ZOCHITIKA ZA KUPHUNZIRA KUSANKHIDWA KWA NTCHITO YA PORN YA INTERNET
Kulosera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Mwakugwiritsa Ntchito: Ndizo Zonse Zokhudza Kugonana! (2006)
Meerkerk GJ, Van Den Eijnden RJ, Garretsen HF.
Cyberpsychol Behav. 2006 Feb; 9 (1): 95-103.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuyesa mphamvu yolosera ya mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana a pa intaneti pa chitukuko cha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mokakamiza (CIU). Kafukufukuyu ali ndi kapangidwe ka mafunde awiri okhala ndi nthawi ya chaka chimodzi.
Pazigawo zosiyanasiyana, masewera ndi zolaula zimaoneka ngati mapulogalamu ofunikira kwambiri pa intaneti okhudzana ndi CIU. Pazifukwa zambiri, kuthera nthawi yambiri pa zolaula kunaneneratu kuwonjezeka kwa CIU chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake. Mphamvu yoledzera ya mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana imasiyana; zolaula zimawoneka kuti zili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu.
Kuwonera Zithunzi Zolaula pa intaneti: Udindo wa Kugonana Kwachiwerewere ndi Maganizo a Maganizo a Psychiatric kwa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Intaneti Pakompyuta Zambiri (2011)
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011 Jun;14(6):371-7. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0222.
Pulogalamu ya Internet Addiction (IAT) ndi machitidwe a kusintha kwa IAT pa zochitika zogonana pa Intaneti (IATsex), komanso mafunso ena ambiri oyeza zizindikiro zamaganizo komanso mbali za umunthu amaperekedwanso kwa ophunzirawo.
Zotsatira zikusonyeza kuti mavuto omwe adanenedwa okha pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku okhudzana ndi zochitika zogonana pa intaneti adanenedweratu ndi ziwerengero zogonana zomwe zimawonekera pa zolaula, kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zamaganizo padziko lonse lapansi, ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulogalamu ogonana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito akakhala pa intaneti pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, pomwe nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti pa intaneti (mphindi patsiku) sinathandizire kwambiri kufotokozera kusiyana kwa chiwerengero cha IATsex. Makhalidwe a umunthu sanagwirizane kwambiri ndi chiwerengero cha IATsex.
Ngakhale kuti nkhani yokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa azimayi pa Intaneti imakhudza kwambiri, izi zakhala zitanyalanyazidwa mu kafukufuku wakale. 16,17 Muzofufuza zambiri za zamaganizo kapena zamagwirizanidwe a intaneti pazinthu zambiri, makompyuta a pa kompyuta / makompyuta anali nawo makamaka mu samples18-20 kapena palibe kusiyana pakati pa ntchito zosiyana pa intaneti.Zophunzira za 21-24 zomwe makamaka zimayesa njira zowonongeka za mankhwala osokoneza bongo akusowa.
Timaona kufanana pakati pa njira zoganizira ndi ubongo zomwe zingathandize kusunga kugonana kwa pa intaneti mopitirira muyeso ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena chizolowezi chochita zinthu mopitirira muyeso (monga kutchova juga kwa matenda). Mwachitsanzo, zimadziwika kuti ubongo wa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la uchidakwa kapena chizolowezi china cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo umakhudzidwa ndi maganizo (kuyambitsa kwa ventral striatum) akakumana ndi zithunzi zokhudzana ndi mowa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo.30–32 Maphunziro ena amagogomezeranso kuti chilakolako cha zochita (cue-reactivity) chingapezeke mwa anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zamakhalidwe, monga kutchova juga kwa matenda33 ndi—posachedwapa—ngakhale mwa anthu omwe amasewera kwambiri World of Warcraft19 kapena masewera ena apakompyuta.18 Maphunziro awa amagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti chilakolako cha zochita pa kuonera zinthu zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azichita zinthu mopitirira muyeso.
Choncho, zikuwoneka kuti zigawo za ubongo zomwe zikuphatikizidwa pakukakamiza kugonana, komanso kukonda kugonana ndi ntchito, komanso kulakalaka zomwe zimachitika kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zowonongeka, ndizofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko ndi kukonza chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa pogonana pa Intaneti.
Kukambirana
Tapeza ubale wabwino pakati pa chilakolako cha kugonana chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha kuonera zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti komanso mavuto omwe anthu amakumana nawo tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kugonana pa intaneti monga momwe IATsex imayezera. Kuchuluka kwa chilakolako cha kugonana, kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zamaganizo padziko lonse lapansi, ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulogalamu ogonana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito zinali zizindikiro zazikulu za chiwerengero cha IATsex, pomwe nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malo ogonana pa intaneti sinathandize kwambiri kufotokoza kusiyana kwa chiwerengero cha IATsex.
Kupeza kuti ziwerengero zosonyeza chilakolako cha kugonana mwa munthu wina akamaonera zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zikugwirizana ndi mavuto omwe anthu amakumana nawo tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kungatanthauzidwe potengera kafukufuku wakale wokhudza momwe munthu amamvera akamaganizira za anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena khalidwe loipa.
Monga tafotokozera kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi, kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yowonjezeretsa njira yosungiramo khalidwe lopweteka kwawonetsedwa m'magulu angapo odwala omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chodalira kapena khalidwe loledzera. 18,19,30-33 Maphunzirowa amaphatikizidwa ku lingaliro lakuti chidwi choyang'ana pa zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana ndizofunika kwambiri zogwirizana ndi khalidwe loledzera.
Ngakhale kuti sitinayang'ane ubale wa ubongo ndi kuonera zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti mu kafukufuku wathu, tinapeza umboni woyamba woyesera wosonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa kuchitapo kanthu pa zolaula pa intaneti komanso chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti.
Zojambula Zithunzi Zojambula Zithunzi Zojambula ndi Ntchito Yoyang'anira Memory (2012)
Anthu ena amafotokoza mavuto panthawi yogonana pa intaneti ndi pambuyo, monga kusowa tulo ndikuiwala maudindo, omwe amakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa za moyo. Njira imodzi yomwe ingabweretse mavuto amenewa ndikuti kugonana kwapakati pa kugonana pa intaneti kungasokoneze mphamvu yakugwira ntchito (WM), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kunyalanyaza zinthu zowonongeka kwazomwe zimapangidwira zowonongeka komanso kusokoneza chisankho. Zotsatira zake zinawonetsa zovuta kwambiri za WM kuchithunzi cha zithunzi zolaula za ntchito ya 4-kumbuyo poyerekeza ndi zinthu zitatu zotsalira.
Kuphatikiza apo, kusanthula kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kunawonetsa kufotokozera kwa kusiyana kwa kukhudzidwa kwa chithunzi cha zolaula potengera momwe zithunzi zolaula zimakhudzira komanso momwe chilakolako chodziseweretsa maliseche chimakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a WM. Zomwe zapezeka zikukambidwa pankhani ya chizolowezi cha pa intaneti chifukwa kusokonezedwa kwa WM ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Zosakaniza Zojambula Zogonana Pogwiritsa Ntchito Zosankha Zokhumudwitsa (2013).
Zokambirana Zogonana Behav. 2013 Jun 4.
