndi a Caucasian obadwira ku Australia (onani Gome 1 ).

Gome 1. Makhalidwe a anthu omwe atenga nawo mbali mu kafukufukuyu.

Mafotokozedwe a mayankho a ophunzira pa mafunsowa akuwoneka mu Gome 2. Magulu omwe adatenga nawo mbali adagawidwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Zaka zapakati sizinasiyane kwambiri pakati pa magulu. Chofunika kwambiri, ANOVA yodziyimira payokha idawonetsa kuti panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepa, zapakati, komanso zapamwamba pankhani ya chigoli chonse cha Snyder F (2, 49) = 1.892, p = 0.162.

Gome 2. Maola olaula pachaka ndi zigoli zonse za Snyder zimagawidwa ndi gulu.

Zotsatira kuchokera ku ziwerengero zomveka bwino za valence sizinawonetse kuyanjana kwakukulu kwa Gulu ndi Maganizo. Komabe, kusiyana kotsatira kunawonetsa kuyanjana kwakukulu kwa ziwerengero za "Erotic" ndi "Pleasant" zomveka bwino za valence (kukongola) F (2) = 3.243, p = 0.048. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka ndi ziwerengero zomveka bwino za "kudzuka (mphamvu)" m'magulu aliwonse amalingaliro (onani Chithunzi 1 ).

Chithunzi 1. Kuwerengera kwa Valence ( A ) ndi Arousal ( B ) kwa gulu lililonse la malingaliro m'magulu onse. Kuyanjana kwakukulu kwa Gulu kunachitika pa kuwerengera kwa valence m'magulu a "Erotic" ndi "Pleasant" (olembedwa ndi nyenyezi).

Zotsatira za Kusinthasintha kwa Startle Reflex zawonetsa zotsatira za Gulu pa kukula kwa maso pa nthawi zonse zomwe zikuyandikira kufunika F (2) = 3.176, p = 0.051 onani Chithunzi 2.

Chithunzi 2. Mayankho a maso ochititsa mantha (kumanzere) ndi ma graph a m'magawo (kumanja) a magulu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula a Low ( A ), Medium ( B ), ndi High ( C ).

Ngakhale kuti panalibe zotsatira zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kuyanjana, kusiyana kosavuta kunawonetsa zotsatira zazikulu za ERP Group pamagulu a "Zosasangalatsa" ndi "Zachiwawa" 250-563 ms m'malo akutsogolo kwa ubongo. Zotsatira zazikulu pakati pa magulu awiri omwewo a malingaliro zinawonekeranso m'malo akumbuyo panthawi ina (563-875 ms) (Onani Gome 3 ; Chithunzi 3 ). Kusakhalapo kwa zotsatira zazikulu kumatanthauzidwa ngati chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa ERP komwe kumayang'ana kwambiri.

Chithunzi 3. Ma ERPs omwe ali kutsogolo (AF7/AF8) ndi malo a parietal (P5/P6) m'magulu onse a malingaliro a magulu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula otsika, apakati, ndi apamwamba. Onani zotsatira zazikulu zamagulu a malingaliro a "Osasangalatsa" poyerekeza ndi "Achiwawa" 250-563 ms m'malo akutsogolo a ubongo ndi pakati pa 563-875 ms m'madera a parietal.

Gome 3. Chidule cha zotsatira zazikulu za Gulu zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika (ERPs) zomwe sizili bwino poyerekeza ndi zachiwawa.

Kafukufuku wapano adagwiritsa ntchito njira yochokera pamwamba kupita pansi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo nthawi imodzi pofotokoza njira zosiyanasiyana zophunzirira mayankho okhudzana ndi kukhudzidwa ndi kufunika kwawo kwa thupi. Pofuna kuwonetsanso kusiyana kwakukulu, ziwerengero zomveka bwino ndi njira zoyezera khalidwe zomwe zimafuna yankho lodziwikiratu komanso lochita dala motero zimagwiritsa ntchito kukonza chidziwitso cha cortical. Kusinthasintha kwa Startle Reflex ndi muyeso wosazindikira wa kukonza chidziwitso cha raw affective pogwiritsa ntchito kukwezedwa kwa chidwi (onani [ 57 ]) ndipo kumakhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka ubongo wa subcortical, mwachitsanzo, [ 29 ]. Electroencephalography (ndipo kuwonjezera pamenepo, ERP) imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kukonza chidziwitso cha cortical, koma imakhudzanso zomwe zimagwirizana kuchokera ku ubongo wa sub-cortical (makamaka wosazindikira). Tikhoza kunena kuti miyezo yonse ya thupi ndi yosamveka bwino mosiyana ndi magwiridwe antchito odziwikiratu.

Ndi chidziwitso ichi, kodi tingadziwe ngati nthawi zambiri zolaula zimagwiritsira ntchito njira zomwe timazidziwitsira (zozizwitsa) ndi zosadziwika (zowonongeka) zimayankhidwa pazidziwitso za maganizo? Ngakhale kuti Snyder ziwerengero za gulu lirilonse sizinali zosiyana kwambiri-zosonyeza kusiyana kulikonse pakudziwonetsera-zomwe zotsatira zomwe zapezeka mu phunziro laposachedwapa zasonyeza kusagwirizana mwa zotsatira zomwe zinapezedwa mwaziwonetsero ndi zovuta.

