Borgogna, NC, McDermott, RC, Berry, AT, & Browning, BR (2019).
Psychology of Men & Masculinities. Tsamba loyamba pa intaneti.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/men0000214
Kudalirika
Kuwona zolaula kovuta ndikulandila chidwi monga nkhani ya abambo. Komabe, kafukufuku wochepa adafufuza momwe miyambo yamachitidwe achimuna imapangira zokhudzana ndi zovuta zolaula komanso momwe kusiyanasiyana kungapangitse maguluwa. Amuna (N = 520) adalembedwa pa intaneti kuti achite nawo kafukufuku wofufuza momwe zimayendera pamafanidwe a amuna ndi akazi zomwe zimayenderana ndi zovuta zowonera zolaula komanso momwe amadzinyadira amamasulira mabungwe awa. Kuwongolera zowonera zolaula, kudziwika zachipembedzo, kukonda kugonana, kulinganiza masanjidwe ena kunawonetsa mphamvu pa azimayi ndi zikhalidwe za osewera monga zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonera kwakanema kwa zolaula, pomwe kuwongolera kutengeka ndi malingaliro opambana anali ogwirizana ndi kuwonera zolaula. Mwa mabungwe awa, mphamvu pa akazi zimatulutsa zodziwikiratu mosiyanasiyana, pomwe machitidwe omvera amatengeka ndi malingaliro omwe adadzetsa zotsatirapo zoipa zoyipa. Kuyanjana mosiyanasiyana komweko kudasinthira zotsatira zoyipa zowoneka, ndikuwonetsa kuti amuna amakhala odzikweza koma apamwamba kwambiri pakulamulira mtima komanso kudzidalira akuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwamavuto obonera zolaula. Kuyanjana kofananako kumatsimikizira ubale wabwino pakati pa kufanana ndi miyambo yakanema komanso kuwonera zolaula, ndikuwonjezera mtima kwa iwo omwe amadzidalira.. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti kuwonera zolaula za abambo kumatha kumalumikizidwa ndi zikhalidwe zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna omwe amadzidalira kwambiri amatha kukopeka ndi zolaula, mwina ngati njira yofananira ndikutsatira zina mwa chikhalidwe cha amuna. Zomwe zimachitika pazochitikazo zikuphatikizira kuwunika malingaliro amuna ndi makasitomala achimuna omwe akuvutika ndi vuto loonera zolaula komanso kuphatikiza amuna ndi gawo lofunika monga lingaliro lamakhalidwe azikhalidwe zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa kuti ziziwoneka zolaula.
Keywords: Kuwona Zoyipa Zamavuto, Kugonana, Ntchito Zogonana, Kusuta Zolaula, Kudzizindikira
Chikalata Chodziwika ndi Anthu: Makasitomala ambiri amabwera ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi kuonera zolaula. Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti achipatala ayenera kufufuza zikhalidwe ndi kudzinyadira ndi makasitomala awo omwe ali ndi vuto lowonera zolaula.
Kuonera zolaula ndizofala kwambiri chifukwa chotsika mtengo, kupezeka, komanso kusadziwika pa intaneti (Alexandraki, Stavropoulos, Burleigh, King, & Griffiths, 2018; Cooper, 1998). Kuwona zolaula kwambiri kumawonjezera mwayi woti anthu atha kukumana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kuwonera zolaula. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa amuna, omwe amaonera zolaula kuposa akazi (Albright, 2008; Carroll, Busby, Willoughby, & Brown, 2017; Carroll et al., 2008; Paul, 2009; Mtengo, Patterson, Regnerus, & Walley, 2016 ) ndikukumana ndi mavuto ena chifukwa chowonera zolaula (Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Grubbs & Perry, 2018; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2018; Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009; Wéry & Billieux, 2017). Chifukwa chake, ofufuza achita chidwi kwambiri pakumvetsetsa olosera za zovuta Kuonera zolaula. Ngakhale kulibe lingaliro lokhazikika lokhala ndi zovuta zowonera zolaula, ofufuza apeza magulu ena azikhalidwe omwe amadziwika kuti "kuwonera zolaula". Izi zikuphatikizapo zolaula (kuphatikizapo kusiya ndi kulekerera), malingaliro okhumudwitsa okonda zolaula, zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osayenera (monga malo ogwirira ntchito), mavuto amgwirizano okhudzana ndi zolaula, komanso / kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopanda ntchito sungani zomwe mukufuna (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Gola et al., 2017, 2016; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2018; Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, 2010; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, 2018; Kor et al., 2014; Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017; Twohig et al., 2009). Kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a Kor et al.'s (2014), kuwonera zolaula kovuta kumakhudza mbali zinayi za kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito: wogwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso, (c) zovuta kuwongolera momwe / munthu akagwiritsira ntchito zolaula, ndi (d) kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati njira yolepheretsa kukhumudwa (Kor et al., 2014).
Mitundu yofunikira yazikhalidwe yakhala ikuphatikizidwa ngati zinthu zofunika pakuwonera zolaula komanso zovuta zomwe zimawonedwa zolaula. Komabe, zosintha monga zikhalidwe zomwe amuna amakhala nazo (Mahalik et al., 2003; Parent & Moradi, 2011) sanalandiridwe chidwi, ngakhale kuti amuna ndiwo amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wapano adawunika momwe kutsata kwamachitidwe achimuna osiyanasiyana kunaneneratu zovuta zowonera zolaula ndikuyesa oyang'anira mabungwe awa.
Kugwirizana Mwazikhalidwe Zosiyanasiyana Masculine
Mikhalidwe yokhudzana ndi jenda ndi miyezo yomwe imawongolera ndikufotokozera momwe amuna kapena akazi amakhalira (Mahalik, 2000). Kwa amuna, kutsatira chikhalidwe chachimuna kumatanthauzidwa ngati kuyesetsa kukwaniritsa zomwe anthu akuyembekezera pazomwe zimapangitsa amuna kukhala achikhalidwe chobisika m'moyo wachinsinsi komanso wachikhalidwe (Mahalik et al. 2003). Chifukwa chikhalidwe chachimuna chimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi chikhalidwe komanso momwe zinthu ziliri, motero pali njira zambiri zofotokozera "zachimuna" zosiyanasiyana (Wong & Wester, 2016). Komabe, upangiri ndi akatswiri azama psychology apeza kuti magulu ena azikhalidwe za amuna amatha kukhala ovuta makamaka akamakhazikika mkati kapena kukwaniritsidwa. Zikhulupiriro ndi zikhalidwezi nthawi zambiri zimadziwika ndi malingaliro achikale, okhwima, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso malingaliro amakolo amomwe amuna ayenera kuganiza, kumverera, ndikuchita, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "miyambo" (onani Levant & Richmond, 2016; McDermott , Levant, Hammer, Borgogna, & Mckelvey, 2018). Mu mtundu wa Mahalik's (2000) wokhudzana ndi kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, zikhalidwe zachimuna zimafotokozedwa kudzera m'malingaliro (malingaliro amachitidwe achimuna), injunctive (malingaliro amakhalidwe omwe amavomerezedwa / osavomerezeka ngati amuna), komanso ogwirizana (malingaliro amomwe amuna amathandizira muchikhalidwe chodziwika bwino) zikhalidwe. Kuchita mogwirizana, kumathandizanso pakakhala zochitika zosiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu komanso zamunthu (Mahalik, 2000; Mahalik et al., 2003).