Pofufuzira zofuna zogonana, anthu amayenera kupanga zisankho zingapo, zomwe mwina zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zabwino kapena zoyipa. Kafukufuku wopanga zisankho akuwonetsa kuti zosankha mosamveka bwino zimakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira zomwe zidalandiridwa posankha zisanachitike. Kugonana kumatha kusokoneza chisankho ndikupanga zisankho zoyipa mtsogolo. Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, 82 omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, omwe amatenga nawo gawo amawonera zithunzi zachiwerewere, adawavota pokhudzana ndi chilakolako chogonana, ndipo adafunsidwa kuti afotokozere momwe aliri pakukondwerera asanagwiritse ntchito chithunzi cha kugonana. Pambuyo pake, maphunziro adachita imodzi mwamasinthidwe awiri a Iowa Kutchova Juga Task pomwe zithunzi zakugonana zidawonetsedwa pazithunzi zopindulitsa komanso zosalowererapo pazoyipa zamakhadi kapena mosemphanitsa (n = 41 / n = 41).
Kuchita zisankho kunali koipa kwambiri pamene zithunzi zachiwerewere zimagwiridwa ndi mapepala osokoneza mapepala poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimachitika pamene zithunzi zogonana zogwirizana ndi zopindulitsa. Kugonjera kugonana kwachangu kunayambitsa mgwirizano pakati pa chikhalidwe cha ntchito ndi kupanga kupanga chisankho. Phunziroli likugogomezera kuti kukakamiza kugonana kumasokoneza kupanga chisankho, chomwe chikhoza kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu ena amakumana ndi zotsatira zoipa pa nkhani yogwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti.
Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti: Kuchita zachiwerewere nthawi zambiri poona zolaula osati zogonana zenizeni zimapangitsa kusiyana (2013)
Journal of Zizoloŵezi za Zizoloŵezi.
Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti kumaphatikizidwa kukangana, pomwe umboni wovomerezeka ulipo kwambiri. Ponena za njira zake za chitukuko ndi kukonzanso Brand et al. (2011) amaganiza kuti kulimbikitsidwa chifukwa cha kugonana kwaukhondo kuyenera kuyambitsa chithunzithunzi-chokhazikika komanso chokhumba kufotokozera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kogwiritsa ntchito pogonana pogwiritsa ntchito kukula koma kusalakwitsa zotsatirapo zoipa. Pofuna kutsimikizira izi, maphunziro awiri oyesera anachitidwa.
Cholinga cha phunziro lachiwiri chinali kutsimikizira zomwe zapeza pa phunziro loyambirira poyerekezera odwala (n = 25) ndi ovuta (n = 25) ogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti.
Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti zizindikiro za chilakolako chogonana komanso chilakolako cha zolaula pa intaneti zinaneneratu zizolowezi zokonda kugonana pa intaneti mu kafukufuku woyamba. Komanso, zinawonetsedwa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti omwe ali ndi vuto amanena kuti chilakolako chogonana kwambiri komanso zotsatira zake zimakhala chifukwa cha kuwonetsedwa kwa zithunzi zolaula. Mu maphunziro onse awiriwa, chiwerengero ndi khalidwe la anthu omwe amagonana nawo pa intaneti sizinagwirizane ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti.
Zotsatira zake zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la kukhutitsidwa, lomwe limatanthauza kulimbikitsa, njira zophunzirira, ndi chikhumbo chokhala njira zofunika pakukulitsa ndi kusunga chizolowezi cha kugonana pa intaneti. Kugonana kosayenera kapena kosakhutiritsa m'moyo weniweni sikungathe kufotokoza mokwanira chizolowezi cha kugonana pa intaneti.
Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti pa abambo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amatha kuwonetsa zithunzi zolaula kungathe kufotokozedwa ndi kukondweretsa (2014)
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2014 Ogasiti;17(8):505-11.
Malinga ndi chizoloŵezi cha kuledzera kwa intaneti, kugonana kwa pa Intaneti kumatengedwa ngati kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti kumene ogwiritsa ntchito ali pachiopsezo chokhala ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ponena za amuna, kafufuzidwe kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti zizindikiro zogonana ndi chilakolako choyang'ana pa zolaula za pa Intaneti zimakhudzana ndi kuopsa kwa chizolowezi chogonana pa Intaneti pa Intaneti (IPU). Popeza kufufuza kofanana pakati pa akazi kulibe, cholinga cha phunziroli ndi kufufuza zotsutsa za kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa azimayi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Tinafufuza abambo a 51 a IPU ndi a 51 omwe sali oonera zolaula (NIPU).
Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti IPU inaona zithunzi zolaula ngati zolimbikitsa kwambiri ndipo inanena kuti chilakolako chachikulu chifukwa cha kuwonetsedwa kwa zithunzi zolaula poyerekeza ndi NIPU. Kuphatikiza apo, chilakolako, kuyesedwa kwa zithunzi zogonana, kukhudzidwa ndi chisangalalo chogonana, khalidwe lovuta la kugonana, komanso kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zamaganizo kunaneneratu zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti mu IPU. Kukhala pachibwenzi, kuchuluka kwa anthu ogonana nawo, kukhutira ndi anthu ogonana nawo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti sizinagwirizane ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti . Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zinanenedwa za amuna ogonana nawo m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu.
Umboni Wachikhulupiriro ndi Zoganizira Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kugonana kwa Ogonana ndi Azimayi Kuganiza Zoganizira Zoganizira (2014)
Chizolowezi Chogonana ndi Kukakamiza: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, Voliyumu 21 , Nkhani 4 , 2014
Ntchito yapitayi ikusonyeza kuti anthu ena akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo cha CA, pomwe kulimbikitsa bwino ndi kuyanjana ndi zizindikiro kumaonedwa ngati njira zazikulu zochizira CA. Mu kafukufukuyu, amuna 155 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adalemba zithunzi zolaula 100 ndipo adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa chilakolako chawo chogonana. Kuphatikiza apo, zizolowezi za CA, kukhudzidwa ndi chisangalalo chogonana, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kugonana konsekonse zidawunikidwa. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti pali zinthu zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti CA ikhale pachiwopsezo ndipo zimapereka umboni wa gawo la kukhutiritsa kugonana komanso kuthana ndi vuto losakhazikika pakukula kwa CA.
Kugonjera kwa Prefrontal ndi kuvutikira kwa intaneti: njira yophunzitsira ndi kuunika kafukufuku wamaganizo ndi zokhudzana ndi ubongo (2015)
Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Meyi 27;8:375.
Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati chida chothandiza kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku monga kusungitsa malo pa ndege kapena hotelo. Komabe, anthu ena amavutika ndi kulephera kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi nkhawa, zizindikiro zodalira maganizo, komanso zotsatirapo zoyipa zosiyanasiyana. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa chizolowezi cha intaneti. Vuto la Masewera a pa Intaneti lokha ndi lomwe laphatikizidwa mu pulogalamu ya DSM-5, koma zanenedwa kale kuti chizolowezi cha pa intaneti chingaphatikizepo kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ena omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana pa intaneti, maubwenzi pa intaneti, kugula zinthu, ndi kusaka zambiri zomwe zili pa intaneti zomwe zili pachiwopsezo choyambitsa khalidwe loledzera.
Kafukufuku wa zamaganizo wasonyeza kuti ntchito zina zoyambira makamaka ntchito zowongolera akuluakulu zimagwirizana ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi cha intaneti, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zitsanzo zaposachedwa za chiphunzitso pakukula ndi kusunga kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mopitirira muyeso. Njira zowongolera zimachepa makamaka anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti akakumana ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi intaneti zomwe zimayimira kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba. Mwachitsanzo, kukonza zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi intaneti kumasokoneza magwiridwe antchito okumbukira komanso kupanga zisankho. Mogwirizana ndi izi, zotsatira za functional neuroimaging ndi maphunziro ena a neuropsychological zikuwonetsa kuti cue-reactivity, chilakolako, ndi kupanga zisankho ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri pomvetsetsa chizolowezi cha intaneti. Zomwe zapezeka pa kuchepetsa chizolowezi cha akuluakulu zikugwirizana ndi zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe, monga kutchova juga kwa matenda. Zimagogomezeranso kugawidwa kwa vutoli ngati chizolowezi, chifukwa palinso kufanana kosiyanasiyana ndi zomwe zapezeka pakudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zotsatira za neuropsychological ndi neuroimaging zili ndi zotsatira zofunika kuchipatala, chifukwa cholinga chimodzi cha chithandizo chiyenera kuwonjezera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwa kusintha malingaliro ena ndi ziyembekezo zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.