Zithunzi "zolaula" zinaonedwa kuti sizosangalatsa kwenikweni ndi gulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepa kuposa gulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula zapakatikati kapena gulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri. Mwina ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepa nthawi zambiri samafuna zinthu zolaula kapena zolaula, kotero gulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepa linapeza kuti kuwonetsa zithunzi "zolaula" panthawi yoyesera sikunali kosangalatsa kwenikweni ngakhale pang'ono. Kufotokozera kwina komwe kungaphatikizepo kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepa sanakhale ndi zithunzi zolaula zambiri ndipo sanazolowere kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zapakatikati kapena zapamwamba. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anthu omwe amaona zolaula kukhala zosasangalatsa angasankhe kusazigwiritsa ntchito ndipo motero amagwera m'gulu logwiritsa ntchito zochepa ndipo kuzolowera sikungakhale chifukwa chake. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, gulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri linaona zithunzi zolaula ngati zosasangalatsa kuposa gulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Olembawo akuti izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha "zofewa" za zithunzi "zolaula" zomwe zili mu database ya IAPS zomwe sizimapereka kuchuluka kwa chilimbikitso chomwe nthawi zambiri amachifuna, monga momwe Harper ndi Hodgins adawonetsera [ 58 ] kuti poonera zithunzi zolaula pafupipafupi, anthu ambiri nthawi zambiri amalowa m'kuonera zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri kuti akhalebe ndi chilakolako chofanana cha thupi. Gulu la malingaliro "okoma" linawona ziwerengero za valence za magulu onse atatu kukhala zofanana kwambiri ndi gulu logwiritsa ntchito kwambiri lomwe linati zithunzizo ndi zosasangalatsa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi magulu ena. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha zithunzi "zokoma" zomwe zaperekedwa zomwe sizikulimbikitsa mokwanira anthu omwe ali mgulu logwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza nthawi zonse kuchepa kwa thupi pokonza zinthu zomwe zimafuna kudya chifukwa cha chizolowezi mwa anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amafunafuna zolaula [ 3 , 7 , 8 ]. Ndi zomwe olembawo akunena kuti izi zitha kuchititsa zotsatira zomwe zawonedwa.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kunawonedwa pakati pa "zosasangalatsa" poyerekeza ndi mkhalidwe "wachiwawa" pakati pa magulu, zomwe zikusiyana ndi zotsatira zomveka bwino. Mukayang'ana ma curve, kuchuluka kwa negative peak kumatha kuwoneka mu gulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepa za mkhalidwe "wosasangalatsa" panthawi ya gawo la LPP la curve (400-500 ms) m'madera onse awiri a ubongo. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zimapezeka mu gawo lamanja la magulu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zapakati ndi zapamwamba. Ngakhale kuti zotsatira izi za laterality sizinapulumuke kusanthula kwa ziwerengero, zomwe zawonedwa zitha kuwonetsa zotsatira zomwe zingachitike za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi. Nsonga yodziwika bwino iyi idawonetsedwanso ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Cuthbert et al. [ 59 ], komwe adapeza kuti madera akutsogolo a ubongo adawonetsa zabwino kwambiri kuposa zithunzi zosasangalatsa, ngakhale mkhalidwe "wosalowerera" mu kafukufuku wawo unali woipa kwambiri. Olemba pepala lomwe latchulidwa pamwambapa anayesa kumvetsetsa kusintha kwabwino kumeneku kwa zithunzi zosangalatsa ponena kuti kungasonyeze kukwiya kowonjezereka m'malo mwa kusiyana kwa valence chifukwa cha zithunzi zosangalatsa zomwe zili mu kafukufuku wawo zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa zochita zodziyimira pawokha (kuyendetsa khungu) m'malo mwa kukwiya kwa malingaliro. Kuphatikiza apo, njira iyi ya asymmetry yakutsogolo ikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi mafunde abwino omwe amapangidwa kumanzere kwa magulu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zapakati komanso zapamwamba. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa zochita zakumanzere zakutsogolo kungagwirizane ndi njira zolimbikitsira njira (onani [ 60 , 61 ]). Izi zikusonyeza kuti chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutsogolo pakuyambitsa zithunzi "zosasangalatsa", ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amatha kuganiza kuti zithunzi zosasangalatsa zili ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.