Kafukufuku wa Factor apereka thandizo lamphamvu pakukhalapo kwa miyambo yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana yokhudza umembala wamakono. Makamaka, Mahalik ndi anzawo (2003) adazindikira zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi 11 koma zosiyana: kupambana (miyambo yomwe imaphatikizapo kuyendetsa kuti mupambane, kukhala mpikisano, ndi kuwopa kutaya), kayendetsedwe ka malingaliro (zizolowezi zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukhazikika pamalingaliro, kukambirana za malingaliro osasangalala), kutenga chiopsezo (miyambo yophatikiza kuyendetsa galimoto kuti izitenga ziwopsezo zakuthupi komanso zimunthu, monga kukhala pangozi), nkhanza (miyambo yophatikiza ndi kulungamitsa mchitidwe wachiwawa, makamaka wokhudza nkhanza pakati pa inu ndi anthu ena), mphamvu pa akazi (zizolowezi zophatikiza amuna kuti azilamulira amuna mwakuthupi ,, machitidwe, komanso chikhalidwe), mphamvu (miyambo yophatikiza kufunikira kwa mphamvu ndikuwongolera), kusewera (miyambo yosonyeza kufunitsitsa kokhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana ndikugonana osagonana), kudzidalira (miyambo yolamula kudzidalira komanso kuletsa kufunafuna thandizo machitidwe), zoyambirira pantchito (zoyika patsogolo ntchito ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito), kunyansidwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso chikhalidwe chogonana amuna ndi akazi, kuphatikizapo kuwopa kukhala p. ogwidwa ngati "gay"), ndi kufunafuna udindo (miyambo yolamula abambo kuti azitsata malo achitetezo). Parent and Moradi (2009, 2011) adagwira ntchito yowunikira kwambiri ndipo adachepetsa mndandandawu kukhala zochitika zisanu ndi zinayi (kuchotsa mphamvu ndi kufunafuna udindo, kwinaku akumatchulanso "kunyoza amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" kuti "adziwonetsere okha").
Ofufuza apeza zovuta zingapo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna (Parent & Moradi, 2011; Wong, Ho, Wang, & Miller, 2017). Mwachitsanzo, kutsatira njira zodziwonetsera zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimalumikizidwa ndi kuyesa kwa kachilombo ka HIV mwa amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna (Parent, Torrey, & Michaels, 2012). Playboy, kudzidalira, komanso zikhalidwe zomwe zimaika pachiwopsezo zalumikizidwa bwino ndi kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe (Wong, Owen, & Shea, 2012). Kutsata miyambo yachimuna yodziletsa komanso kudzidalira kunaneneratu za kudzisala komanso kuwulula zakukhosi (Heath, Brenner, Vogel, Lannin, & Strass, 2017). Momwemonso, kudziwongolera pamalingaliro ndi kudzidalira ndizomwe zidali zolosera zamphamvu kwambiri pazakufunafuna thandizo pakufuna kudzipha mwa amuna aku koleji (McDermott et al., 2017) komanso olosera zamphamvu kwambiri zamatenda am'mutu zamankhwala pamaphunziro angapo (Wong Et al., 2017). Ochita kafukufuku apezanso mayanjano abwino, olondola pakati pa kutsatira zikhalidwe zachimuna ndi zina zotero, monga kulimba mtima, kupirira, ndi kupirira (Hammer & Good, 2010); Komabe, zambiri zomwe zapezedwa pazofufuza zimathandizira kusasinthika kofananira ndi zikhalidwe zachimuna (mwachitsanzo, Wong et al., 2017).
Kugwirizana Kwazikhalidwe Zosiyanasiyana Masculine ndi Zithunzi Zolaula
Ngakhale pali mayanjano omwe amapezeka pakati pa kutsatira chikhalidwe chachimuna komanso mavuto amisili ndi thanzi la amuna, ofufuza ochepa ndi omwe adawona zovuta zowonera ngati zomwe zingagwirizane. Ofufuzawo ati zomwe zili ndi zolaula zamakono zili ndi mitu yazikhalidwe zachimuna (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018; Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, Sun, & Liberman, 2010; Maphwando, 2006; Fritz & Paul, 2017). Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana kwamaganizidwe angapo kumatha kuwonekera pakati pa Mahalik's (2000) yachikhalidwe chofananira komanso kuthekera kokumana ndi mavuto chifukwa chowonera zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, kutsatira kwa amuna pamachitidwe a playboy kumawonetsa kufunitsitsa kogonana pafupipafupi komanso ndi akazi angapo omwe amachita nawo zibwenzi (Mahalik et al., 2003). Zowonadi, zolaula zimawonetsa amuna akugonana ndi akazi ambiri; Chifukwa chake, amuna ena amatha kuwona zolaula zochulukirapo kapena kuyika maubwenzi pachiwopsezo kuti athe kuchita zosewerera. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu pamiyambo ya amayi imati azimayi akuyenera kugonjera amuna (Mahalik et al., 2003). Zithunzi zolaula zimalola amuna kuti aziona akazi opanda malire, nthawi zambiri m'malo opatsa chidwi kapena opondereza omwe amapangidwira chisangalalo chamwamuna (Fritz & Paul, 2017). Mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a Social Script Theory (Simon & Gagnon, 1986), makamaka makamaka kupeza kwa kugonana, kuyambitsa, njira yogwiritsira ntchito (3AM) yazakugonana (Wright, 2011; Wright & Bae, 2016), zomwe zapezeka zikuwonetsa kuti amuna omwe amawona zinthu zoterezi, amachita zikhalidwe zotere ndi omwe amagonana nawo (Bridges, Sun, Ezzell, & Johnson, 2016; Sun, Bridges, Johnson, & Ezzell, 2016; Sun, Miezan, Lee, & Shim, 2015). Zomwe zingayambitse mavuto amgwirizano, kapena mavuto azamakhalidwe (Bergner & Bridges, 2002; Brem et al., 2018; Bridges, Bergner, & Hesson-McInnis, 2003; Manning, 2006; Perry, 2017a, 2018; Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2016; Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017; Zitzman & Butler, 2009).
Zikhalidwe zina zitha kukhala zogwirizana kwambiri, komanso zogwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika pakuwona zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, zikhalidwe zachiwawa zimati amuna ayenera kukhala achiwawa komanso achiwawa (Mahalik et al., 2003). Khalidwe lachiwawa lachiwerewere limapezeka m'mafilimu olaula, amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala olakwira ndipo azimayi nthawi zambiri amakhala chandamale (Bridges et al., 2010; Fritz & Paul, 2017; Klaassen & Peter, 2015; Sun, Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, & Liberman, 2008). Momwemonso, zikhalidwe zakulamulira pamalingaliro zimawonetsa kuti amuna sayenera kukhala ndi malingaliro, makamaka pazovuta zokhudzana ndi kukhumudwa (Mahalik et al., 2003). Omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amafotokoza kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati njira yopulumukira ku matenda amisala (Kor et al., 2014; Perry, 2017b) kapena ngati njira yothanirana (Cortoni & Marshall, 2001; Laier, Pekal, & Brand, 2015). Chifukwa chake, kwa amuna ena, kuwonera zolaula kumatha kuganiziridwa ngati njira yothandizirana kuthana ndi mavuto am'mutu (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018)
Gulu laling'ono koma lakulirakulira launikira mayanjano pakati pa chikhalidwe cha abambo amuna (kapena zofananira) ndi kuwonera zolaula. Mwachidziwikire, izi zikuwonetsa kuti abambo omwe amatsatira chikhalidwe cha abambo amatha kuwona zolaula pafupipafupi ndipo amatha kudziwuza zovuta zokhudzana ndi kuwonera zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, Szymanski ndi Stewart-Richardson (2014) adazindikira kulumikizana komwe kumachitika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazomenyera ufulu wazowonera zolaula. Momwemonso, Borgogna et al. (2018) adawona kuti malingaliro abambo achimuna, monga zikhulupiliro kuti abambo ayenera kupewa zachikhalidwe chachikazi komanso osawonetsa kuwopsa, adalumikizidwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana azowonera zolaula zovuta monga zovuta zogwiririra ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti apewe kuyipa.
