Chofunika kwambiri, kusiyana kwamakhalidwe kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti njira zomwe zimaphatikizira kuyembekezera zokopa zogonana komanso zosagonana zikhoza kusinthidwa mu CSBD ndikuthandizira lingaliro lakuti. Njira zoyembekezeka zokhudzana ndi kuyembekezera zofanana ndi zomwe zili ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zizolowezi zamakhalidwe zitha kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira mu CSBD.monga momwe adanenera kale (Chatzittofis et al., 2016; Gola et al., 2018; Jokinen et al., 2017; Kowalewska et al., 2018; Mechelmans et al., 2014; Politis et al., 2013; Schmidt et al., 2017; Sinke et al., 2020; Voon et al., 2014). Izi zinathandizidwanso ndi mfundo yakuti sitinawone kusiyana kwa ntchito zina zachidziwitso zoyesa kutenga chiopsezo ndi kulamulira mwadzidzidzi, kutsutsana ndi lingaliro lakuti machitidwe okhudzana ndi kukakamiza ambiri akusewera.
Zomwe tapeza zikuwonetsa kuti CSBD imalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwamakhalidwe omwe amayembekeza, omwe amalumikizananso ndi zochitika za VS poyembekezera zokopa. The zomwe zapezedwa zimathandizira lingaliro loti njira zofananira ndi zinthu zosokoneza bongo zimagwira ntchito mu CSBD ndikuwonetsa kuti kugawika kwa CSBD ngati vuto lodziletsa kungatsutse potengera zomwe zapezeka mu neurobiological.
Kudalirika
Mbiri ndi zolinga
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) imadziwika ndi machitidwe osalekeza olephera kuwongolera zilakolako zogonana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azigonana mobwerezabwereza, zomwe zimatsatiridwa ngakhale zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta. Ngakhale ziwonetsero zam'mbuyomu zamakina ngati zizolowezi komanso kugawika kwaposachedwa kwa matenda a impulse-control mu International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), njira za neurobiological zomwe zimayambitsa CSBD sizikudziwika.
Njira
Tidapanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro omwe cholinga chake ndi kusokoneza njira zokhudzana ndi kuyembekezera ndikuwona zokopa zachiwerewere. Mu 22 amuna odwala CSBD (zaka: M = 38.7, SD = 11.7) ndi maulamuliro a amuna athanzi a 20 (HC, zaka: M = 37.6, SD = 8.5), tidayezera kuyankhidwa kwamakhalidwe ndi zochitika zam'mitsempha pakugwira ntchito kwa maginito a resonance imaging (fMRI). Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu zinali kusiyana kwa nthawi yoyankhira pakati pa mayesero okhudza zolaula komanso osagonana ndi zochitika za ventral striatum (VS) panthawi yoyembekezera zokopa. Tinagwirizanitsa zotsatirazi wina ndi mzake, ku matenda a CSBD, ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro.
Results
Tidapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pamilandu pamakhalidwe, pomwe odwala a CSBD adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa nthawi yoyankhira pakati pa mayesero ogonana ndi osagonana kuposa HC. Ntchitoyi idapangitsa kuti gulu lililonse likhale lodalirika. Ngakhale sitinawone kusiyana kwakukulu kwamagulu muzochitika za VS, zochitika za VS panthawi yachiyembekezo zimagwirizana ndi kusiyana kwa nthawi yoyankhira ndikudziwerengera tokha poyembekezera zokopa.
Zokambirana ndi Zotsatira
Zotsatira zathu zimathandizira kutsimikizika ndi kutheka kwa ntchito yomwe idapangidwayo ndipo zikuwonetsa kuti CSBD imalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwamakhalidwe omwe amayembekeza, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi zochitika za ventral striatum poyembekezera zokopa. Izi zimathandizira lingaliro loti njira zonga zosokoneza bongo zimagwira ntchito mu CSBD.
Introduction
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) yaphatikizidwa mu International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11).Bungwe la World Health, 2019), zolembedwa m'gulu laling'ono la zovuta zowongolera. Malinga ndi ICD-11, CSBD imadziwika ndi chizolowezi cholephera kuwongolera zilakolako zakugonana kapena zilakolako zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azigonana mobwerezabwereza, zomwe zimatsatiridwa ngakhale zitakhala zovuta zachipatala, zamalingaliro, komanso zachikhalidwe. Kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro za CSBD akuyerekeza 3-10% ya anthu wamba (Blum, Badgaiyan, & Gold, 2015; Carnes et al., 2012; Derbyshire et al., 2015; Dickenson, Gleason, Coleman, & Miner, 2018; Estellon et al., 2012; Kafka, 2010; Kingston et al., 2013; Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013; Kuhn et al., 2016; Weinstein, Katz, Eberhardt, Cohen, & Lejoyeux, 2015). Ngakhale njira zina zothandizira zilipo (Briken, 2020; Hallberg et al., 2019; 2020; Savard et al., 2020), amafunikirabe kuwongolera kuti atsimikizire zotsatira zabwino zanthawi yayitali ndikuchita bwino.
Ngakhale CSBD ikuphatikizidwa mu ICD-11, njira za neurobiological zomwe zimayambitsa CSBD sizikudziwikabe.Derbyshire et al., 2015). Pali mikangano yopitilirabe pagulu la ICD-11 la CSBD kutengera zomwe zapezeka mu neurobiological.Fuss et al., 2019). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu akuwonetsa kuti njira zofananira zomwe zimapezeka m'matenda okakamiza, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso zizolowezi zamakhalidwe zitha kukhala ndi gawo mu CSBD. Kuwonongeka kwa zigawo zaubongo zomwe zimayang'anira chikhumbo chakugonana ndi kudzutsidwa kwaperekedwanso (Blum et al., 2015; Carnes et al., 2012; Derbyshire et al., 2015; Estellon et al., 2012; Kafka, 2010; Kingston et al., 2013; Kor et al., 2013; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; Kuhn et al., 2016; Weinstein et al., 2015). Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa neuroimaging awonetsa kuti CSBD imalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kosintha kwa zisonkhezero zakugonana (Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018). Ndemanga yaposachedwa imatsimikizira kuti CSBD imalumikizidwa ndi kugwira ntchito molakwika m'zigawo zaubongo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chizolowezi, kuwongolera zinthu, komanso kukonza mphotho.Kowalewska et al., 2018). Madera aubongo omwe akukhudzidwa ndi prefrontal and temporal cortices, amygdala, ndi ventral striatum (VS) (Gola et al., 2018; Kowalewska et al., 2018; Voon et al., 2014). Chifukwa chake, dongosolo la mphotho yaubongo likuwoneka kuti likuchita gawo lofunikira mu CSBD (Kowalewska et al., 2018; Politis et al., 2013; Schmidt et al., 2017; Voon et al., 2014), ndipo pali umboni wokulirapo wa njira zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimayenderana ndi omwe ali ndi zizolowezi ndi zizolowezi zamakhalidwe (Gola et al., 2018; Kowalewska et al., 2018; Mechelmans et al., 2014). Chifukwa chake, zikadali zotsutsana ngati CSBD ingakhale yodziwika bwino ngati chizolowezi chosokoneza bongo.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakukonda zizolowezi ndikuwonongeka kwa dongosolo la mphotho zaubongo zomwe zimatsogolera ku "chilimbikitso chochulukirapo", kapena mwanjira ina "kufuna" kwambiri kapena kufuna mphotho. Izi zimabweretsa chikhumbo chachikulu chofuna mphotho, mwachitsanzo, kumwa mankhwala. Mogwirizana ndi izi, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amawonetsa zochitika za ubongo zomwe zimangoyembekezera mphotho (Balodis et al., 2015), nthawi zonse mu VS, yomwe ndi dera lokhazikitsidwa kwanthawi yayitali munjira zoyembekeza mphotho (Jauhar et al., 2021; Oldham et al., 2018). Komabe, maphunziro ogwiritsira ntchito maginito a resonance imaging (fMRI) omwe amatsata zoyembekeza mu CSBD ndi osowa (Gola et al., 2018), ndi mfundo zambiri zokhudzana ndi njira zomwe zingatheke zachokera ku maphunziro omwe amafufuza mayankho a neural pakuwona kosavuta kwa zokopa zogonana, kusiya kufufuza kwa kuyembekezera kuyembekezera.
