Ndemanga YBOP: Kafukufuku watsopano amafotokoza zinthu zingapo zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula (kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti), monga: neuroticism & nkhawa, nkhanza, nkhanza, kuchepa kwa mayanjano, njira zosagwirira ntchito, ndi zina zambiri.
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J Behav Addict. 2019 Dec 23: 1-10. pitani: 10.1556 / 2006.8.2019.69.
Studer J1, Marmet S1, Wicki M.1, Gmel G1,2,3,4.
Kudalirika
ZOKHUDZA NDI ZOTHANDIZA:
Kugwiritsa ntchito cybersex (CU) ndikofala kwambiri pakati pa anthu aku Switzerland, makamaka pakati pa anyamata. CU itha kukhala ndi zoyipa ngati izi zitha kuwonongeka. Kafukufukuyu akuti kuchuluka kwa CU, kuchuluka kwa CU (FCU), ndi CU yovuta (PCU) ndi ma correlates awo.
ZITSANZO:
Mulingo wosasankha wa anyamata achichepere aku Switzerland (N = 5,332, zikutanthauza zaka = 25.45) adamaliza kufunsa mafunso ofufuza FCU ndi PCU, sociodemographics (zaka, dera lazilankhulo, ndi maphunziro), kugonana (kukhala pachibwenzi, kuchuluka kwa omwe amagonana nawo, komanso malingaliro azakugonana), kuthana ndi vuto (kudzikana, kudzikonda -kuchotsa, kudziletsa, ndi kudziimba mlandu), ndi mikhalidwe yaumunthu (kupsa mtima / nkhanza, kucheza, nkhawa / kukhudzika, komanso kufunafuna chidwi). Mabungwe adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zovuta komanso mitundu yoyipa yoipa.
ZOKHUDZA:
Osachepera pamwezi CU idanenedwa ndi 78.6% ya omwe adachita nawo. CU idalumikizidwa bwino ndi sukulu ya sekondale (vs. pulayimale), Chijeremani (cholankhula Chifalansa), kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kutsutsana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (vesi limodzi), kukomerana kupatula kukana), ndi mikhalidwe yonse kupatula kuyanjana, koma moipa ndi kukhala paubwenzi (vs. osati), zaka, komanso chikhalidwe. FCU idalumikizidwa bwino ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, osagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kusawerengeka (kupatula kukana), komanso mikhalidwe yonse kupatula kuyanjana, koma molakwika ndi ukalamba, kukhala muubwenzi, komanso kucheza. PCU idalumikizidwa bwino ndi kusangalala pamodzi, zibwenzi zinayi kapena kupitilira apo, kusinthasintha zochitika, ndi machitidwe onse kupatula kuyanjana, koma molakwika ndi olankhula Chijeremani komanso ochezeka.
ZOKAMBIRANA NDI MALANGIZO:
CU iyenera kuwonedwa potengera mayanjano ake ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, zogonana, komanso zamaganizidwe. Ogwira ntchito zaumoyo ayenera kuganizira izi kuti athe kusintha njira zawo mogwirizana ndi zosowa za odwala.
MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA: Phunziro la Cohort pa Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zangozi; kuthana; cybersex; umunthu; kugonana; chikhalidweodemographics
PMID: 31868514
Introduction
Kugwiritsa ntchito pa cybersex (CU) kumatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuchita zolaula, kuphatikizapo zolaula kapena kutumizirana mauthenga olaula (Zolemba, Delmonico, & Griffin, 2007; Cooper, Delmonico, Griffin-Shelley, & Mathy, 2004; Cooper & Griffin-Shelley, 2002). Ngakhale CU ndi yopanda vuto kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri, kupezeka, kusadziwika, komanso kuthekera kwa zolaula za pa intaneti zitha kuyambitsa vuto la CU (PCU) yokhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwa anthu ena (Allen, Kannis-Dymand, & Katsikitis, 2017; Cooper, 1998; Cooper, Scherer, Boies, & Gordon, 1999). Kafukufukuyu adayesa kuwerengera kufalikira kwa CU, kuchuluka kwa CU (FCU), ndi PCU pakati pa anyamata achichepere aku Swiss, komanso kuyanjana kwawo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kugonana, komanso malingaliro.
Mitengo ya presoness ya CU imasiyana kwambiri pakati pa maphunziro kuchokera pa 33% mpaka 75% (onani Wéry & Billieux, 2017 kuwunikira). Komabe, ambiri mwa maphunziro omwe amaphatikizidwa ndikuwunika komweko adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zazing'ono kapena zosayimira. Ngakhale kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuyanjana kwabwino pakati pa CU ndi zotsatira zoyipa ndi zizolowezero zosokoneza bongo, pakadali pano palibe mgwirizano pa lingaliro ndi kupezeka kwa kuzolowera kwa cybersex kapena kukakamizidwa (Grubbs, Stauner, Exline, Pargament, & Lindberg, 2015; Wéry & Billieux, 2017). Maganizo osiyanasiyana achititsa kuti pakhale malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndi matanthauzidwe ena, mwachitsanzo, chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti, chizolowezi zolaula pa intaneti, chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti (OSC), komanso kukakamiza CU (de Alarcón, de Iglesia, Casado, & Montejo, 2019; Delmonico & Miller, 2003; Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019; Wéry & Billieux, 2017). M'mabuku, zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa mawu ena monga osokoneza or kukakamizidwa (Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019). Kuphatikizira magawo onse amalingaliro, pepalali limagwiritsa ntchito mawuwo kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta pa intaneti (PCU). PCU imatanthawuza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira muyeso komanso kosalamulirika kwa ma cybersex komwe kumabweretsa mavuto azikhalidwe, zaumunthu, komanso ntchito, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zizindikilo zofananira ndi zizolowezi zina, mwachitsanzo, kukhumba kosalekeza kapena kuyesayesa kosakwanitsa kuletsa CU, malingaliro osalekeza komanso olakwika okhudzana ndi CU, CU yokhudza kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro, zizindikiritso zakutha, kulekerera, ndi zovuta zinaZojambula, 2000; Carnes et al., 2007; Grov et al., 2008; Wéry & Billieux, 2017). Mitengo yoyambira ya PCU imachokera pa 5.6% mpaka 17% (onani Wéry & Billieux, 2017 kuti mubwereze).