Kuphatikiza apo, magulu a malingaliro "achiwawa" ndi "osasangalatsa" kudera lamanja akuoneka kuti akutsatira njira yofananayo pang'ono pang'ono (>500 ms) kuchoka pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula otsika kupita pa apakati kupita pa okwera kwambiri—makamaka m'dera lakutsogolo la ubongo. Zomwe zapezekazi zikusonyeza kuti njira yofananayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi akamaonera zithunzi zachiwawa komanso zosasangalatsa poyerekeza ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula otsika pamlingo wosawoneka bwino. Popita kumbuyo kwambiri kumadera okhudzana ndi malingaliro a ubongo, magulu awiri omwewo amalingaliro ("achiwawa" ndi "osasangalatsa"), akuwonekanso kuti akukonzedwa mofanana kwambiri mu gulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri panthawi ya LPP (>500 ms) komwe amakhala osiyana m'magulu ogwiritsa ntchito otsika ndi apakati. Kachitidwe kameneka ka mayankho a thupi kangasonyeze kuti kuwonetsedwa pafupipafupi kuzinthu zolaula kungapangitse kuti anthu azikonda kwambiri ndipo motero ayambe kulakalaka zomwezo, motero zimapangitsa kuti LPP ikule mofanana ndi LPP yopangidwa chifukwa cha chilimbikitso chopewera chomwe chimabwera chifukwa chowonera zithunzi zachiwawa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zawonetsedwa kuti anthu ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zooneka ngati zachiwerewere kapena zankhanza pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha zotsatira zake zochepetsa chidwi cha anthu komanso kufunikira koonera zinthu zatsopano komanso zoopsa kuti ziyambe kudzuka [ 58 ]. Zinthuzi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo mitundu ya zolaula zomwe zimasonyeza nkhanza zosiyanasiyana (zogonana) zomwe anthu omwe ali m'gulu logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri angayambe kuziganizira ndipo motero amayankha zithunzi "zolaula" pamlingo wa thupi mofanana ndi zithunzi "zachiwawa".

Kusinthasintha kwa Startle reflex, monga tafotokozera kale, kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya subcortical affective processing ndi kutsindika momveka bwino pa valence. Monga momwe zinalili, zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti gulu la "zolaula" ndilo losayambitsa mantha kwambiri, ndipo m'magulu onse atatu, gulu la "zachiwawa" la malingaliro linayambitsa yankho lalikulu kwambiri la mantha. Ngakhale kuti zotsatira zomwe zapezeka zinawonetsa kuti p-value ikuyandikira kufunika kokha, poyang'ana ma curve m'maso, zitha kuwoneka kuti pali ma profiles atatu osiyana a mayankho a mantha omwe ali pagulu lililonse. Chizolowezi chikuwoneka chikuyenda kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepa mpaka zapakati mpaka zapamwamba, chifukwa kufalikira kwa mayankho a mantha kukuwoneka kuti kukuwonjezeka mu kusiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, gulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri lili ndi mayankho ambiri a mantha pakati pa magulu amalingaliro osadzutsa (zolaula) ndi omwe amadzutsa kwambiri (zachiwawa). Izi zikusonyeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi amagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi "zolaula" ngati zokonda kwambiri poyerekeza ndi magulu ena a malingaliro pamlingo wosazindikira (komabe, kokha mwamakhalidwe). Zotsatira zomwe zawonedwa zikuwoneka kuti zikutsatira maphunziro ambiri m'munda uno, pomwe kugwedezeka kwa chidwi ndi zolimbikitsa zotsutsa kumabweretsa mayankho apamwamba a amplitude blink poyerekeza ndi zolimbikitsa zosangalatsa [ 32 , 42 , 43 ]. Kufotokozera komwe kungachitike chifukwa chake gulu logwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri lidawonetsa kuchepa pang'ono kwa kugwedezeka kwa zithunzi zolaula kungakhale chifukwa cha zithunzi zonse zomwe zidaperekedwa zomwe mwina zinali zatsopano kwa ophunzirawo ndipo chifukwa chake kugwedezeka kwawo kosazindikira kunawonetsa kuti chinali chilimbikitso chosangalatsa chomwe sichinapitirire chizolowezi. Monga momwe zilili, zingakhale zosangalatsa kudziwa momwe kuwonera zithunzi zomwezo mobwerezabwereza kungakhale ndi zotsatira, monga momwe kafukufuku wakale adasonyezera kuti kuwonera mobwerezabwereza zolaula kumabweretsa kugwedezeka kwa maso kwambiri ku probe ya startle chifukwa chakuti zinthuzo zimakhala zosasangalatsa komanso zosokoneza [ 41 ]. Kugwedezeka kwakukulu kwa amplitude komwe kumawoneka m'magulu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepa komanso zapakati kungafotokozedwe ndi omwe ali mgululi mwadala kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, chifukwa angaone kuti sizosangalatsa kwambiri. Kapenanso, zotsatira zomwe zapezeka zitha kukhala chifukwa cha chizolowezi, pomwe anthu m'magulu awa amaonera zolaula zambiri kuposa zomwe adazinena momveka bwino—mwina chifukwa cha manyazi pakati pa ena, chifukwa zotsatira za chizolowezi zawonetsedwa kuti zikuwonjezera kuyankha kwa maso odabwa [ 41 , 42 ].

Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero chofunikira chopezeka sichingakhale chomwe chikayembekezeredwa, chikhalidwe chikuwoneka chikuchokera kuchokera ku deta yomwe ikuwonetsa kusokonezeka pakati pa ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula omwe nthawi zambiri ndi ochepa. Ndizowona momwe olembawo amaonera kuti kusowa kwa konkireti kungakhale chifukwa cha nambala zochepa za ophunzira. Gulu lalikulu likhoza kuonjezera mphamvu zowononga zotsatira zamphamvu. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti zochitika zomwe zimachitika pazinthu zapadera za phunziroli zikuperekanso njira zina zomwe zimafukufuku zikuphatikizira kuwonetsera kwabwino.

Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wapano anali wokwanira, panalibe zoletsa zomwe sizingapeweke. Tiyenera kunena kuti zithunzi zomwe zinapanga gulu la "zolaula" zomwe zapezeka kudzera mu database ya IAPS zitha kuonedwa ngati chiwonetsero chakale cha zolaula kapena zolaula poyerekeza ndi zomwe zingatanthauzidwe ngati "zolaula wamba" zomwe, m'nthawi yamakono, ndizokulirapo komanso zokopa maso. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo angafunike kugwiritsa ntchito database yazithunzi zamakono kuti afotokoze kusintha kwa zikhalidwe. Komanso, mwina ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri adachepetsa mayankho awo okhudzana ndi kugonana panthawi ya kafukufukuyu. Kufotokozera kumeneku kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi [ 7 , 8 ] pofotokoza zotsatira zawo zomwe zidawonetsa chilimbikitso chofooka chomwe chimawonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa LPP (late positive potential) ku zithunzi zolaula ndi anthu omwe akunena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosalamulirika. Kukula kwa LPP kwawonetsedwa kuti kumachepa pakachepetsedwa mwadala [ 62 , 63 ]. Chifukwa chake, LPP yoletsedwa ku zithunzi zolaula ikhoza kulongosola kusowa kwa zotsatira zazikulu zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu m'magulu onse chifukwa cha vutoli la "zolaula". Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuti ophunzirawo saloledwa kudziseweretsa maliseche pamene akuonera zithunzi zolaula (kapena pankhaniyi, zolaula) panthawi yoyeserera, zomwe angachite mosiyana [ 64 ].

Zomwe zinachititsanso kuti pulogalamuyi ikhale yophatikizapo kuti zigawenga zigawidwe zikhale zogawanika pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe zimadziwika. Monga momwe kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ziphunzitso zokhudzana ndi zolaula amachitika posakhalitsa, sipangakhalepo zida zokhudzana ndi thupi kapena zochitika za thupi zomwe zimathandiza kusiyanitsa pakati, kunena kuti, "pansi" kapena "mkulu" gulu. Nkhani yowoneka mwa njirayi ikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha olemba ena omwe sakufunsidwapo kapena akufotokozera zochitika zawo zolaula. Kuwonjezera apo, kafukufuku wamakono sanadalire zitsanzo zachipatala ndi zolaula zomwe zimadziwika ndi zamagetsi zimayambitsa mavuto. Gulu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa phunziroli likupezeka mkati mwa "zachizolowezi" zomwe zimakhala zosagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe zingatchulidwe kuti sizinali zofunikira kwenikweni ndipo kotero sizingaperekedwe ngati zotsatira zamphamvu monga kuyerekezera pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda omwe amapezeka ndi omwe alibe mankhwala.

Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe zalembedwa mu pepalali kusiyanitsa pakati pa magulu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zimatha kuwonetsa kuwongolera m'malo motupa. Chiyanjano chikhoza kukopeka poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe akudya mowa. Zonse zolaula ndi kumwa mowa zingakhale zokondweretsa komanso zomwe zingawonongeke ndi anthu ambiri, koma ndi ochepa okha omwe amachitapo mbali kwambiri m'makhalidwe amenewa mpaka pamene amachititsa kuti anthu azivutika komanso kuti asokonezeke. N'zosakayikitsa kuti gulu lathu linali ndi anthu omwe sakhala ndi zovuta zowonongeka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Kuphunzira za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso ndi chinthu chaposachedwa, ndipo pakufunika kupanga mafunso ofanana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi zotsatira zake zodziwika. Pali miyeso ndi miyeso yambiri yomwe yakhazikitsidwa kale yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira mbali zosiyanasiyana za khalidwe la kugonana, pakati pawo: Muyeso Wokakamiza Kugonana [ 65 ], Mafunso Okhudza Kulakalaka Zithunzi Zolaula [ 66 ], Muyeso wa Zotsatira za Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula [ 67 ], ndi Muyeso Wogwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Zovuta [ 68 ], koma ndi kusintha kwachangu kwa anthu kupeza zolaula kudzera pa intaneti ndi zomwe zilipo, zinthu zambiri zomwe zili pa sikelozi zitha kuwonedwa ngati zakale ndipo ziyenera kusinthidwa, koma chifukwa cha kusowa kwa muyeso womwe ulipo, wotsimikizika bwino komanso wolondola m'maganizo, maphunziro ambiri (monga tachitira) asankha kupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zawozawo zomwe zapangidwa mkati, zomangidwa komanso zopangidwa ndi cholinga komanso njira zopezera zigoli pomwe ena (makamaka omwe amaphunzira za chizolowezi cha zolaula) angosintha masikelo omwe alipo kale a chizolowezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndikuyika chinthu choledzeretsa (monga mowa, cocaine, heroin, ndi zina zotero) ndi mawu akuti zolaula. Vuto ndi izi ndi kusowa kwa kubwerezabwereza komanso kutsimikizika kwa muyeso kuti mupeze zotsatira zolondola komanso zolondola pakati pa maphunziro omwe ali m'munda uno.

