Malamulo Okhudza Kugonana ndi Kugonana pakati pa Ophunzira a Kunivesite (2017)

International Journal of Mental Health ndi Chizolowezi

 February 2017, Buku la 15, Nkhani 1, pp 16-27

Craig S. Cashwell, Amanda L. Giordano, Kelly King, Cody Lankford, Robin K. Henson

Kudalirika

Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana, khalidwe la kugonana nthawi zambiri ndilo njira zowonetsera zovuta kapena zosayenera. Phunziroli, tinayesa kufufuza kusiyana pakati pa mfundo zovuta pakati pa ophunzira m'magulu osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso omwe sagwirizane nawo. Mwa zitsanzo za ophunzira aku koleji a 337, 57 (16.9%) adalemba pamankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo ophunzira azachipatala amasiyana kwambiri ndi ophunzira omwe sanachite nawo mbali pazinthu zitatu zamalamulo: (a) kusalandira mayankho am'maganizo, (b) kuchita zochepa pamalingaliro owongoleredwa ndi cholinga poyankha zovuta, ndi (c) njira zochepa zoyendetsera kutengeka. Zotsatira zakuchitikira m'masukulu aku koleji zimaperekedwa.

Malamulo Akumva ndi Kugonana Pakati pa Ophunzira a Kunivesite

            Ofufuzawo akuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi 75% ya ophunzira amapita kukoleji ndi zokumana nazo zakugonana kale (Holway, Tillman, & Brewster, 2015) ndipo ophunzira aku koleji amachita zikhalidwe zogonana zomwe zitha kugawidwa ngati athanzi, ovuta, kapena okakamiza. Pamapeto pake, ufulu ndi maphunziro omwe amaphunzitsidwa ku koleji atha kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi kuchokera kubanja lomwe adachokera ndikuwunika zamakhalidwe, zikhulupiriro, ndi zikhalidwe, kuphatikiza zokhudzana ndi kugonana (Smith, Franklin, Borzumato-Gainey , & Degges-Oyera, 2014). Ophunzira ambiri aku koleji amayamba kumvetsetsa bwino za iwo eni ndi zikhulupiliro zawo ndipo amachita zachiwerewere mogwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zawo. Ophunzira ena, atha kukumana ndi zoopsa zambiri zakomweko koleji ndikuchita zachiwerewere zovuta kapena zowopsa.

Mwachitsanzo, chimodzi mwazomwe zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo chimakhudzana ndi zikhalidwe zakugonana m'masukulu aku koleji, popeza ophunzira amakonda kupitilira kuchuluka kwa omwe amagonana nawo komanso kuchuluka kwakugonana kwa anzawo (Scholly, Katz, Gascoigne, & Holck, 2005). Izi zikhalidwe zogonana zitha kulimbikitsa kukakamira kuti zigwirizane ndi ziyembekezo zolakwika zakugonana ndikuthandizira pazovuta zosiyanasiyana, monga kutenga mimba kosafunikira (James-Hawkins, 2015), matenda opatsirana pogonana (STIs; Wilton, Palmer, & Maramba 2014), nkhanza zakugonana (Cleere & Lynn, 2013), ndi manyazi (Lunceford, 2010). China chomwe chimapangitsa kuti achinyamata azichita zachiwerewere ndi kumwa mowa. Ofufuza adalumikiza zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi chiwerewere pakati pa achinyamata ndi achikulire. Makamaka, Dogan, Stockdale, Wildaman, and Coger (2010) adachita kafukufuku wazaka zopitilira zaka 13 ndipo adapeza kuti kumwa mowa kumalumikizidwa bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe amagonana nawo pakati pa achinyamata. Ngakhale machitidwe achiwerewere pakati pa ophunzira aku koleji atha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa kapena zoyipa, izi sizitanthauza chizolowezi chogonana. Ndi pokha pokha ophunzira akataya mphamvu zakugonana ndikupitilizabe kuchita ngakhale atakumana ndi zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chizolowezi chogonana chikhalepo (Goodman, 2001).

Kugonana

            Ngakhale pali kutsutsana kwina kulikonse pa nkhani ya kugonana, makamaka chifukwa chakuti palibe Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), akatswiri otsogola ambiri ambiri amavomereza kuti kuzolowera kugonana ndi matenda (Carnes, 2001; Goodman 2001; Phillips, Hajela, & Hilton, 2015). Goodman (1993) adalimbikitsa njira zakuzindikira zakugonana powika mawuwo khalidwe la kugonana muyeso ya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kudalira. Malingaliro awa, kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana sikutanthauza mtundu kapena nthawi zambiri za kugonana. M'malo mwake, Kuwonjezera pa kugonana ndikumangirira ndi kugwirizanitsa zogonana, kulephera kuima kapena kuchepetsa zonse mkati (mwachitsanzo, nkhawa, malingaliro) ndi makhalidwe akunja (mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana zolaula, kulipira kugonana) ngakhale zosafuna, chizoloŵezi cha kulekerera (zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwafupipafupi, nthawi, kapena kuopsa kwa makhalidwe), ndi kuchotsa (mwachitsanzo, kutaya mtima pamene khalidwe likuimitsidwa).