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti CU ndi PCU adalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana yokhudza kugonana komanso chikhalidwe. Mitengo inaonetsedwa kukhala yapamwamba kwambiri kuposa abambo kuposa amayi (Döring, Daneback, Shaughnessy, Grov, & Byers, 2017; Giordano & Cashwell, 2017; Luder et al., 2011; Morgan, 2011; Wolak, Mitchell, & Finkelhor, 2007) ndi mwa iwo omwe amafotokoza maphunziro apamwamba (Træen, Nilsen, & Stigum, 2006). CU idalumikizananso ndi zaka. Mitengo ya presoness idapezeka ikukwera kuyambira azaka 10 mpaka 17 ((Wolak et al., 2007) komanso kuchepera zaka 18 mpaka 24 (Daneback, Cooper, & Månsson, 2005). Ponena za mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhudza kugonana, zinapezeka kuti kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000; Daneback et al., 2005; Giordano & Cashwell, 2017; Peter & Valkenburg, 2011,, kukhala wosakwatiwa (Ballester-Arnal, Castro-Calvo, Gil-Llario, ndi Giménez-García, 2014; Cooper et al., 2000; Cooper, Griffin-Shelley, Delmonico, & Mathy, 2001, komanso kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo zogonana (Braun-Courville & Rojas, 2009; Daneback et al., 2005) onse adalumikizidwa ndi CU kapena PCU.
Monga zovuta zamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zidakwa ndi matenda osokoneza bongo a chamba (mwachitsanzo, Cooper, Frone, Russell, & Mudar, 1995; Zvolensky et al., 2007), zifukwa za CU zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri azolimbikitsidwa komanso olimbikitsa (onani Grubbs, Wright, Braden, Wilt, & Kraus, 2019 kuti muwone). Kumbali ina, kugonana pa intaneti nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosangalatsa, monga kukhutiritsa kugonana, zosangalatsa, komanso kukakamiza chilakolako. Grubbs, Wright, ndi al. (2019) adapereka kafukufuku wambiri, zomwe zidawonetsa kuti mikhalidwe yomwe ili yolumikizidwa ndi zokonda zokondweretsa, monga kufuna kutengeka ndi zamiseche, zidali zogwirizana ndi CU. Izi zikuthandizira kuti kufunafuna malingaliro kungapangitse anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazolinga zosangalatsa. Komabe, cybersex imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kaamba ka kuthana ndi kayendedwe ka malingaliro (Grubbs, Wright, et al., 2019). Mogwirizana ndi izi, kafukufuku wambiri adawonetsa kuti osati kupsinjika, kukhumudwitsidwa, komanso kuthetsa nkhawa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolinga za CU, komanso zochitika zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zovuta, monga zizindikiro zosautsa (mwachitsanzo, Varfi et al., 2019; Weaver et al., 2011) komanso kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo (mwachitsanzo Peter & Valkenburg, 2011,, ndizogwirizana ndi CU.
Kutengera ndi zomwe zapezazi, munthu akhoza kuyembekezera kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta kuthana nawo kapena omwe ali ndi mikhalidwe yolumikizidwa ndi zoyipa sizingachitike ku CU ndi PCU. Komabe, kuwunikiridwa ndi Grubbs, Wright, et al. (2019) sananene zaumboni wokhudzana ndi mayendedwe amunthu omwe amathandizira kuthana ndi kusamalira malingaliro (mwachitsanzo, neuroticism) ndi CU. Komabe, kafukufuku wachitatu waposachedwa wanena za mayanjano amenewa. Wéry, Deleuze, Canale, ndi Billieux (2018) idapeza mayanjano abwino pakati pa PCU komanso kuthana ndi vuto lalikulu, mawonekedwe osafunikira owonetsa chizolowezi chochita zinthu mopupuluma. Kuphatikiza apo, Egan ndi Parmar (2013) komanso Shimoni, Dayan, Cohen, ndi Weinstein (2018) yawonetsa mayanjano abwino pakati pa CU ndi neuroticism yayikulu. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mayanjano apakati pa machitidwe omwe adalumikizidwa pazolinga zokonda kusangalatsa ndi CU ndi PCU athandizidwa ndi magawo angapo osinthira, pali umboni wochepa womwe ukugwirizana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa CU ndi PCU ndi njira zosagwirizana ndikulimbana ndi mikhalidwe yolumikizana ndi kusakhudzidwa.