Mwachidule, ngakhale kuti miyeso yonse inawonetsa zotsatira zofunika (kapena pafupi ndi zofunika), ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti kusiyana komwe kunawonedwa mu ziwerengero zomveka sikunali kusiyana komwe kunawonedwa mu miyeso ya thupi. Mofanana ndi kukonza chidziwitso cha mawu komwe kunachitika kugawanika pakati pa mayankho omveka bwino ndi osamveka (onani [ 69 ]) izi zikusonyeza kuti pali zifukwa zomveka zotsimikizira kuti popeza pali kusiyana momwe chidziwitso chokhudzidwa chimagwiritsidwira ntchito mwanzeru komanso mosazindikira, palibe njira imodzi yoyezera yomwe ingapereke kufotokozera kolondola kwa momwe munthu alili ndi malingaliro enieni. Ponena izi, njira zambiri zokhazikika zomwe zimaphatikizapo njira zoyesera zosamveka bwino komanso zowonekera bwino zingafunike kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ziwunikire mbali zonse zosiyanasiyana za kukonza kwamalingaliro zomwe zimayambitsa malingaliro. Ndithudi, kafukufuku wokha sabweretsa zotsatira zabwino.

Olembawo akufuna kuthokoza Ross Fulham chifukwa cha thandizo lake lovomerezeka ndi EEG komanso kusokoneza deta. Iye ndi munthu wodabwitsa yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chofunikira, luso ndi luso.

Sajeev Kunaharan, Sean Halpin, Thiagarajan Sitharthan, Shannon Bosshard ndi Peter Walla adalenga ndikupanga zoyesayesa; Sajeev Kunaharan adayesera izi; Sajeev Kunaharan ndi Peter Walla adafufuza deta; Sajeev Kunaharan, Sean Halpin ndi Peter Walla anathandizira zipangizo / zofufuza; Sajeev Kunaharan ndi Peter Walla analemba pepala; Sean Halpin, Thiagarajan Sitharthan ndi Shannon Bosshard adapereka zolemba zawo ndikulemba kuphatikizapo malingaliro ndi malingaliro. Olemba onse anathandiza kwambiri ntchitoyi.

Olembawo amanena kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.

