Zachilendo, zikhalidwe komanso zofuna zokhudzana ndi kugonana (2015)

MAFUNSO: Kuphunzira ubongo ku New Cambridge University. Omwe anali kuwunika anali kuwunika zolaula. Poyerekeza ndi zowongolera, amakonda kuzolowera zithunzi zachiwerewere. Ndiye kuti, maubongo awo sanathenso kuwona chithunzi chomwecho… sanatope msanga. Chifukwa chake, zachilendo zapaintaneti zimayambitsa chizolowezicho, ndikupanga mawonekedwe ozungulira osowa zachilendo kuti athane ndi chizolowezi chofulumira. Koma chikhumbo chatsopano cha zolaula sichinali chisanachitike. Ndiye kuti, 'nkhuku' ndizogwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndipo 'dzira' limafuna zachilendo.

Cholengeza munkhani. November 23, 2015

Anthu omwe amasonyeza khalidwe lachiwerewere - kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana - amayendetsedwa kufufuza zambiri zatsopano zogonana kusiyana ndi anzawo, malinga ndi kafukufuku watsopano wotsogoleredwa ndi University of Cambridge. Zotsatirazi zikhonza kukhala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zolaula pa intaneti, zomwe zingapereke chithunzi chosatha cha zithunzi zatsopano.

Mu phunziro lofalitsidwa mu Journal of Psychiatric Research, ofufuza amanenanso kuti omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zachiwerewere amakhala pachiwopsezo chazomwe zimawonetsedwa pazithunzi zachiwerewere kuposa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zithunzi zosalowerera ndale.

Kugonana - pomwe munthu amavutika kuwongolera malingaliro awo ogonana, momwe akumvera kapena machitidwe - ndizofala, kukhudza ambiri mwa achikulire 25. Amasalidwa kwambiri ndipo amatha kubweretsa manyazi, zomwe zimakhudza banja lawo komanso moyo wawo komanso ntchito yawo. Palibe tanthauzo lenileni la vutoli lothandizira kupeza matenda.

M'ntchito yapitayi yotsogoleredwa ndi Dr Valerie Voon wochokera ku Dipatimenti ya Psychiatry ku Yunivesite ya Cambridge, asayansi apeza kuti zigawo zitatu za ubongo zinkakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu ogwira ntchito yogonana poyerekezera ndi odzipereka odzipereka. Zodabwitsa, izi zigawo - ventral striatum, zotayirira zinyama zowonongeka ndi amygdala - zinali zigawo zomwe zimayambitsanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo pamene amasonyeza mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Phunziro latsopanoli, lomwe limathandizidwa ndi Wellcome Trust, Dr Voon ndi anzawo adaphunzira momwe anthu 22 amagwiririra komanso amuna odzipereka a 40 omwe akuchita ntchito. Pa ntchito yoyamba, anthu adawonetsedwa zithunzi zingapo awiriawiri, kuphatikiza azimayi amaliseche, azimayi ovala zovala ndi mipando. Kenako adawonetsedwa pazithunzi zina, kuphatikiza zithunzi zodziwika bwino komanso zatsopano, ndipo adafunsidwa kuti asankhe chithunzi kuti 'apambane £ 1' - ngakhale omwe anali nawo sanadziwe zovuta, mwayi wopambana pazithunzizo unali 50%.

Ofufuzawo anapeza kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosokoneza bongo amakhala ndi mwayi wosankha bukuli chifukwa chodziwika bwino pazithunzi zogonana zokhudzana ndi zinthu zopanda ndale, komabe anthu odzipereka omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino amatha kusankha zosankha zapakati pazithunzi zachikazi zapakati pazinthu zapakati pazithunzi.

Dr Voon akufotokoza kuti: "Tonsefe titha kulumikizana mwanjira ina posaka zinthu zatsopano pa intaneti - zitha kukhala zikuchokera pa tsamba limodzi kupita kwina, kapena kulumpha kuchokera pa Facebook kupita ku Amazon kupita ku YouTube ndikupitilira." "Koma kwa anthu omwe amachita zachiwerewere mopitirira muyeso, izi zimadzakhala chizolowezi chawo kuposa zomwe sangathe, zomwe zimangokhala pazithunzi zolaula."