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu awonetsa kuti CU ndi PCU adalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chikhalidwe, zogonana, komanso malingaliro. Komabe, maphunzirowa ndi osowa ndipo ndi ochepa chifukwa ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zosavuta. Kafukufukuyu cholinga chake chinali kuthana ndi izi pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu waukulu, wosasankha wa amuna achichepere a ku Switzerland kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa CU, FCU, ndi PCU ndikufufuza mayanjano awo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chikhalidwe, zogonana, komanso malingaliro. Ponena za kusiyana pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi anthu, timaganiza kuti maphunziro okwanira, osakwatira, osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, opitilira m'modzi azigwirizana ndi CU, FCU, ndi PCU, pomwe zaka zidzalumikizana molakwika. Pankhani ya kusiyanasiyana kwamalingaliro, tikuyembekeza mayanjano abwino osokoneza bongo, mikhalidwe yokhudzana ndi zokonda zosangalatsa, komanso kuyanjana ndi CU, FCU, ndi PCU
Njira
Zambiri zidatengedwa pazofunsa lachitatu la kafukufuku wa Cohort Study on Substance-Use Risk Factors. Ku Switzerland, kuwunika kuyeneretsedwa kwa wankhondo, boma, kapena palibe ntchito ndizofunikira kwa anyamata onse, kupereka mwayi wapadera wolembetsa anthu osachita kusankha azaka za 19 azaka zosankhidwa. Pakati pa Ogasiti 2010 ndi Novembala 2011, anyamata onse omwe ankapereka lipoti ku Lausanne (olankhula Chifalansa), Windisch, ndi Mels (olankhula Chijeremani) adayitanidwa kuti achite nawo phunziroli. Onse okwana 7,556 adapereka zolemba zawo. Kafukufuku wa C-SURF sanadziyikire pawokha pazomwe asitikali ankhondo: malo olemba anthu ntchito adagwiritsa ntchito kudziwitsa ndi kulembetsa nawo ophunzira, koma adamaliza kulemba mafunso awo kunja kwa gawo lankhondo. Zambiri pamachitidwe olembetsa ndi kafukufukuyu zidanenedwapo kale (Gmel et al., 2015; Wophunzira, Baggio, et al., 2013; Wophunzira, Mohler-Kuo, et al., 2013). Amuna 5,516 onse (73.0% yankho) adadzaza funso lachitatu-April pakati pa Epulo 2016 ndi Marichi 2018. Chifukwa cha kutayika kwa chidwi chimodzi chimodzi, ofunsidwa 184 (3.3%) omwe sanayankhidwe. Zitsanzo zomaliza zowunikira zinali za ophunzira 5,332 (96.7% ya omwe anafunsidwa). Zikutanthauza kuti wochita nawo anali ndi zaka 25.45. Panali 3,046 (57.1%) olankhula Chifalansa komanso 2,286 (42.9%) omwe amalankhula Chijeremani. Ophunzira okwana 173 (3.2%), 2,156 (40.4%), ndi 3,003 (56.3%) anachita lipoti kusukulu za pulayimale, maphunziro aukadaulo, ndi maphunziro a sekondale ngati maphunziro apamwamba, motero (Tebulo 1).
|
Gulu 1. Makhalidwe ofotokozedwa pachitsanzo (N = 5,332)
| Cronbach's α | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Chipsinos | |||
| Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti | |||
| Osachepera pamwezi (ogwiritsa; N,%) | 4,190 | 78.6 | |
| Ochepera pamwezi (osagwiritsa ntchito; N,%) | 1,142 | 21.4 | |
| Pafupifupi mwezi uliwonse ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa intaneti (M, SD)a | 9.69 | 7.93 | |
| Kugwiritsa ntchito kwamavuto pa intaneti (PCU) pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito | .63 | ||
| Chiwerengero cha ziganizo za PCU zovomerezedwa (M, SD) | 0.76 | 1.13 | |
| Palibe zonena za PCU zovomerezedwa (N,%) | 2,397 | 57.2 | |
| Ndemanga imodzi kapena zingapo za PCU zovomerezeka (N,%) | 1,793 | 42.8 | |
| Mawu atatu kapena kupitilira apo a PCU adavomerezedwa (N,%) | 374 | 8.9 | |
| Zoneneratu kusintha | |||
| Zolemba zamagulu ndi zamagulu | |||
| Dera lazilankhulo (olankhula Chijeremani) (N,%) | 2,286 | 42.9 | |
| M'badwo (M, SD) | 25.45 | 1.25 | |
| Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri (N,%) | |||
| Maphunziro a pulaimale | 173 | 3.2 | |
| Maphunziro aukadaulo | 2,156 | 40.4 | |
| Sukulu ya sekondale | 3,003 | 56.3 | |
| Kukhala pachibwenzi (N,%) | 898 | 16.8 | |
| Zogonana (N,%) | |||
| Amuna amodzi | 4,757 | 89.2 | |
| Bisexual | 450 | 8.4 | |
| Amuna okhaokha | 125 | 2.3 | |
| Chiwerengero cha omwe adagonana nawo chaka chatha (N,%) | |||
| 0 | 701 | 13.1 | |
| 1 | 2,879 | 54.0 | |
| 2-3 | 1,049 | 19.7 | |
| 4+ | 703 | 13.2 | |
| Zinthu zamaganizidwe | |||
| Kulimbana ndi zovuta | |||
| Kukana (M, SD) | 2.96 | 1.21 | .64 |
| Kudzisokoneza (M, SD) | 4.89 | 1.50 | .43 |
| Khalidwe lodziletsa (M, SD) | 3.22 | 1.27 | .60 |
| Kudziimba mlandu (M, SD) | 4.44 | 1.71 | .78 |
| umunthu | |||
| Neuroticism – Kuda nkhawa (M, SD) | 2.19 | 2.17 | .73 |
| Chiwawa-Chidani (M, SD) | 3.77 | 2.16 | .60 |
| Kusakhazikika (M, SD) | 4.94 | 2.24 | .65 |
| Kufunafuna chidwi (M, SD) | 2.99 | 0.81 | .79 |
Zindikirani. M: tanthawuza; SD: kutengeka kwakukulu.
aM'masiku ogwiritsa ntchito.
Miyeso
Ophatikizidwa adawonedwa ngati ogwiritsa ntchito pa cybersex ngati anali ochulukirapo osati okhawo omwe amangogwiritsa ntchito mwapadera, chifukwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa sporadic kumaganiziridwa kuti kulibe vuto. Ophunzira adafunsidwa kuti: "Kodi mudayendera masamba olaula kamodzi pamwezi m'miyezi 12 yapitayi." Omwe adayankha "inde" adadziwika kuti amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndipo adafunsidwa za FCU yawo pamwezi pogwiritsa ntchito funso lotsatira: "Masiku angati Mwezi umapitilira masamba azolaula nthawi zambiri? ”FCU imawonetsa kuchuluka kwa masiku a CU, kuyambira 1 mpaka 31. Kwa osagwiritsa ntchito, mawonekedwe a FCU anali 0.