1. Ulemu, EL; Mullan, B ;; Blaszczynski, A. Msonkhano Pakati pa Kuonera Zolaula pa Intaneti ndi Kuopsa kwa Kugonana kwa Anthu Omwe Akugonana Akuluakulu a ku Australia. Mu Proceedings of the Australiasian Society of Behavioral Helath and Medicine, Auckland, New Zealand, 12-14 February 2014. [Google Scholar]
2. Fisher, WA; Barak, A. Kuwonetsa zolaula pa intaneti: Maganizo okhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu pa kugonana kwa intaneti. J. Kugonana. Res. 2001, 38, 312-323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
3. Kühn, S.; Gallinat, J. Brain mawonekedwe ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito zogwirizana ndi zolaula: Ubongo pa zolaula. JAMA Psychiatry 2014, 71, 827-834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
4. Cooper, A. Zogonana ndi intaneti: Kupitiliza kulowa mu Zakachikwi zatsopano. CyberPsychol. Behav. 1998, 1, 187-193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
5. Reid, RC; Mmisiri wamatabwa, BN; Nkhumba, JN; Garos, S.; Manning, JC; Gilliland, R .; Cooper, EB; McKittrick, H ;; Davtian, M .; Fong, T. Lipoti la zofukufuku mu DSM-5 mayesero pamunda chifukwa cha matenda a hypersexual. J. Kugonana. Med. 2012, 9, 2868-2877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
6. Allen, M ;; Emmers, T .; Gebhardt, L .; Giery, MA Kuwonetsera ku Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Kuvomereza Zopeka Zogwiririra. J. Commun. 1995, 45, 5-26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
7. Pemphero, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Sabatinelli, D. Zomwe zingatheke kukhala ndi zithunzi zolaula zogonana zogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana. Soc. Dziwani. Zakhudza. Neurosc. 2015, 10, 93-100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
8. Pemphero, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Sabatinelli, D ;; Hajcak, G. Kusinthasintha kwa zizindikiro zabwino zowonongeka ndi kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zovuta zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi "zolaula". Ubweya. Psychol. 2015, 109, 192-199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
9. Roberts, A .; Yang, M .; Ullrich, S .; Zhang, T .; Coid, J .; Mfumu, R .; Murphy, R. Men kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ku UK: Kukula komanso kugwirizana ndi khalidwe labwino. Mzere. Kugonana. Behav. 2015, 16360. [Google Scholar]
10. Buzzell, T .; Foss, D .; Middleton, Z. Kufotokozera za zolaula pa intaneti: Kuyesedwa kwa kudziletsa kudziletsa komanso mwayi wotsutsa. J. Crim. Justice Pop. Chipembedzo. 2006, 13, 96-116. [Google Scholar]
11. Hilton, DL, Jr .; Watts, C. Kuzoloŵera zolaula: Maganizo a ubongo. Opaleshoni. Neurol. Int. 2011, 2, 19. [Google Scholar] [Adasankhidwa]
12. Mancini, C .; Reckdenwald, A .; Beauregard, E. Pornographic kuwonetsa moyo ndi kuopsa kwa zolakwa zogonana: zotsatira zotsatila ndi zakathari. J. Crim. Justice 2012, 40, 21-30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
13. Seto, MC Psychophysiological kafukufuku wokhudza kugonana kwa paraphilic Mu Psychophysiology of Sex; Janssen, E., Ed ;; University of Indiana Press: Bloomington, IN, USA, 2007; pp. 475-491. [Google Scholar]
14. Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Fong, T .; Pembedzero, N. Chilakolako cha kugonana, osati chiwerewere, chimakhudzana ndi mayankho okhudza kugonana. Socioaffect. Neurosci. Psychol. 2013, 3, 20770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
15. Vega, V .; Malamuth, NM Kuwonetsa zachiwawa zogonana: Udindo wa zolaula pazomwe zimakhala zoopsa. Aggress. Behav. 2007, 33, 104-117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
16. Wright, PJ; Tokunaga, RS; Kraus, A. Meta-Kusanthula Zolaula Zochita ndi Zoona Zochitika Zachiwerewere mu Zophunzira Zambiri za Anthu. J. Commun. 2015, 66, 183-205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
17. Paolucci, EO; Genuis, M .; Violato, C. Kufufuza kafukufuku wofalitsidwa pa zotsatira za zolaula. Med. Mind Adolesc. 1997, 72, 1-2. [Google Scholar]
18. Johnson, SA Udindo wapa zolaula pamilandu yakugonana: Zambiri zakuwongolera malamulo & akatswiri azamisala. Int. J. Emerg. Kulankhula. Thanzi Labwino. Kukhazikika. 2015, 17, 239-242. [Google Scholar]
19. Thupi, GM; Malamuth, NM; Yuen, C. Zithunzi zolaula ndi malingaliro othandizira nkhanza kwa amayi: Kubwereranso mgwirizano mu maphunziro osaphunzira. Aggress. Behav. 2010, 36, 14-20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
20. Ferguson, CJ; Hartley, RD Zosangalatsa ndi zazing'ono ... zodetsa nkhalango? Kuonerera zolaula pa kugwiriridwa ndi kugonana. Aggress. Behav wachiwawa. 2009, 14, 323-329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
21. Szymanski, DM; Stewart-Richardson, DN Psychological, ubale, komanso zogonana zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito anyamata achikulire omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pachibwenzi. J. Amuna Amuna. 2014, 22, 64-82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
22. Conner, SR Frequency of Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Mwachindunji Kugwirizana ndi Kugonana Kwathu Kudalirika Kudzera mu Kugonjetsedwa ndi Zizindikiro Zowonongeka pakati pa Achinyamata Achinyamata Achi China. Master's Thesis, University of Kansas State, Manhattan, KS, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