Maumboni omwe akuwonekera akusonyeza kuti kutsatira zikhalidwe zina zachimuna kumatha kuphatikizidwanso ndikuwona zolaula. Chofunika kwambiri, pa kafukufuku wokhawo wofananako wofananira ndi zikhalidwe za amuna, Mikorski ndi Szymanski (2017) adapeza kuti kuwonera zolaula, zosewerera, komanso ziwawa zimaneneratu kuti amuna azitsutsana ndi akazi. Zotsatira izi zinali zogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale yemwe anthu amaonera zolaula, makamaka zowonera zachiwawa, zimakhudzana ndi zisonyezo zachiwawa komanso nkhanza kwa amayi (Hald, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010; Hald & Malamuth, 2015; Seabrook, Ward, & Giaccardi , 2018; Wright & Tokunaga, 2016; Ybarra, Mitchell, Hamburger, Diener-West, & Leaf, 2011).
Kudzilimbitsa Monga Woyang'anira
Ngakhale pali umboni womwe ukukulumikiza chikhalidwe chachimuna (mwachitsanzo, zikhalidwe ndi malingaliro) pakuwona zolaula, zovuta zowonjezerapo ndizofunikira. Popeza mavuto amunthu komanso okhudzana ndi vuto lakuwona zolaula, kuzindikira oyang'anira mabungwe omwe ali pakati pa amuna kutsatira zikhalidwe zina zachimuna ndi zovuta zolaula zitha kudziwitsa kupewa ndi kuchiza. Zowonadi, ofufuza zamisala azindikira kuti mayanjano omwe amapezeka pakati pamafotokozedwe achimuna ndi zovuta zimasiyana (Levant & Richmond, 2016; O'Neil, 2015). Ndiye kuti, sikuti aliyense amene amatsatira chikhalidwe chachimuna amakumana ndi mavuto. Kusiyana kwamitundu ingapo kumachepetsa zovuta zoyipa zamasamba achimuna.
Pogwirizana ndi akatswiri omwe amati ngati amuna ndiamakhalidwe osachita bwino (mwachitsanzo, omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi vuto lodzitchinjiriza) angalongosolere chifukwa chomwe abambo ena amakhala ophatikiza kwambiri pamalingaliro achimuna, koma amuna ena amafotokoza zachimuna m'njira zomwe sizimabweretsa ndimavuto oyanjana (cf, Blazina, 2001), timalimbikitsa kudzidalira monga oyang'anira omwe angakwanitse kusinthitsa machitidwe omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna. Makamaka, kudziona wotsika kuyenera kumalumikizidwa ndi kulimbitsa ubale pakati pamafanidwe amachitidwe achimuna ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta, pomwe, kudzikweza kumayenera kufooketsa ubalewo.
Izi zakhala zikugwirizana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri apeza zakuti kutsatira amuna mwamakhalidwe azikhalidwe zawo kumalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro olakwika (Fischer, 2007; McDermott & Lopez, 2013; Schwartz, Waldo, & Higgins, 2004; Yang, Lau, Wang, Ma, & Lau, 2018). Kuphatikiza apo, zowonjezera zamakono zamalingaliro okhazikika a chikhalidwe cha anthu, monga chiphunzitso chodzidziwitsa (Tajfel & Turner, 1986), zimathandiziranso kukhalapo kwamtundu wosalimba wamwamuna. Mwachitsanzo, kudzidalira kwamwamuna mwa amuna kumayenderana bwino ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe chamwamuna (Burkley, Wong, & Bell, 2016). Zowonadi, kufufuzidwa kosiyanasiyana kwa ma labotale kukuwonetsa kuti amuna atha kuchita machitidwe achikhalidwe kapena achikhalidwe akamazindikira kuti amuna awo awopsezedwa (mwachitsanzo, Precarious Manhood; Vandello & Bosson, 2013).
Kutengedwa palimodzi, kafukufuku wofufuza kulumikizana pakati pamasinthidwe achimuna ndi kudzidalira kumawonetsa kuti amuna osatetezeka amatha kukhala ndi zovuta makamaka zokumana ndi umuna wawo. Kuphatikiza apo, abambo omwe amadzidalira kwambiri sangakhale ndi mwayi wofotokoza zachimuna zawo munjira zokhwima komanso zovuta. Ngakhale kafukufuku wocheperako adasanthula momwe angadzichititsire kudzidalira, ndipo palibe kafukufuku amene adasanthula kudzidalira pokhudzana ndi zovuta zowonera zolaula komanso umuna, zolemba zochepa zimathandizira kufunsa koteroko. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza adapeza kuti mayanjano omwe ali pakati pamalingaliro achimuna ndi malingaliro azakugonana anali olimba kwambiri kwa amuna omwe ali ndi kudzidalira kochepa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (Mellinger & Levant, 2014). Mofananamo, Heath et al. (2017) posachedwapa adazindikira kuti njira yofananira ndi kudzidalira, kudzimvera chisoni (Neff, 2003), idawongolera mayanjano pakati pa kutsatira amuna pakulamulira kwamalingaliro ndi miyezo yodzidalira ndikuthandizira kufunafuna. Amuna omwe amadzimvera chisoni kwambiri pakuphunzira kwawo akuwonetsa mayanjano ofooka pakati pazikhalidwe zachimuna ndi zopinga zaupangiri. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti amuna omwe amadzikonda sangagwirizane / kutengera maudindo achimuna m'njira zomwe zingapangitse zoletsa zawo kapena zaubwenzi, monga kuwona zolaula ngati njira yolamulirira mnzanu kapena kuletsa kupsinjika.
Mwachidziwitso, kudzidalira kumatha kukhala ndi chidwi ndi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe komanso zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwezo (pamenepa, kuwonera zolaula). Mwachitsanzo, bambo yemwe amakhala wosadzidalira amatha kukhala ndi chizolowezi chokhulupirira miyambo yomwe imalimbikitsa abambo kuti azigonana ndi amuna kapena akazi osiyanasiyana (mwachikhalidwe. Mwamunayo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti azicheza ndi anthu angapo kuti azitha kuthana ndi vuto lakelo chifukwa chakuwona kuti sangakhale wochita bwino mu vivo. Komanso, munthu yemwe amadzidalira kwambiri amakhala ndi mwayi wokhutira ndi zomwe amagonana. Chifukwa chake, sangadalire zolaula kuti agwirizane ndi chikhalidwe cha osewera. Komabe, poganizira kuchuluka kwakufunika kofufuza momwe amuna amagwirira ntchito, kuwonera zolaula, ndi kudzidalira, kupitilizabe kufufuza pamitunduyi kukufunika.
Phunziro Lachidule
Kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuwunika mayanjano omwe ali pakati pa abambo pakugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha abambo amuna ndi kuwonera zolaula. Komanso, kuzindikira zomwe zikugwirizana zomwe zingasokoneze kapena kukulitsa maubwenzi oterowo zingapereke chidziwitso chofunikira pakulangizidwa kapena kupewa. Kafukufukuyu adafufuza za kufunika kogwirizana ndi maudindo amuna monga olosera zamavuto owonera zolaula mu zitsanzo zazikulu za abambo. Maganizo awiri owongolera adatsogolera kupenda kwathu. Choyamba (H1), zogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale ndi kulumikizana kwazinthu (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018; Mikorski & Szymanski, 2017; Szymanski & Stewart-Richardson, 2014), tinaganiza kuti mphamvu iyi ilipo pa azimayi, osewera, zachiwawa, ndi zikhalidwe zowongolera zamalingaliro zitha kukhala zowoneratu zovuta zowonera zolaula zomwe zimamangidwa. Komabe, ngati njira yofufuzira, tinayesa zikhalidwe zonse zachimuna zomwe zimayesedwa poyerekeza ndi zovuta zowonera zolaula. Chachiwiri (H2), zogwirizana ndi zovuta zazimuna komanso zowopsa zamwamuna (cf, Blazina, 2001; Vandello & Bosson, 2013), tidaganiza kuti kudzidalira kwambiri kumangokhala ngati oyang'anira omwe angawononge ubale womwe ungafanane ndi zikhalidwe zachimuna komanso kuwonera zolaula. , ndi kudzidalira kumakulitsa maubale.
njira
Ophunzira / Ndondomeko
Pambuyo pa kuvomerezedwa kwa mkati mwa bolodi, ochita nawo kafukufuku anasonkhanitsidwa pa intaneti kudzera pa Psychology department subject pool (SONA), ndikuwonjezera zitsanzo za snowball kudzera pa The Social Psychology Network Listserv, The Psychological Research pa Net Listserv, zolemba pa Craigslist, ndi zolemba pa Reddit. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsedwa ngati kafukufuku wofufuza malingaliro ndi machitidwe a anthu wamba mwa abambo. Zida zonse zidasinthidwa mosiyanasiyana kuti zisawonongeke. Ophunzira omwe adasonkhanitsidwa mu dziwe lamaphunziro adapatsidwa ngongole zowonjezera, omwe akutenga nawo gawo pa chipale chofewa amatha kusankha kulowerera pamakadi amphatso ya $ 100 Visa. Poyamba, ophunzira a 868 adayankha phunziroli; komabe, atachotsa ochita nawo omwe anali akazi, transgender, ochepera 18, adalephera kuwunika, ndipo / kapena kumaliza osakwana 80% ya chinthu chilichonse mwaye, amuna a 520 okha ndi omwe adatsala. Gawo 1 limapereka kuwonongeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu.