PCU idayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya OSC ya Internet Sex Screening Test (ISST; Delmonico & Miller, 2003) yokhala ndi mfundo zisanu ndi imodzi kapena zowona zowunika kupezeka kwa zizindikiro zapamwamba zosokoneza bongo (Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013; Baggio et al., 2018): kugwiritsabe ntchito, kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro, kulephera kuwongolera, chidwi, kusiya, komanso zovuta. Popeza palibe kudulidwa kovomerezeka kwa ISST, PCU sinatengeredwe ngati vuto lalikulu (taxon), koma monga machitidwe owonekera (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ziganizo zovomerezeka) kuyambira "osavomerezeka”(0) mpaka“zovuta”(6). Mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana, yosonyeza kutsimikiza kwa (a) chizindikiro chimodzi kapena (b) zisonyezo zitatu, adapangidwira cholinga chofotokozera.
Zolemba zamagulu ndi zamagulu.Zosiyanasiyana za Sociodemographic ndi zogonana zinaphatikizapo zaka, gawo la zilankhulo (olankhula Chifalansa, olankhula Chijeremani), maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri (maphunziro apulayimale, maphunziro a ntchito zam'manja, ndi maphunziro a sekondale), kuchuluka kwa ogonana m'miyezi 12 yapitayi (0, 1, 2–3, 4 kapena kupitilira apo, kukhala paubwenzi (wokwatirana kapena wokhala ndi mnzake wosakwatiwa, wosudzulidwa, wopatukana, kapena wamasiye), komanso malingaliro azakugonana (amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha).
Zinthu zamaganizidwe.Neuroticism-- nkhawa, nkhanza-udani (zokhudzana ndi zovuta zoyipa), chikhalidwe cha anthu (zokhudzana ndi cholinga chokondweretsa chisangalalo) machitidwe a anthu adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani cha miyambo yazikhalidwe, yofupikitsidwa ya Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Aluja et al., 2006). Khalidwe lililonse limayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo 10 kapena zabodza, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ziganizo zomwe zili kumapeto kumayambira 0-10. Kufunafuna kozungulira (zokhudzana ndi cholinga chokondweretsa chisangalalo) kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chinthu cha 8-Br Br Selling Searching Scale (BSSS; Hoyle, Stephenson, Palmgreen, Lorch, & Donohew, 2002). Ophunzira adayankha chilichonse pachimodzimodzi ndi mawonekedwe a Likert-5 (kuchokera ku “satsutsana kwambiri"Kuti"amavomereza kwambiri"). Zambiri kuyambira 1 mpaka 5 zidawerengedwa poyankha zinthu zisanu ndi zitatuzi.
Ogwiritsa ntchito njira zopewera zovuta zomwe anayeza anayeza pogwiritsa ntchito kukana, kudzinyenga, kudziletsa, ndi masikelo odziyimba mlandu kuchokera ku funso la Brief COPE (Carver, 1997; Mtundu waku Germany: Knoll, Rieckmann, & Schwarzer, 2005; Mtundu wachi French: Muller & Spitz, 2003). Mulingo uliwonse umakhala ndi ziganizo ziwiri zokhudzana ndi momwe anthu amapirira kupsinjika, ndipo zonenedwa zidasankhidwa pamiyeso 4 kuchokera pa "Nthawi zambiri sindimachita izi"Kuti"Nthawi zambiri ndimachita izi kwambiri. ”Ziwerengero zonse zinali zochuluka kuyambira 2 mpaka 8.
Panalibe mitundu ya Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani pamlingo wa OSC ndi BSSS kumayambiriro kwa phunziroli. Pa masikelo awa, mitundu yoyambirira ya Chingerezi idayamba kumasuliridwa ku Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani ndi gulu la C-SURF. Kenako, matembenuzidwe achi French ndi Germany adasinthidwa-kutembenuzidwa ndi anthu azilankhulo ziwiri. Zosagwirizana pakati pa zomwe zinali zoyambirira komanso zomwe zidasinthidwa zidakambidwapo mpaka mgwirizano wapezeka.
Ziwerengero zofotokozera zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera chitsanzocho. Kudalirika kwamitundu yonse yazinthu zingapo kudayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Cronbach's α. FCU idawonetsa masiku wamba a CU pamwezi (osagwiritsa ntchito adalembedwa 0), ndipo PCU idawonetsa kuchuluka kwa zizindikilo zomwe zimavomerezedwa. FCU idasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya Hurdle, yomwe idasankhidwa kuposa Poisson, chizolowezi choyipa (NB), kapena mitundu yodzala ndi zero chifukwa mtundu womwewo umaloleza kuwunika kwa onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito cybersex motsutsana ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito komanso FCU pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito cybersex. M'mitundu yamavuto, gawo la bayinare - kusiyanitsa pakati pazowona osati zero ndi zero (mwachitsanzo, ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti ndi osagwiritsa ntchito) - amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera, pomwe gawo lowerengera limagwiritsa ntchito kugawa kwa zero-truncated count (Poisson kapena NB). Kutengera ndi Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), kugawa kwa NB kopanda zero kunasungidwa. PCU idasanthulidwa pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito cybersex okha (N = 4,190). Magawo angapo owerengeka [ie, Poisson, zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP), NB, ndi zero-inflated NB (ZINB)] adayesedwa kuti ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito BIC, ndipo mitundu ya NB yokonzanso idasungidwa kuti isanthule PCU. SPSS mtundu 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) idagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba ma data ndi ziwerengero zofotokozera ndipo Stata 15 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) idagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu ya Hurdle ndi NB.
Mitundu iwiri idayesedwa ku FCU ndi PCU. Model 1 idayesa mayanjidwe amtundu uliwonse wamalingaliro, pomwe Model 2 idayesa mayanjano amtundu uliwonse wamalingaliro, kusinthidwa munthawi yomweyo pamasinthidwe amtundu wa anthu komanso kugonana, kutanthauza, maphunziro apamwamba, madera azilankhulo, kukhala pachiyanjano, zogonana, kuchuluka Zaogonana, komanso zaka. Mabungwe adanenedwa ngati zosagwirizana ndi zosagwirizana (ORs), pazigawo zoyambirira za mitundu ya Hurdle yomwe ikuwunikira ogwiritsa ntchito a cybersex motsutsana ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito. Chiwerengero cha zigawo (IRRs) zidafotokozedwera mitundu ya NB. Kuti tipeze kuyerekezera kwa mphamvu ya mayanjano, zosinthika mosalekeza zinali z-wokakamira (ie. M = 0, SD = 1).