23. Park, BY; Wilson, G ;; Berger, J ;; Christman, M ;; Reina, B .; Bishop, F .; Klam, WP; Doan, AP Kodi zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti zimayambitsa zovuta zogonana? Kubwereza ndi Malipoti a Clinic. Behav. Sci. 2016, 6, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
24. Mavratzakis, A .; Herbert, C .; Walla, P. Maonekedwe a nkhope pamtima amachititsa kuti anthu ayankhe mofulumira, koma zofooketsa m'maganizo a neural ndi makhalidwe awo poyerekeza ndi masewero: EEG imodzi imodzi ndi phunziro la nkhope ya EMG. Neuroimage 2016, 124, 931-946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
25. Linden, DE P300: Kodi mu ubongo imatulutsidwa ndipo imatiuza chiyani? Wasayansi 2005, 11, 563-576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
26. Onani, V .; Mole, TB; Banca, P .; Porter, L .; Morris, L .; Mitchell, S .; Lapa, TR; Karr, J .; Harrison, NA; Potenza, MN; et al. Neural correlates of reactivity cac reactivity kwa anthu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe opanda kugonana. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e102419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
27. Minnix, JA; Versace, F .; Robinson, JD; Lam, CY; Engelmann, JM; Cui, Y ;; Borwn, VL; Cinciripini, PM Chokhazikika (LPP) poyankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maganizo ndi fodya kwa osuta fodya. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2013, 89, 18-25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
28. Mavratzakis, A .; Molloy, E .; Walla, P. Kusinthasintha kwa chisangalalo cha chisangalalo panthawi yochepa komanso yosasunthika. Psychology 2013, 4, 389-395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
29. Lang, PJ; Bradley, MM; Cuthbert, BN Emotion, chidwi, ndi chisangalalo cha chisangalalo. Psychol. Chiv. 1990, 97, 377-395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
30. Patrick, CJ; Bradley, MM; Lang, PJ Chisokonezo m'maganizo a psychopath: Startle reflex modulation. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1993, 102, 82-92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
31. Lyons, GS; Walla, P .; Arthur-Kelly, M. Pofuna njira zabwino zodziwira ana omwe ali ndi zolemala zambiri: Kuwunika startle reflex kufanana. Dev. Neurorehabil. 2013, 16, 340-344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
32. Ehrlichman, H ;; Brown Kuhl, S .; Zhu, J ;; Wrrenburg, S. Startle reflex kufotokozera ndi zokoma ndi zosangalatsa zofukiza pakati pakati-maphunziro kupanga. Psychophysiology 1997, 34, 726-729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
33. Dawson, ME; Hazlett, EA; Filioni, DL; Nuechterlein, KH; Schell, AM Chisamaliro ndi schizophrenia: Kusamvetsetsana koyambira kwa reflective reflex. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1993, 102, 633-641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
34. Grahl, A .; Wolemba mabuku, U .; Walla, P. Pulogalamu ya botolo imapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi maganizo osiyana ndi azimayi. Psychology 2012, 7, 548-554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
35. Geiser, M .; Walla, P. Zolinga zamalingaliro panthawi yomwe amayenda kudutsa m'midzi yambiri. Appl. Sci. 2011, 1, 1-11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
36. Walla, P .; Rosser, L .; Scharfenberger, J ;; Duregger, C .; Bosshard, S. Umwini wokhumudwa: Zosiyana zosiyana pa ziwonetsero zomveka ndi mayankho omveka. Psychology 2013, 4, 213-216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
37. Koller, M .; Walla, P. Kuyeza Zochita Zowonongeka Zowonetsera Zomwe Amafufuza ndi Kufufuza Kafukufuku-Kuwunika Startle Reflex Kulinganiza. Mu Zochitika za Msonkhano Wadziko Lonse wa 33rd pa Zolinga Zopangira Mauthenga, Orlando, FL, USA, 16-19 December 2012. [Google Scholar]
38. Walla, P .; Koller, M .; Meier, J. Consumer sayansi ya ubongo kudziwitsa ogula-Njira zamagulu pofuna kuzindikira mawonekedwe a maonekedwe okhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Kutsogolo. Hum. Neurosci. 2014, 8, 304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
39. Walla, P .; Koller, M. Emotion siyomwe mukuganiza kuti ndi: Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM) monga chiwerengero cha kugwiritsira ntchito mu Neurols. Zowonjezera Zophatikiza mu Zipangizo Zogwiritsira Ntchito Zolinga ndi bungwe: Njira Zowunikira ndi Sayansi; Kusindikiza kwa International Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2015; Vuto 10, pp. 181-186. [Google Scholar]
40. Koller, M .; Walla, P. Potsata njira zina zothetsera malingaliro okhudzana ndi kumwa: Kuwunika kayendedwe ka startle reflex. J. Agric. Chakudya Chakudya. 2015, 13, 83-88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
41. Koukounas, E ;; Koposa, R. Changes poyambira pa nthawi yomwe amayamba kugonana. Behav. Res. Ther. 2000, 38, 573-584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
42. Jansen, DM; Frijda, NH Kulingalira kwa kuyankhidwa koyambirira kwa mafilimu ndi mantha owonetsedwa ndi mafilimu ndi kukakamiza kugonana. Psychophysiology 1994, 31, 565-571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
43. Ruiz-Padial, E ;; Vila, J. Owopsya ndi Zithunzi Zogonana Zosasamala Zomwe Zikuwonetseratu Pulogalamu Yoyambira Pakati pa Anthu. Ubweya. Psychiatry 2007, 61, 996-1001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
44. Kunaharan, S.; Walla, P. Clinical Neuroscience - Kulimbitsa Ubwino Wopanda Kumvetsetsa Potsata Njira Zoganizira Zomwe Zimakhudzidwa ndi Zopweteka Zowonongeka ndi Zithunzi Zolaula. Psychology 2014, 5, 1963-1966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
