Chidziwitso cha Umoyo wa Pagulu:
Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti kuwonetsa zolaula kwambiri pakati pa akazi achiwerewere achiwerewere kumagwirizana ndi chilakolako chawo chochita kapena kugonana kale koma osakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino. Kugwirizana kotereku kumagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha kugonana ndi zochitika zowonongeka zogonjetsa ndi kugonjera komanso zachiwerewere zolaula. Sichigwirizana ndi malingaliro akuti zolaula zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula zimangokhala ma proxies pa zinthu monga kugonana kwakukulu kapena njira yodzigonana yogonana.
Kugonana, Media, & Society. Januware-Marichi 2017: 1-12
Chyng Feng Dzuwa, Paul Wright, Nicola Steffen
DOI: 10.1177 / 2374623817698113
Kudalirika
Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti kugonana kwa amayi a ku Germany ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwirizana ndi zolaula kunagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi chikhumbo chawo chochita kapena kukhala ndi khalidwe logonana (koma osati lopambana) monga kugwedeza tsitsi, nkhope zawo zidakonzedwa, , kunamira, kutchula mayina, kukwapulidwa, ndi kugwedezeka. Mgwirizano pakati pa zolaula zolaula za akazi ndi kugonana kwagonjera kunali kolimba kwambiri kwa akazi omwe poyamba ankaonera zolaula anali aang'ono. Zomwe anapeza zikuwonetsanso kuti zolaula za amayi ndi zogawanika zimagwirizana ndi momwe amachitira zogonana.
ZOKAMBIRANA GAWO
Zochitika zamakono zowonongeka za zolaula zomwe zimawoneka zogonana amuna ndi akazi zimasonyeza kuti khalidwe lachiwawa ndi lodziwika kwambiri la amuna ndilo "lofunika ndi lofunika" pa zosangalatsa za kugonana kwa anthu omwe ali nawo (Sun et al., 2008, p. 321; onani Bridges et al., 2010). Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti amai akuwonetsa zolaula komanso chidwi chawo ndi zochita zawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu zowonongeka.
Zizolowezi zakugonana zomwe amayi adachitapo kapena kunena kuti angafune kuchita zinali zogonjera koposa zazikulu. Ambiri (55-79%) anali ndi zokumana nazo zakumetedwa tsitsi kapena kumenyedwa mopepuka; oposa 30% adakwapulidwa mwamphamvu ndikuwongoleredwa mu S & M; 23-25% adatsamwitsidwa kapena adaseweredwa mokakamizidwa, ndipo 14% adamenyedwa kumaso. Mwa azimayi omwe sanayese mayendedwe awo ogonjera, 30% anali ndi chidwi chokwapulidwa mopepuka; 22-26% pochita sewero akukakamizidwa kugonana kapena kugonjera ku S & M; 13% pomenyedwa kwambiri; ndipo pakati pa 2% ndi 6% pometedwa tsitsi, kutsamwitsidwa, ndi kumenyedwa. Potengera machitidwe ogonana ogonana amuna kapena akazi, pakati pa 65% ndi 75% anali atapembedza mbolo, kutulutsa nkhope, ndikulowetsa kumatako; 30% anali atatsekedwa pakamwa; 25% anali atatchulidwa mayina; ndipo 7-8% adatenga nawo gawo pa gulu la zigawenga, bulu pakamwa, kapena kulowa kawiri.
Pafupifupi amayi onse amawonetsa zolaula zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kale, ambiri akudziwika kuti asanakhale zaka 16 (75%). Chifukwa chakuti chidwi cha phunziroli chikugwirizanitsa ndi mayanjano omwe angakhalepo pakati pa zolaula ndi zochitika zogonana, zidziwitso zochokera ku zolemba zogonana za Wright (2011) 3AM zokhudzana ndi kugonana zogonana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuzira mbali zitatu za zolaula zachikazi zikugwiritsira ntchito: ntchito yaumwini, kugwiritsira ntchito ndi mnzawo, ndi kuwonetsa zolaula kumayambiriro kwa moyo.
Zochitika zolaula zomwe akazi ndizogawanika zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe amakhulupirira pa chiwerewere. Zotsatira zake zinasonyezanso kuti ngakhale amayi omwe anali ndi zithunzi zolaula, kaya ali paokha kapena ali ndi zibwenzi, ayenera kuti anachita kapena akufuna kuyesa khalidwe logonana, kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula sikunagwirizane ndi makhalidwe awo akuluakulu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zolaula zogwiritsidwa ntchito zinali zokhudzana ndi kugonjera kwa amayi koma zinali zosiyana ndi khalidwe lawo lalikulu. Kugwirizana kotereku kumagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha kugonana ndi zochitika zowonongeka zogonjetsa ndi kugonjera komanso zachiwerewere zolaula. Sichigwirizana ndi malingaliro akuti zolaula zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula zimangokhala ma proxies pa zinthu monga kugonana kwakukulu kapena njira yodzigonana yogonana. Ngati ndi choncho, zolaula ziyenera kugwirizana ndi khalidwe lachigololo la amayi kuphatikizapo khalidwe lawo logonana.