Pa ntchito yachiwiri, odzipereka adawonetsedwa awiriawiri yazithunzi - mkazi wosavala ndi bokosi laimvi losalowerera ndale - zonsezi zidakutidwa pamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Adaphunzira kuyanjanitsa zithunzizi zosazindikirika ndi zithunzizo, mofanana ndi momwe agalu oyeserera odziwika a Pavlov adaphunzirira kulumikizana ndi belu lolira ndi chakudya. Kenako adapemphedwa kuti asankhe pakati pazithunzizi ndi zachilendo.

Pakadali pano, ofufuzawo adawonetsa kuti omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zachiwerewere amatha kusankha njira zina (pankhaniyi machitidwe osadziwika) ogwirizana ndi mphotho zakugonana komanso ndalama. Izi zimathandizira lingaliro loti zomwe zimawoneka ngati zopanda vuto m'malo omwe ali osokoneza bongo 'zitha kuwalimbikitsa' kufunafuna zithunzi zachiwerewere.

"Zolemba zingakhale zophweka monga kungotsegula osatsegula pa intaneti," akufotokoza Dr Voon. "Amatha kuyambitsa zinthu zingapo ndipo asanadziwe, amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula. Kuthetsa kulumikizana kwa izi ndi machitidwe ake kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. ”

Ofufuzawa adayesanso mayeso ena pamene 20 adagwiritsira ntchito kugonana ndi 20 akugwirizana ndi anthu odzipereka omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino poyesedwa mobwerezabwereza - mkazi wosavulazidwa, ndalama za £ 1 kapena bwalo lopanda malire.

Apeza kuti pamene anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiwerewere ankawona chifaniziro chomwecho mobwerezabwereza, poyerekeza ndi odzipereka omwe adakhala ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ntchito m'madera a ubongo wodziwika kuti akugwiritsanso ntchito khungu lamtundu wina, omwe amadziwika kuti akukhudzidwa ndi kuyembekezera mphoto ndikuyankha zochitika zatsopano. Izi zimagwirizana ndi 'habituation', pomwe munthu amene amamwa mowa amapeza mphotho yofanana - mwachitsanzo, akumwa khofi akhoza kumwa khofi "kuchokera ku kapu yawo yoyamba, koma pakapita nthawi amamwa mowa kwambiri, buzz akukhala.

Chizoloŵezi chomwecho chimapezeka mwa amuna abwino omwe amawonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza kanema wolaula. Koma pamene ayang'ana kanema yatsopano, mlingo wokondweretsedwa ndi kuwukweza umabwereranso kuyambirira. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti, kupeŵa chizoloŵezi, chizolowezi chogonana chiyenera kufunafuna nthawi zonse zithunzi zatsopano. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chizoloŵezi chikhoza kuyendetsa kufufuza kwa zithunzi zatsopano.

"Zomwe timapeza zimakhala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zolaula pa Intaneti," akutero Dr Voon. "Sizidziwikiratu zomwe zimayambitsa chizoloŵezi chogonana pachiyambi ndipo mwina anthu ena amayamba kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kusiyana ndi ena, koma kupezeka kwapadera kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere zopezeka pa intaneti kumathandizira kudwalitsa, kuzipangitsa kukhala zovuta kwambiri kuthawa. "

Zambiri: Paula Banca et al. Chilendo, chikhalidwe ndi chidwi chokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana, Journal of Psychiatric Research (2016). DOI: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2015.10.017

 

KAFUKUFUKU

Paula Banca, Laurel S. Morris, Simon MitchellNeil A. Harrison, Marc N. Potenza, Valerie Voon (Dr)makalataimelo