Akatswiri ena amavomereza kuti mchitidwe wogonana wosavomerezeka ndi wamavuto, komabe sankhani kulingalira kuti vutoli ndi vuto lachiwerewere osati chizolowezi (Kafka, 2010; 2014; Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013). Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, mchitidwe wogonana wosadziletsa ndi vuto lodziletsa. Ofufuzawa akuti kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana amafunika musanachiyike ngati chizolowezi (Kor et al., 2013).

Kusiyana kwa filosofiyi mu chikhalidwe cha kugonana kosadziletsa komanso zofunikira zogonana zimapangitsa kupeza chiwerengero chokwanira cholimbana ndi mavuto, komabe zikhomo (2005) zinapangika kuti mpaka 6% a ku America ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Kafukufuku pa zigawo zina za anthu, komabe, amasonyeza maulendo osiyanasiyana. Pogwiritsa ntchito phunziroli, ofufuza apeza kuti kugonana ndi chiwerewere pakati pa ophunzira ku koleji ndipamwamba kwambiri kuposa anthu onse. Mwachitsanzo, Reid (2010) adapeza kuti 19% ya amuna a koleji apeza njira zogonana zogonana komanso Giordano ndi Cecil (2014) omwe anapeza 11.1% ya amuna ndi akazi omwe ali pansi pano adakumana ndi izi. Kuwonjezera apo, Cashwell, Giordano, Lewis, Wachtel, ndi Bartley (2015) adanena 21.2% mwa amuna ndipo 6.7% mwa ana aakazi omwe anali ndi zaka zoyambirira zapamwamba pazochita zawo zotsatizana zinakwaniritsa njira zowonjezeretsa kugonana. Choncho, kuchuluka kwa khalidwe lachiwerewere pakati pa ophunzira ku koleji kumasonyeza kufunikira kozindikira bwino zinthu zowonongeka. Chifukwa cha malingaliro ndi kukhudzidwa komwe kumagwirizanitsa ndi chizolowezi chogonana, amamanga zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana chomwe chingakhale nacho chofunikira kwa ophunzira a koleji ndi lamulo lachisokonezo.    

Malamulo Akumverera

Malamulo okhudza kutengeka mtima (ER) ali pakatikati pa zolemba zomwe zikuwonjezeka, ndimatanthauzidwe ambiri, kutsindika, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito (Prosen & Vitulić, 2014). Pazolinga za kafukufuku wapano, tidatanthauzira ER ngati njira yowonera, kuwunika, ndikusintha momwe akumvera kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake (Berking & Wupperman, 2012). Makulidwe a ER akuphatikizapo kuthekera (a) kuzindikira, kumvetsetsa ndi kuvomereza kukhudzidwa, (b) kuchita zinthu molunjika, mosafulumira pakakhala kukhumudwa, (c) kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira zomwe zimadalira pamalingaliro , ndi (d) kukulitsa kuzindikira kuti kukhumudwa ndi gawo la moyo (Buckholdt et al., 2015). Gratz and Roemer (2004) adatsimikiza kuti njira ya ER ndiyosiyana ndi kuyesayesa kwamphamvu pakuthana ndi malingaliro, kuchotsa malingaliro, kapena kupondereza kutengeka. M'malo mwake, ofufuza apeza kuti kuwongolera, kuchotsa, kapena kupondereza malingaliro kumatha kuyambitsa kukhudzika kwakumverera kwakanthawi komanso kukhumudwa kwakuthupi (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). M'malo mopondereza kapena kuweruza zomwe munthu akukumana nazo, ER ndi njira yomwe munthu amazindikirira ndikuvomereza momwe akumvera kuti achepetse kufunikira kwake ndikulimbikitsa mayankho amachitidwe mwadala (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). Tanthauzoli limatanthawuza kuti chidwi ndikutonthoza ndimomwe mukumvera zimayankha bwino.