3AM imalimbikitsa kuti kuwonetsedwa koyambirira pazakugonana kumatha kukhala ndi tanthauzo lokhalitsa pazogonana, makamaka zikakhala zowoneka bwino komanso zopezeka mosavuta kukumbukira (Greenberg, 1988; Shrum, 2009). Kuphatikiza apo, ngati zolembedwa zakugonana pambuyo pake zimaphatikizana ndi zolembedwa zoyambilira zogonana, machitidwe awo amatha (Wright et al., 2013). Popeza kusanthula kwazaka zolaula kwazaka makumi atatu kwawonetsa kuti kulamulira amuna ndi kugonjera akazi ndi uthenga waukulu (Barron & Kimmel, 2000; Cowan, Lee, Levy, & Snyder, 1988; Duncan, 1991; Gorman, Monk-Turner, & Fish , 2010; Klaassen & Peter, 2014; Monk-Turner ndi Purcell, 1999), zolemba zogonana zomwe zimawonetsedwa mu zolaula zomwe otenga nawo gawo azimayi adaziwona ali ana zikuyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi zomwe adaziwona m'moyo wamtsogolo. Chifukwa chake, azaka zazing'ono zomwe akazi adayamba kuwona zolaula, zimalimbitsa mayanjano pakati pa kugonjera azimayi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kulimba kwa mgwirizano pakati pa machitidwe ogonjera azimayi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwaposachedwa kunali kwamphamvu mosasamala kanthu za nthawi yomwe akazi amawonetsedwa zolaula. Amayi ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pawokha pafupipafupi kuposa ndi mnzake. Mwinanso kuthekera kokulira kwa zolembera zomwe zatuluka chifukwa chofotokozedwaku pafupipafupi, zimachulukitsa kusiyana pakukula kwa akazi pazakugonana chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa msinkhu woyamba kuwonekera.
Phunziroli limapereka zothandizira maulendo angapo a 3AM, makamaka kuti nkhani zogonana zimapereka malemba pazinthu zina zogonana komanso kuti kutengeka kwa ana msinkhu kungapangitse mwayi woti anthu azitsatira khalidwe lomwe amaliwona m'tsogolo. Koma zimakhala zovuta makamaka ngati zotsatira zikufaniziridwa ndi kufufuza kwaposachedwa za zolaula za amuna ndi khalidwe logonana (Wright et al., 2015). Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti amuna omwe nthawi zambiri amawonera zolaula amakhala ndi chidwi chofuna kuyesa zoyipa zomwe zimawoneka pazinthu zolaula. Kuwombera mwamphamvu, kusewera pamasewero olimbikitsa kugonana, kukwapula, kumangirira, kumangiriza wokondedwa, kulamulira wothandizana naye, kulowetsa kawiri, kutsekedwa kwa penile, ndi kuyitana maina. Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, maphunziro awiriwa akusonyeza kuti kulamulidwa kwa amuna ndi kugonjera akazi pa zolaula zosavuta kumapezeka, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mmagulu ambiri ogonana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, ndipo ngati ntchito yaumwini kapena yogwirizanitsa ikhoza kuwonetsera njira zosiyana, Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mnzanuyo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zonse kungakhudze kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula.
Kutsiliza
Kafukufukuyu ndi amodzi mwa oyamba kuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi mchitidwe wogonana wogonana wazimayi pozindikira zomwe zachitika zolaula komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zolaula komanso momwe amathandizira pakuwonekera kwa amayi msanga. Zithunzi zolaula zakhala zongopeka chabe (Bader, 2008; Kipnis, 1996; Lehman, 2006) ndi chida chomasula azimayi pogonana (Ellis, O'Dair, & Tallmer, 1990). Amanenanso kuti zithunzi zolaula ndizophatikizika komanso kuti kudziwika kwa omvera sikungachitike (McClintock, 1993). Chifukwa chake, azimayi akawona azimayi ena akulamulidwa ndi zolaula, amatha kuzindikira kuti wolamulirayo, osati wolamulidwa, kenako amaphunzira zolemba pakulamulira. Komabe, kutengera izi komanso kafukufuku wakale (Wright, Sun, Steffen, & Tokunaga, 2014), amuna ndi akazi ambiri omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akuwoneka kuti amavomereza kwambiri zolemba zolaula zakugonjera amuna ndi kugonjera akazi ndikuchita moyenera. Kusagwirizana kwa mphamvuzi kumapereka zambiri zoti tizilingalire pa nkhani yogonana komanso kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.
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