Ponena za chitukuko ndi kukonzanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (SIA), timatsutsa - mogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale komanso motsatira chitsanzo cha Davis (2001) -Kuti zizindikiro za psychopathological zimakhudza makamaka (Brand et al., 2011; Kuss ndi Griffith, 2011; Pawlikowski ndi Brand, 2011; Laier et al., 2013a; Pawlikowski et al., 2014). Tikhoza kuganiza kuti zomwe munthu adzikonzeratu zimapangitsa kuti munthu akwaniritsidwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ena ndikupititsa patsogolo ntchitozi. Chitsanzo chimodzi chokhazikitsidwapo ndi chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana (Cooper et al., 2000a,b; Bancroft ndi Vukadinovic, 2004; Salisbury, 2008; Kafka, 2010), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azigwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti, chifukwa akuyembekezera kugonana ndi kukondweretsa (Meerkerk et al., 2006; Young, 2008). Timakhulupirira kuti kuyembekezera kuti mapulogalamu a pa intaneti angathe kukhutiritsa zikhumbo zina zimapangitsa kuti mwayi woterewu ugwiritsidwe ntchito mobwerezabwereza, monga momwe amachitira ndi chizoloŵezi chosokoneza (Robinson ndi Berridge, 2000, 2003; Everitt ndi Robbins, 2006) komanso kuti munthuyo akhoza kuyamba kutaya mphamvu pazogwiritsira ntchito kwake. Chotsatira chake, kukondweretsa kumakhala kozoloŵera ndipo chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito mapulojekiti oterowo komanso malonda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito molimbika. Izi zakhala zikuwonetsedwa kale, mwachitsanzo pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti (Brand et al., 2011; Laier et al., 2013a) ndipo mwinamwake ndi njira yokha maseŵera a pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, Tychsen et al., 2006; Eya, 2006). Zizoloŵezi zowonjezereka za maganizo (mwachitsanzo, kupsinjika maganizo ndi nkhaŵa za anthu) zimayenera kukhala zolimbikitsa kwambiri. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuti mapulogalamu enieni a intaneti (mwachitsanzo, zithunzi zolaula) zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti asokoneze mavuto m'moyo weniweni kapena kupeŵa kusokonezeka, monga kusungulumwa kapena kudzipatula. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za chitsanzo chathu ziri mwachidule mu Chithunzi Chithunzi11.
Kupitirizabe kuonera zolaula? Kugwiritsira ntchito mosamala kapena kusasamala za kugonana kwa pa Intaneti pazinthu zambirimbiri zikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro za kugonana kwa pa Intaneti (2015)
J Behav Addict. 2015 Marichi;4(1):14-21.
Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti, monga zolaula, mwauchidakwa, zomwe zimawopsa kwambiri pamoyo wawo kapena ntchito. Njira imodzi yomwe imatsogolera ku zotsatira zovulaza ingachepetse mphamvu zoyendetsera kuzindikila ndi khalidwe limene lingakhale lofunikira kuti lizindikire kusintha pakati pa kugonana ndi ntchito zina ndi maudindo a moyo.
Kuti tithetse vutoli, tinafufuza amuna 104 omwe adatenga nawo mbali ndi njira yochitira zinthu zambirimbiri yokhala ndi magulu awiri: Gulu limodzi linali ndi zithunzi za anthu, gulu lina linali ndi zithunzi zolaula. M'magulu onse awiriwa zithunzizo zinayenera kugawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi zofunikira zina. Tapeza kuti kuchita bwino pang'ono mu njira yochitira zinthu zambirimbiriyi kumalumikizidwa ndi chizolowezi chachikulu chofuna kugonana pa intaneti. Anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezichi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kapena kunyalanyaza kugwira ntchito pazithunzi zolaula.
Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti kuchepetsa mphamvu ya akuluakulu pakuchita zinthu zambirimbiri, akamakumana ndi zinthu zolaula, kungayambitse makhalidwe oipa komanso zotsatirapo zoipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti. Komabe , anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chizolowezi chopewa kapena kuyandikira zinthu zolaula, monga momwe tafotokozera m'machitidwe olimbikitsa chizolowezi.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku waposachedwapa zikusonyeza udindo wa ntchito zoyang'anira akuluakulu, mwachitsanzo ntchito zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi prefrontal cortex, pakukula ndi kusunga kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta pa intaneti (monga momwe Brand et al., 2014 adanenera ). Makamaka kuchepa kwa luso loyang'anira kugwiritsa ntchito ndikusintha pakati pa zolaula ndi zina mwanjira yoyenera kungakhale njira imodzi yopangira ndi kusunga chizolowezi cha intaneti.
Kucheza ndi anthu ochita zachiwerewere pa Intaneti: Adaption of Implicit Association Test ndi zithunzi zolaula (2015)
Khalidwe Lokonda Kugonana. 2015 Meyi 16;49:7-12.
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kufanana pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti ndi kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo amanena kuti chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti ndi chizolowezi chochita zinthu mopitirira muyeso. Pankhani yodalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuyanjana kobisika kumadziwika kuti kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri, ndipo kuyanjana kobisika koteroko sikunaphunziridwebe pa chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti, mpaka pano. Mu kafukufuku woyeserawu, amuna 128 omwe adatenga nawo mbali adamaliza mayeso a Implicit Association omwe adasinthidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula.
Zotsatira zikuwonetsa ubale wabwino pakati pa kugwirizana kosaonekera kwa zithunzi zolaula ndi malingaliro abwino ndi zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti, machitidwe ovuta achiwerewere, kukhudzidwa ndi chisangalalo cha kugonana komanso chilakolako cha malingaliro . Kuphatikiza apo, kusanthula kocheperako kwa regression kunawonetsa kuti anthu omwe adanenanso kuti ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu cha malingaliro awo ndipo adawonetsa ubale wabwino wosaonekera wa zithunzi zolaula ndi malingaliro abwino, makamaka amakonda chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti. Zomwe zapezekazi zikusonyeza gawo lomwe lingakhalepo la kugwirizana kosaonekera kwa zithunzi zolaula pakukula ndi kusunga chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira za kafukufuku wapano zikufanana ndi zomwe zapezeka kuchokera ku kafukufuku wodalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo zimagogomezera kufanana pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti ndi kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe.
Zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo angagwirizane ndi onse omwe akuyandikira ndikupewa zolaula: zotsatira za chitsanzo cha analog omwe amagwiritsira ntchito Intaneti nthawi zonse (2015)
Front Psychol. 2015 Meyi 22;6:653.
Palibe mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi zochitika, magulu, ndi njira zodziwira matenda a chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti . Njira zina zimasonyeza kufanana kwa kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo komwe njira zopewera/kupewa ndi njira zofunika kwambiri. Ofufuza angapo anena kuti mkati mwa chisankho chokhudzana ndi chizolowezi, anthu amatha kusonyeza zizolowezi zoyandikira kapena kupewa zoyambitsa chizolowezi.
Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zakugonana ndi kugonana kwa azimayi amakonda kugwiritsira ntchito kapena kupeŵa zolaula. Kuonjezera apo, kufufuza koyendetsa mchitidwe wogonana kumasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana ndi khalidwe loipa la kugonana omwe amasonyeza kuti ali ndi zizoloŵezi zakupewa / kuteteza, adaonetsa zizindikiro zapamwamba zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa pa Intaneti. Malingaliro okhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi mankhwala, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti zizoloŵezi zomwe zimayendera komanso kupeŵa zingayambe kugwiritsira ntchito chiwerewere cha kugonana.
Kuphatikizanso, kugwirizana ndi kukhudzidwa ndi zokondweretsa za kugonana ndi khalidwe loipa la kugonana kungakhale nako kuwonjezereka kwa kulimbikitsana kwapadera pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti.
Zofukufukuzi zikupereka umboni wowonjezera wofanana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa azimayi komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kufanana kotereku kungathe kubwereranso ku mausitoma ofanana ndi maukondwerero a cybersex-ndi mankhwala.
Zizindikiro zamaganizidwe ndi thanzi komanso machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula mwa akulu (2011)
J Sex Med. 2011 Marichi 8(3):764-72.
Zomwe simukuzidziŵa, komanso zomwe zili pano, ndizogwirizana pakati pa SEMB ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino komanso zakuthupi.
Kusiyanasiyana kwapakati pa zisanu ndi chimodzi zikuyimira zizindikiro za thanzi (zizindikiro zachisoni, matenda a m'maganizo ndi thupi-kuchepa kwa masiku, moyo wa thanzi, umoyo wa moyo, ndi chiwerengero cha thupi) anafufuzidwa m'magulu awiri (ogwiritsira ntchito, osasintha) a SEMB.
Chitsanzo cha akuluakulu 559 ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku Seattle-Tacoma chinafufuzidwa mu 2006. Ma model ambiri olunjika omwe adayikidwa mu SEMB ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu (2 × 2) adawerengedwa kuphatikiza kusintha kwa anthu angapo.
ZOKHUDZA: SEMB inanenedwa ndi 36.7% (n = 205) ya chitsanzo. Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri a SEMB (78%) anali amuna. Pambuyo posintha kuchuluka kwa anthu, ogwiritsa ntchito SEMB, poyerekeza ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito, adanenanso kuti zizindikiro zazikulu za kuvutika maganizo, moyo wosauka, kuchepa kwa masiku ambiri kwa thanzi la maganizo ndi thupi, komanso kuchepa kwa thanzi.
Dopamine yotumiza Striatal yotumizira anthu omwe ali ndi Internet Addiction Disorder (2012)
Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , Voliyumu 2012
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti (IAD) lafala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo kuzindikira kuti zimakhudza kwambiri ogwiritsa ntchito komanso anthu kwawonjezeka mofulumira . Kafukufukuyu adapangidwa kuti adziwe ngati milingo ya striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) yoyesedwa ndi 99mTc-TRODAT-1 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scans idasinthidwa mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IAD. Kufufuza kwa ubongo kwa SPECT kudapezeka pa anthu 5 a IAD aamuna ndi anthu 9 athanzi omwe ali ndi zaka zofanana.
Anthu omwe anali ndi IAD ankagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, ndipo ankathera maola opitilira 8 (avereji?±?SD, maola 10.20±1.48) tsiku lililonse pamaso pa chowunikira, makamaka pocheza ndi anzawo pa intaneti, kusewera masewera apa intaneti, ndikuonera zolaula pa intaneti kapena makanema a akuluakulu . Anthuwa poyamba ankadziwa bwino intaneti makamaka akangoyamba kumene unyamata wawo (avereji ya zaka ± SD, zaka 12.80±1.92) ndipo anali ndi zizindikiro za IAD kwa zaka zoposa 6 (avereji ±SD, zaka 7.60±1.52).
Zinawonetsedwa kuti kuchuluka kwa DAT expression of striatum kunachepa kwambiri ndipo V, W, ndi Ra zinachepa kwambiri mwa anthu omwe ali ndi IAD poyerekeza ndi ma control. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti IAD ikhoza kuwononga ubongo kwambiri ndipo zomwe zapezeka mu neuroimaging zikuwonetsanso kuti IAD imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa machitidwe a ubongo a dopaminergic. Zomwe tapeza zikugwirizananso ndi zomwe akunena kuti IAD ikhoza kukhala ndi matenda ofanana ndi matenda ena osokoneza bongo.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa maganizo pamaganizo a ma intaneti pa ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (2013)
PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55162. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055162.
Kafukufukuyu adafufuzira zomwe zimachitika pa intaneti pamaganizo ndi m'maganizo a anthu ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti komanso ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Ophunzira adapatsidwa mayesero a maganizo kuti aone ngati akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, maganizo, nkhawa, kuvutika maganizo, schizotypy, ndi makhalidwe a autism. Pambuyo pake adaperekedwa kwa intaneti kwa 15 min, ndipo adayesedwanso kuti azikhala ndi nkhawa.
Ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti akuwonetseranso kuchepa kwa chidziwitso chotsatira kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti poyerekezera ndi otsika otumizirana intaneti. Zotsatira zovuta zomwe zimachitika pa intaneti pa zovuta za intaneti zimatha kuwonjezereka kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu omwe akuyesera kuchepetsa kukhumudwa kwawo pogwiritsa ntchito mofulumira kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.
Mofananamo, kupezeka pa chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa mavuto kwapezeka kuti kumachepetsa maganizo [26] , makamaka mwa anthu omwe amakonda zolaula [5] , [27] . Popeza zifukwa zonsezi (monga kutchova juga ndi zolaula) zogwiritsira ntchito intaneti zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika [2] , [3] , [14] , mwina zinthuzi zingathandizenso chizolowezi cha intaneti [14] . Inde, zanenedwa kuti zotsatira zoyipa zotere chifukwa chochita zinthu molakwika, zitha kupangitsa kuti anthu azitenga nawo mbali m'makhalidwe ovutawa, poyesa kuthawa malingaliro oipawa [28].
Zotsatirazi zasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kumakhudza kwambiri maganizo abwino a 'okonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti'. Izi zanenedwa m'malingaliro a 'chizolowezi cha intaneti [14] , [21] , ndipo zomwe zapezekanso zadziwikanso pankhani ya zotsatira zoyipa za kuwonetsedwa zolaula kwa omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti [5] , zomwe zingasonyeze kufanana pakati pa zizolowezizi . Ndikoyeneranso kunena kuti zotsatira zoyipa izi pamaganizo zitha kuonedwa ngati zofanana ndi zotsatira za kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zomwe zanenedwa ngati pakufunika pakugawa zizolowezi 1 , [2] , [27].
Tiyenera kunena kuti, popeza njira ziwiri zazikulu zomwe intaneti imagwiritsidwira ntchito kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ambiri ndikupeza mwayi wowonera zolaula ndi kutchova juga [4] , [5] , ndipo zochitika zomalizazi zimawonekera kuti zimakhala zovuta kuzilamulira, zitha kukhala kuti zotsatira zilizonse zokhudzana ndi 'chizolowezi cha intaneti' ndi zizindikiro za mitundu ina ya chizolowezi (monga zolaula kapena kutchova juga).
Kusintha kwa chizolowezi cha intaneti ku Agiriki achichepere a zaka zapakati pazaka ziwiri zomwe zimakhudza kugwirizana kwa makolo (2012)
Matenda a Maganizo a Ana Achinyamata ku Ulaya. 2012 Feb 4.
