Aviv Weinstein, Ph.D. ndi Michel Lejoyeux, Ph.D.,
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Oyambirira pa Intaneti: 1-7, 2010
Zowonjezera kuchokera ku phunziro lonse
MAU OYAMBA
Vuto Kutanthauzira
Kugwiritsira ntchito molakwika pa intaneti, kapena kuledzeretsa, kumakhala ndi nkhawa yochulukirapo kapena yosalamulirika, zolimbikitsa kapena makhalidwe okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kapena kuvutika. Chikhalidwechi chachititsa kuti anthu ambiri azitha kuonera zofalitsa komanso akatswiri ofufuza, ndipo chidwichi chikugwirizana ndi kukula kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta ndi Intaneti (1). Phenomenologically, zikuoneka kuti zilipo zitatu subtypes: kusewera kwambiri, kugonana (cybersex), ndi mauthenga a e-mail / mauthenga.
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Okhalitsa amatha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwa nthawi yaitali, kudzipatula okha ku mitundu ina ya anthu, ndipo amaganizira kwambiri pa intaneti osati zochitika zambiri za moyo.
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Sizodziwika ngati kuledzera kwa intaneti kawirikawiri kumayimira mawonetseredwe a matenda, kapena kuti ndi matenda osokonekera. Kawirikawiri kupezeka kwa intaneti pazinthu zambiri zovuta kumabweretsa mafunso ovuta kwambiri. Zakhala zikukangana (5) kuti, malinga ndi zochepa zomwe zilipo ponena za maphunziro, kuwonetsa, kukhazikika kwa nthawi, ndi kulandira chithandizo, zikuwoneka msanga kuganizira zoledzeretsa pa intaneti ngati chipatala cha matenda. Komabe, kufufuza kafukufuku ukusonyeza kuti anthu ena omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi cha intaneti ali pachiopsezo chachikulu ndipo amayenera kusamalidwa ndi chithandizo chamalonda. Maphunziro osamalidwa amayenera kuthetsa mikanganoyi. Kufufuza uku kunasanthula nkhani zosindikizidwa pakati pa 2000 ndi 2009 ku Medline ndi PubMed, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ofunika akuti "Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti" pa nkhani za matenda, matenda, matenda, matenda komanso matenda.
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KUDZIWA NDI KULINGALIRA
Kupezeka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo (kudalira) kumakhalabe vuto. Sichikuwoneka m'dongosolo lililonse lachidziwitso, kuphatikizapo DSM-IV, ndipo palibe njira zovomerezeka zovomerezeka.Zigawo zinayi zakhala zikufunikira kuti matendawa (6): 1) agwiritse ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti, nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ndi kutayika kwa nthawi yeniyeni kapena kunyalanyaza zoyambira, 2) kuchotsa, kuphatikizapo kukwiya, kukwiya, ndi / kapena kuvutika maganizo pamene makompyuta sakufika, 3) kulekerera, kuphatikizapo kufunika kwa zipangizo zamakono zamapulogalamu, mapulogalamu ambiri, kapena maola ochuluka, ndi zotsatira za mavuto, kuphatikizapo kutsutsa, kunama, sukulu yopanda ntchito kapena kupindula kwa ntchito, kudzipatula, ndi kutopa.
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Pakalipano palibe zida zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amasonyeza kudalirika kokwanira ndi maiko onse m'mayiko. Kusanthula kwaposachedwapa kwa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zozindikiritsa kuti maphunziro oyambirira adagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyana siyana pofuna kufotokozera kuwonjezera pa intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zingayambitse zitsanzo zamakono, ndikufufuza deta pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira deta kuti afufuze kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano kusiyana ndi kugonana pakati pa zosiyana (7). Choncho, kufalikira Deta pamagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti sizingatheke ndi njira zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito matendawa komanso zogwiritsira ntchito zida zogonana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyerekeza chiwerengero chakufala m'mayiko onse.
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Palinso nkhawa zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kudzipereka, kukhala ndi mayankho osayeruzika, ophunzira sangamvetse mafunso osiyanasiyana kapena kutanthauzira mozama zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyesera. Kuonjezera apo, palinso vuto la chisankho chosankhidwa ndi dziwe lopindula lomwe limapezekanso pa webusaiti kapena maphunziro apamwamba. Kugwiritsa ntchito tsamba la pawebusaiti kumakhudza momwe anthu adayankhira komanso chiwerengero cha mayankho ovomerezeka. Pomalizira pake, munthu akhoza kusonyeza khalidwe lodziletsa pa ntchito imodzi, koma osati ena.