Njira
Chiwerengero cha anthu. Ophunzira adafunsidwa kuti afotokozere za amuna, akazi, zaka, kugonana, mtundu, ubale, maphunziro apamwamba, udindo wa ophunzira, ndi mgwirizano wachipembedzo. Ziwerengero zolaula zidayesedwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi (zonse zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu owonera zolaula; mwachitsanzo, Borgogna & McDermott, 2018): "M'miyezi yapitayi ya 12, pafupifupi, mwakhala kuti mwawona zolaula kangati?"1. Sanapeze zolaula m'miyezi yapitayi ya 12, 2. Nthawi zingapo mchaka chapitacho, 3. Kangapo pamwezi, 4. Nthawi zingapo pa sabata, 5. Pafupifupi tsiku lililonse. Ndipo,Mudayamba kuwona zolaula zaka zingati?? "Zithunzi zolaula zimawonetsedwa ngati zowonera zomwe zimawonetsa zachiwerewere, ziwalo, ndi / kapena zokumana nazo pachifukwa chogonana (Kalman, 2008).
Zosokoneza Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Mng'oma. Zithunzi Zovuta Kugwiritsa Ntchito Scale (PPUS; Kor et al., 2014) ndichinthu cha 12-muyeso wazinthu zinayi za zovuta zowonera zolaula. PPUS imagwiritsa ntchito zida zomangira imodzi chifukwa cha mitundu inayi yazodziwika ndi Kor et al. (2014). Makamaka, PPUS imathandizira ophunzira kuti athe kuyerekezera momwe zolaula zadzetsera mavuto muubwenzi (akatswiri komanso achikondi), momwe munthu amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula kuti apulumuke kukhumudwa, komanso malingaliro azovuta zogwiritsa ntchito (zofanana ndi zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa; Grubbs , Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015; Grubbs, Perry, et al., 2018; Grubbs, Wilt, et al., 2018; Wilt, Cooper, Grubbs, Exline, & Pargament, 2016). Zinthu zake ndi monga: mavuto ndi zovuta (FP; "Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwadzetsa mavuto akulu muubale wanga ndi anthu ena, m'malo ochezera, kuntchito kapena mbali zina zofunika m'moyo wanga," α = .75), kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri (EU; "Ndimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri ndikukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula," α = .89), zovuta zama control (CD; "Ndikuona kuti sindingathe kuonera zolaula," α = .90), ndikugwiritsira ntchito kuthawa / kupewa kupewa kukhumudwitsa (ANE; "Ndimagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti ndithawe chisoni kapena kuti ndisiye malingaliro osayenera," α = .92). Zinthu zimakodwa pamiyeso ya Likert (1-si zoona ku 6-pafupifupi nthawi zonse zimakhala zowona). Mitundu inayi yazatsimikizika kudzera pakuwunika kotsimikizika koyambirira, komanso kafukufuku wotsatira wowonera zolaula (mwachitsanzo, Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018). Mulingowo wawonetsanso kutembenuka koyenera ndikupanga kuvomerezeka (Kor et al., 2014).
Kugwirizana kwa Masculine Norms Inventory - 46. The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-46 (CMNI-46; Parent & Moradi, 2009) ndi chidule cha mtundu wa 94-item CMNI (Mahalik et al., 2003). CMNI-46 imawunika kuti igwirizane ndi zikhalidwe zazimuna zomwe zimachokera mdera lakumadzulo. CMNI-46 ndiyiyeso yazinthu zisanu ndi zinayi yomwe imaphatikizapo masikelo kuti mupambane ("Mwambiri, ndichita chilichonse kuti ndipambane," α = .86), kudziletsa mwamalingaliro ("Sindimagawana nawo momwe ndimvera," α = .88), kutenga chiopsezo ("Ndimakondwera kuchita zoopsa," α = .83), chiwawa ("Nthawi zina kuchitidwa zachiwawa ndikofunikira," α = .86), mphamvu pa azimayi ("Nthawi zambiri, ndimawongolera azimayi m'moyo wanga," α = .80), playboy ("Ngati ndikadatha, ndimakonda kusintha zibwenzi," α = .79), kudzidalira ("Ndimadana kupempha thandizo," α = .84), ntchito yoyamba ("Ntchito yanga ndiye yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wanga," α = .77), komanso kudziwonetsa pawokha ("Ndingakwiye ngati wina angaganize kuti ndimagonana," α = .88). Zinthu zimaperekedwa pamakala a Likert kuchokera ku 1 (satsutsana kwambiri) kwa 4 (amavomereza kwambiri), okhala ndi ziwonetsero zambiri zosonyeza kutsatira mwamphamvu zachimuna. CMNI-46 yawonetsedwa kuti ili ndi kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi chinthu cha 94-CMNI ndikusintha koyenera ndikupanga kuvomerezeka (Parent & Moradi, 2009, 2011; Parent, Moradi, Rummell, & Tokar, 2011).
Mulingo Wodzikonda / Wodzidalira. Mulingo Wodzikonda / Wodzidalira ndiwodzipangira nokha pazinthu za 20 za kudzidalira (Tafarodi & Swann Jr, 1995). Pofuna kuti zinthu zizitiyendera bwino, tinagwiritsa ntchito kalasi yodzikondera yokha yazinthu 10 ("Ndimamva kuti ndine ndani," α = .94) monga muyeso wathu. Mafunso amakhala ndi zinthu zabwino komanso zoyipa pamawu a 5-point Likert kuchokera satsutsana kwambiri ku kuvomereza mwamphamvu. Umboni wa kutsimikizika kofananira komanso kosinthika kunawonetsedwa pakuvomerezeka koyamba (Tafarodi & Swann, Jr., 1995).
Ndondomeko Yowunikira
Poyambirira tinayang'ana zidziwitso zathu zosowa, zofunikira, komanso ogulitsa. Tidawunikanso malumikizidwe a bivariate pamitundu yonse yosanthula. Kuchepetsa kuyanjana kwaubwenzi ndi zotsatira zoponderezedwa pakuwunika koyamba, masikelo a CMNI-46 okha omwe amawonetsa kuwunikira kwakukulu ndi mtundu umodzi wovuta wowonera zolaula pamlingo wophatikizira omwe anaphatikizidwa pakuwunika koyambirira.
Tidagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kofananira kwamalingaliro (SEM) kuti tiwone ubale womwe ulipo pakati potsatira zomwe amuna amachita, kudzidalira, komanso kuwonera zolaula. Kutsatira njira zabwino zoyeserera za SEM (Kline, 2016), tidayamba kuyesa mtundu wa muyeso kuti tiwonetsetse kuti mitundu yonse yam'mbuyo imalongosola bwino kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu zowonekera (chilichonse chosinthika cham'mbuyo chidapangidwa ndi zomwe zimayambira mulingo uliwonse). Titawunika mtundu wathu wamayeso, tidasanthula kachitidwe kofananira kofananira ndi chikhalidwe chachimuna komanso kudzidalira kunaneneratu zakusiyana kwamadera azovuta zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kafukufuku wosonyeza kuwonera zolaula pafupipafupi (mwachitsanzo, Borgogna & McDermott, 2018) ndi malingaliro azakugonana (mwachitsanzo, Hald, Smolenski, & Rosser, 2014) monga zofunikira zina zokhudzana ndi malingaliro azovuta, tidayang'anira kuwonera zolaula pafupipafupi komanso zachiwerewere (zogawidwa ngati zosinthika zoyitanidwa zosakanikirana: heterosexual = 0, GBQ = 1) pakuwunika konse koyambirira.