C-SURF idavomerezedwa ndi Lausanne University Medical School's Ethics Committee for Clinical Research (kafukufuku wa protocol: 15/07).
Results
Pafupifupi 78.6% ya zitsanzozi zidanenanso CU pamwezi m'miyezi 12 yapitayi. Ogwiritsa ntchito a cybersex anena za masiku 9.69 a CU pamwezi ndipo amavomerezana ndi ziganizo za PCU 0.76. Oposa theka la ogwiritsa ntchito pa cybersex (57.2%) amavomereza mawu a PCU, pomwe 42.8% amavomereza chiganizo chimodzi kapena zingapo; 8.9% amavomereza ziganizo zitatu kapena zingapo (Gome 1).
M'mitundu ya Hurdle, kusukulu za sekondale (vs. pulayimale) ndikukhala kudera lolankhula Chijeremani (vesi Chifalansa) adalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi zovuta zapamwamba za CU, koma osati ndi FCU (Table 2). Zaka komanso kukhala muubwenzi zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi zovuta zotsika za CU ndi FCU yotsika. Mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, magawidwe amodzimodzi komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amagwirizana kwambiri ndi zovuta zapamwamba za CU ndi FCU yapamwamba. Kunena zaogonana ambiri m'miyezi 12 yapitayi (vesi limodzi) kudalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi zovuta zapamwamba za CU ndi FCU yapamwamba. M'malo mwake, kuwuza zero omwe akugonana nawo kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi FCU yapamwamba koma osati ndi CU. Njira zothandizira kuthana ndi zovuta komanso mawonekedwe onse amunthu kupatula kukana adalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi CU ndi FCU. Makamaka, kudzinyenga, kudziletsa, kudziimba mlandu, kupweteka mtima, kuda nkhawa, kudana, komanso kufunafuna malingaliro zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zovuta zapamwamba za CU ndi FCU yapamwamba. Mosiyana ndi izi, kuyanjana kunalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zotsika za CU ndi FCU yotsika. Kusintha (Model 2) sikunasinthe zotsatira.
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Gulu 2. Mitundu yamavuto oyanjana ndi ogwiritsira ntchito cybersex (CU) ndi pafupipafupi pakugwiritsa ntchito kwa cybersex (FCU)
| Model 1 (osasinthika) | Model 2 (zasinthidwa) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gawo Logistic (CU) | Gawo loyipa la bhomial (FCU) | Gawo Logistic (CU) | Gawo loyipa la bhomial (FCU) | |||||
| OR | [95% CI] | IRR | [95% CI] | OR | [95% CI] | IRR | [95% CI] | |
| Zolemba zamagulu ndi zamagulu | ||||||||
| Maphunziro apamwamba (Ref. Pulayimale) | ||||||||
| Maphunziro aukadaulo | 1.18 | [0.84-1.66] | 0.94 | [0.78-1.12] | 1.09 | [0.77-1.55] | 0.96 | [0.81-1.15] |
| Sukulu ya sekondale | 1.96 | [1.40-2.76] | 1.08 | [0.90-1.29] | 1.80 | [1.27-2.56] | 1.09 | [0.91-1.29] |
| Olankhula Chijeremani (Ref. French) | 1.47 | [1.28-1.68] | 0.99 | [0.94-1.05] | 1.44 | [1.24-1.66] | 0.98 | [0.92-1.04] |
| Kukhala pachibwenzi (osakhala pachibwenzi) | 0.50 | [0.43-0.59] | 0.75 | [0.69-0.82] | 0.66 | [0.55-0.79] | 0.83 | [0.76-0.91] |
| Zogonana (Ref. Heterosexual) | ||||||||
| Bisexual | 2.46 | [1.81-3.34] | 1.33 | [1.21-1.47] | 2.18 | [1.60-2.98] | 1.31 | [1.19-1.44] |
| Amuna okhaokha | 2.33 | [1.33-4.08] | 1.35 | [1.12-1.61] | 1.94 | [1.10-3.44] | 1.27 | [1.06-1.51] |
| Chiwerengero cha omwe amagonana nawo (Ref. 1) | ||||||||
| 0 | 1.12 | [0.93-1.37] | 1.24 | [1.14-1.36] | 0.91 | [0.74-1.11] | 1.17 | [1.06-1.28] |
| 2-3 | 2.21 | [1.82-2.69] | 1.24 | [1.15-1.34] | 2.00 | [1.64-2.45] | 1.19 | [1.11-1.29] |
| 4+ | 2.24 | [1.78-2.83] | 1.43 | [1.31-1.55] | 2.02 | [1.59-2.57] | 1.36 | [1.24-1.48] |
| Agea | 0.85 | [0.80-0.91] | 0.95 | [0.93-0.98] | 0.93 | [0.87-0.99] | 0.97 | [0.94-1.00]b |
| Zinthu zamaganizidwe | ||||||||
| Kulimbana ndi zovuta | ||||||||
| Danaa | 1.03 | [0.97-1.11] | 1.00 | [0.97-1.03] | 1.06 | [0.99-1.13] | 1.00 | [0.98-1.03] |
| Kudzidodometsaa | 1.35 | [1.26-1.44] | 1.05 | [1.02-1.08] | 1.34 | [1.25-1.43] | 1.04 | [1.01-1.07] |
| Khalidwe lodziletsaa | 1.20 | [1.12-1.28] | 1.05 | [1.02-1.08] | 1.17 | [1.09-1.26] | 1.04 | [1.01-1.07] |
| Kudziimba mlandua | 1.33 | [1.25-1.43] | 1.09 | [1.06-1.12] | 1.30 | [1.21-1.40] | 1.08 | [1.05-1.11] |
| umunthu | ||||||||
| Neuroticism – Kuda nkhawaa | 1.35 | [1.25-1.45] | 1.11 | [1.08-1.14] | 1.33 | [1.23-1.44] | 1.09 | [1.06-1.13] |
| Chiwawa- Chidania | 1.23 | [1.15-1.31] | 1.05 | [1.02-1.09] | 1.28 | [1.19-1.37] | 1.06 | [1.03-1.09] |
| Kukhazikikaa | 0.84 | [0.79-0.90] | 0.96 | [0.93-0.99] | 0.82 | [0.76-0.88] | 0.95 | [0.93-0.98] |
| Kufunafunaa | 1.51 | [1.41-1.61] | 1.07 | [1.04-1.11] | 1.41 | [1.31-1.51] | 1.06 | [1.03-1.09] |
Zindikirani. KAPENA, IRR, ndi lolingana 95% CI molimbika ndizofunikira p <.05. KAPENA: chiŵerengero chovuta; IRR: kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zochitika; CI: nthawi yodalira.