Timapereka zotsatira kuchokera ku phunziro lopatulidwa kwa ophunzira onse omwe ali achinyamata a 12-18 a pachilumba cha Kos ndi makolo awo, pa nkhanza za pa Intaneti.
Zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti chizolowezi cha intaneti chikuwonjezeka m'gulu lino la anthu komwe palibe njira zodzitetezera zomwe zidachitika kuti zithetse vutoli kuchokera ku kafukufuku woyamba, zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kukufanana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kupezeka kwa intaneti.
Makolo nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta poyerekeza ndi zomwe ana awo amayembekezera. Njira zodzitetezera za makolo pa intaneti zili ndi gawo laling'ono lodzitetezera ndipo sizingateteze achinyamata ku chizolowezi cha intaneti. Zochita zitatu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti zinali kuonera zolaula pa intaneti, kutchova juga pa intaneti komanso kusewera masewera a pa intaneti.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti (2012)
Duodecim. 2012;128(7):741-8.
Kuledzera pa intaneti kumatanthauzidwa ngati kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mosalamulirika komanso moyipa, komwe kumaonekera m'njira zitatu: masewera, zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito maimelo mopitirira muyeso, macheza kapena mauthenga a SMS . Mwa anyamata ndi amuna, kuvutika maganizo kungakhale chifukwa cha kuledzera osati chifukwa cha vutoli. ADHD ikuwoneka kuti ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli.
Zovuta Internet Gwiritsani Ntchito ndi Ogwirizanitsa Ake Pakati pa Ophunzira ochokera ku Zipatala Zitatu Zamankhwala M'madera atatu (2015)
Acad Psychiatry. 2015 Julayi 1.
Olembawo anali ndi cholinga chowunika ndikuyerekeza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pamavuto pakati pa ophunzira azachipatala omwe adalembetsa maphunziro awo pasukulu imodzi kuchokera ku Croatia, India, ndi Nigeria ndikuwunika momwe ntchito yovutayi imagwirira ntchito pakati pa ophunzirawa. Mafunsowa anali ndi mbiri ya anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali pa Mayeso a Achinyamata pa intaneti.
Kusanthula komaliza kunaphatikizapo anthu 842. Ponseponse, 38.7 ndi 10.5% ya omwe adayankha adapeza zigoli m'magulu ocheperako komanso apakati . Gawo laling'ono lokha (0.5%) la ophunzira adapeza zigoli m'gulu lovuta kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha ophunzira omwe adapeza zigoli zopitilira malire omwe adagwiritsa ntchito intaneti posakatula, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, kucheza, kusewera masewera, kugula zinthu, ndi kuonera zolaula . Komabe, panalibe kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti potumiza maimelo kapena zochitika zamaphunziro.
Ntchito ya intaneti yogwiritsira ntchito pathological - Ndimangidwe osiyana siyana ndi osasintha (2013)
Meyi 15, 2013 KUSINTHA KWAMBIRI & NTHAWI
Ndimakayikirabe ngati kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwapadera (PIU) ndi chinthu chosiyana kapena ngati chiyenera kusiyanitsidwa pakati pa zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito za intaneti monga kusewera masewera a pa Intaneti ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi pa Intaneti. Cholinga cha kafukufuku wamakono chinali kuthandiza kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zimafanana ndi zosiyana pakati pa PIU ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana za intaneti. Magulu atatu a anthu anayesedwa omwe amasiyana ndi ntchito yawo ya intaneti: gulu limodzi la maphunziro a 69 omwe amagwiritsa ntchito masewera a pa intaneti (IG) (koma osati zolaula za pa Intaneti (IP)), maphunziro a 134 amagwiritsidwa ntchito IP (koma osati IG), ndipo maphunziro a 116 amagwiritsira ntchito IG ndi IP (mwachitsanzo, ntchito yosagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti).
Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti manyazi ndi kukhutira ndi moyo ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito IG, koma osati kugwiritsa ntchito IP. Nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti inali yofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito IG ndi IP molakwika. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe mgwirizano womwe unapezeka pakati pa zizindikiro za kugwiritsa ntchito IG ndi IP molakwika. Tikuganiza kuti masewera angagwiritsidwe ntchito kubwezera zofooka za anthu (monga manyazi) ndi kukhutira ndi moyo m'moyo weniweni, pomwe IP imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakukhutiritsa anthu pankhani yokwaniritsa chilimbikitso ndi chilakolako chogonana.
Zotsatirazi zikuthandiza kufunika kosiyanitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti m'maphunziro amtsogolo mmalo moganizira PIU ngati chinthu chophatikiza.
Mphamvu ya dopaminergic system pa intaneti (2011)
Acta Medica Medianae 2011; 50 (1): 60-66.
FULL PDF
Deta ya zochitika, zamaganizo, ndi zamankhwala imasonyeza kufanana kwa matenda a chizolowezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kutchova juga, zomwe zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kufanana ndi chizolowezi cha intaneti. Poyankha zolimbikitsa kuchokera ku masewerawa, anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli awonetsa ntchito zambiri za ubongo m'dera la nape, kumanzere kwa dorsolateral, prefrontal cortex, ndi kumanzere kwa parachipocampal gyrus kuposa m'gulu lolamulira. Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha bupropion cha milungu isanu ndi umodzi, chilakolako chosewera masewera a pa intaneti ndi makanema, nthawi yonse yosewera, ndi ntchito za ubongo zomwe zimayambitsidwa mu dorsolateral prefrontal cortex zimachepetsedwa ndi omwe ali ndi vutoli.
Mitundu Yang'ono ya Kusuta pa Intaneti (18) Kuledzera kwa intaneti mwachizolowezi sikofala kwambiri ndipo kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mopitirira muyeso komanso mopitirira muyeso, nthawi zambiri popanda cholinga chenicheni cha kugwiritsa ntchito kumeneku. Fomu iyi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuyanjana ndi anthu monga kucheza, kutumizirana mauthenga mwachangu, ma forum ndi magulu okambirana, komanso kuledzera kwa makompyuta ndi intaneti, monga kufufuza pa intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito mainjini osakira kutengera zosangalatsa ndi zina zotero. Komabe, nthawi zambiri anthu amakula ndi chizolowezi cha zomwe zili pa intaneti ndi zochita zinazake m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwachizolowezi.
Palibe chiyanjano ponena za chiwerengero chenichenicho cha malingaliro a magawo ena a kugwiriridwa kwa intaneti. Komabe, mitundu inayi kapena isanu imatchulidwa kawirikawiri, ndipo, mu ntchito yake, Hinić amalimbikitsa maganizo a 6 + 1 subtypes:
1. Cyber-Relational Addiction
2. Kugonana kwa amuna okhaokha
3. Dziwani Zambiri
4. Kusambira kwa Net
5. Kugula Kwambiri pa Intaneti
6. Khalidwe la Kakompyuta ndi IT
7. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo
Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti pa Intaneti: Zowopsya, Gawo la Kupititsa patsogolo, ndi Chithandizo
Wasayansi Wachikhalidwe cha ku America, September 2008 vol. 52 no. 1 21-37
Kimberly S. Young
Chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti nthawi zambiri chimakhala kuonera, kutsitsa, ndi kugulitsa zolaula pa intaneti kapena kuchita nawo zisudzo zongopeka za akuluakulu. Mawebusayiti a Akuluakulu ndi omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la malonda apakompyuta omwe amakwaniritsa zofuna zosiyanasiyana zogonana. Popeza pali zinthu zogonana zambiri pa intaneti, chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti ndiye njira yodziwika kwambiri yochitira zinthu pa intaneti pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito.
Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kugwiritsira ntchito intaneti pa chitsanzo cha ophunzira a koleji
Psychiatrike. 2011 Jul-Sep;22(3):221-30.
[Nkhani mu Greek, Modern]
Ophunzira 514 aku koleji ochokera ku University of Athens omwe adamaliza mafunso okhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, Young's Internet Addiction Test, masikelo ofufuza chizolowezi chotchova juga pa intaneti komanso chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti komanso masikelo ofufuza malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chotenga nawo mbali pa intaneti anali ndi chizolowezi chotchova juga pa intaneti, chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, poyerekeza ndi magulu ena. Kutenga nawo mbali pa intaneti, makamaka mwa achinyamata, ndi njira yatsopano yodziwira matenda amisala yomwe iyenera kuphatikizidwa mu kafukufuku wa akatswiri azaumoyo wamaganizo komanso ochiritsa.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Mwachinyengo pakati pa ophunzira a ku yunivesitanti ya Greek: malamulo ovomerezeka ovomerezeka ndi zifukwa zoopsa za zikhulupiriro zolakwika zamaganizo, zolaula, ndi masewera a pa Intaneti (2011)
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011 Jan-Feb;14(1-2):51-8.
Pa avareji, ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti omwe ali ndi vuto amagwiritsa ntchito MSN, ma forum, YouTube, malo olaula, malo ochezera, malo otsatsa malonda, Google, Yahoo!, imelo yawo, ftp, masewera, ndi ma blogs kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti omwe si ovuta . Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zingachititse kuti PIU ichitike zinali kukhala amuna, kulembetsa m'mapulogalamu osowa ntchito, kukhala ndi zikhulupiriro zoipa, kupita ku malo olaula, ndi kusewera masewera apa intaneti . Chifukwa chake PIU ndi yofala pakati pa ophunzira aku yunivesite aku Greece ndipo akuluakulu azaumoyo ayenera kuisamalira.
Zowopsa ndi zochitika za m'maganizo za zomwe zingakhale zovuta komanso zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti pakati pa achinyamata: Kuphunzira pamtanda (2011)
BMC Zaumoyo Zamagulu. 2011; 11: 595.
Zotsatira zafukufuku zinasonyeza kuti PIU ndi PIU zingakhale zogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pofuna cholinga chopeza zogonana, chikhalidwe, ndi zosangalatsa, kuphatikizapo kusewera masewero. Komanso, n'zodabwitsa kuti PIU yomwe ingathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ikugwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pofuna cholinga cha maphunziro. Malipoti am'mbuyo amasonyeza kuti oposa theka la ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pofuna kupeza chidziwitso cha kugonana ndi maphunziro [19,37,38].
Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kawirikawiri ndi kupezeka pa intaneti pofuna cholinga cha maphunziro a kugonana kwapezeka kuti ndizowonetseratu zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa intaneti [39,40] ndi PIU [41] yotsatira. Choncho, tikuganiza kuti PIU ikhoza kukhazikitsa ndi / kapena kusonyeza yachiwiri ku malo ena a intaneti omwe akupezeka, osati pa intaneti pa se.
Zinthu zowonongeka ndi zotsatira za maganizo m'maganizo a ma intaneti okhudzidwa ndi achinyamata a ku Cyprus (2014)
Int J Adolescent Med Health. 2014 Meyi 6.
Kapangidwe ka kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana kanagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa zitsanzo zosasankhidwa (n=805) za achinyamata aku Cyprus ( zaka zapakati: zaka 14.7 ).
Pakati pa anthu omwe adafufuza, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti mopitirira muyeso (BIU) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mopitirira muyeso (AIU) kunali 18.4% ndi 2% motsatana . Zomwe zimayambitsa BIU ndi AIU zinali kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti apeze zambiri zokhudza kugonana komanso kutenga nawo mbali pamasewera omwe ali ndi mphoto ya ndalama.
BIU ndi AUU zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi khalidwe lodziwika bwino la khalidwe ndi chikhalidwe pakati pa achinyamata.
Mayendedwe a Internet Process Addiction: Kuyeza Zowonongeka Kuchita Zowonongeka ndi Internet (2015)
Behav Sci (Basel). 2015 Julayi 28;5(3):341-352.
Mayeso a Internet Process Addiction Test (IPAT) adapangidwa kuti afufuze machitidwe omwe angakhale osokoneza bongo omwe angathandize intaneti. IPAT idapangidwa ndi lingaliro lakuti mawu oti "chizolowezi cha intaneti" ndi ovuta kwambiri, chifukwa intaneti ndi njira yomwe munthu amagwiritsa ntchito kuti apeze njira zosiyanasiyana zoledzera. Komabe, ntchito ya intaneti pothandizira kuledzera singathe kuchepetsedwa. Chida chatsopano chowunikira chomwe chidatsogolera bwino ofufuza ndi asing'anga ku njira zomwe intaneti imathandizira chingakhale chothandiza. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti Mayeso a Internet Process Addiction Test (IPAT) akuwonetsa kudalirika komanso kudalirika. Njira zinayi zoledzera zidafufuzidwa bwino ndi IPAT: Kusewera masewera apakanema pa intaneti, malo ochezera pa intaneti, zochitika zogonana pa intaneti, ndi kufufuza pa intaneti. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wowonjezera ndi zoletsa za kafukufukuyu zikukambidwa.
Kukondweretsa kugonana ndi kusagwira ntchito moyenera Kumayambitsa Kugonana kwa Amuna Kapena Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha (2015)
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015 Seputembala 16
Zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa zasonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa kuopsa kwa CyberSex Addiction (CA) ndi zizindikiro za chilakolako chogonana, komanso kuti kuthana ndi machitidwe ogonana kumathandizira ubale pakati pa chilakolako chogonana ndi zizindikiro za CA. Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuyesa mgwirizanowu mu chitsanzo cha amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mafunso adayesa zizindikiro za CA, kukhudzidwa ndi chilakolako chogonana, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, vuto la kugonana, zizindikiro zamaganizo, ndi machitidwe ogonana m'moyo weniweni komanso pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, ophunzira adawonera makanema olaula ndipo adawonetsa chilakolako chawo chogonana asanayambe komanso atatha kuwonetsa kanemayo. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa zizindikiro za CA ndi zizindikiro za chilakolako chogonana ndi chilakolako chogonana, kuthana ndi machitidwe ogonana, ndi zizindikiro zamaganizo. CA sinali yogwirizana ndi machitidwe ogonana osagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito nthawi ya sabata yogonana pa intaneti. Kuthana ndi machitidwe ogonana kunathandizira pang'ono ubale pakati pa chilakolako chogonana ndi CA. Zotsatira zake zikufanana ndi zomwe zanenedwa kwa amuna ndi akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu ndipo zakambidwa motsutsana ndi malingaliro a chiphunzitso cha CA, omwe akuwonetsa udindo wa kulimbikitsa zabwino ndi zoyipa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kugonana pa intaneti.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti, Matenda a Maganizo, ndi Kuyankha Mayankho pakati pa Achinyamata ndi Achikulire (2017)
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2017 Epulo 17. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0669.