Kuti tiwone kudzidalira ngati woyang'anira, tinayesa kulumikizana kwaposachedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomasulira yofananira pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la XWITH ku MPLUS (Klein & Moosbrugger, 2000). Makamaka, tidapanga mitundu yambiri ya post-hoc yomwe imaphatikizapo nthawi yolumikizirana pakati podzilimbitsa ndi chikhalidwe chilichonse chachimuna pamachitidwe. Tidayesa malo otsetsereka osavuta, momwe njira pakati pa zinthu za CMNI-46 pamiyeso ya PPUS adayesedwa kwambiri (1 SD pamwambapa) ndi otsika (1 SD pansi pazomwe zikutanthauza) milingo yodzidalira. Kulumikizana kulikonse kunkachitika pakuwongolera zomwe zingachitike munjira yazomangamanga (kuphatikiza zomwe zimapangitsa zolaula kuwonera pafupipafupi komanso kudzidalira). Ngakhale kuyesedwa kwamitundu ingapo yolumikizirana (kulumikizana kosiyana kumayenera kupangidwa pamiyeso yamwamuna), tidasunga mulingo wa alpha p <.05 monga mulingo wathu wodziwira kufunikira kwa ziwerengero. Chiwerengerochi ndi choyenera, chifukwa mayendedwe olumikizirana mwachilengedwe ndi osowa, makamaka potengera zosintha zaposachedwa. Chithunzithunzi chamalingaliro amachitidwe amachitidwe chimaperekedwa mu Chithunzi 1.
Pakuwunika koyenera, tinagwiritsa ntchito ma indices oyenerawa ndikulimbikitsa ma cutoffs (Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2016): poyerekeza zoyenera index (CFI) ndi index ya Tucker-Lewis (TLI; mfundo zomwe zili pafupi ndi .95 zikuwonetsa zabwino zokwanira CFI ndi TLI), cholakwika cha mizu-kutanthauza-lalikulu-kufanana (RMSEA) lokhala ndi chidaliro cha 90% (ma CI; mitengo yotsika ya .06 kapena yocheperako komanso mitengo yaying'ono yochepera .10 ikuwonetsa kuyenera), ndi zotsalira zoyimira mizu-kutanthauza-lalikulu (SRMR; miyezo ya .08 kapena yocheperako imawonetsa kukwana koyenera). Chiwerengero cha chi-square test chidanenedwanso (mtengo wosafunikira umawonetsa kuyenera kwachidziwitso); komabe, adamasuliridwa mosamala, chifukwa chomvetsetsa kukula kwake (Kline, 2016). Kutsatira njira zabwino zogwirizirana posachedwa, tidawunika momwe muyeso ndi kapangidwe kake osaphatikizirapo mawu oyanjana.
Results
Kupenda Koyamba
Mwa amuna 520, ochepa anali ndi miyezo yosowa (osaposa 0.03% yazitsanzo za gawo lililonse). Chifukwa chake, tidagwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kwakanthawi kokwanira kuti tithetse mayankho omwe akusowa. Ma CMNI-46 onse komanso kudzidalira, komanso zolaula zowonera mayankho pafupipafupi zimagawidwa. Skew yaying'ono idawonekera pazinthu zonse za PPUS (kuyambira 1.07 mpaka 1.67). Chifukwa chake, tidagwiritsa ntchito wolingalira mwamwayi wokhala ndi zolakwika zolimba (MLR) pakuwunika kwathu koyambirira kuti tikwaniritse mtunduwo tikamakumbukira zophwanya zilizonse zomwe zingakhalepo. Ochepera (<2.2%) ogulitsa ma multivariate adawonedwa kudzera pa Mahalanobis Distances, koma sanachotsedwe chifukwa chafupipafupi. Gulu 2 imawonetsa kulumikizana kwa bivariate, njira zake, ndi zolakwika pamiyeso iliyonse. Chifukwa mphamvu pa azimayi, osewera, kupambana, kuwongolera malingaliro, komanso kudzidalira ndiomwe anali masikelo okha owonetsera kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi umodzi mwazithunzi za PPUS, ndiwo masikelo okhawo omwe adaphatikizidwa pakuwunika koyambirira. Makamaka, zikhalidwe zachimuna zoyesa zachiwawa sizinaphatikizidwe chifukwa chazing'ono kwambiri, zopanda tanthauzo, zolumikizana ndi zinthu za PPUS.
Kupima Model
Pambuyo pakuwunika kwathu koyambirira, tinayesa muyeso wa SEM ndi mitundu yake. Kuwunikaku kunachitika mu Mplus mtundu 7.31 (Muthén & Muthén, 2016). Zinthu zaumwini zinagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zosinthika zaposachedwa. Kusanthula konse (kupatula ma bootstraps) akuti akugwiritsa ntchito MLR. Mtundu woyesera unapatsa zoyenera, (n = 520) χ2 (989) = 1723.24, p <.001, CFI = .94, TLI = .93, RMSEA = .038 (90% CI = .035, .041), ndi SRMR = .047. Kuyika kwamafayilo kumafotokozedwera pazowonjezera pa intaneti Tebulo 1. Kenako tidasanthula kapangidwe kake ndi njira zomwe zanenedwa: CMNI-46 zimayendetsa mphamvu pa azimayi, kudzidalira, kupambana, kusewera, kusewera, komanso kudzidalira, ndi ma covariates ( zolaula zowonera pafupipafupi komanso malingaliro azakugonana) adalowa ngati olosera zamtsogolo ndi zovuta za magwiridwe antchito a PPUS, kugwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso, kuwongolera zovuta, komanso kupewa kukhumudwa komwe kumalowetsedwa ngati zosintha zina.
Zitsanzo Zokongoletsa
Mtundu woyambirira wamapangidwe unakwanira χ2 (1063) = 2185.65, p <.001, CFI = .92, TLI = .92, RMSEA = .045 (90% CI = .042, .048), ndi SRMR = .047. Zitsanzo za Bootstrap (n = 1000) pamenepo adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa chidaliro cha njira iliyonse kuchokera pa cholosera chosinthika ndi ma subscales a PPUS. Gawo la 3 likuwonetsa ma coefficients osasunthika komanso okhazikika pamsewu uliwonse, ndi 95% chidutswa chopitilira. Zotsatira zinaonetsa njira zingapo zazikulu. Makamaka, mphamvu pa akazi zimaneneratu zovuta zantchito, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, kuwongolera zovuta, komanso kupewa malingaliro oyipa; playboy ananeneratu za kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri; kuwina zovuta zomwe zimanenedweratu kuti mupewe mavuto komanso kupewa malingaliro oyipa; kudziletsa kwakuthupi kunaneneratu zovuta zamavuto ogwira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, kuwongolera zovuta, komanso kupewa malingaliro oyipa; ndi kudziona kuti ndi wopanda pake kunaneneratu za kupewa kupewa kuvutikira ena. Mtundu woyeserera udawerengera 12% ya kusiyana kwamavuto ogwira ntchito, 26% pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, zovuta za 22%, ndi 33% popewa malingaliro osalimbikitsa.