Ntchito ya ER imachitika mosalekeza, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yofunikira pakukula ndi kukonza mavuto azaumoyo ndi zamaganizidwe (Berking & Wupperman, 2012). Kafukufuku wokhudzana kwa kulumikizana pakati pa ER ndi kusinthasintha kwamaganizidwe akuwonetsa kufunikira kokhala ndi njira zingapo zowongolera komanso kuthekera kuzisintha kuti zigwirizane ndi zofuna zosiyanasiyana (Bonanno & Burton, 2013; Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010). Anthu omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira za ER nthawi zambiri amakhala osinthika ndipo amakhala ndi zotsatira zaumoyo wathanzi komanso chotetezera pamavuto amisala (Aldao, Sheppes & Gross, 2015). Momwemonso, ena ayamba kukhazikitsa mbiri za ER zomwe zimakhudzana ndi psychopathology (Dixon-Gordon, Aldao, & De Los Reyes, 2015; Fowler et al., 2014). Ochita kafukufuku, ayeneranso kuwunikiranso za anthu azachipatala komanso zokumana nazo zapadera ndi kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro (Berking & Wupperman, 2012; Sheppes, Suri & Gross, 2015), kuphatikiza iwo omwe ali ndi vuto logonana.

Kugonana ndi Kupsinjika Maganizo

Goodman (1993, 2001) analongosola khalidwe lachiwerewere ngati akugwira ntchito ziwiri: kubweretsa chisangalalo ndi kuchepetsa kuvutika maganizo. Choncho, zizoloŵezi za khalidwe labwino zimapereka mphotho kapena maiko omwe amapezeka chifukwa cha kutulutsa dopamine mu ubongo (kumangirira bwino) komanso kupereka chitsimikizo cholakwika kapena kupulumutsidwa ku maganizo osokoneza maganizo (mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa nkhawa kapena kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo). Inde, Adams ndi Robinson (2001) amanena kuti kugonana ndi njira yomwe anthu amafuna kuthamanga kupsinjika maganizo ndi kudziletsa, komanso kuti mankhwala opatsirana pogonana ayenera kukhala ndi chigawo cha ER.

Povomereza zotsatilazi, Reid (2010) adapeza kuti amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna okhaokha amakhala ndi maganizo olakwika kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kunyansidwa, kudziimba mlandu, ndi kupsa mtima) ndipo amawerengetsa kuchepa mtima (mwachitsanzo, chisangalalo, chidwi, chidwi) kusiyana ndi kuyesedwa. Chimodzimodzinso, chidani chodzilamuliridwa ndicho chinali chitsimikizo champhamvu cha khalidwe lachiwerewere pakati pa zitsanzo zachipatala. Kuwonjezera apo, pophunzira mwatsatanetsatane za amuna omwe ali ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere, Guigliamo (2006) adapeza mitu eyiti pa mayankho a ophunzira kuti amvetsetsa vuto lawo. Zambiri mwazigawozo zimayimira mgwirizano pakati pa zilakolako za kugonana ndi ER monga: (a) chiwongoladzanja cha kudzidzimva nokha kapena kudzikonda nokha, (b) kuthawa kukhumudwitsa kapena kukhumudwitsa. Mitu iwiriyi inachokera ku 9 ya mayankho a 14 omwe amachitapo mbali (Guigliamo, 2006). Choncho, kafukufuku wakale amachirikiza lingaliro lakuti khalidwe loletsa kugonana lingathe kuchitika, mbali imodzi, monga khama lochepetsera maganizo okhumudwitsa.  

Kugwirizana pakati pa chizoloŵezi chogonana ndi ER kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri pa zitsanzo zogonana. Ophunzira a ku koleji akukumana ndi kusintha kwakukulu kochepa ndipo amakumana ndi zovuta zambiri pazaka za koleji. Mwachitsanzo, Hurst, Baranik, ndi Danieli (2013) adafufuza mfundo za 40 zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ophunzira azikhala ndi nkhawa. Anadziwanso kuti: zovutitsa zachilengedwe, ndi zosiyanasiyana, pakati pa ena.

Kuphatikiza pa zovuta zina, kufalikira kwa zovuta zam'maganizo mwa ophunzira aku koleji kwalembedwa bwino. Pakafukufuku wa ophunzira opitilira 14,000 aku koleji m'masukulu 26 osiyanasiyana, ofufuza adapeza kuti 32% anali ndi nkhawa imodzi (kuphatikiza kukhumudwa, nkhawa, kudzipha, kapena kudzivulaza). Malingana ndi zovuta izi komanso nkhawa zamaganizidwe, ofufuza adasanthula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pamakhalidwe okakamiza pakugonana komanso kutengeka ndi anzawo. Pakafukufuku wa ophunzira azimayi aku koleji okwana 235, Carvalho, Guerro, Neves, and Nobre (2015) adapeza kuti mikhalidwe yolakwika imakhudza (zikhalidwe zosakhalitsa zakukhumudwa) ndikuvuta kuzindikira malingaliro omwe adaneneratu zakugonana pakati pa akazi akoleji. Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro loti kuzindikira ndi kumvetsetsa kwamamvedwe, gawo lofunikira la ER (Gratz & Roemer, 2008), zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri kwa ophunzira omwe ali ndi vuto logonana.  