Zolepheretsa zina zamafukufuku am'mbuyomu a fMRI ndikuphatikiza kuti zithunzi zowongolera sizimawongolera mokwanira kukonzanso ziwalo zathupi la munthu komanso kucheza. Kuphatikiza apo, zochitika zaubongo zomwe zimawonedwa pakukonza zokopa zogonana zimatha kusokonezedwa ndi kudzutsidwa kwamalingaliro ngati sikuyendetsedwa (Walter et al., 2008). Kuchita manyazi ndi kudziimba mlandu kapena kuyesa kuletsa chilakolako chogonana panthawi yoyesera kungakhale kosokoneza. Kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe a block kapena makanema kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa kuti ndi magawo ati amayendedwe ogonana omwe amayesedwa (Georgiadis et al., 2012; Markert, Klein, Strahler, Kruse, & Stark, 2021), kulepheretsa kutanthauzira kwa data. Chofunika kwambiri, maphunziro apitalo sakanatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa zochitika za ubongo zokhudzana ndi kuyembekezera ndi kuwonera zolaula. Kusiyanaku ndikofunikira kuti tinene za 'zosokoneza bongo' mu CSBD (Gola, Wordecha, Marchewka, & Sescousse, 2016).
Ntchito yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza ntchito yaubongo yokhudzana ndi chiyembekezo ndi ntchito yotsimikizika yolimbikitsira ndalama, yomwe imasokoneza chiyembekezo cha mphotho kuchokera kunjira zolandila mphotho (Balodis et al., 2015; Knutson, Westdorp, Kaiser, & Hommer, 2000; Lutz et al., 2014). Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zowonera zomwe zimaneneratu za mphotho yamtsogolo. Kafukufuku wina wagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yochedwetsa zolimbikitsa kuphatikiza ndi zokopa zowonera (Sescousse, Redouté, & Dreher, 2010), ndikugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi ofufuza awonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula movutikira kumalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa zochitika za VS poyankha zolosera za zithunzi zolaula, koma osati zolosera za mphotho zandalama (Gola et al., 2017). Monga momwe timadziwira, iyi inali phunziro loyamba lomwe linawerengera zochitika za ubongo zokhudzana ndi kuyembekezera kukhudzika kwa kugonana kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi CSBD. Komabe, mphotho zandalama zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mayesero owongolera, m'malo mwa zithunzi zosagwirizana ndi kugonana (zamalingaliro). Zomwe ankayembekezerazo zinali zolimbikitsa komanso zopezeka - ngakhale zojambulidwa - zogonana, zomwe zitha kuyambitsa kale maukonde omwe akukhudzidwa pakukonza zokopa (Gola et al., 2017). Mwachidziwitso, kusiyana kulikonse kophiphiritsira muzinthu zoyembekeza, kuphatikizapo mtundu ndi mawonekedwe, kungakhale kosokoneza. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunika kwazithunzi komwe kumachitidwa pambuyo powonetsa chokoka chilichonse monga gawo la ntchitoyo kungayambitse njira zamaganizidwe zokhudzana ndi chigamulo komanso kukhudza zochitika za neural pakuwonetsa zolimbikitsa (Walter et al., 2008).
Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali pawiri. Choyamba, tinkafuna kuthana ndi malire a mapangidwe a ntchito a paradigms akale. Chifukwa chake, tidapanga ntchito yochedwetsa zolimbikitsa, pomwe zokopa zowoneka bwino zakugonana ndi zithunzi zowongolera thupi zidalumikizidwa mosamalitsa pazithunzi zosiyanasiyana. Ntchito ndi njira zosonkhanitsira deta zidapangidwa kuti zipewe zotsatira za dongosolo, kukhazikika, ndi zizindikiro zoyembekezera. Chachiwiri, tinkafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi poyesa kwa fMRI kuti tiyese ngati CSBD ikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe komanso kusintha kwa ventral striatum (VS) zokhudzana ndi kuyembekezera kukhudzika kwa kugonana.
Tidagwiritsa ntchito paradigm ya fMRI mwa odwala 22 CSBD ndi maulamuliro athanzi a 20 (HC) ndikuyesa malingaliro awiri: 1) tinkayembekezera kuti odwala a CSBD awonetse chidwi chapamwamba chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi chiyembekezero kuti awone zithunzi zowoneka bwino m'malo mopanda maliseche, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pakusiyana kwanthawi yoyankha. , atatha kukonza zaka. 2): Ngakhale tinkayembekezera kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kwa VS panthawi yoyembekezera zithunzi zolaula poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zosasangalatsa (zonyansa> zosagonana) m'magulu onsewa, tinayesanso ngati odwala a CSBD amasonyeza kuyankha kwakukulu kwa VS kuposa HC. M'nkhaniyi, tinkayembekezeranso mgwirizano wosiyana pakati pa machitidwe ndi machitidwe a VS panthawi yoyembekezera.
M'mayeso achiwiri, pogwiritsa ntchito kuyezetsa kwa neurocognitive, tidawunika njira zomwe zingatengere chiopsezo, kuletsa kuletsa, komanso luntha losalankhula, zomwe zinali zokhudzana ndi matenda a CSBD, machitidwe, ndi zotsatira za fMRI. Tidayesanso zosokoneza zomwe zingasokoneze chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu, kusiyanasiyana kwachipatala, komanso kuwunika momwe akumvera panthawi yantchitoyo. Pomaliza, tidasanthula momwe zikhumbo, zokonda, ndi zokonda zimayenderana ndi zotsatira zamaphunziro.
Njira
ophunzira
Kafukufukuyu adachitika ku Karolinska Institutet komanso ku ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Odwala a CSBD adalembedwa ntchito kudzera pa foni ya Sweden PrevenTell (Adebahr, Söderström, Arver, Jokinen, & Öberg, 2021). Tsatanetsatane wa kulembera anthu ntchito, njira zochotsera komanso zosiyanitsidwa zaperekedwa mu Supplemental Materials ndi kwina kulikonse (Hallberg et al., 2020; Savard et al., 2020). Mwachidule, odwala achimuna omwe adakwaniritsa zofunikira za CSBD molingana ndi ICD-11 adaitanidwa kutenga nawo mbali. Ulamuliro wathanzi komanso wokhudzana ndi kugonana kuchokera ku Stockholm catchment area adalembedwa kudzera muzotsatsa zapagulu komanso zamitundu yambiri. Zowongolera sizinawonetse chizindikiro cha CSBD.
Tinalembetsa odwala 20 HC ndi 23 CSBD, omwe odwala 22 amapereka deta ya MRI. Zambiri zidasonkhanitsidwa pakati pa Meyi 2018 ndi Disembala 2020.