Pamene kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kukukula, ubwino ndi zoopsa zake zimakulanso. Choncho, ndikofunikira kudziwa nthawi yomwe kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwa anthu kumakhala kovuta. Mu kafukufukuyu, ophunzira 449 azaka zapakati pa 16 ndi 71 adachokera ku ma forum osiyanasiyana olankhula Chingerezi, kuphatikizapo magulu ochezera pa intaneti ndi odzithandiza. Mwa awa, 68.9% adawerengedwa ngati ogwiritsa ntchito osavutikira, 24.4% ngati ogwiritsa ntchito ovuta, ndi 6.7% ngati ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti osokoneza bongo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma forum okambirana, kuchuluka kwa malingaliro, ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa kudzisamalira ndizo zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsa chizolowezi cha intaneti (IA) pakati pa achinyamata. Kwa akuluakulu IA idanenedweratu makamaka kudzera mukuchita masewera apakanema apaintaneti ndi zochitika zogonana, kugwiritsa ntchito maimelo ochepa, komanso nkhawa yayikulu komanso kuthana ndi mavuto ambiri . Ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ovuta adapeza zambiri pamalingaliro ndi mayankho othana ndi mavuto mwa akuluakulu komanso apamwamba pamalingaliro ndi otsika pakudzisamalira mwa achinyamata. Mayankho othana ndi mavuto adayambitsa ubale pakati pa kuvutika maganizo ndi IA. Zomwe zapezekazi zingathandize asing'anga kupanga njira zothanirana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi IA.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pafupipafupi, kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya cyberbullying ndi mafoni aunyamata m'zaka zaunyamata: Kuphunzira kusukulu ku Greece (2017)
Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2017 Epulo 22. pii: /j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2016-0115/ijamh-2016-0115.xml. doi:
Kafukufukuyu adafufuzira kuchuluka kwa kuledzera kwa intaneti (IA) ndi ma cyberbullying ndipo adafufuza mbiri ya achinyamata omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka kuti akhale ndi makhalidwe oipa. Phunziro limeneli, maphunziro a sukulu, ophunzira a 8053 a 30 pakati ndi masukulu apamwamba a 21 (12-18 a zaka zapitazi) adaitanidwa kutenga nawo gawo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka zosawerengeka. Dongosolo la Internet aiddiction (IAT) linagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi chidziwitso cha anthu, chiwerengero cha ntchito ndi intaneti.
Ophunzira 5,500 ndi 90 adatenga nawo gawo (chiwerengero cha mayankho ndi 69.4%). Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwachisawawa (IAT ≥50) kunapezeka mwa 526 (10.1%), pomwe 403 (7.3%) adakumana ndi kuzunzidwa pa intaneti ngati ozunzidwa ndi 367 (6.6%) ngati ozunzidwa chaka chatha. Mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mwayi wa IA unawonjezeka ndi maola apaintaneti pa mafoni ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kumapeto kwa sabata, kupita ku malo ogulitsira pa intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito zipinda zochezera komanso kuchita nawo kuzunzidwa pa intaneti. Ozunzidwa pa intaneti anali okalamba, akazi, ogwiritsa ntchito Facebook ndi zipinda zochezera, pomwe ozunzidwa anali okalamba, ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso okonda malo ochezera azithunzi. Wozunzidwayo anali ndi mwayi waukulu wokhala wozunzidwa [chiŵerengero cha odds (OR) = 5.51, nthawi yodzidalira (CI): 3.92-7.74].
Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika pakati pa ophunzira a sekondale: Kukula, zochitika zogwirizana ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (2017)
Nkhani za Matenda a Maganizo. 2017 Jul 24;257:163-171. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.039.
Phunziroli lidafuna kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa Matenda Ovuta pa Intaneti (PIU) pakati pa ophunzira a sekondale ndi kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi PIU pofotokozera kusiyana kwa kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi. Ophunzirawo adadzaza mafunso omwe amadziwika okha, osadziwika kuti akudziwitsa anthu za chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso njira zomwe amagwiritsira ntchito Intaneti. Kusanthula kambirimbiri kowonongeka kwazinthu kunayesedwa pofuna kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi PIU muzitsanzo zonse komanso pogonana.
Masukulu makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi ophunzira 2022 adachita nawo kafukufukuyu. Kufalikira kwa PIU kunali 14.2% pakati pa amuna ndi 10.1% pakati pa akazi . Amuna azaka 15 ndi akazi azaka 14 anali ndi kuchuluka kwa PIU kwakukulu komwe kunachepa pang'onopang'ono ndi zaka pakati pa akazi. 13.5% yokha ya ophunzira adalengeza kuti makolo awo ndi omwe ankalamulira kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo intaneti. Kumva kusungulumwa, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito, kuchuluka kwa maola olumikizirana, komanso kupita ku mawebusayiti olaula kunalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo cha PIU mwa amuna ndi akazi onse. Kupita kusukulu zophunzitsira, zochitika zochezera ndi kutsitsa mafayilo, ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti pakati pa amuna, ndi achinyamata pakati pa akazi zinali zogwirizana ndi PIU, pomwe kufufuza zambiri kunali koteteza akazi. PIU ikhoza kukhala vuto la thanzi la anthu m'zaka zikubwerazi. Zotsatira za thanzi la thupi ndi la maganizo ziyenera kuphunziridwa.
Kuwonetsa masewera a pakompyuta pakakula: Kuwonetsekeratu kwapakati pa zizindikiro za matenda okhudzidwa ndi masewera a pakompyuta poyerekeza ndi zofanana ndi zowonongeka bwino (2017)
J Affect Disord. 2017 Ogasiti 18;225:265-272. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.045.
Stockdale L 1 , Coyne SM 2.
Ma Intaneti Amasewera Matenda (IGDS) ndiyeso yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamasewero a kanema, mavenda omwe amakhudza pang'ono peresenti ya anthu osewera masewera a pakompyuta. Amuna achikulire omwe akukula amakhala ovuta kwambiri kukhala osewera masewera a kanema. Akatswiri ofufuza adafufuza momwe anthu omwe amayenerera kukhala maseŵera a masewero a pakompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito IGDS poyerekeza ndi zofanana zogwirizana ndi zaka, amuna, mtundu, ndi chikwati.
Anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli anali ndi thanzi lofooka la maganizo komanso magwiridwe antchito a ubongo kuphatikizapo kulamulira kosalamulirika bwino kwa malingaliro ndi zizindikiro za ADHD poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli anali ndi mavuto ambiri amalingaliro kuphatikizapo kuvutika maganizo ndi nkhawa, ankadzimva kuti ali okha, ndipo anali ndi mwayi wowonetsa zizindikiro za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti . Akazi omwe ali ndi vutoli anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha zotsatirapo zoipa.
Kusokoneza maganizo kwa intaneti monga vuto la zaka zambiri: Umboni kuchokera kufukufuku wa malo awiri (2018)
Addict Behav. 2018 Feb 12;81:157-166. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.017.
Kugwiritsira ntchito movutikira kwa intaneti (PIU; kumadziwika kuti Internet Addiction) ndi vuto lalikulu m'mabuku amakono. Cholinga chathu chinali kudziwitsa ntchito za intaneti zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi PIU ndikufufuza momwe zaka zogwirira ntchito ndi zogonana zimayendera. Tinawatumizira otsogolera a 1749 a zaka zapakati pa 18 ndi pamwambapo kudzera m'mabuku owonetsera pa Intaneti pa malo awiri, wina ku US, ndi wina ku South Africa; tinagwiritsa ntchito Lasso regression kuti tifufuze.