Kusuntha. Kuti muwone kuyanjana kogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna komanso kudzikhulupirira poonera zolaula, mavutowo adagwiritsidwa ntchito polosera zovuta zowonera zolaula. Zoyanjana zidapangidwa mosiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, kulumikizana kulikonse komwe kumayendetsedwa pamayendedwe omwe amapangidwa mumapangidwe amtundu (Table 3). Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuyanjana kwakukulu. Makamaka, nthawi yolumikizana yakuwongolera maganizo X kumadzidalira kunaneneratu zovuta zantchito (B = .16, SE = .07, β = .11, p = .01) ndi zovuta zowongolera (B = .18, SE = .07, β = .11, p = .02); playboy X kudzidalira kunaneneratu molakwika za kugwiritsira ntchito mopitirira muyeso (B = -.16, SE = .06, β = -.15, p = .01) ndi kupewa malingaliro oyipa (B = -.24, SE = .07, β = -.16, p Zamgululi ndikudzidalira X kudzidalira kunaneneratu zovuta zamagwiridwe (B = .14, SE = .07, β = .10, p = .02). Chithunzi 2 ndi 3 zikuwonetsa zomwe zimapangidwa poyeserera ndikupereka zotsatira za mayeso osavuta otsetsereka kuti awone ngati mtunda uliwonse unali waukulu kwambiri kuposa zero pa otsika (-1SD) ndipamwamba (+ 1SD) milingo yodzinyadira. Pazonse, zotsatira zoyeserera izi zidafotokozera kusiyana pakumayang'ana pamavuto ovuta kuposa zotsatira zachindunji, kuwerengera kwa 2% yowonjezera pamavuto ogwira ntchito, 2% pamavuto owongolera, 5% yogwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira muyeso, ndi 5% popewa malingaliro osavomerezeka.
Kukambirana
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza zophatikizira za abambo pakugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chamunthu wamwamuna pakuwonera zolaula zovuta, komanso kulingalira za kudzidalira. Kuphatikiza pa zowongolera, kudzidalira kunayesedwa ngati oyang'anira. Maganizo awiri ophatikizidwa: (H1) mphamvu pa azimayi, akusewera, zachiwawa, ndi zikhalidwe zodziwika kuti amayenera kukhala oganiza zatsopano pamagawo ovuta, (H2) pomwe kudzidalira kumayembekezeredwa kuwononga ndi / kapena kufalitsa mabungwewo. Zotsatira zathu nthawi zambiri (koma osati kwathunthu) zidathandizira malingaliro athu.
Zomwe zimagwirizana ndi lingaliro limodzi, mphamvu pa akazi ndi zoseweretsa zamasewera achimuna zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi vuto limodzi lokhala ndi zolaula pazomwe zimachitika, pomwe kuwongolera kwamaganizidwe kunali kokhudzana kwambiri ndi zovuta zowonera zolaula. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, zachiwawa sizinagwirizane ndi zovuta zilizonse zowonera zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zakulumikizana kwathunthu zikuwonetsa kudzidalira komanso zikhalidwe zopambana kuti zikhale zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zovuta zowonera zolaula (kupambana ngati cholakwika cholakwika, ndikudzidalira monga cholumikizira chabwino). Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwakusiyanasiyana kwamalingaliro azikhalidwe za amuna (Hammer, Heath, & Vogel, 2018) ndikuwonetsa kuti zikhalidwe zina ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwona zolaula kuposa ena. Kuphatikiza apo, mukamayang'anira zophatikizika pazikhalidwe zisanuzi, kudzidalira, kugonana, komanso kuwonera zolaula pafupipafupi; mphamvu pa azimayi, osewera, opambana, komanso owongolera zamanenedweratu adaneneratu za kusiyanasiyana komwe sikungafotokozeredwe bwino ndi kusintha pang'ono. Pazotsatira zofunikira izi, mphamvu pa azimayi inali yokhayo zabwino zoneneratu za onse magawo azowonera zolaula, pomwe malingaliro amachitidwe anali osasinthasintha zoipa zoneneratu za onse madeni.
Pofufuza momwe ntchito yolamulira imawonekera makamaka, ziyembekezo zamiyambo yamomwe amuna amayenera kufotokozera zosokonekera zingakhale zofunikira. Amuna omwe amayesetsa kuletsa kukhumudwa kwawo amafotokozanso zakusazindikira kapena kuvuta kutchula zovuta zawo (Levant, Wong, Karakis, & Welsh, 2015; Wong, Pituch, & Rochlen, 2006). Chifukwa chake, amuna omwe sangazindikire momwe akumvera sangakhale ovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti athane ndi zovuta (mwachitsanzo, chisoni ndi kukhumudwa; Kor et al., 2014). Kuphatikiza apo, amuna omwe ali ndi mikhalidwe yodziletsa kutengera zomwe anthu amayembekeza pamalingaliro amwamuna sangakhale ndi mwayi woti anena zolaula kuti apewe kukhumudwa, mwina chifukwa aphunzira kusalankhula zakukhumudwitsazi. Amuna omwe amayesetsa kuletsa kukhumudwitsanso atha kuwonetsa kudziletsa kwakukulu ngati chinthu chobweretsa kugula mu ziyembekezo zachikhalidwe zamomwe angafotokozere zomwe zimafunikira kudziletsa (Fox & Calkins, 2003). Ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimakhudzana ndi zotsatira zoyipa (McDermott et al., 2017; Wong et al., 2017), kudziletsa komwe kumayenderana ndi kuwongolera kwamaganizidwe kumatha kubweretsa zabwino pokhudzana ndi kuwonera zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, amuna omwe ali ndi vuto lokulirapo pamalingaliro, amatha kuwonerabe zolaula, koma osati mpaka zikafika povuta. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wazovuta zina, monga kumwa mowa, kuthandizira ubale wotere, ndikuwongolera malingaliro kukhala olosera (Iwamoto, Corbin, Lejuez, & MacPherson, 2015).
Mosiyana ndi zoyipa zomwe zimachitika pakulamulira kwamaganizidwe, kusewera ndi mphamvu pazikhalidwe za akazi zinali zogwirizana ndi kuwonera zolaula. Pomwe zikhalidwe za playboy zimakhudzana modzichepetsa ndimavuto ogwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso, funso lodziwikiratu loti chifukwa chiyani mphamvu pa akazi ndizowonetseratu (komanso mwamphamvu) zovutitsa kuwona zolaula, poganizira kuti playboy (osati mphamvu pa akazi) inali yokhudzana kwambiri ndi zolaula zowonera pafupipafupi pakafukufuku wakale (Mikorski & Szymanski, 2017). Kusiyanitsa kofunikira kumatha kupezeka pakupanga kusiyana, popeza maphunziro am'mbuyomu amayang'ana kwambiri kufanana kwa amuna ndi zikhalidwe za amuna monga ma correlates kuyang'ana zolaula m'malo moti kuonera zovuta zolaula. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu pazazikhulupiriro ndi chikhalidwe cha akazi zitha kukhala ndi mayanjano apadera ndi mavuto zogwirizana ndi zolaula. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale zomwe zimawonetsa mphamvu kuposa akazi ngati cholumikizira (komanso champhamvu kwambiri) cha amuna chakale komanso chamakono chogonana (Smiler, 2006), komanso kafukufuku waposachedwa wosonyeza malingaliro a abambo olamulira mwamunayo kukhala ofanana ndi mavuto ndikuwona zolaula (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018). Kuthekera kwina ndikuti amuna omwe amafunafuna amayi ndikuwongolera azimayi m'miyoyo yawo amatha kukopeka ndi zolaula chifukwa zimawalola kuti azilamulira azimayi. Zotsatira zake, ndipo mwina chifukwa cha zizolowezi zowonera zolaula mwazonse (cf, Gola et al., 2017), amunawa atha kukhala ndi mavuto akuthupi, malingaliro, komanso ubale wogwirizana ndi zizolowezi zawo zowonera zolaula (Kor et al., 2014).