Makhalidwe azachipatala ndi mafunso
Kudzera m'mafunso apa intaneti, tidayesa kuchuluka kwazizindikiro zakukhumudwa (Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) (Montgomery et al., 1979; Svanborg et al., 2001)), kuchepa kwa chidwi (Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) (Kessler et al., 2005), kumwa mowa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Mayeso Ozindikiritsa Zosokoneza Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mowa (AUDIT) (Bergman et al., 2002); Kuyesa Kuzindikiritsa Matenda Ogwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo (DUDIT) (Berman, Bergman, Palmstierna, & Schlyter, 2005)), zizindikiro za hypersexual (Hypersexual Disorder Screening Inventory (HDSI) (Parsons et al., 2013), Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) (Reid, Garos, & Carpenter, 2011)), kukakamiza kugonana (Sexual Compulsivity Scale (SCS) (Kalichman et al., 1995)), mamba oletsa kugonana/chisangalalo (SIS/SES) (Carpenter, Janssen, Graham, Vorst, & Wicherts, 2008), kuchuluka kwa nkhawa (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State (STAI-S) (Tluczek, Henriques, & Brown, 2009)), zizindikiro za autism spectrum disorder (Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale (RAADS-14) (Eriksson, Andersen, & Bejerot, 2013)), chilakolako chogonana (Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI) (Spector, Carey, & Steinberg, 1996)), kutengeka wamba (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) (Stanford et al., 2009)), ndi kuletsa khalidwe (Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System (BIS/BAS) (Carver et al., 1994)). Tinayesa kuchuluka kwa zolaula pa intaneti komanso kugonana m'miyezi yapitayi ya 6, komanso malingaliro ogonana (7-point Kinsey scale) (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948). Omaliza anali 0-6 pomwe 0 amatanthauzidwa ngati 'ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha' ndi 6 'ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha'.
Kuyeza kwa Neurocognitive
Tidayesa mayeso a neuropsychological kuti tipeze kuyerekeza kwachangu / kutenga chiopsezo (Balloon Analogue Risk Task, BART (Lejuez et al., 2002)), kuletsa / kuwongolera (Stop Signal Task, STOP-IT (Verbruggen, Logan, & Stevens, 2008)), ndi nzeru zosalankhula (Ravens Standard Progressive Matrices, SPM (Raven et al., 2000)). SPM imayika zochita za munthu kukhala giredi I (yotsika kwambiri) mpaka V (yapamwamba kwambiri). Higher Stop-Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) yopezedwa kuchokera ku STOP-IT imasonyeza kutsika kwa kuletsa kuletsa. Njira zopezera chiopsezo chopezedwa kuchokera ku BART zinali kuchuluka kwa mabaluni osinthika ndi kuchuluka kwa kuphulika (Lejuez et al., 2002), pomwe ziwerengero zapamwamba zimasonyeza khalidwe loika chiopsezo.
fMRI paradigm ndi zolimbikitsa
Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane paradigm ya fMRI ikufotokozedwa mu Supplemental Materials. Chithunzi 1 akuwonetsa dongosolo la paradigm. Mwachidule, mapangidwe a ntchitoyo adatengera ntchito yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi (MID)Knutson et al., 2000) ndi ntchito yochedwa yolimbikitsa yomwe Gola ndi anzawo (Gola et al., 2017). Chiwerengero chonse cha mayesero chinali n = 80 (40 zolaula ndipo 40 osagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mayesero). Zojambulajambula zidapezedwa ku International Affective Picture System (IAPS) (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2008) ndi Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS) (Marchewka, Zurawski, Jednorog, & Grabowska, 2014; Wierzba et al., 2015). Zolimbikitsa zochokera kuzinthu zonse ziwiri zatsimikiziridwa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zimalimbikitsa chilakolako chogonana m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana am'mbuyomu (Gola et al., 2016; Marchewka et al., 2014; Politis et al., 2013; Walter et al., 2008; Wierzba et al., 2015). Zolimbikitsa zolimbitsa thupi komanso zosapatsa chidwi zidafananizidwa mosamalitsa pokhudzana ndi ma valence ndi mavoti odzutsa, ndi mawonekedwe ena azithunzi. Popeza otenga nawo mbali adaphatikizidwa mosasamala kanthu za momwe amagonana, tidapanga mitundu iwiri yamalingaliro kuti zokopa zitha kufananizidwa ndi zomwe amakonda. Zambiri pazokhudza zolimbikitsa zaperekedwa mu Zowonjezera Zowonjezera.
Kuyimilira kwadongosolo kwa ntchito ya fMRI yolimbikitsa kugonana. Zitsanzo ziwiri za mayesero oletsa kugonana (pamwamba) ndi mayesero ogonana (pansi) akuwonetsedwa. Chiwerengero chonse cha mayesero chinali n = 80 (40 pamtundu uliwonse woyeserera) wopezeka m'magawo awiri. Gawo lililonse linali ndi magawo 20 zolaula ndipo 20 osagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuwongolera mayesero. Nthawi yonse ya ntchitoyo inali pafupifupi mphindi 24. Lamulo lachiweruzo linali lachisawawa. Kutalika kwa zochitika kumawonetsedwa. Chochitika 1 chophimba chotuwa (chomwe chinatsimikizira nthawi yoyeserera): Kutalika kwachisawawa pakati pa 4 ndi 7 s. Chochitika chachiwiri chinali gawo lachiyembekezo lopereka chizindikiro chomwe chimawonetsa mtundu wa yesero, mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsera kwamtsogolo kwa chithunzi "chokopa" kapena "chopanda zokopa" (chochitika chachikulu chosangalatsa). Tanthauzo la chizindikiro chilichonse chinafotokozedwa kwa omwe anali kunja kwa scanner, omwe adachitanso gawo lachidule lazoyeserera asanayese. Chochitika 2 (mtanda wokhazikika) adawonetsa kukonzekera ntchito. Chochitika 3 chandamale lalikulu: ntchito imafuna kukanikiza batani. Ophunzira adalangizidwa kuti akanikize batani mwachangu momwe angathere pomwe bwalo likuwonekera ndipo ngati angayankhe mwachangu chithunzi chotsatira chidzawonetsedwa. Ntchito yosindikizira batani idaphatikizidwanso kuti ophunzira azitha kukhala tcheru komanso kuwunika nthawi zomwe angachite ngati njira yopangira 'cholimbikitsa kuti apambane'. Kulephera kunakhazikitsidwa ku 4%, pomwe chithunzi chaphokoso chinaperekedwa m'malo mwake ngati zokopa zowoneka (onani Zowonjezera Zowonjezera kuti mudziwe zambiri pakupanga ntchito). Chochitika 20 chojambula chotuwa: nthawi yodikirira (nthawi yachisawawa). Chochitika cha 5, chithunzi chogwirizana ndi mtundu woyeserera chidaperekedwa, mwachitsanzo, chokoka mtima kapena chosasangalatsa (chochitika chachiwiri). Njira yogulitsira idapangidwa kuti ipewe zovuta zomwe zingachitike, zotsatira zobwera chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa zizindikiro, komanso kuzolowera / zowongolera (onani Zowonjezera Zowonjezera). Jittering (nthawi zowonetsera mwachisawawa) za nthawi yapakati-zolimbikitsa zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kusokoneza chiyembekezo cha mphotho kuchokera pa risiti kapena batani lolumikizidwa ndi ubongo.
Kusiyanitsa kuwiri kunafanizidwa pakati pa odwala a CSBD ndi maulamuliro: Kusiyanitsa 1 (chachikulu): Kusiyana kwa ubongo woyambitsa ubongo pakati pa mayesero osokoneza bongo ndi osakhala achiwerewere panthawi yoyembekezera (chochitika 2). Kusiyanitsa 2 (yachiwiri): Kusiyana kwa kuyambika kwaubongo pakati pa mayesero olaula ndi osagonana panthawi yowonetsera zithunzi (chochitika 6).