Ovutika maganizo ndi mavuto a umoyo wa ophunzira a koleji angapangitse kuti azikhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana ngati njira yothetsera zovuta kapena zosautsa. Zoonadi, khalidwe lochita zachiwerewere lingathe kusonyeza njira zowonjezera za ophunzira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamasinthasintha komanso athandizidwe pang'ono. Mpaka lero, pali zochepa zowonjezereka kwa ER pamene zikukhudzana ndi makhalidwe a ophunzira a koleji. Choncho, cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza ngati kusiyana kwa mavuto a ER kulipo pakati pa gulu la ophunzira mu chipatala chogonana ndi gulu la ophunzira muzinthu zosagwirizana. Mwachindunji, ife tinaganiza kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mavuto a ED kungakhalepo pakati pa magulu awiriwa, ndi ophunzira m'magulu amtundu wa chiwerewere omwe amasonyeza zovuta zambiri kusiyana ndi zomwe sizinagwirizane.

Njira

Ophunzira ndi Ndondomeko

            Kulembera phunziroli kunachitika pa yunivesite yaikulu, yomwe ili kumadzulo kwakumadzulo. Tikafika pamsonkhanowu, tinagwiritsa ntchito sampuli zoyenera kuti tipeze aphunzitsi apamwamba omwe akufuna chilolezo kuti azichita kafukufuku wathu nthawi yamsonkhano. Tinalandira chilolezo chokayendera magulu a 12 oyambira pansi pa maphunziro osiyanasiyana (ie, luso, zowerengera, biology, masewera, maphunziro, chikhalidwe cha anthu) ndipo adaitana ophunzira onse a zaka zapakati pa maphunziro a 18 a zaka zapakati kapena akulu kuti alowe nawo phunzirolo. Ophunzira omwe anasankha kutenga nawo mbali anali ndi mwayi wolowera kujambula kwa khadi la mphatso ku sitolo yogulitsira. Kusonkhanitsa deta kunapereka olowa 360. Ndondomeko yophatikizapo inali yowunikira panopa ku yunivesite komanso osachepera zaka 18. Otsatira khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri sanafotokoze zaka zawo ndipo achotsedwa. Kuonjezera apo, mapepala asanu ndi limodzi a kafukufuku anali osakwanira ndipo motero anachotsedwa kuwonjezereka. Choncho, chitsanzo chotsiriza chinali ndi otsogolera a 337.

Otsatira amalemba zaka pafupifupi 23.19 (SD = 5.04). Ambiri mwa ophunzirawo adadziwika ngati azimayi (n = 200, 59.35%), ndi otsogolera a 135 (40.06%) akudziwika monga mwamuna, mmodzi wophatikizapo (.3%) akudziwika ngati transgender, ndipo mmodzi wothandizira (.3%) sakuyankha chinthu ichi. Malingana ndi mtundu / mtundu, chitsanzo chathu chinali chosiyana: 11.57% idatchedwa Asia (n = 39), 13.06% amadziwika ngati African American / Black (n = 44), 17.21% amadziwika ngati Latino / Puerto Rico (n = 58), 5.64% amadziwika ngati Mitundu Yambiri (n = 19), 0.3% amadziwika ngati Native American (n = 1), 50.74% amadziwika ngati Oyera (n = 171), ndipo 1.48% amadziwika ngati ena (n = 5). Otsatirawo akuyimira zochitika zambiri zogonana: 2.1% amadziwika ngati amuna (n = 7), 0.9% amadziwika ngati amaliseche (n = 3), 4.7% amadziwika ngati amuna ndi akazi (n = 16), 0.6% amadziwika ngati ena, ndipo 91.4% amadziwika ngati amphwanyamata (n = 308). Ambiri mwa ophunzirawo anali upperclassman ku yunivesite yawo pamene 0.9% adadziwonetsera okha ngati munthu watsopano (n = 3), 6.5% monga sophomores (n = 22), 30.9% ngati aang'ono (n = 104), ndi 56.7% monga akuluakulu (n = 191), ndi wophunzira mmodzi (.3%) osayankha ku chinthu ichi. Ophunzira makumi atatu ndi asanu (10.39%) adasonyeza kuti ali ndi matenda opatsirana m'maganizo, ndi gulu lalikulu la ophunzirawa likunena za matenda a maganizo (n = 27).