45. Wiederman, MW; Buku la Whitley, BE, Jr. lotsogolera kufufuza za kugonana kwa anthu; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
46. Davidson, RJ Zisanu ndi Zachiwiri pakusanthula maganizo: Zokonzedwanso kuchokera ku zokhudzana ndi ubongo. Kuzindikira Ubongo. 2003, 52, 129-132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
47. Koukounas, E ;; McCabe, MP Kugonana ndi Zisokonezo Zotsutsa Kugonana kwa Erotica: Kafukufuku wa Zaganizo. Mzere. Kugonana. Behav. 2001, 30, 393-408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
48. Walla, P .; Brenner, G ;; Koller, M. Zolinga zamalingaliro okhudzana ndi malingaliro a mtundu: Njira yatsopano yowerengera zochitika zokhudzana ndi maganizo okhudzana ndi malonda. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e26782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
49. Walla, P. Opanda kuzindikira za ubongo Womwe amavumbulutsidwa ndi Magnetoencephalography (MEG). Mu Magnetoencephalography; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia, 2011. [Google Scholar]
50. Winkielman, P .; Berridge, KC Chisamaliro chosadziwika. Curr. Dula. Psychol. Sci. 2004, 13, 120-123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
51. Tamietto, M .; de Gelder, B. Neural maziko a malingaliro osadziwika a zizindikiro zamaganizo. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2010, 11, 697-709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
52. LimeSurvey: Chida Chotsegula Chofufuza / LimeSurvey Project Hamburg, Gemrnay. 2012. Ipezeka pa intaneti: http://www.limesurvey.org (yofikira pa 1-30 June 2015).
53. Snyder, M. Kudziyendetsa bwino khalidwe labwino. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1974, 30, 526-537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
54. Ulemu, EL; Mullan, B ;; Blaszczynski, A. Msonkhano pakati pa zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa ogula akuluakulu: Kuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2015, 18, 59-71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
55. Lang, PJ; Bradley, MM; Cuthbert, BN International Maonekedwe a Chithunzi (IAPS): Zotsatira za Zithunzi ndi Buku Lophunzitsira; Zojambula Zamakono A-8; University of Florida: Gainesville, FL, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
56. Van Dongen, NNN; Van Strien, JW; Dijkstra, K. Malamulo okhudza maganizo okhudza zojambulajambula: Umboni wa ERP poyankha zithunzi zosangalatsa komanso zosasangalatsa. Kuzindikira Ubongo. 2016, 107, 48-54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
57. Konorski, J. Kuphatikiza Zochita za Ubongo: Njira Yophunzitsira; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1967. [Google Scholar]
58. Harper, C ;; Hodgins, DC Kufufuza zofananirana za zolaula zolaula pa intaneti zimagwiritsa ntchito ophunzira a yunivesite. J. Behav. Kusokoneza. 2016, 5, 179-191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
59. Cuthbert, BN; Schupp, HT; Bradley, MM; Birbaumer, N .; Lang, PJ Ubongo woyenera muchithunzi chogwiritsira ntchito chithunzi: Kuphatikizidwa ndi chidziwitso chovomerezeka ndi chenicheni. Ubweya. Psychol. 2000, 52, 95-111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
60. Harmon-Jones, E .; Gable, PA; Peterson, CK Udindo wa ntchito yopanda malire yowonongeka m'malingaliro okhudzidwa ndi zokopa: Kupenda ndikusintha. Ubweya. Psychol. 2010, 84, 451-462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
61. Hofman, D. Kukhalanso kutsogolo kwa malingaliro: Zochitika mwachidule. Neth. J. Psychol. 2008, 64, 112-118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
62. Hajcak, G ;; MacNamara, A .; Olvet, DM Zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika, zokhudzidwa, ndi zotengeka: Kuwonetserana kwakukulu. Dev. Neuropsychol. 2010, 35, 129-155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
63. Sarlo, M .; Ubel, S .; Leutgeb, V .; Schienle, A. Kuzindikira kuyesayesa kumaperewera poyesera kuchepetsa kufunika kwa chakudya: Kufufuza kwa ERP. Ubweya. Psychol. 2013, 94, 507-512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
64. Hald, GM Kusiyanasiyana pakati pa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa achinyamata akuluakulu a ku Denmark. Mzere. Kugonana. Behav. 2006, 35, 577-585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
65. Kalichman, SC; Rompa, D. Kufunafuna Kugonana ndi Kugonana Magulu: Kuvomerezeka, Ndikulingalira Mchitidwe Wowopsa wa HIV. J. Pers. Yesani. 1995, 65, 586-601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
66. Kraus, S .; Rosenberg, H. Mafunso Okhudzana ndi Kuonera Zolaula: Zapangidwe Zapakati. Mzere. Kugonana. Behav. 2014, 43, 451-462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
67. Thupi, GM; Malamuth, NM Zomwe zimadziwika ndi zotsatira za zolaula zolaula. Mzere. Kugonana. Behav. 2008, 37, 614-625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
68. Kor, A .; Zilcha-Mano, S .; Fogel, YA; Mikulincer, M ;; Reid, RC; Potenza, MN Kukula kwa maganizo a zovuta zolaula Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Kusokoneza. Behav. 2014, 39, 861-868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa]
69. Rugg, MD; Mark, RE; Walla, P .; Schloerscheidt, AM; Birch, CS; Allan, K. Dissociation ya neural correlates ya chikumbumtima chosamveka ndi chodziwika bwino. Chilengedwe 1998, 392, 595-598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Adasankhidwa