Citation: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00035
Mafunso okhudzana ndi kuyesa kwa fMRI
MRI isanayambe komanso itatha, ophunzira adafunsidwa kuti ayese zilakolako / zokhumba zawo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana (kuphatikizapo chilakolako chogonana). Kuyesera kusanachitike, otenga nawo mbali adafunsidwa kuti akuyembekezera bwanji kuwonera zithunzi zosasangalatsa komanso zosasangalatsa. Ichi chinali chiyerekezo choyambirira cha chidwi, chifukwa chikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi chiyembekezo. Pambuyo poyesera, otenga nawo mbali adafunsidwa kuti apereke mavoti a valence ndi kudzutsidwa kochititsa chidwi ndi zowoneka. Mafunso owonjezera amayang'ana pa zinthu zomwe zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zosokoneza pazochitika zaubongo panthawi yoyesera, monga kumva manyazi, kudziimba mlandu, komanso kuchuluka kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali anayesa kuletsa kudzutsidwa kwa kugonana. Onani Zowonjezera Zowonjezera kuti mumve zambiri pamafunso okhudzana ndi fMRI.
Zithunzi zojambula zamaginito
kupeza
Kujambula kwa MRI kunkachitika pa 3T GE scanner (Discovery MR750) yokhala ndi coil yamutu wazitsulo zisanu ndi zitatu. Deta ya fMRI idapezedwa ndi 2D gradient-echo EPI sequence ndipo zithunzi zolemera za T1 zidapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito 3D-BRAVO motsatira. Kuphatikiza pa sikani ya fMRI, sikani yolemetsa ya T1 idapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito polembetsa limodzi deta ya fMRI. Zojambulajambula zimaperekedwa mu Zowonjezera Zowonjezera.
processing
Tsatanetsatane pa kukonza ndi kusanthula kwa fMRI zaperekedwa mu Supplemental Materials. Mwachidule, pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya FSL 6.0.1, ubongo wonse umatanthawuza mamapu otsegula (Kusiyanitsa Kwa Parameter Estimates: COPE) pa zotsatira za chidwi (zochititsa chidwi> zochitika zosasangalatsa) adawerengedwa kuti ayembekezere (kusiyana kwakukulu 1, Mkuyu 1) ndi gawo lowonera (kusiyanitsa 2). Izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'magulu ndi kusiyana pakati pamagulu (kusiyana kwa chidwi: CSBD> HC).
Ngakhale kufananitsa kwamagulu a ubongo wonse kunali kofufuza, cholinga chathu chachikulu chinali kuyesa kusiyana kwamagulu muzochitika za VS panthawi yachiyembekezo. Choncho, ife yotengedwa zikutanthauza COPE makhalidwe pa kuyembekezera gawo (ndi kuonera gawo monga ulamuliro) ku VS (Chithunzi S7) (Tziortzi et al., 2011). Miyezo iyi idawunikidwa mu SPSS pokhudzana ndi kusiyana kwa kuwongolera milandu, kusanthula kwamalingaliro kuti zitha kusokoneza, komanso kulumikizana ndi zotsatira zamakhalidwe (ΔRT) ndi zizindikiro za CSBD (onani pansipa).
Kusanthula kusanthula
Makhalidwe a gulu (zambiri, zachipatala, ndi chidziwitso)
Makhalidwe amagulu muzosintha zamtundu wa anthu ndi zamankhwala zomwe zalembedwa Gulu 1 adafanizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito t-mayeso kapena a Fisher's enieni/Chi2. Kuyerekeza kwamagulu pakutenga chiopsezo ndi SSRT kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kosasintha kwa covariance (ANCOVA), ndikuwongolera zaka, mu SPSS v26.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi machitidwe azachipatala
| Lingani | HC (n = 20) | CSBD (n = 23) | HC vs. CSBD (P-chikondi) |
| Zaka, kutanthauza (SD) | 37.6 (8.5) | 38.7 (11.7) | 0.741 |
| BMI, kutanthauza (SD) | 23.1 (2.8) | 25.8 (4.5) | 0.026 |
| kugwiritsa ntchito chikonga (inde / ayi / nthawi zina), n | |||
| Fodya wonyowa | 3/16/0* | 7/13/0* | 0.157 |
| kusuta | 0/16/4 | 0/21/0* | 0.048 |
| Zamanja (R/L/M), n | 16/4/0 | 16/1/1* | 0.822 |
| Kugonana | |||
| Odzizindikiritsa okha, n | 1 | 1 | 0.919 |
| Kinsey scale, mean (SD) | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.71 (1.3) | 0.778 |
| HDSI, mean (SD) | 1.9 (2.2) | 20.2 (3.8) | |
| HBI, kutanthauza (SD) | 22.5 (4.1) | 69.4 (13.4) | |
| SDI, kutanthauza (SD) | 55.2 (12.6) | 80.6 (17.1) | |
| SCS, kutanthauza (SD) | 11.2 (0.9) | 29.4 (6.3) | |
| Zithunzi zolaula | |||
| nthawi pa sabata, (SD) | 2.2 (2.3) | 13.0 (20.7) | 0.033 |
| maola pa sabata, kutanthauza (SD) | 0.7 (0.7) | 9.2 (8.0) | |
| zaka pakugwiritsa ntchito koyamba, zikutanthauza (SD) | 14.2 (3.4) | 13.2 (4.9) | 0.424 |
| MADRS, kutanthauza (SD) | 3.9 (4.9) | 18.3 (7.8) | |
| AUDIT, kutanthauza (SD) | 4.1 (3.8) | 6.3 (3.8) | 0.059 |
| DUDIT, kutanthauza (SD) | 2.7 (4.5) | 2.1 (3.0) | 0.582 |
| RAADS, kutanthauza (SD) | 6.1 (6.0) | 11.1 (7.7) | 0.025 |
| ASRS, kutanthauza (SD) | 14.7 (10.6) | 34.2 (11.7) | |
| BIS-11, kutanthauza (SD) | 53.1 (7.3) | 66.7 (10.8) | |
| BIS / BAS | |||
| BAS drive, zikutanthauza (SD) | 7.4 (2.3) | 9.0 (2.7) | 0.048 |
| Kufunafuna kosangalatsa kwa BAS, kutanthauza (SD) | 10.5 (2.5) | 11.9 (1.7) | 0.037 |
| BAS mphotho yankho, zikutanthauza (SD) | 16.3 (2.1) | 16.5 (1.6) | 0.726 |
| BIS, kutanthauza (SD) | 17.9 (5.1) | 20.7 (3.1) | 0.033 |
| STAI-S, kutanthauza (SD) | 9.3 (2.0) | 12.6 (2.5) | |
Makhalidwe a anthu ndi azachipatala (kutanthauza (SD) kapena kuchuluka kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali n) magulu onse awiri ndi zotsatira zofanana (P-values) zofananitsa zamagulu zimaperekedwa. Zindikirani, zomwe zafotokozedwa kwa odwala onse omwe adalembetsa. Chizoloŵezi chogonana chinayesedwa podzizindikiritsa komanso pamlingo wa 7-point Kinsey. * Imawonetsa zosintha zomwe zikusowa deta.