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kutsatira machitidwe achiwawa sikunali kogwirizana ndi zovuta zowonera zolaula, ngakhale pamlingo wapadera. Komabe, kuwonera zolaula pafupipafupi anali wokonda zachiwawa. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zikuwonetseranso za kusiyana pakati pa kuwonera zolaula, ndipo zovuta zolaula zowonera. Chuma chambiri chazindikiritsa kuti kuwonera zolaula ndikofunikira pazochita zachiwawa zachiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, Hald et al., 2010; Vega & Malamuth, 2007). Komabe, zomwe zapezazi siziganiziranso ngati wina akuwona kuwonera kwawo ngati kovuta. Malo omwe mungapitilize kuphunzira ndi kuwunika mikhalidwe monga psychopathy mokhudzana ndi zikhalidwe za amuna, komanso kuwonera zolaula. Zikuwoneka kuti omwe ali ndi mikhalidwe yotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chawo awonetsa kuchuluka kwamakhalidwe azakugonana, komanso kuwonera zolaula, koma mwina sangazindikire kuti akuwona ngati zovuta.
Miyezo yopambana inali njira yokhayo yosayembekezereka yamunthu kuti ikhale yokhudzana kwambiri ndi zovuta zowonera zolaula pamachitidwe. Zofanana ndi kuwongolera malingaliro, kuwina kunalumikizidwanso molakwika ndi zovuta zogwira ntchito komanso zovuta zokhudzana ndi zolaula kuti mupewe malingaliro olakwika. Kulumikizana kolakwika pakati pakupambana ndikuwona zovuta pakuwona zolaula ndikodabwitsa chifukwa chakuchepa kwa kafukufuku wolumikizana ndi zomangamanga ziwirizi, komanso kulumikizana kwakutali kwakanthawi. Komabe, zomwe zapezazi zikugwirizana ndi zonena kuti kutsatira machitidwe azimuna nthawi zina kumatha kukhala ndi maubwino opindulitsa (Hammer & Good, 2010). Zowonadi, amuna omwe amayang'ana kupambana ayenera kukhala ndi malingaliro abwino komanso mwayi wawo, motero sangayesetse kulimbana ndi zovuta zina monga zolaula. Momwemonso, amuna omwe amayang'ana kupambana amapitiliza kuchita bwino ntchito zawo, monga ntchito zawo. Chifukwa chake, sangakhale ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula m'malo osayenera chifukwa chamtengo womwe amapatsa maubale omwe amagwirizana nawo (ntchito, maubale okondana).
Mwinanso, iwo omwe amadziona ngati "opambana," kapena akufuna kudziona ngati "opambana," sangakhale pang'ono kuzindikira (kapena angayankhe pazomwe akuwona) kuti kuonera kwawo zolaula ndikovuta. Poganizira kukakamira kwachikhalidwe komwe kungakhalepo pazinthu izi, komanso CMNI-46 ndi PPUS pazonse, ofufuza amtsogolo akuyenera kulingalira njira zatsopano zowunikira izi. Kufufuza koyenera kungakhale kothandiza makamaka kumvetsetsa mitundu ya amuna zomwe zingakhale zikuthandizira pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Zotsatira Zoyeserera
Mogwirizana ndi lingaliro lathu lachiwiri, kudzidalira kwakukulu kumachepetsa mayanjano pakati pazotsatira zikhalidwe ndi zovuta zina zokhudzana ndi zolaula. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, zizolowezi zowongolera malingaliro zidakhala zodziwikiratu zowonetsa zovuta pakuwona zolaula pamlingo wotsika wa kudzidalira. Kuyanjana kwakukulu kudawonekeranso pokhudzana ndi zosewerera za anyamata, kuwonetsa kutsatira kwambiri masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kudzidalira ngati chiwopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri komanso mavuto ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti athetse kukhumudwa. Zotsatira zapano zikuwonetsa kuti kuyang'ana kwambiri pachimuna chachimuna chosalimba komanso chachimuna (Blazina, 2001; Burkley et al., 2016; Vandello & Bosson, 2013) atha kukhala othandiza makamaka pachipatala, chifukwa zotsatira zakufotokozera zachimuna zimadalira kudzilemekeza kwa munthu.
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa amuna omwe amawona kuti angawopsyeze umuna wawo amakonda kupitilira machitidwe achimuna (Vandello & Bosson, 2013); chifukwa chake amuna omwe amadzidalira amatha kukhala ndi ulemu wazamuna (Burkley et al. 2016). Ophatikizidwa ndi kafukufuku wapano, amuna omwe ali ndi malingaliro olakwika atha kukhala kuti azisintha kwambiri pazomwe amasewera ngati njira yothetsera kudzidalira kwawo pogonjetsedwa pakugonana. Komanso, amuna osatetezekawa amatha kukopeka kwambiri ndi zolaula, osati kungofuna kukhutiritsa kugonana, koma ngati njira yotsimikizira kuti ndi amuna. Mosiyana ndi izi, amuna omwe amakhala ndi malingaliro abwino sangakhale ndi vuto lomwelo lowonera zolaula. Ndizotheka kuti amuna omwe amadzidalira kwambiri salemera kwambiri pachimuna pokhudzana ndi kudzidalira kwawo, chifukwa chake mawonekedwe achimuna omwe amatsata mwina sangakhale okhudzana ndi zovuta zina zowonera zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna omwe amadzidalira kwambiri sangaganize kuti ayenera kuwona zolaula kuti atsimikizire kuti ndi amuna, chifukwa atha kukhala kuti adakumana kale (kapena azindikira kuti akumanapo) zomwe amatanthauzira mamasulidwe achikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, bambo yemwe amavomereza zoseweretsa zamasewera, chifukwa amadzimva kuti ndi woyenera komanso amadzikonda yekha, akhoza kukhala wokhutira ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe amagonana nawo kapena mulingo wachimuna m'derali.
Kuunikira kukoka kwa amuna kumathandizanso kulonjeza kuti athe kumvetsetsa zochitika zodzidalira, ngakhale atakhala mbali yosiyana. Amuna omwe ali ndi magonedwe otsika amatsimikizira zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, ubale, ntchito, komanso / kapena mwakuthupi; Kor et al., 2014) zovuta zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonera zolaula mokhudzana ndi zochitika zodzidalira komanso malingaliro. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, omwe amakhala odzikweza kwambiri, omwe analinso odzidalira kwambiri adawonetsa zovuta zogwira ntchito pamlingo wofanana kwa iwo otsika kudzikweza. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zoyipa za kudzinyadira zidasowa kwa iwo omwe akuti anali odzidalira kwambiri.
Ngakhale ubale pakati pa kudziletsa ndi kuonera zolaula ulibe vuto, zidali zoyipa kwambiri kwa iwo omwe amadzidalira. Kafukufuku waposachedwa adakhazikitsa malingaliro amtundu wa abambo okhudzana ndi zovuta zowonera (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018); motero ndikwachidziwikire kuti mawonekedwe a malingaliro oterowo amakhala osavomerezeka, ngakhale atakhala olamulira pakuyang'anira kudzidalira. Izi zimalimbitsa mkangano wa chinthu chomwe chitha kudziletsa palimodzi ndi kudziletsa kwamalingaliro. Inde, kusiyanasiyana kumakhalaponso pakati pa malingaliro osakhazikika pamalingaliro ndi kutsatira malingaliro enieni olamulira. Chikhulupiriro chakuti amuna ayenera kupewa mawu okhudzana akuwoneka kuti akukhudzana ndi machitidwe owonera zolaula (makamaka amayang'anira zovuta komanso kupewa malingaliro osalimbikitsa; Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018). Komwe kugwirizanitsa ndi chizolowezi chowongolera m'maganizo kumatha kutetezedwa (ngakhale kuli kofunikira pakudziletsa). Komabe, kufufuza kwakanthawi kokwanira kuyenera kuonedwa kuti kuunikira ubale wam'zinthu zamtunduwu mosamalitsa.
sitingathe
Zomwe zapezekazi ziyenera kutanthauziridwa poyerekeza ndi zoperewera zingapo. Makamaka, mawonekedwe apamtunduwu komanso mawonekedwe ake okhudzana amatsutsa malingaliro aliwonse okhudzana ndi causality kapena dongosolo lenileni la machitidwe ofanana ndi amuna komanso udindo wowonera zolaula. Kafukufuku wautali amafunikira kuthana ndi malire awa. Zoyeserazo zinali zofunanso komanso zosagwirizana pazaka ndi mtundu. Popeza chikhalidwe cha amuna chimagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mosiyanasiyana kwa zaka zakubadwa, kafukufuku wofunikira akuwunika kuti zinthu zamitundu mitundu ndizosiyanasiyana. Monga tawonera, kafukufuku wapano adadaliranso pamayendedwe omwe atha kukhala osakanikirana ndi mayankho azoyipa kapena zosokoneza zina. Chifukwa chake, ofufuza amalimbikitsidwa kuti apange lipoti la mnzake kapena njira zina zowonera kuti atchule komanso kuwonjezera zomwe tapeza. Ofufuzawo akulimbikitsidwanso kuti azitha kudziwa zambiri za mitundu ya zolaula zomwe anthu amazionera, poganiza kuti nkhaniyi sinapezeke pa phunziroli koma mwina zitha kuphatikizidwa ngati lingaliro lamtsogolo.