Instrumentation

Phukusi lofufuzirali munali mafunso okhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso zida ziwiri zoyeserera. Ophunzira adamaliza Zovuta mu Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004). Zinthu za 36 za DERS zimapereka zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za ER: (a) Kusavomerezeka kwa Mayankho Amtima, kapena chizolowezi chokhala ndi mayendedwe achiwiri pazokhumudwitsa, (b) Zovuta Zomwe Zimakhala ndi Cholinga Chotsogozedwa ndi Cholinga, chomwe chimafotokozedwa ngati zovuta kuzilingalira ndikukwaniritsa zomwe mukufuna ntchito mukakhala ndi nkhawa, (c) Zovuta Zowongolera, kapena kulimbana ndi mayendedwe amachitidwe mukakumana ndi zokhumudwitsa, (d) Kupanda Kudziwitsa Maganizo, osadziwika kuti samangokhala ndi nkhawa, (e) Kufikira Kosakwiya Njira Zoyendetsera Ntchito, zomwe zimatanthauziridwa kuti ndikukhulupirira kuti, mukavutika, palibe chomwe chingachitike kuti muthane ndi mavutowo, ndi (f) Kusowa Maganizo Omveka bwino, kapena momwe munthu amadziwira ndikudziwikiratu za momwe akumvera akukumana (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). Ophunzira adawona zinthu zokhudzana ndi ER (mwachitsanzo "Ndikuvutika kumvetsetsa za momwe ndimamvera,") ndikuwonetsa mafupipafupi pamiyeso ya 5-point Likert kuyambira "Pafupifupi, 0-10% ya nthawi" mpaka "Pafupifupi Nthawi zonse, 91-100% ya nthawiyo. ” Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri akuwonetsa zovuta mu ER. Ochita kafukufuku agwiritsa ntchito bwino ma DERS ndi zitsanzo za anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo (Fox, Hong & Sinha, 2008; Hormes, Kearns & Timko, 2014; Williams et al., 2012) ndi ziwonetsero zomwe zikuwonetsa kusasinthasintha kwamkati ndikukhala kovomerezeka (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Schreiber, Grant & Odlaug, 2012). Zambiri zochokera kuzinthu zochepa za DERS zinali ndi ma alpha ovomerezeka a Cronbach (Henson, 2001) munthawi yomweyi: Nonaccept (.91), Goals (.90), Impulse (.88), Aware (.81), Strategies (.90), ndi Kumveka (.82).  

Pomaliza, tidaphatikizaponso 20-Core Core Subscale of the Sexual Addiction Screening Test-Revised (SAST-R; Carnes, Green & Carnes, 2010) kuti titha kusiyanitsa pakati pamagulu azachipatala ndi omwe sanali azachipatala munzitsanzo zathu. SAST-R imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuwonetsera chizolowezi chogonana m'malo osiyanasiyana ndipo zambiri zake zawonetsa kusasinthasintha kwamkati ndi kutsimikizika kwakusankha (Carnes et al., 2010). Core Subscale ili ndi mayankho a Yes / No dichotomous kuti awone momwe zizolowezi zogonana zimakhalira pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana kuphatikiza kutanganidwa, kusadziletsa, kusokoneza, komanso kusokonekera kwa ubale (Carnes et al., 2010). Chitsanzo cha SAST-R Core Scale ndi chakuti, "Kodi mwayesapo kusiya mtundu wina wazogonana koma mwalephera?" Malipiro ovomerezeka a chipatala a SAST-R pachimake ndi asanu ndi limodzi ndipo akuwonetsa kufunikira kowunikiranso komanso chithandizo chazomwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pakugonana. Zambiri pazitsanzo zamakono zikuwonetsa kudalirika kwamkati ndi alpha ya Cronbach ya .81.  

Results

Tisanayambe kufufuza mafunso oyambirira a kafukufuku, tafufuza njira ndi zolakwika zomwe zilipo pa DERS iliyonse yomwe imakhalapo pakati pa ophunzira m'zipatala zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi omwe sali m'munsi (Table 1). Kuti tiyese kusiyana kwa kusiyana kwake, tinagwiritsa ntchito Bokosi M mayesero. Mayeserowa anali ofunika kwambiri, akusonyeza kuti zingatheke kuphwanya malingaliro athu. Monga Bokosi M kuyesa kumakhala kovuta pazinthu zosazolowereka, komabe, kukula kwathu kosalinganizidwa kophatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kosiyanasiyana komwe kumathandizira pazotsatira izi (Huberty & Lowman, 2000). Chifukwa chake, tidawunika m'masiyanidwe / matrices ndikuwona kuti ambiri adagwa moyandikira ndikufanana kuposa kusiyana.