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.017

Kudalirika

Intaneti imapereka chitsimikizo chachikulu cha zolemba zatsopano komanso zopindulitsa, makamaka ponena za zida zogonana. Kufunafuna zachilendo ndi zozizwitsa ndizofunikira kwambiri pazomwe zimakondweretsa komanso njira zoyendetsera zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi matenda osokoneza bongo. Pano ife tikuyang'ana njira izi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe opatsirana pogonana (CSB), kuganiza zofuna kwambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zokakamiza zokhudzana ndi kugonana zokhudzana ndi odzipereka odzipereka. Amuna 20 a CSB ndi amuna makumi anayi omwe akugwirizana nawo odzipereka anayesedwa pa ntchito ziwiri zosiyana siyana zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zokonda zachinyengo ndi zachikhalidwe. Nkhani makumi awiri kuchokera ku gulu lirilonse zinayesedwanso m'ntchito yachitatu yokhazikika komanso yotayika pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzithunzi chogwiritsira ntchito maginito. CSB imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zokonda zapamwamba zogonana, poyerekeza ndi kuwonetsa zithunzi, ndi zofuna zowonongeka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zogonana ndi ndalama ndi zosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika poyerekeza ndi odzipereka odzipereka. Anthu a CSB adakhalanso ndi zizoloŵezi zowonongeka mobwerezabwereza zogonana komanso zojambulajambula zapamwamba ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chogonana. Kuyanjana ndi zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere zosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chachinyengo zinkakhudzidwa ndi chidwi choyambirira cha kugonana. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti anthu a CSB ali ndi zovuta zogwirizana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana chomwe chingakhale chogwirizana ndi chizoloŵezi chachikulu chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chokhazikika pamodzi ndi kukulitsa chikhalidwe chokhazikitsa mphoto. Timalimbikitsanso gawo la dissociable kuti zikhale zozizwitsa komanso zokonda pazinthu zoyambirira zogonana. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana kwambiri ngati intaneti imapereka zolemba zambiri zomwe zingakhale zolimbikitsa.

Keywords: zachilendo, zozizwitsa, mphoto ya kugonana, dorsal cingulate habituation, osokoneza, chisokonezo

Introduction

N'chifukwa chiyani maulendo a pa intaneti amawombera anthu ambiri? Intaneti imapereka chitsimikizo chachikulu cha zolemba komanso zomwe zingakhale zopindulitsa. Kufunafuna zachilendo, kusasamala komanso kusamala ndizofunikira kwambiri zomwe zingachititse kuti munthu asamadziwe zoyenera komanso zoyenera kuchita pamoyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Njirazi zingathandizenso kuti pakhale chitukuko ndi kusungidwa kwa mavuto osokoneza bongo.

Kufunafuna zachilendo kumatha kukhala kolosera zamtsogolo komanso zotulukapo zamatenda osokoneza bongo. Khalidwe ili, lomwe nthawi zambiri limayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo yofuna kukhudzidwa ndi Zuckerman, lakhala likupezeka mobwerezabwereza litakwezedwa pamakhalidwe osiyanasiyana komanso zizolowezi zina (Belin et al., 2011, Redolat et al., 2009). Kufotokozera kwapadera kwa ubale wolimbawu kumadalira pa lingaliro lakuti kuyang'ana kwa zachilendo kungayambitse, mwina mwa mbali, makina a neural omwe amachititsa zotsatira zopindulitsa za mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Bardo et al., 1996). Mu maphunziro apamwamba, malingaliro achilendo akulosera kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka zofunafuna za cocaine (Belin ndi Deroche-Gamonet, 2012). Mu maphunziro aumunthu, kufunafuna malingaliro kumayanjanitsika moyenera ndi kumwa mowa mwauchichepere (Conrod et al., 2013).