Kulimbikitsa kuchedwetsa nthawi kuchokera ku ntchito ya fMRI
Kusiyana pakati pa nthawi zomwe zimachitika panthawi yamatsenga (RTE) ndi mayesero osagonana (RTN) - chikhalidwe chofanana ndi kusiyana kwa fMRI - chikuyembekezeka kusiyana pakati pa odwala a CSBD ndi maulamuliro, monga momwe timaganizira mofulumira RTE mwa odwala CSBD. Pogwiritsa ntchito miyeso yobwerezabwereza ANCOVA, tinayesa zotsatira za mtundu wa mayesero (erotic vs. non-erotic), gulu (CSBD vs HC), ndi kuyanjana kwa mtundu wa mayesero pa RT, pamene tikukonza zaka. Kuwongolera zaka kunachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana komwe kungachitike chifukwa cha zaka zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha kuyankha kwa anthu achikulire kumachedwa ndi zaka. Tinatsatiridwa ndi computing ΔRT = RTE-RTN kwa wophunzira aliyense ndikuyerekeza ΔRT pakati pa magulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ANCOVA, pamene akukonza zaka. Tinafufuzanso ngati ΔRT ikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro za CSBD, kuphatikizapo zolaula. Poganizira kukula kwake kwachitsanzo komanso kuti zizindikiro zimasokonekera nthawi zambiri, tidawerengera zolumikizirana za Spearman zomwe sizinali za parametric.
Kusanthula kwa VS activation
VS imatanthawuza kuyambitsa panthawi yachiyembekezo poyerekeza pakati pa magulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ANCOVA, pamene akuwongolera zaka (SPSS). Tinayesanso ngati ntchito ya VS panthawi yoyembekezera ikugwirizana ndi khalidwe lake lofanana ndi ΔRT, ndikufufuza ubale wake ndi kuopsa kwa chizindikiro cha CSBD ndi zolaula zolaula (Spearman correlations) mu gulu lophatikizana. Cholinga chake chinali kuzindikira mayanjano enieni pakati pa VS ndi ΔRT/CSBD zizindikiro mosasamala kanthu za lembo lachidziwitso chamagulu ndikuwonjezera kusiyanasiyana kwamagulu ndi mphamvu zowerengera. Kutsegula kwa VS kwa kusiyanitsa 2 kunawunikidwa mofanana ndi cholinga chotanthauzira. Pakuwunika kwina kwachiwiri, tidafufuza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kuyambitsa kwa VS panthawi yoyembekezera komanso chiwongola dzanja chachikulu cha pre-fMRI. 'ndikuyembekezera kuwona zithunzi zolaula' zigoli zowerengera (Zowonjezera Zowonjezera).
Sensitivity kusanthula
Kwa onse awiri, ntchito ya VS ndi ΔRT tinabwereza kufananitsa kwamagulu kuti tiyese kusokonezeka ndi chiwerengero cha anthu, zachipatala, chikhumbo / chithunzi, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya neurocognitive. Njira mwatsatanetsatane, mndandanda wa zosinthika zoyesedwa, ndi zotsatira za mayeserowa zimaperekedwa mu Supplemental Materials (Table S8).
Ethics
Njira zophunzirirazo zidachitika motsatira Declaration of Helsinki. Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi Regional Ethical Review Board, Stockholm, Sweden. Onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali adapereka chilolezo cholembedwa.
Results
ophunzira
Makhalidwe amagulu amawonetsedwa Gulu 1. Magulu ofananira pazaka (CSBD: M = 38.7, SD = 11.7, HC: M = 37.6, SD = 8.5) ndi zokonda zogonana (mmodzi wodziwika yekha pagulu lililonse). Odwala a CSBD anali ndi BMI yapamwamba kuposa HC (CSBD: M = 25.8, SD = 4.5, HC: M = 23.1, SD = 2.8), ngakhale akadali mumtundu wamba. HC inali ndi anthu anayi omwe amasuta mwa apo ndi apo. Panalibe kusiyana kwamagulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena psychiatric comorbidity (Table S1). Poyerekeza ndi HC, odwala a CSBD adachita bwino kwambiri pamiyeso yowunika zizindikiro za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kukakamiza kugonana ndi chilakolako (HDSI, HBI, SDI, SCS), milingo ya kukhumudwa (MADRS), kuchepa kwa chidwi (ASRS), zizindikiro za autism (RAADS), nkhawa (STAI) -S), kutengeka komanso kuletsa khalidwe (BIS-11, BIS), koma osati kuyankha kwa mphotho (BAS). Odwala a CSBD amadya zolaula zambiri kuposa HC. Panalibe kusiyana kwamagulu pakumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mowa kapena chiwerengero cha kugonana kapena okondedwa (Table S2).
Kulimbikitsa kuchedwa kwanthawi zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera ku ntchito ya fMRI
Njira zobwerezedwa ANCOVA zikuwonetsa zotsatira zazikulu za mtundu woyeserera (P = 0.005, F 1, 39 = 9.0) ndi kuyesa-ndi-gulu kuyanjana (P = 0.009, F 1, 39 = 7.5; Zotsatira zazikulu za msinkhu ndi gulu sizinali zofunikira, (P = 0.737 ndi P = 0.867. Mayesero otsatiridwa a zotsatira zazikulu za mtundu wa mayesero adawonetsa kuti m'gulu lophatikizana omwe adatenga nawo mbali adachita mofulumira kwambiri panthawi yachiwerewere poyerekeza ndi mayesero omwe sali ogonana (RT).E <RTN). Ophatikizidwa t- kuyesa kufananiza RTE ndi RTN mkati mwa gulu lirilonse limasonyeza kuti izi zinali choncho mwa odwala (P <0.001) ndi zowongolera (P = 0.004. ΔRT (RTE-RTN) zinali zoipa m'magulu onsewa ndipo zinali zosiyana kwambiri pakati pa CSDB ndi HC (P = 0.009, d= 0.84), pomwe odwala a CSBD adawonetsa ΔRT yayikulu, kutsimikizira kuyanjana kwa gulu ndi gulu (kuwonetseredwa mu Mkuyu 2). Kusiyanaku kungakhale koyendetsedwa ndi RT yotsika pang'onoE ndi RT wamkuluN amatanthauza mu CSBD poyerekeza ndi HC (Mkuyu 2, Gulu 2).
Zotsatira zamakhalidwe kuchokera ku ntchito yochedwa yolimbikitsa kugonana yomwe idachitika pa fMRI. Chiwembucho chinasonyeza kuyanjana koyesa-ndi-gulu komanso kusiyana kwa ΔRT. Kutanthauza nthawi yochitapo pa mtundu uliwonse wa mayesero (zolaula ndi zosagonana) ndi gulu (HC vs. CSBD) zikuwonetsedwa. ΔRT pagulu lililonse ikuwonetsedwa (mivi yowongoka). Nambala zamakhalidwe zandandalikidwa Gulu 2
Citation: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00035
Zotsatira za mayeso a Neurocognitive
| Mayesero a Chidziwitso | HC (n = 20) | CSBD (n = 23) | HC vs. CSBD; P |
| Sexual incentive late task (fMRI) mu ms* | |||
| RTE, kutanthauza (SD) | 281 (65) | 270 (46) | 0.544 |
| RTN, kutanthauza (SD) | 297 (72) | 314 (68) | 0.434 |
| ΔRT, kutanthauza (SD) | -15 (22) | -43 (42) | 0.009 |
| SSRT mu ms, kutanthauza (SD) | 285 (30) | 300 (59) | 0.324 |
| BANDA | |||
| Adj. mapampu, kutanthauza (SD) | 10.1 (5) | 11.1 (4.8) | 0.486 |
| Na. kuphulika, kutanthauza (SD) | 13.6 (4.8) | 14.3 (4.4) | 0.664 |
| Raven SPM | |||
| Kutanthauza (SD) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.9 (0.8) | 0.041 |
| Gawo I, n | 4 | 1 | 0.042 |
| Gawo II, n | 9 | 6 | |
| Gulu III (avareji), n | 4 | 11 | |
| Gawo IV, n | 1 | 5 | |
| Gawo V, n | 1 | 0 | |
Zotsatira zopezeka pakuyezetsa mwachidziwitso zikuwonetsedwa. Njira ndi zopatuka wamba (SD) za gulu lililonse zalembedwa. Zotsatira za kufananitsa kwamagulu (P-values) amaperekedwa. BART: Ntchito Yowopsa ya Balloon Analogue, SSRT: Stop-Signal Reaction Time (zoletsa / zowongolera), Raven SPM: Matrices opitilira patsogolo a Raven (nzeru zopanda mawu). Zotsatira za ntchito yochedwa yolimbikitsa kugonana yomwe idachitika pa fMRI yalembedwanso: RTE: pafupifupi nthawi yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, RTN: Avereji yanthawi yochitapo kanthu pamayesero osagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. RT = RTE-RTN. * wodwala m'modzi wa CSBD sanagwire ntchito ya fMRI.