            Poyankha funso loyamba la kafukufuku, tinagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yosiyanitsa (DDA), mayeso osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyi kuti mudziwe mbali ziti za ER zomwe zikuthandizira kupatukana kwa magulu awiriwa, 2006). DDA imaposa njira imodzi yomwe MANOVA imaperekera zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi zomwe zimaphatikizapo zosiyana siyana pofotokozera kusiyana kwa magulu mkati mwa multivariate context, mosiyana ndi ANOVA zosagwirizana kuti zitsatire multivariate zotsatira (Enders, 2003). Mwa njira iyi, zida za DDA zimagwirizanitsidwa kukhala zosinthika, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posiyanitsa pakati pa magulu. Phunziro lathu, kafukufukuyu adafufuza kuti adziwe ngati pali kusiyana pakati pa ophunzira m'zipatala zogonana ndi anthu omwe sagwirizana nawo pazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za DERS.

Tinagwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha SAST-R cutoff kuti tipeze ophunzira ngati zachipatala kapena zosagwirizana ndi chiwerewere. Tinasankha ophunzira omwe anapeza zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zambiri pa SAST-R Core Scale monga kliniki (n = 57, 16.9%) ndi omwe adapeza zosachepera zisanu ndi chimodzi osati zachipatala (n = 280, 83.1%). Kusiyanitsa izi ndi amuna, amuna 17.8% ndi 15.5% azimayi mu chitsanzo choposa chiwerengero cha mankhwala.

Kufufuza koyambirira kwa DDA kunali chiwerengero chodziwika bwino, kusonyeza kusiyana kwa kagulu kogulu kamene kamasintha kuchokera kuzinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi (Table 2). Kwenikweni, mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi machitidwe ovomerezekawo umasonyeza kuti umembala wa gulu umayimira 8.82% ya kusiyana pakati pa kusintha komwe kumadalira. Tinawamasulira kukula kwa zotsatirazi (1- Wilks 'lambda = .088) monga momwe ziliri pakatikati popatsidwa mtundu wa zitsanzo ndi zosiyana siyana (onani Cohen, 1988). Choncho, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mavuto a EE kunalipo pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa chiwerewere ndi ena omwe sagwirizane nawo.

            Kenaka ife tinayang'anitsitsa zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa. Zomwe tapeza zimasonyeza kuti zosavomerezeka, Njira, ndi zolinga zomwe zimakhala zosiyana ndizo zimayambitsa kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiri (Table 3). Mwapadera, zolemba pazinthu zosagwirizana ndi zosavomerezeka zinawerengetsera 89.3% za chiwerengero chonse chafotokozedwa, zolemba pa Strategies subscale zawerengedwa kwa 59.4%, ndipo zolemba pa Zolinga subscale zili ndi 49.7%. Zowonongeka ndi zozizwitsa zimagwira ntchito zapadera pofotokozera kusiyana kwa gulu, ngakhale kusiyana kwake komwe Clarity anatha kufotokozera mmaganizowo kunangokhalako ndikufotokozedwa ndi mitundu ina yotsatsa, monga momwe ikusonyezedwera ndi kulemera kwake kwa-zero beta ndi coefficient . Subscale Wodziwa kuti sanadziwe zambiri pazinthu zothandizira kuti gulu likhale losiyana. Kufufuza kwa magulu akuluakulu a gulu kumatsimikizira kuti gulu lachipatala linali loposa MAFUNSO (kusonyeza mavuto ambiri okhudza kutengeka maganizo) kusiyana ndi gulu losagwirizana. Zomwe makonzedwe a coefficients anali abwino, zowonetsa kuti omwe ali mu gulu lachipatala amakhala ndi mavuto akuluakulu onse a EE, ngakhale omwe sanawathandize kwambiri kusiyana kwa gulu la multivariate.   

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, gulu limatanthawuza ndi zolakwika zomwe zanenedwa kuti Zopanda, Njira, ndi Zolinga zomwe zimapatsidwa ziwerengero zinali zazikulu pakati pa gulu lachipatala poyerekeza ndi gulu losagwirizana (onani Table 1). Chifukwa chake, ophunzira mu chipatala chokwanira kugonana amavomereza kuchepa kwa malingaliro, kuvutikira kwambiri kukhala ndi malingaliro okhudzidwa ndi zolinga, komanso kuchepa kwa njira zowonongeka zozizwitsa poyerekezera ndi ophunzira omwe sali ochepa.