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Vuto lalikulu ndi maphunzirowa ndikuti amagwiritsa ntchito mawu osamveka pofotokozera machitidwe a intaneti, monga "malire," "oopsa," "pangozi," ndi "oledzera," omwe sanagwiritsidwe mwachindunji kapena kutsimikiziridwa mwachipatala. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha kuledzera kwa intaneti kwapenda kumadera ena (12, 36).
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COMORBIDITY
Kafukufuku wotsutsana ndi anthu odwala amasonyeza kuti ali ndi vuto la matenda opatsirana pogonana, monga matenda okhudza matenda, matenda ovutika maganizo (kuphatikizapo matenda osokonezeka maganizo, matenda osokoneza bongo), komanso kuchepa kwa matenda osokoneza bongo (ADHD). Zanenedwa kuti (37) kuti ubale pakati pa kusungulumwa ndi zokonda kuyankhulana pakati pa intaneti ndizonyansa komanso kuti nkhawa za chikhalidwe ndi zosokoneza.
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NEUROBIOLOGY NDI KUKHALA IMAGINGO
panopa, pakhala pali zochepa zochepa pa maphunziro a ubongo wa intaneti. Panali zofukufuku zomwe zinalembedwa pakompyuta ndi zolimbitsa mavidiyo (onani Weinstein, kwina kulikonse). Pakati pa maphunziro oyambirira a ubongo (13) adayankha okhulupirira 10 omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa masewera a pa Intaneti amene amaperekedwa ndi zithunzi zojambulajambula ndi zithunzi zojambulapo panthawi yomwe akuyesa kujambula zithunzi zamagetsi (fmRI). Mu gulu lodwalitsidwa, corrox yolondola ya orbito-frontal, nucleus accumbens, yoyamba yamtundu umodzi wamtundu wa makina ozungulira, yoyendetsa kondomu yoyendetsa bwino, komanso kondomu yoyenera yolumikizidwa mosiyana ndi gulu lolamulira. Kutsegulidwa kwa madera-of-chidwi (ROI) kunagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi kudzikonda komwe kunalimbikitsa zolaula ndi kukumbukira za kusewera kwa masewera otsutsidwa ndi zithunzi. Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti magulu a neural omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azisewera masewera olimbitsa thupi amatha kukhala ofanana ndi a chilakolako chokhudzidwa. Choncho, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti kukakamiza / kusewera kwa masewera otetezera masewera a pa Intaneti ndi chilakolako chokhudzidwa ndi mankhwala okhudzana ndi maseŵera angakhale ndi njira imodzi yokhayokha.
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N'CHIFUKWA CHIYANI ANTHU AMAFUNIKA KUCHITA
INTERNET?
Kudalira pa intaneti kunali kochepa kwambiri pazinthu zambiri zomwe zinkasonyeza kuthetsa bwino kwa mavutowa, ndipo zinapambana pamwamba pa zomwe zinawonetsa kuthetsa kuthetsa kwa mavutowa (48).
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Kugwirizanitsa cybersex kwasanduka chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa intaneti pa abambo ndi abambo ambiri omwe agwa ndi zovuta zowonjezera, kukwanitsa, komanso kudziwika kwa makhalidwe a kugonana pa intaneti (49). Odwala ena amakumana ndi vuto lopanikizika pogwiritsa ntchito cybersex chifukwa chokonzekera kapena kukumana ndi zochitika zinazake, pamene ena ogwiritsira ntchito mokakamiza ali ndi vuto lalikulu, losokonezeka maganizo, kapena oledzera. Amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi vuto la mauthenga a pa Intaneti amagwiritsa ntchito zolimbitsa thupi, khalidwe lachikhalidwe, kusagwirizana kwa dissociative ndi zovuta za moyo, matenda a chibwenzi, kusokoneza chibwenzi, ndi khalidwe losokoneza bongo (49). Gulu logwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti likuwonetsa maulendo apamwamba mu mbiri ya Self-Directed and Cooperativeness ndi zochepa zochepa mu Mbiri Yowalenga ndi Kufuna Kudzipereka kwa JTCI, poyerekeza ndi gulu losagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, pambuyo poyang'anira zizindikiro za ADHD.