ΔRT imagwirizana molakwika ndi zizindikiro za hypersexuality ndi kukakamiza kugonana (HDSI, HBI, SCS) (Table S9), ndi pagalimoto ndi kuyankha kwa mphotho zinthu za BIS/BAS (Table S14).
Mayesero ofufuza adawonetsa kuti gulu la CSBD likuwonetsa kusinthika kwakukulu kwa RT (kusiyana kokhazikika) pamayesero osagonana (SD)N) kuposa m'mayesero olaula (SDE), zomwe sizinawonedwe mu HC (Supplemental Equipment; Table S3), kusonyeza kuti kusiyana kwa magulu a ΔRT kunakhudzidwa ndi odwala a CSBD omwe amachita zoipitsitsa (kapena zosasinthasintha) pamayesero osakhala achiwerewere kuposa HC, m'malo mochita bwino panthawi yogonana. mayesero.
Kuyeza kwa Neurocognitive
Panalibe kusiyana kwamagulu pamachitidwe pa BART (ngozi kutenga) kapena STOP-IT (SSRT, inhibitory/impulse control). HC idachita bwino pamayeso a Raven SPM (nzeru zopanda mawu) kuposa odwala a CSBD. Komabe, odwala a CSBD adawonetsa magwiridwe antchito, pomwe HC idachita kuposa avareji (Gulu 2).
Ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito (fMRI)
M'kati mwamagulu okhudzana ndi ntchito zomwe zimagwira ntchito panthawi yoyembekezera zikuwonetsedwa Mkuyu 3. Zotsatira za gawo lowonera zikuwonetsedwa mu Zowonjezera Zowonjezera (Zithunzi S4-S5). Zochita zofananira zinali ndi zigawo zomwe zidanenedwa kale panthawi yoyembekezera komanso kukonza zokopa zogonana, motsatana, kuphatikiza VS, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, (pre) motor, visual, and occipitotemporal regions.Georgiadis et al., 2012; Jauhar et al., 2021; Oldham et al., 2018). Pa mulingo waubongo wonse (zofufuza), palibe kusiyana kwamagulu komwe kunawonedwa pambuyo pa kuwongolera. Onani Chithunzi S3 ndi S6 pazotsatira zosakonzedwa.
Mkati mwa gulu la fMRI yokhudzana ndi ntchito imatanthauza kuyambitsa. COPE yokonzedwa imatanthawuza ma activation (zolaula> osagonana) pakusiyanitsa 1 (chiyembekezo) amawonetsedwa pazowongolera zonse zathanzi (HC, pamwamba) ndi odwala CSBD (pansi). Makhalidwe a Z amawonetsedwa ndi mtundu (mapu otentha). Ngakhale pali kusiyana kowonekera kwachigawo pamachitidwe otsegulira pakati pa HC ndi CSBD, kufananitsa kwamagulu achindunji sikunali kofunikira pambuyo pa kuwongolera (kofanana ndi kusiyanitsa kosinthidwa HC> CSBD). Dziwani kuti kusanthula konse kwaubongo kunali kofufuza. Zotsatira za kusiyanitsa 2 (gawo lowonera) ndi kufananitsa kosasinthika kwamagulu pamlingo wa P = 0.01 ikuwonetsedwa mu Zowonjezera Zowonjezera (Chithunzi S3-S6). Ziwerengero za Cluster, ma MNI coordinates of activation maxima, ndi zilembo zachigawo zaperekedwa mu Supplemental Materials Table S10 ndi S12.
Citation: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00035
VS activation ndi mayanjano ndi ΔRT ndi CSBD zizindikiro
Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu kwamagulu mu VS kutanthawuza kutsegula panthawi yoyembekezera (kapena gawo lowonera, Gulu 3). Komabe, ntchito ya VS panthawi yachiyembekezo imagwirizana molakwika ndi ΔRT (r = -0.33, P = 0.031), pamene ΔRT sinagwirizane ndi kutsegula kwa VS panthawi yowonera (r = 0.18, P = 0.250. Panali chiwonetsero chimodzi chokhala ndi ΔRT chochepa ndi ntchito yapamwamba ya VS panthawi yoyembekezera (Mkuyu 4). Kugwirizana pakati pa ΔRT ndi VS ntchito panthawi yachiyembekezo kunali kolimbikitsa (P = 0.072) mutachotsa izi (Chithunzi S2, Table S10), ndipo mayendedwe ndi mphamvu zogwirira ntchito zidatsalira (r = -0.28). Zindikirani kuti sitinathe kuzindikira zifukwa zomwe zimayenera kuchotsa wotulukayo pazowunikira (palibe zolakwika). Pakati pa onse omwe adatenga nawo gawo, phunziroli lidachita bwino kwambiri pazizindikiro zonse za CSBD (zowonetsedwa ndi kusanthula kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana; Zida Zowonjezera). Kupitilira apo, kulumikizana kwamtundu wa Spearman kosagwiritsidwa ntchito kunagwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe kumafananiza ndi malumikizano wamba a Pearson, osakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ogulitsa. Chifukwa chake, mayeso onse omwe adachitidwa amawona zotsatira kuphatikiza zodalirika.
Kuyerekeza kwamagulu mu VS kumatanthauza kuyambitsa
| HC (n = 20) | CSBD (n = 22) | HC vs. CSBD; P | Cohen a d | |
| Zochita za VS (kusiyanitsa 1: kuyembekezera) | 173 (471) | 329 (819) | 0.457 | 0.20 |
| Zochita za VS (kusiyanitsa 2: kuwonera) | 181 (481) | 69 (700) | 0.54 | 0.19 |
Mean (SD) ya COPE activation yotengedwa ku VS panthawi yosiyanitsa 1 (chiyembekezo) ndi 2 (gawo lowonera) zalembedwa pagulu lililonse. Zotsatira (P-makhalidwe) ndi kukula kwa zotsatira (Cohen's d) zofananitsa zamagulu zimaperekedwa (HC vs. CSBD).
A: Kugwirizana pakati pa VS kuyambitsa panthawi yoyembekezera ndi ΔRT. Deta ya odwala imayikidwa mofiira, data ya HC mu buluu. Supplementary Figure S2 ikuwonetsa chiwembu chowongolera mukapanda wakunja wokhala ndi VS yapamwamba kwambiri komanso yotsika kwambiri ΔRT. Zindikirani kuti timawona zotsatira kuphatikiza zodalirika (onani zolemba zazikulu ndi Zida Zowonjezera kuti muganizire). B: Kugwirizana pakati pa zochitika za VS panthawi yachiyembekezo ndi chiwerengero cha kuchuluka kwa odwala CSBD adanena kuti akuyembekezera kuwona zithunzi zolaula (zofunsidwa asanayesedwe ndi fMRI) (r = 0.61, P = 0.002 . Kulumikizana koteroko sikunawonedwe muzowongolera (r = -0.221, P = 0.362; onani Supplemental Materials kuti mumve zambiri)
Citation: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00035
Pomaliza, kuyambitsa kwa VS panthawi yoyembekezera, koma osati kuyambitsa kwa VS panthawi yowonera, yolumikizidwa ndi njira zowonera zolaula (Table S9), koma osati ndi ziwonetsero zina za CSBD.