Kukambirana

            Kupeza kuti omwe akutenga nawo gawo 57 (16.9%) adalemba pamachipatala pa SAST-R ndizogwirizana ndi zomwe apeza kale (Cashwell et al., 2015; Giordano & Cecil, 2014; Reid, 2010), kuwonetsa kuti ophunzira aku koleji atha kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwakuchuluka kwa zizolowezi zakugonana kuposa anthu ambiri. Zotsatira izi mwina zikuchitika, mwina pang'ono, ndi malo opanikizika, nthawi yayitali yosakhazikika, kupezeka kwa intaneti paliponse, komanso malo omwe amathandizira chikhalidwe cholumikizira (Bogle, 2008). Kupeza kumeneku sikuyembekezeredwa, ndiye kuti, komanso kumagwirizana ndi mfundo yoti chizolowezi chogonana nthawi zambiri chimayamba ukamatha msinkhu komanso utakula (Goodman, 2005). Zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizapadera pazitsanzozi ndi kuchepa kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (17.8% ndi 15.5%, motsatana), pomwe ofufuza am'mbuyomu (Cashwell et al., 2015) adapeza kuti amuna ali ndi chiwerewere chochuluka kwambiri kuposa akazi. Ofufuza amtsogolo akuyenera kuyang'anitsitsa zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito ndikupitiliza kuwunika ndikukonzanso zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi chiwerewere pakati pa amuna ndi akazi aku koleji.

Zomwe tapezazo zimagwirizana ndi maganizo athu omwe ophunzira omwe amaponya kapena kupitilira kuchipatala ku SAST-R Core Scale angakhale ndi zovuta zowonongeka. Mwachindunji, zitatu za DERS subscales ndizo makamaka zomwe zimachititsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukula kwake kokwanira kukula kwake. Zomwe tapezazo zasonyeza kuti ophunzira omwe akulowetsa m'magulu a SAST-R amakumana ndi zovuta kulandira mayankho awo, kuganizira zolinga zawo, ndi kupeza njira zowonongeka. Chowonadi chakuti ophunzira m'magulu okhudzana ndi chiwerewere amakumana ndi vuto lalikulu la ER likuthandizira malingaliro a Goodman's (1993, 2001) kuti imodzi mwa ntchito zoyamba zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndikuteteza zovuta. Choncho, omwe akukumana ndi vuto poyendetsa zokhumudwitsa zawo akhoza kukhala pachiopsezo chachikulu chochita chiwerewere monga njira yothetsera nkhawa. M'kupita kwa nthawi, izi zingayambitse khalidwe logonana komanso lodziletsa.

Polyvagal nthano (Porges, 2001, 2003) imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira cha chidziwitso cha sayansi ya chizoloŵezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo mwina, mwa mbali, amafotokozera zotsatirazi. Malingana ndi Porges, mayankho a khalidwe (monga chizoloŵezi chogonana) amachokera ku njira zowonongeka zomwe zimatchulidwa ndi dongosolo la zamanjenje, ndipo mayankho a makhalidwewa ali ogwirizana ndi ER. Mwachitsanzo, kupsinjika maganizo kumakhudza kuthekera kwa kulamulira thupi ndi machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawongolera mauthenga ochepa chabe. Panthawi zapanikizika kwambiri, anthu amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka, monga kumenya, kuthawa, kapena kufalitsa (Porges, 2001). Kawirikawiri, khalidwe lachiwerewere limakhala ndi ndege kapena ntchito yopewa, kuthandiza munthu kupondereza kapena kupewa zomwe akumva kuti ndizopweteka. Tsoka ilo, ngakhale zizolowezi zomwe zimapangitsa kupumula kwakanthawi pamavuto am'maganizo zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonongeka kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kwakanthawi ndikumva kuwawa kwa thupi (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizolowezi zosokoneza bongo.

         Kufufuza zochepa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusiyana pakati pa gulu lathu (mwachitsanzo, Kusagwirizana, Njira, ndi zolinga), kumapereka chitsimikizo pa njira ya ER ya anthu ogonana kuti azigonana. Ngakhale sikutheka kuti tipeze mfundo zokhudzana ndi kugwirizanitsa, zikuoneka kuti n'zosamveka kuti kukwaniritsa zolinga zowonongeka ndi kupeza njira zowonjezereka za ukhondo zimatsimikiziridwa pa kuvomereza kwake kapena maganizo ake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kuthetsa malingaliro (Strategies subscale) ndi kukhala ndi zolinga zotsatiridwa (zolinga subscale) zimasokonezeka pamene wina nthawi zonse amaletsa kapena amapewa kupsinjika maganizo (Osalola kulandira). Motero, mbali yosavomerezeka ya ER ikuwoneka kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri, ndipo inathandizira kuti mitundu yambiri ikhale yosiyana. Zinthu zomwe zimakhala zosavomerezeka zimasonyeza kuti anthu omwe amakana zolakwika zawo amatha kukhala ndi zowawa zomwe zimakhudza maganizo awo, kuphatikizapo kudzimvera chisoni, manyazi, manyazi, kudzipsa mtima, kudzikweza, kapena kufooka. Choncho, n'zotheka kuti chimodzi mwazofunikira pakugwira ntchito ndi makasitomala omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana ndizokhazikitsa njira yowonjezera yokha yachisomo kuvutika maganizo. Zotsatira za phunziroli zimasonyeza kuti omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana amakhala osadzipweteka pamene akuvutika maganizo, ndipo, mwachiwonekere amayamba kugwira ntchito kukana kapena kuchepetsa vuto loyamba lachisokonezo kuti asamakhale ndi maganizo achiwiri, osokoneza sankhani njira zowonongeka zokhudzidwa ndi zolakwitsa komanso muzikhala ndi khalidwe lolunjika.