aMitundu yopitilira idasinthidwa (M = 0, SD = 1). bAsanazungulire, malire apamwamba a 95% CI ndi 0.998431331648399. Model 2 imasinthidwa kuti ikhale yamaphunziro apamwamba kwambiri, madera azilankhulo, kukhala paubwenzi, malingaliro azogonana, komanso kuchuluka kwa zibwenzi ndi zaka.
Mitundu ya NB ya PCU idawonetsa kuti kukhala m'dera lolankhula Chijeremani (vs. French) 3). Mgwirizano wazolowera (motsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chawo) umalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi PCU yambiri, pomwe kuyanjana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikunachitike. Kunena za anthu anayi kapena angapo ogona m'miyezi 12 yapitayi (vesi limodzi) adalumikizana kwambiri ndi PCU yayikulu, pomwe palibe mabungwe ofunika omwe adafotokoza za zero ndi awiri kapena atatu ogonana nawo. Pazokhudzana ndi mayanjano azinthu zamaganizidwe, machitidwe onse omwe amayesedwa komanso zovuta zonse zosagwira ntchito anali ogwirizana kwambiri komanso ogwirizana ndi PCU, kupatula mkhalidwe wachitetezo, womwe udawonetsa kuyanjana kwakukulu. Kusintha (Model 2) sikunasinthe zotsatira izi.
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Gulu 3. Mitundu yoyipa yosinthika yama bizinesi yolumikizana ndi zovuta za cybersex (PCU)
| Model 1 (osasinthika) | Model 2 (zasinthidwa) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR | [95% CI] | IRR | [95% CI] | |
| Zolemba zamagulu ndi zamagulu | ||||
| Maphunziro apamwamba (Ref. Pulayimale) | ||||
| Maphunziro aukadaulo | 0.99 | [0.75-1.32] | 1.06 | [0.80-1.41] |
| Sukulu ya sekondale | 1.10 | [0.83-1.45] | 1.15 | [0.87-1.53] |
| Olankhula Chijeremani (Ref. French) | 0.89 | [0.81-0.97] | 0.89 | [0.81-0.98] |
| Kukhala pachibwenzi (osakhala pachibwenzi) | 1.00 | [0.87-1.14] | 1.04 | [0.91-1.19] |
| Zogonana (Ref. Heterosexual) | ||||
| Bisexual | 1.48 | [1.28-1.71] | 1.46 | [1.26-1.68] |
| Amuna okhaokha | 1.28 | [0.98-1.68] | 1.22 | [0.93-1.61] |
| Chiwerengero cha omwe amagonana nawo (Ref. 1) | ||||
| 0 | 1.14 | [0.99-1.31] | 1.14 | [0.99-1.32] |
| 2-3 | 1.07 | [0.95-1.20] | 1.05 | [0.93-1.19] |
| 4+ | 1.24 | [1.08-1.41] | 1.21 | [1.05-1.38] |
| Agea | 1.01 | [0.97-1.06] | 1.00 | [0.96-1.05] |
| Zinthu zamaganizidwe | ||||
| Kulimbana ndi zovuta | ||||
| Danaa | 1.17 | [1.12-1.22] | 1.18 | [1.13-1.23] |
| Kudzidodometsaa | 1.14 | [1.09-1.19] | 1.13 | [1.08-1.18] |
| Khalidwe lodziletsaa | 1.16 | [1.10-1.21] | 1.17 | [1.11-1.22] |
| Kudziimba mlandua | 1.27 | [1.21-1.33] | 1.26 | [1.21-1.32] |
| umunthu | ||||
| Neuroticism – Kuda nkhawaa | 1.33 | [1.27-1.39] | 1.31 | [1.26-1.37] |
| Chiwawa- Chidania | 1.09 | [1.04-1.14] | 1.09 | [1.05-1.15] |
| Kukhazikikaa | 0.83 | [0.79-0.87] | 0.83 | [0.79-0.87] |
| Kufunafunaa | 1.08 | [1.03-1.13] | 1.08 | [1.04-1.14] |
Zindikirani. IRR ndi lolingana 95% CI molimbika ndizofunikira p <.05. IRR: kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zochitika; CI: nthawi yodalira.
aMitundu yopitilira idasinthidwa (M = 0, SD = 1). Model 2 imasinthidwa kuti ikhale yamaphunziro apamwamba, dera lazilankhulo, kukhala pachibwenzi, malingaliro azakugonana, komanso kuchuluka kwa omwe amagonana nawo komanso zaka.
Zokambirana:
Kafukufukuyu adawerengera kuchuluka kwa CU, FCU, ndi PCU ndi mayanjano awo ndi zinthu zingapo pakati pa anyamata achichepere aku Swiss. Kuchulukitsa kwa miyezi 12 CU yoyambira pamwezi inali 78.6% - okwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi omwe adawonedwa m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu, kuyambira 59.2% mpaka 89.9% mwa amuna (Albright, 2008; Cooper, Månsson, Daneback, Tikkanen, & Ross, 2003; Goodson, McCormick, & Evans, 2001; Kudzikweza, Byers, & Walsh, 2011). Kuchuluka kumeneku, poyerekeza ndi maphunziro ena, kungawonetse zaka komanso zotsatira za gulu; CU imakhala yofala kwambiri ukamakula.Daneback et al., 2005) ndikugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (zambiri komanso zolaula) zakhala zikufala kwambiri pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi (Lewczuk, Wojcik, & Gola, 2019; Office Fédéral de la Statistique, 2018). Izi zitha kuwonetsanso kusiyana kwachikhalidwe. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa CU kunali kwakukulu, opitilira theka la ogwiritsa ntchito ma cybersex sanavomereze zonena za PCU. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe Cooper et al. (1999) kuti CU ndi yosavomerezeka kwa ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, corollary ndikuti oposa 40% ogwiritsa ntchito pa cybersex adanenanso chizindikiro chimodzi chokhudzana ndi PCU, pomwe panali 8.9% ngakhale amafotokoza zizindikiro zitatu kapena zingapo.