Chilakolako, kukonda, ndi mayankho ena amalingaliro panthawi ya fMRI
Zotsatira zatsatanetsatane zamafunso okhudzana ndi kuyesa kwa fMRI zitha kupezeka mu Supplemental Materials (Table S4-S6). Mwachidule, odwala a CSBD ankafuna kuchita zogonana kuposa HC, ndipo chilakolakochi chinawonjezeka pambuyo poyesera m'magulu onse awiri. Ngakhale panalibe kusiyana kwamagulu polemekeza momwe otenga nawo mbali adakondera zolimbikitsa, odwala a CSBD adayang'ana kwambiri kuwona zithunzi zolaula kuposa zithunzi zosasangalatsa. Izi sizinawonedwe mu HC. Odwala a CSBD, osati mu HC, VS zochitika panthawi yoyembekeza zimagwirizana bwino ndi 'ndikuyembekezera zithunzi zolaula' mlingo (r = 0.61, P = 0.002; Mkuyu 4). Kulumikizana koteroko ndi ΔRT kunali kolimbikitsa (Zowonjezera Zowonjezera).
Sensitivity kusanthula
Zotsatira zake zidakhalabe zolimba poyang'anira omwe angasokoneze (Table S8) kupatula kuti kusiyana kwamagulu mu ΔRT sikunali kofunikira pakuwongolera kupsinjika maganizo (MDRS). Chotsatirachi chiyenera, komabe, kutanthauziridwa mosamala, chifukwa kuvutika maganizo kumakhudzana ndi CSBD, phenotype of interest (Ballester-Arnal, Castro-Calvo, Giménez-García, Gil-Juliá, & Gil-Llario, 2020; Hyatt et al., 2020).
Kukambirana
Mu phunziro ili, tidagwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano yoyesera ya fMRI yomwe cholinga chake ndi kulekanitsa njira zokhudzana ndi kuyembekezera kuchokera kuzomwe zikugwirizana ndi kukonza zokopa zogonana. Ntchitoyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zamakhalidwe ndi ma neural correlates a CSBD molunjika pazochitika za VS panthawi yoyembekezera. Tinayesanso momwe zizindikiro za CSBD ndi njira zopezera chiopsezo, kudziletsa, komanso luntha losalankhula zokhudzana ndi zotsatira zathu.
Kusiyana kwamakhalidwe pakati pa HC ndi CSBD
Mogwirizana ndi malingaliro athu, odwala a CSDB adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nthawi zomwe zimayesedwa pamayesero achiwerewere komanso osagonana (ΔRT) kuposa HC. Kukula kwake kunali kwakukulu (d = 0.84; Zotsatirazo zidakhalabe zolimba pokonza zosintha zomwe zitha kusokoneza ndikuwonetsa kusiyana komwe kungachitike pamagalimoto olimbikitsa - komanso kukhumba - kuwona zithunzi zolaula kapena zosasangalatsa. Kusiyanaku kumawoneka kuti kumayendetsedwa ndi odwala a CSBD omwe akuwonetsa nthawi yocheperako komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa magwiridwe antchito pamayesero osasangalatsa, zomwe zikuwonetsa chidwi chochepa / chikhumbo chowonera zithunzi zosasangalatsa poyerekeza ndi HC. Zindikirani kuti izi sizikupatula kuthekera kolimbikitsa kwambiri kapena chikhumbo cha odwala a CSBD kuwonera zithunzi zolaula (zowonetsedwa ndi RT yotsika).E) poyerekeza ndi HC, popeza pali zoletsa zakuthupi pakuyankhidwa kwamagalimoto. Chofunika kwambiri, kusiyana kwa khalidwe kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti njira zomwe zimakhudzira kuyembekezera zowonongeka komanso zosasangalatsa zingasinthidwe mu CSBD ndikuthandizira lingaliro lakuti kupereka mphotho zokhudzana ndi kuyembekezera zofanana ndi zomwe zili mu vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zizoloŵezi zamakhalidwe zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri mu CSBD. monga momwe adanenera kale (Chatzittofis et al., 2016; Gola et al., 2018; Jokinen et al., 2017; Kowalewska et al., 2018; Mechelmans et al., 2014; Politis et al., 2013; Schmidt et al., 2017; Sinke et al., 2020; Voon et al., 2014). Izi zinathandizidwanso ndi mfundo yakuti sitinawone kusiyana kwa ntchito zina zachidziwitso zoyesa kutenga chiopsezo ndi kulamulira mopupuluma, kutsutsa lingaliro lakuti machitidwe okhudzana ndi kukakamiza akusewera (Norman et al., 2019; Mar, Townes, Pechlivanoglou, Arnold, & Schachar, 2022). Chochititsa chidwi, khalidwe la khalidwe la ΔRT limagwirizana molakwika ndi zizindikiro za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kukakamiza kugonana, kusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa khalidwe kumawonjezeka pamodzi ndi kuopsa kwa chizindikiro cha CSBD.
Zolimbikitsa zogonana zimachedwetsa ntchito zokhudzana ndi ubongo
Mkati mwa gulu lirilonse, ntchitoyi idapangitsa kuti ziwonetsedwe zachigawo chilichonse zitheke panthawi yoyembekezera komanso kuyang'ana (Mkuyu 3). Kutanthauzira kumatanthawuza zigawo zomwe zidanenedwa kale panthawi yachiyembekezo ndi kukonza zokopa zogonana, kuphatikizapo ma activation mu VS, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, (pre) motor, visual, and occipitotemporal regions (Georgiadis et al., 2012; Jauhar et al., 2021; Oldham et al., 2018), kuchirikiza kutsimikizika, kutsimikizika, ndi kutheka kwa ntchitoyo. Izi zinathandizidwanso ndi mfundo yakuti kugwira ntchitoyo kumawonjezera chilakolako cha kugonana, pamene zilakolako za zinthu zina zomwe zinayesedwa sizinachuluke pambuyo poyesera, kusonyeza kuti ntchitoyi imayang'ana makamaka chilakolako cha kugonana.
Ngakhale kusiyana kowonekera bwino kwachigawo kunawonedwa mwa odwala HC ndi CSBD panthawi yoyembekezera (Mkuyu 3), pomwe, poyerekeza ndi HC, odwala CSBD adawonetsa ma activation odziwika bwino mu prefrontal cortex ndi subcortical zigawo, kuphatikiza VS, sitinapeze kusiyana kwakukulu kwamagulu pamlingo waubongo wonse. Zindikirani kuti kusanthula kwaubongo wonse kunali kofufuza, ndipo zitsanzo zazikulu zingafunikire kuzindikira zotsatira zazing'ono. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera pazotsatirazi siziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti CSBD sichimalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zaubongo pakuyembekezeredwa, makamaka, popeza kusanthula kwamawu monga momwe tafotokozera pansipa kukuwonetsa zosiyana.