Popeza zomwe zapezazi sizinayesedwe mu zitsanzo zowonjezera, kubwereza pazotsatira ndikofunikira. Zowonadi, ziwiri mwanjira zofunikira mu mtundu waumbidwe zinali ndi zolakwika zokhazokha zomwe zinali theka kukula kwa chosakwanira chosawoneka bwino (kupambana ngati woneneratu popewa malingaliro olakwika ndikusewera ngati woneneratu za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kopitilira muyeso). Kuyanjana ndi kudzidalira kumayambitsa ubale wina pakati pa playboy ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku wowonjezereka, wotsimikizira mgwirizano pakati pa kupambana ndi zovuta zolaula, akulimbikitsidwa chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zingachitike pakukhazikika kwa njira zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano.
Kuphatikiza apo, sitinathe kuwongolera mokwanira kusiyanasiyana pazipembedzo, kusazindikira, kapena momwe kuwonera zolaula kumatha kukhala kosavomerezeka (ndipo motero kumakhala kovuta). Kafukufuku wochuluka wasonyeza kuti izi ndizofunikira pakuwona zolaula (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Grubbs, Exline, et al., 2015; Grubbs & Perry, 2018; Grubbs, Perry, et al., 2018; Grubbs, Wilt, et al., 2018; Nelson, Padilla-Walker, & Carroll, 2010; Wilt et al., 2016). Chifukwa chake, timalimbikitsa ofufuza amtsogolo kuti awunike momwe kupembedza komanso kusakhazikika pamakhalidwe kumalumikizirana ndi zinthu zachimuna pamaphunziro amtsogolo. Momwemonso, ngakhale malingaliro azakugonana anali olamulidwa kwambiri, kafukufuku waposachedwa awonetsa kuti zosintha zamaganizidwe zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana pamagulu azigonana (Borgogna, McDermott, Aita, & Kridel, 2018). Tinalibe zitsanzo zokwanira zoyesa malingaliro athu pamagawo ena. Chifukwa chake, ofufuza amtsogolo akuyenera kuwona izi ngati njira yofunikira yophunzirira mtsogolo.
Pomaliza, njira zina zowonera zolaula zovuta zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zomwe zingachitike ndi kusiya komanso kulekerera. Ngakhale zinthu ngati izi sizovuta kwenikweni kwa anthu onse, izi ndi zinthu zomwe zimabweretsa vuto kwa omwe ali ndi vuto lodana ndi zolaula (zotsutsana ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula cf, Grubbs et al., 2015, 2017). Njira Yovuta Yogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula (Bőthe et al., 2018) ndi njira yatsopano yomwe imapereka mwayi pazambiri izi. Tsoka ilo, sikeloyo inali isanapezeke pomwe phunziroli likuchitika. Komabe, ofufuza amtsogolo akuyenera kuganizira phindu la miyeso ina yomwe imapereka.
Zotsatira zachipatala
Ngakhale pali zoperewera, zomwe zapezazi zili ndi zofunikira pachipatala. Kuchiza kwamavuto owonera zolaula makamaka kumayambiriro. Sniewski, Farvid, and Carter (2018) adachita kafukufuku wofufuza za kuwunika ndi chithandizo cha amuna achikulire omwe amadziona kuti ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo adangopeza maphunziro a 11, ambiri mwa iwo anali maphunziro apadera. Komabe, mayesero akuluakulu angapo adadziwika. Makamaka, maphunziro a Cognitive Behaeveal Therapy (CBT) (Hardy, Ruchty, Hull, & Hyde, 2010; Young, 2007) ndi Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (Crosby & Twohig, 2016; Twohig & Crosby, 2010) adawonetsa zabwino Zotsatira zake monga chithandizo kwa anthu (makamaka amuna) omwe ali ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi zolaula.
Zomwe tapezazi zikuwonetsa kuti makasitomala achimuna amatha kupindula ndikusintha chithandizo chotere kuti chikhale chokhudzana ndi umuna. Makamaka, alangizi amatha kuwunika momwe makasitomala awo angafanizire ndi udindo wa amuna ndi kuwunikira zotsatirapo zabwino ndi zotsatirazi. Popeza kulumikizana pakati pamikhalidwe ndi zolaula zovuta mu phunziroli, alangizi amatha kufufuza zamankhwala ndi makasitomala awo ndikukambirana momwe zolaula zingalumikizidwe ndi zomwe akuwonetsa amuna. Kuwona kuti mphamvu pa azimayi ndiwotsogola kwambiri pakuwona zolaula, akatswiri azachipatala angaganize zowunika za udindo komanso mphamvu pakukopa kwa abambo kuti aziona zolaula. Kuzindikira magwero ndi ntchito za zikhumbo za abambo kuti azilamulira azimayi zimatha kudziwikitsa kuti adziwe zoyambitsa zomwe zingaoneke zolaula.
Monga momwe zomwe zapezedwa ndi zomwe zapezekazi, abambo omwe amakhala osatetezeka chifukwa cha amuna awo amatha kukhala ovuta kuwonera zolaula, mwina chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ikhoza kukwaniritsa zosowa zanu zazikulu. Kufufuza kwamphamvu kwa njira zothanirana ndi njira zodzithandizira kungapereke chitsogozo chofunikira pakuchepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa kuti ngati othandizira amatha kusintha kudzidalira kwamakasitomala, nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zolaula komanso / kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zitha kutsika. Chifukwa chake, kudzidalira kopitilira muyeso kungathandize kuthana ndi miyambo ina yamwambo yomwe mwamunayo angakhale atakhala nayo. Zingawathandizenso kuthana ndi mavuto awa ndikuwathandizira kukulitsa malingaliro abwino okhudzana ndi zomwe ali komanso zomwe akuyembekezeka kwa iwo monga munthu komanso monga munthu.
Kutsiliza
Kuwona zolaula kovuta ndimavuto azachipatala omwe akukula (Sniewski et al., 2018). Popeza kuti zolaula zimatha kupezeka, kuthekera, komanso kusadziwika (Cooper, 1998; Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000), kuwonera zolaula kovuta kukupitilizabe kufalikira, makamaka mwa amuna. Kafukufukuyu apeza kuti machitidwe azikhalidwe zachimuna omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chawo amatha kutengera kukula kwa kuwonera zolaula. Zotsatira zikuwonetsanso kuti ubale wapakati paumuna ndi kuwonera zolaula ndi wovuta. Amuna omwe amadziona kuti ndi otsika atha kuchita mopitirira muyeso pamaudindo achimuna kotero kuti kuwonera zolaula yakhala njira yosonyezera kapena kuchita zachimuna. Kuphatikizidwa, zomwe apezazi zikuwonetsa kuti kuyang'ana kwambiri pamphambano za chikhalidwe ndi kusiyanasiyana kumatha kukhala kofunikira makamaka pakufufuza, malingaliro, ndi zamankhwala zothana ndi zovuta zamunthu komanso zachibale zokhudzana ndi kuwonera zolaula.
Zothandizira
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