Zochita zinazake pa intaneti zinkakhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mavuto omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti, kuphatikizapo kusewera pa intaneti (lasso β: 2.1), kusewera pa intaneti (β: 0.6), kugula pa intaneti (β: 1.4), kugwiritsa ntchito mawebusayiti ogulitsa pa intaneti (β: 0.027), malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (β: 0.46) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (β: 1.0). Zaka zinayang'anira ubale pakati pa PIU ndi masewera ochita sewero (β: 0.33), kutchova juga pa intaneti (β: 0.15), kugwiritsa ntchito mawebusayiti ogulitsa pa intaneti (β: 0.35) ndi makanema owonera pa intaneti (β: 0.35), ndi ukalamba wogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa PIU. Panali umboni wosatsutsika wakuti zochita za amuna ndi akazi × pa intaneti zikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mavuto omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti. Matenda a nkhawa omwe amakhudza anthu ambiri (ADHD) ndi matenda a nkhawa omwe amakhudza anthu ambiri (social anxiety disorder) anali okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa PIU mwa achinyamata omwe anali nawo pa maphunziro (zaka ≤ 25, β: 0.35 ndi 0.65 motsatana), pomwe matenda a nkhawa omwe amakhudza anthu ambiri (GAD) ndi matenda okakamiza (OCD) anali okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa PIU mwa akuluakulu omwe anali nawo pa maphunziro (zaka > 55, β: 6.4 ndi 4.3 motsatana).
Mitundu yambiri ya machitidwe a pa intaneti (monga kugula zinthu, zolaula, kusewera pa intaneti) imakhala ndi ubale wolimba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika kuposa masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amathandizira kugawa matenda a kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika ngati matenda osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, zochitika za pa intaneti ndi matenda amisala okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika zimasiyana ndi zaka, zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la anthu.
Mwachidule, DSM-5 ikuwonetsa chisokonezo cha masewera a pa intaneti ngati vuto lofunikira, koma mitundu ina ya machitidwe a pa intaneti (monga kugula zinthu, zolaula, kusewera pa intaneti) imakhala ndi ubale wolimba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika kuposa masewera. Matenda amisala ndi zochitika za pa intaneti zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika zimasiyana ndi zaka, zomwe zimapeza zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la anthu. Zotsatirazi zimathandiza kuti pakhale chidziwitso chochepa chokhudza zochitika za pa intaneti zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika ndipo zitha kuthandizira kugawa matenda a kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika ngati vuto la mitundu yambiri.
Makhalidwe okhudzidwa ndi zizoloŵezi zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi cha unyamata (2018)
J Behav Addict. 2018 Epulo 12:1-14. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.22.
Rømer Thomsen K 1 , Callesen MB 1 , Hesse M 1 , Kvamme TL 1 , Pedersen MM 1 , Pedersen MU 1 , Voon V 2.
Mbiri ndi zolinga
Kukhudzidwa ndi chiopsezo ndi chiwopsezo cha makhalidwe oledzera. Chitsanzo cha UPPS-P chokhudzana ndi kusokoneza bongo ndi vuto lakutchova njuga, koma gawo lake muzinthu zina zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala oledzera silingamveke bwino. Tinayesetsa kufufuza mayanjano pakati pa UPPS-P makhalidwe ndi zizindikiro za zizoloŵezi zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa achinyamata m'zochita zosiyanasiyana.
Njira
Ophunzira (N = 109, wazaka 16-26 wazaka, amuna 69%) adasankhidwa pakufufuza kwadziko kutengera momwe amathandizira kuthana ndi mavuto kuti athe kugawana nawo zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo. Ophunzira adamaliza Pepala la Mafunso la UPPS-P komanso mafunso ofunsidwa omwe akuwunika kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta zamavuto (mowa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi mankhwala ena) ndi zosagwiritsa ntchito (masewera a pa intaneti, zolaula, ndi chakudya). Kusanthula kwakanthawi kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika mayanjano omwe ali pakati pazikhalidwe zosonyeza kukhudzidwa ndi zisonyezo zamakhalidwe okhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo.
Results
Chitsanzo cha UPPS-P chinali chogwirizana bwino ndi zizindikiro za makhalidwe onse okhudzana ndi chizolowezi kupatula masewera a pa intaneti ovuta. Mu zitsanzo zomwe zasinthidwa mokwanira, kufunafuna malingaliro ndi kusowa kupirira kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mowa movutikira, kufulumira kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chamba movutikira, ndipo kusowa kupirira kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena osokoneza bongo kupatula chamba. Kuphatikiza apo, kufulumira ndi kusowa kupirira kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kudya kwambiri ndipo kusowa kupirira kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula movutikira.
Zokambirana ndi zolingalira
Timatsindika mbali ya khalidwe losayanjana ndi machitidwe ambiri oledzera. Zomwe timapeza pa achinyamata omwe ali pachiopsezo chilimbikitsana ndi kupirira kosalekeza monga zowonjezera zowonjezereka za chizoloŵezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso ngati njira zothandizira zothandizira.
PMID: 29642723
Manifesto kuti bungwe la kafukufuku la ku Ulaya likugwiritsidwe ntchito movuta pa Intaneti (2018)
October 2018, European Neuropsychopharmacology
DOI: 10.1016 / j.euroneuro.2018.08.004
Pulojekiti: COST Action 16207 netiweki yaku Europe yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti molakwika
Labu: Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine
Intaneti tsopano yafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti imagwiritsa ntchito bwino (monga kupeza chidziwitso mwachangu, kufalitsa nkhani mwachangu), anthu ambiri amapanga Problematic Use of the Internet (PUI), mawu omwe amaphatikizapo machitidwe osiyanasiyana obwerezabwereza owononga. Intaneti ikhoza kugwira ntchito ngati njira yolumikizira, ndipo ingathandize, kuwononga machitidwe kuphatikizapo kusewera masewera apakanema mopitirira muyeso komanso mokakamiza, khalidwe logonana mokakamiza, kugula, kutchova juga, kuwonera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti . Pali nkhawa yowonjezereka ya akuluakulu aboma ndi azaumoyo a Dziko lonse yokhudza thanzi ndi ndalama za PUI pa moyo wonse. Gaming Disorder ikuganiziridwa kuti iphatikizidwe ngati matenda amisala m'magulu ozindikiritsa matenda, ndipo idalembedwa mu mtundu wa ICD-11 womwe udatulutsidwa kuti uganiziridwe ndi Mayiko Omwe Ali M'mamembala. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika pa matanthauzidwe a matenda, kutsimikizira zida zachipatala, kufalikira, magawo azachipatala, biology yochokera muubongo, zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma, komanso njira zolowererapo ndi mfundo zovomerezeka. Kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe komwe kungachitike pakukula ndi mitundu ndi machitidwe a PUI kuyenera kumvedwa bwino, kuti kuthandizire mfundo zabwino kwambiri zaumoyo ndi chitukuko cha ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, EU pansi pa Horizon 2020 yakhazikitsa Pulogalamu Yatsopano ya European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action Programme (CA 16207) ya zaka zinayi, yosonkhanitsa asayansi ndi asing'anga ochokera m'magawo osiyanasiyana a matenda osaganizira bwino, okakamiza, komanso osokoneza bongo, kuti apititse patsogolo kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi maphunziro osiyanasiyana mu PUI ku Europe konse ndi kwina, pomaliza pake pofuna kudziwitsa mfundo zoyendetsera ndi machitidwe azachipatala. Pepalali likufotokoza zinthu zisanu ndi zinayi zofunika kwambiri komanso zopindulitsa zomwe Network ikufuna kuti imvetsetse bwino PUI, ndi cholinga chofuna kuzindikira anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo kuti alowererepo msanga. Network iyi idzalola maukonde ofufuza ogwirizana, ma database ogawana mayiko osiyanasiyana, maphunziro a malo osiyanasiyana komanso zofalitsa zolumikizana.