Kusanthula kwakukulu pazochitika za VS panthawi yoyembekezera
Ngakhale kusiyana kwa manambala kunali koyenera (CSBD> HC), kukula kwake kunali kochepa ndipo panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu kwamagulu mu VS kutanthawuza kutsegula panthawi yoyembekezera. Komanso apa, zitsanzo zazikuluzikulu zitha kufunidwa kuti zigwire kusiyana koyang'anira milandu pakuyambitsa VS. Komabe, ntchito ya VS panthawi yachiyembekezo imagwirizana molakwika ndi ΔRT (kugwirizanitsa pang'ono), pamene ΔRT sinagwirizane ndi VS kuyambitsa panthawi yowonera. Choncho, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa khalidwe pakati pa mayesero ogonana ndi osagonana, akuluakulu a VS amatanthawuza zochitika panthawi yachiyembekezo (zindikirani kuti panonso mayesero owonetsa zolaula ndi osagonana adasiyanitsidwa). Popeza kuyankha kwamakhalidwe kumatha kulumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi zochitika za VS panthawi yoyembekezera, koma osawonera, zithunzi, tikuwonetsa kuti mayankho amisala okhudzana ndi kuyembekezera akhoza kufotokozera zolakwika zamakhalidwe zomwe zimawonedwa mu CSBD. Mogwirizana ndi lingaliro ili, poyerekeza ndi HC, odwala CSBD ankayang'ana mwachidwi kwambiri kuti awone zithunzi zolaula kusiyana ndi zosasangalatsa, ndi zochitika za VS panthawi yachiyembekezo zogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha odwala omwe akuyembekezera kuwona zithunzi zolaula zisanachitike. .
Mwachidule, kusiyana kwa magulu a khalidwe komanso kuti ntchito ya VS panthawi yachiyembekezo yokhudzana ndi zolinga zonse (ΔRT) ndi miyeso yodziwerengera yokha ya kuyembekezera zinali zogwirizana ndi lingaliro lathu lakuti kulimbikitsana kwakukulu ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi neural za chiyembekezo cha mphotho zimagwira ntchito. mu CSBD.
sitingathe
Choyamba, mfundo za causable sizingaganizidwe, chifukwa phunziroli linali losiyana. Chachiwiri, popeza kusiyana kwamagulu muzochitika zamanjenje panthawi yoyembekezera kungakhale kochepa kwambiri (apa d = 0.2), kapena mwina kulibe, zitsanzo zazikulu zophunzirira zitha kufunikira kuti muwone izi. Chachitatu, pali mikangano yasayansi yoti ngati zizindikiro za CSBD zimatha chifukwa chothana ndi njira zolipirira zinthu zosasangalatsa (mwachitsanzo, kukhumudwa) kapena ngati kukhumudwa kumabwera chifukwa cha kupsinjika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha CSBD. Ngakhale njira zonse ziwiri zingathandize, sizingasokonezedwe mu kafukufukuyu. Komabe, zimadziwika bwino kuti kuvutika maganizo ndi CSBD ndizogwirizana kwambiri (Antons et al., 2021), motero, gulu lathu lophunzirira limayimira chitsanzo chachipatala chovomerezeka cha odwala omwe ali ndi CSBD. Chachinayi, nthawi zambiri zogonana sizinali zosiyana pakati pa magulu. Odwala a CSBD, komabe, adawonetsa zolaula zambiri nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa mu CSBD (Antons et al., 2021). Kuonjezera apo, tinapeza mgwirizano pakati pa ntchito za VS panthawi yachiyembekezo ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Pomwe kafukufuku wakale wa Markert et al. sanapeze mayanjano otere mwa anthu athanzi, olembawo adanena kuti mayanjano otere atha kuwonedwa mu zitsanzo ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (Markert et al., 2021), zomwe zingafotokoze chifukwa chake tinatha kuzindikira maubwenzi awa mu phunziro lino. Chifukwa chake, zomwe tapeza zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula movutikira kumalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa VS panthawi yolosera zithunzi zolaula (Gola et al., 2017). Ngakhale zotsatira za kugonana zikadakhala zosiyana ngati ena akadapanda kulembedwa pa nthawi ya mliri wa COVID-19, zikuyenera kufufuzidwa ngati zotsatira zathu ndizodziwika kwambiri m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a CSBD omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi. Makamaka, kuzindikiritsa magulu ang'onoang'ono azachipatala sikunali cholinga cha kafukufuku wapano, koma tikuwonetsa kuti ziyenera kuganiziridwa mu kafukufuku wamtsogolo. Pomaliza, tagwiritsa ntchito kulephera kochepera komanso kokhazikika pantchito ya fMRI kuti tiwonjezere zotsatira zoyembekeza ndikukulitsa kusiyanasiyana kwa data. Ngakhale tidapereka mafotokozedwe azotsatira zosayembekezereka ndipo panalibe zowonetsa kuti omwe akuganiziridwa kuti adadziwiratu zalephera, sizikudziwikabe momwe otenga nawo gawo akanachitira pogwiritsa ntchito paradigm yosinthika.
Kutsiliza
Paradigm yopangidwa ndi fMRI imagonjetsa malire angapo a ma paradigm am'mbuyomu, ndipo zotsatira zathu zimathandizira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'magulu athanzi komanso azachipatala. Zomwe tapeza zikuwonetsa kuti CSBD imalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwamakhalidwe omwe amayembekeza, omwe amalumikizananso ndi zochitika za VS poyembekezera zokopa. Zomwe zapezazi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro loti njira zofananira ndi zinthu zosokoneza bongo zimagwira ntchito mu CSBD ndikuwonetsa kuti kugawa kwa CSBD ngati vuto lodziletsa kutha kutsutsidwa potengera zomwe zapezeka mu neurobiological.
Magwero azandalama
Ntchitoyi idathandizidwa ndi Karolinska Institutet's Research Foundation Grants (2016 ndi 2017; CA) ndi Swedish Research Council (Dnr: 2020-01183; JJ, CA).
Zopereka za olemba
CA anali wofufuza wamkulu, adapanga kafukufukuyu ndikupanga paradigm ya fMRI. CA inasonkhanitsa fMRI ndi deta yamakhalidwe, inafufuza zamakhalidwe ndikulemba zolemba zoyambirira za zolembazo. BL idachita kukonza kwa fMRI ndi kusanthula kwa fMRI. KJÖ, SA, CD, ndi MI adathandizira pakupanga maphunziro komanso upangiri wazachipatala. BL, KJÖ, JJ, JS, ndi JF anapereka mfundo zofunika kwambiri zanzeru ndiponso zinathandiza pa kulemba zolemba pamanja. JS adalemba ndikuwunika odwala kuti ayenerere ndipo adathandizira kusonkhanitsa deta. Olemba onse anali ndi mwayi wokwanira wa deta yonse mu phunziroli ndipo amatenga udindo wa kukhulupirika kwa deta ndi kulondola kwa kusanthula deta. Olemba onse adawunikiranso zolembedwa pamanja, adapereka chidziwitso chanzeru, ndikuvomereza kuperekedwa kwa zolembazo.
Kusamvana kwa chidwi
CA imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Quantify Research (ntchito yaulangizi yosagwirizana ndi ntchito yomwe ilipo). Olembawo sananene zandalama kapena ubale wina wokhudzana ndi mutu wa nkhaniyi.
Zothokoza
Tikuthokoza manesi ofufuza, azachipatala, ndi oyang'anira ku ANOVA chifukwa chothandizira kusonkhanitsa deta ndi bungwe lophunzirira, Christoffer Rahm pazokambirana panthawi ya kamangidwe ka kafukufukuyu, ndi Christian Mannfolk chifukwa cha thandizo lake polemba anthu omwe atenga nawo gawo pa HC.
mawu akupezeka kwa ntchito ya fMRI
Ntchito ya fMRI ikhoza kupezeka pakafunsidwa koyenera.
Zowonjezera Zowonjezera
Zowonjezera pazomwe nkhaniyi zitha kupezeka pa intaneti pa https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00035.
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