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Njira zoterezi zowonongeka zikuwoneka ngati zikugonjetsedwa ndi kugonana (onani Thibaut kwinakwake m'magaziniyi), koma akugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga ena pa intaneti. Pankhani ya kukhumudwa kwa cybersex, zomwe zikuwonetsedwera, makamaka zolaula, ndi mawonekedwe enieni a chizolowezi chogonana ndi makompyuta. Achipatala amafotokoza chiwerengero chochulukira cha odwala omwe amakhala osokonezeka ku ntchitoyi, mawonekedwe a chizoloŵezi cha pa Intaneti ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana, ndi mavuto omwe amakhala nawo okhudzana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere.
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KUKANGANANI
Kulimbana ndi intaneti, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti mobwerezabwereza ndi zotsatira zake zoipa, siziwoneka mu dongosolo lililonse lachidziwitso, kuphatikizapo DSM-IV. Block wakhala akutsutsa kuti kuledzera kwa intaneti ndi matenda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu DSM-V (5). Kulingalira, matendawa ndi matenda osokoneza maganizo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta pa intaneti komanso / kapena popanda kompyuta. Zomwe zilipo zitatuzi zikudziwika: kusewera kwambiri, kugonana, ndi mauthenga a e-mail / mauthenga. Zonsezi zikugawana zigawo zinayi zotsatirazi: 1) kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zokhudzana ndi kutayika kwa nthawi yeniyeni kapena kunyalanyaza zoyambira, 2) kuchotsa, kuphatikizapo mkwiyo, kupsinjika, ndi / kapena kupsinjika pamene kompyuta zovuta, 3) kulekerera, kuphatikizapo kufunika kwa zipangizo zamakono zamapulogalamu, mapulogalamu ambiri, kapena maola ochuluka, ndi zotsatira za mavuto a 4), kuphatikizapo kutsutsana, kunama, kupindula bwino, kudzipatula, ndi kutopa. Ena adanena kuti chizoloŵezi cha intaneti sizowonongeka ndipo sichikhoza kukhala chizindikiro chosiyana ndi matenda ena, omwe alipo monga nkhawa, kuvutika maganizo, ADHD kapena matenda osokoneza maganizo (70). Deta yaying'ono ilipo kuti athetse funsoli, ndipo njira zogwiritsira ntchito pathophysiological zowonongeka kwa intaneti sizikudziwika. Kusadziŵa kumeneku kumaphatikizaponso kuchipatala. Ochepa omwe amafalitsidwa kafukufuku wa mankhwala pa intaneti amachokera pazochitika ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda osokoneza bongo. Choncho, n'kosatheka kupatsimikizira umboni uliwonse wokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Kudalirika
Background: Kusokoneza bongo pa intaneti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti mopitirira muyeso kumawonetsa nkhawa, kudandaula, kapena makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi ma intaneti omwe amachititsa kukhumudwa kapena kuvutika. Pakalipano, palibe chizoloŵezi cha kuledzera kwa intaneti mkati mwa zizindikiro za matenda osokoneza bongo ndipo, motero, palibe zofanana zogonana. Komabe, aperekedwa kuti athandizidwe mu ndondomeko yotsatila ya Kufufuza ndi Masamba a Mental Disorder (DSM).
Cholinga: Kuwerengera mabuku omwe amapezeka pa intaneti pazomwe akudziŵa, phenomenology, epidemiology, ndi mankhwala.
Njira: Ndemanga ya zofalitsa zofalitsa pakati pa 2000-2009 ku Medline ndi PubMed pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kuledzera kwa intaneti.
Results: Kafukufuku ku United States ndi Europe asonyeza kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero pakati pa 1.5% ndi 8.2%, ngakhale kuti mayankho a mafunso ndi mayankho omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire amasiyana pakati pa mayiko. Kafukufuku woperekedwa m'magulu a odwala amasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri amadwala matenda osokoneza bongo, makamaka matenda opatsirana (kuphatikizapo kuvutika maganizo), matenda osokonezeka maganizo (matenda osokonezeka maganizo, matenda okhudza matenda a anthu), komanso vuto la kuchepa kwa matendawa (ADHD). Zifukwa zingapo zimayambitsa mavuto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti, kuphatikizapo makhalidwe, kulera ana ndi zinthu za m'banja, kugwiritsa ntchito mowa, komanso nkhawa za anthu.
Zotsatira ndi Zofunika za Sayansi: Ngakhale kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ali ndi vuto lotha kupeweratu khalidwe lawo lopitirira pa intaneti m'moyo weniweni, sadziwa pang'ono za njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zapakompyuta komanso zamaganizo. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kafukufuku wokwanira, pakalipano sitingathe kupatsimikizira umboni uliwonse wokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Chidwi Cha pa intaneti kapena Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Kwambiri - Zosintha pamzere
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