Mogwirizana ndi zotsatira za Træen et al. (2006), kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti ophunzira ophunzira ambiri amawakonda kugwiritsa ntchito cybersex. Kutanthauzira komwe kungakhalepo ndikuti anthu ophunzira kwambiri (mosaphunzitsidwa pang'ono) amakonda CU chifukwa ali ndi luso lapakompyuta (Olimba, Wasserman, & Kern, 2004). Komabe, palibe umboni uliwonse wamayanjano pakati pa maphunziro ndi FCU kapena PCU omwe adapezeka. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, poyerekeza ndi omwe amalankhula Chifalansa, ngakhale omwe amalankhula Chijeremani sanena PCU yocheperako, amatha kunena za CU. Chimodzi mwazotheka ndikuti CU itha kuvomerezedwa kwambiri mdera lolankhula Chijeremani kuposa dera lolankhula Chifalansa. Ngati ndi choncho, anthu olankhula Chijeremani amatha kutulutsa CU yawo, koma amawona kuti CU yawo siyovuta kwenikweni. Kuphatikiza apo, kusiyanasiyana pakumvetsetsa kwamafunso kumatha kukhalapo pakati pa omwe akutenga nawo mbali Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani. Kafukufuku wowonjezera amafunikira kuti mubwereze ndikumvetsetsa izi. Okalamba (vs. achichepere) otenga nawo gawo anali osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito cybersex ndipo samayigwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi. Monga Daneback et al. (2005), kuwululidwa, izi zikusonyeza kuti CU imachepa pambuyo pa zaka 18 mpaka 24. Palibe mgwirizano wofunikira womwe wapezeka pakati pa zaka ndi PCU. Kupeza kumeneku ndikosiyana ndi mayanjano olakwika omwe ali pakati pa anthu azaka komanso zovuta zolaula zomwe zanenedwa ndi Grubbs, Kraus, ndi Perry (2019) mwachitsanzo cha ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti aku US (Mm'badwo = 44.8, SD = 16.7). Mwinanso, zaka zochepa za omwe akuchita nawo kafukufukuyu sangakhale okwanira kuthana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi zaka mu PCU.
Mogwirizana ndi zotsatira za maphunziro am'mbuyomu (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2014; Ballester-Arnal, Castro Calvo, Gil-Llario, & Gil-Julia, 2017), ochita nawoubwenzi anali ndi zovuta zotsika za CU ndi otsika FCU (vs. iwo omwe alibe muubwenzi). Mwa ogwiritsa ntchito pa cybersex, kukhala pachibwenzi sikunagwirizane kwambiri ndi PCU. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti iwo omwe alibe muubwenzi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito cybersex kukwaniritsa zosowa zawo zogonana ndikuwabwezera chifukwa cha kusachita zogonana zenizeni (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2014). Kulongosolaku kumagwirizana komanso kupeza kuti kunena kuti palibe amene amagonana nawo (vesi limodzi) m'miyezi 12 yapitayi adalumikizidwa ndi CU pafupipafupi. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, kunena kuti palibe omwe akugonana komanso kusakhala pachibwenzi sikungakhale vuto, chifukwa palibe ubale wofunikira womwe udapezeka ndi PCU. Komanso, monga zasonyezedwera kale (Braun-Courville & Rojas, 2009; Daneback et al., 2005), Anthu omwe amafotokoza za anthu angapo ogonana nawo (motsutsana ndi m'modzi) amatha kugwiritsa ntchito cybersex ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi. Omwe amalemba anzawo anayi kapena kupitilira apo adavomerezanso zoposa 20% zowonjezera za PCU. Mayanjano amtunduwu anali m'gulu lazinthu zazikulu kwambiri pazoyeserera zoyesedwa. Monga tafotokozera a Daneback et al. (2005,, izi zikuwonetsa kuti iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi chazonse pazakugonana amakhala pachiwopsezo chazogonana komanso amakhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana m'moyo weniweni.
Mayanjano okhudzana ndi kugonana adalinso m'gulu lazowona zazikuluzikulu m'fukufukuyu. Zogonana kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (motsutsana ndi amuna okhaokha) zinali zogwirizana ndi CU ndi FCU - kupeza komwe kumagwirizana ndi zotsatira za maphunziro apakale (mwachitsanzo, Daneback et al., 2005; Giordano & Cashwell, 2017; Peter & Valkenburg, 2011; Træen et al., 2006). Popeza anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha angathe kukhala osatetezeka chifukwa chakusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu (Takács, 2006,, amathanso kugwiritsa ntchito cybersex chifukwa imapereka mwayi wopeza zibwenzi kuposa moyo weniweni (Benotsch, Kalichman, & Cage, 2002; Clemens, Atkin, & Krishnan, 2015; Wotsalira, Grov, Royce, & Gillespie, 2008). Kupeza uku kungathenso kutseguka kwambiri kwa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso azikhalidwe zosagonana, monga cybersex (Daneback et al., 2005) ndi chiopsezo chawo chambiri chamakhalidwe oyipa (Bőthe et al., 2018). Magawo omwe siali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adaphatikizidwanso ndi kutsimikizira kwa zambiri za mawu a PCU, koma izi zinali zofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu amodzimodzi. Anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (King et al., 2008), makamaka iwo omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chowoneka bwino (Gonzales, Przedworski, & Henning-Smith, 2016; Loi, Lea, & Howard, 2017,, amakonda kutchula mavuto ambiri azaumoyo, kuphatikizira anthu osokoneza bongo, kuposa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chifukwa chake, pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi magonedwe awiri, PCU ikhoza kukhala chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito cybersex kuthana ndi kupsinjika ndi zovuta zomwe zimadza chifukwa chonyanyanyirana. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuyesayesa kopanga njira zopewera kuthana ndi kusinthidwa ndi anthu okhala ndi zinthu ziwiri zamkati zitha kukhala zabwino.
Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi mayanjano pakati pazinthu zingapo zamaganizidwe ndi CU, FCU, ndi PCU zinali zogwirizana ndi malingaliro a Grubbs, Wright, et al. (2019) kuti cybersex imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zazikulu ziwiri: kusamalira chisangalalo ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro. Makamaka, mayanjano abwino pakati pa chidwi ndi CU, FCU, ndi PCU anali motsatira zotsatira za maphunziro apitawo (Beyens, Vandenbosch, & Eggermont, 2015; Cooper et al., 2000; Peter & Valkenburg, 2011). Izi zimathandizira poganiza kuti kufunafuna malingaliro kungapangitse anthu ku CU kusangalala, komanso PCU. Popeza ofuna kutengeka kwambiri amafunika kukondoweza kuti afike pamlingo woyenera (Zuckerman, 1994), kuchitapo kanthu kopereka magwero ena olimbikitsira, kulimbikitsa zokopa, ntchito zina ku CU zitha kukhala zothandiza poletsa PCU pakati pa omwe akufuna kudziwa zambiri.
Kumbali inayi, njira zonse zopewa kusokonekera zinali zogwirizana ndi CU, FCU (ngakhale sizofunikira pakukana), ndi PCU. Kupeza kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi zotsatira za Laier and Brand (2014), kuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kugonana kuthana ndi zovuta komanso kupsinjika kumatha kutengapo gawo lofunikira pakukonza ndi kukonza PCU. Kafukufukuyu akuwonjezera zomwe apezazi ndi njira zina zothetsera mavuto, monga Antons et al. (2019). Kuphatikiza apo, mayanjano abwino pakati pa nkhanza-udani (umunthu womwe umasinthidwa pang'ono)Beutel et al., 2017ndi mayanjano abwino a neuroticism (Egan & Parmar, 2013; Shimoni et al., 2018). Popeza onse a mitsempha - nkhawa komanso kudana ndi magawano ali mbali imodzi yomanga yayikulu, yomwe ndi kutaya mtima (Zuckerman, 2002,, izi zikuwonetsa kuti machitidwe awa angapangitse munthu kukhala ndi CU pazolinga zowongolera, komanso PCU. Zochita monga kuchepetsa milingo yovuta, kupereka njira zina zothandizira kuthana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito cybersex, ndikupanga kudzidalira kudzera pakuphunzitsidwa maluso amoyo kungakhale njira yabwino yolepheretsa PCU pakati pa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito cybersex pazolinga zoyendetsera kusuntha.
Kuphatikiza apo, mayanjano ofunikira apezeka pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi CU, FCU, ndi PCU. Kupeza uku kukugwirizana ndi mayanjano oyipa omwe amakhala pakati pa zowonjezera (mawonekedwe a umunthu wapafupi ndi ochezeka; onani Zuckerman, 2002) komanso zizolowezi zogonana (zosagwirizana kwenikweni ndi intaneti) zomwe Egan ndi Parmar (2013). Komabe, zimasiyana ndi mabungwe osafunikira omwe a Shimoni et al. (2018) komanso mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa zowonjezera komanso CU zowonedwa ndi Beutel et al. (2017). Kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti mumvetsetse bwino mgwirizano pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi CU ndi PCU.
Kafukufukuyu anali ndi zoperewera zingapo. Kapangidwe kazigawo sikanatipangitse kuti tipeze ubale kapena zifukwa zomaliza. Zitsanzo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi amuna achichepere okha ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti kufotokozera zomwe zapezeka kwa azimayi ndi mibadwo ina sizingatheke. Masikelo angapo adawonetsa kudalirika pang'ono (.60 <α <.70; Robinson, Shaver, & Wrightsman, 1991), komanso kudalirika kwa Kuzindikira Kwayekha Kwambiri Kudziletsa sikunali kokwanira. Kuphatikiza apo, mayanjano ofunikira kwambiri adawonetsa zazingwe zazing'ono zazikulu (Olivier, Meyi, & Bell, 2017). Pomaliza, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzidziwitsa kungayambitse kukondera, makamaka pofunsa mafunso okhudzana ndi CU. Maphunziro ena ogwiritsira ntchito mapangidwe a kotenga nthawi yayitali, kuphatikiza achikazi, poganizira nthawi yonse yamoyo ndi ofunikira kuti apeze zomwe zapezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro owonjezera amafunikira kuti afufuze mayanjano a CU ndi PCU ndi zotsatira zaumoyo wamavuto, zovuta zamagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zina, ndi zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe.
Mawuwo
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti CU ndi PCU ziyenera kuwunikiridwa molingana ndi mayanjano awo omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, zogonana, komanso zamaganizidwe. Zomwe zapezazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauzira magulu a anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha PCU - mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe akunena za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, osati pachibwenzi kapena kufotokozera anzawo angapo ogonana nawo m'miyezi yapitayi ya 12 - omwe angawathandizire panjira zodzitetezera. Ogwira ntchito zaumoyo amalimbikitsidwa kuti aganizire izi ndipo mwina asinthe njira zawo zochiritsira pophatikiza njira zina zomwe zingakwaniritse zosowa za odwala awo. Mwachitsanzo, odwala omwe akuwonetsa PCU, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta kuthana ndi nkhawa komanso nkhawa, atha kupindula ndi zomwe zingachitike pakukonzekera njira zothanirana ndi nkhawa komanso kusakhudzidwa kuposa kugwiritsira ntchito intaneti. Mosiyana ndi izi, odwala omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna chidwi chambiri atha kupindula ndi zomwe angachite popanga njira zina zolimbikitsira CU.
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