         Porges (2001) adalangiza kuti njira zochiritsira zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga bata ndikukhazikitsa njira zowongolera zamaubongo, zomwe zingathandize kuyambitsa kayendetsedwe kachitukuko. Sizingatheke kuti pepalali lipeze njira ndi njira zochitira izi, koma malo oyambira azachipatala ndi machitidwe ozindikira (Gordon, & Griffiths, 2014; Roemer, Williston, & Rollins, 2015; Vallejo & Amaro , 2009). Mwachitsanzo, Roemer et al. (2015) adapeza kuti kuchita zinthu moganizira kumafanana ndi kuchepa kwa kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe ndi kudzipezerera kodziyimira pawokha, ndikuwonjezera kuthekera kwakukhala ndi machitidwe owongoleredwa ndi zolinga. Mofananamo, Menezes and Bizarro (2015) adapeza kuti kusinkhasinkha kwakukulu kunathandizira kuvomereza kukhumudwa. Njira zowonjezera zowonjezera zitha kukhudzanso kudzimvera chisoni (Neff, 2015), ndi njira zochokera ku Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) zolimbikitsa kuvomereza, kusazindikira, komanso kuzindikira kwakanthawi (Hayes, Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006 ), Zonse zomwe zitha kuthandizira kuwongolera kwamalingaliro.

         Cholinga, chotero, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka ndi kupereka ophunzira njira zina zaumoyo kuti athetse maganizo. Chifukwa cha kupsinjika maganizo ndi matenda a maganizo omwe ophunzira ambiri a ku koleji amakumana nawo, vuto lakumvera malamulo sizodabwitsa. Njira zoyenera zothandizira kuthetsa mavutowa zimaphatikizapo kupereka njira zabwino zothetsera vutoli (monga malingaliro), motero kuchepa kuti ophunzira adzidalira zogonana ndi cholinga cha ER. Chifukwa chakuti kafukufuku wamakono wapafupi, magawo ena owonjezereka ndi kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali akuyenera kupitiliza kuthetsa zotsatira zowonjezereka za Edzi pokhala ndi chilakolako chogonana komanso kuthandizira njira zothandizira.

sitingathe

         Zomwe zilipo panopa ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa malinga ndi zochepa zophunzira. Deta yonse inasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kuzipinda zovuta ku yunivesite imodzi yowunikira. Ngakhale kuti ophunzira adachokera ku ziphunzitso zosiyana siyana, sizikudziwika momwe zotsatirazi zimagwirizanirana ndi malo ena kapena mayunivesite. Kuphatikizanso apo, kutenga nawo gawo kunali mwaufulu ndipo sizikudziwika momwe ophunzira omwe anasankha kutenga nawo mbali angakhale osiyana mosiyana ndi omwe adakana. Kuwonjezera apo, deta yonse inasonkhanitsidwa kudzera podzipereka, zomwe zakhala zikutsogolera ena kuti azilemba zochitika zogonana pa SAST-R kapena kuchepetsanso kukhumudwa kwa DERS. Potsirizira pake, ngakhale kuti gulu la gulu limapereka kuzindikira kofunika kwambiri pokhudzana ndi zovuta mu lamulo lakumverera, kusiyana kwakukulu sikukufotokozedwabe.

Kutsiliza

         Zotsatira za phunziroli zikutsindika kufunikira koyesa ndi kuchiza ER pakati pa ophunzira a koleji omwe akulimbana ndi khalidwe logonana. Ngakhale kufufuza kwina kuli kofunika kuti tiwonetsetse bwino izi, akatswiri a zaumoyo akugwira ntchito ndi chizolowezi chogonana angatumikire bwino kuyesa njira zothetsera kugonana ndi njira pakati pa makasitomala omwe akulimbana ndi chiwerewere, ndikupanga njira zothandizira ophunzira kuti azikhala ndi nkhawa pa moyo wawo wathanzi njira ndi kukhazikitsa njira zolinganiza zolinga kuti muthane ndi mavuto a moyo wa koleji.

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Gulu 1

DERS Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito ndi Zopambana Zomwezo

Zindikirani. Gulu la Clinical SA: n = 57; Non Clinical SA Gulu: n = 280

Gulu 2

Gulu 3

Ntchito Yogwira Ntchito Yotsutsana ndi Coefficients