Zizindikiro kapena zizindikiro zomwe zili m'dera lathu zingakhudze kwambiri khalidwe. Fungo la ndudu, malo kapena abwenzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena kuwona ndalama kungakhale ngati chikhalidwe chokhazikika ndipo kungapangitse kuwonjezereka ndi kukhumudwitsa, kukumbikitsani ndi kubwereranso ku vuto lauchizolowezi (kwawongolera onani (Childress et al., 1993) ). Zomwezi ndizomwe sizingatengere mbali zomwe zingathe kukhala ndi chidwi cholimbikitsana kupyolera mu ndondomeko yowonongeka ndi mankhwala kapena mankhwala ena okhudzana ndi chilengedwe monga chakudya (Jansen, 1998) kapena kugonana (Pfaus et al., 2001, Toates, 2009 ).

Kukonzekera kwa zachilendo ndi kuphunzira kwapangidwa kuti zikhale ndi mapuloteni othandizira a hippocampus, ventral striatum, ndi midbrain dopaminergic dera (Lisman ndi Grace, 2005). Kuzindikira zachilendo, kujambula kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kuphunzira kumaphatikizapo ntchito ya dopaminergic yomwe imapangitsanso chipangizo cha hippocampal synaptic plasticity, chomwe chimagwiritsira ntchito glutamatergic kwa ventral striatum, imatumizira uthenga kumalo a ventral tektala (VTA) yomwe imamangika kumbuyo kwa hippocampus (Knight, 1996, Lisman ndi Grace, 2005). Pobwereza mobwerezabwereza, hippocampus ndi midbrain dopaminergic amayankha kuti zachilendo zichepetse, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azikhala odziwika bwino (Bunzeck ndi Duzel, 2006, Bunzeck et al., 2013). Kusinthira maphunziro a primate ndi anthu akuwonetsanso kuti ntchito ya phasic imayambitsa zolakwika zowonongeka, kuyerekezera pakati pa zotsatira zenizeni ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa zomwe zikuwonetsa zotsatira zosayembekezereka, ngati chiwonetsero cha kuphunzitsa chomwe chiri pansi pa njira zoyenera kukhazikitsa (Schultz et al., 1997). Mesolimbic dopaminergic maselo m'katikati mwa mapiritsi omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi intaneti, kuphatikizapo striatum, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) ndi hippocampus (Williams ndi Goldman-Rakic, 1998). DACC imaphatikizapo kuyankha mwatsatanetsatane ndi zochitika zamakono komanso zovuta komanso pokonzekera mphotho kuyembekezera cholakwika ndi malingaliro obwereza (Ranganath ndi Rainer, 2003, Rushworth et al., 2011).

Kuphatikiza pa zofuna zachinyengo ndi zokopa, chizoloŵezi chochita zinthu zosakondera zokhudzana ndi chizoloŵezi (chodetsa nkhaŵa) ndichinthu chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimayambitsa matenda osokoneza bongo (Ersche et al., 2010, van Hemel-Ruiter et al., 2013, Wiers et al., 2011). Chikoka cha kukhumudwa pamaganizo mwachangu ndichabwino kwambiri pazinthu zathanzi komanso zathanzi (Yiend, 2010). Zovuta zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi mankhwala zakhala zikupezeka muzovuta zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, mowa, nicotine, nkhono, opiates ndi cocaine (Cox et al., 2006). Kuphatikizanso apo, kugwirizana pakati pa anthu okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kusokoneza mwadzidzidzi kwapezeka ndi anthu omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino, lomwe likuwoneka kuti limakhudzidwa ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso chikhumbo chogonana (Kagerer et al., 2014, Prause et al., 2008). Tidakambilanso zotsatirazi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana (CSB) pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya dot-dot (Mechelmans et al., 2014).

Pokhala ndi mwayi wochulukira pa intaneti, pali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu ponena za kuthekera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito mopitirira muyeso. Kafukufuku omwe adawonetsa mphamvu yowonongeka ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma intaneti (masewera, njuga, imelo, etc.) pa chitukuko cha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa intaneti akuwonetsa kuti njira zowonongeka zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana zili ndi mphamvu zowonongeka / zovuta (Meerkerk et al. , 2006). Kuwonetseratu koyera pa Intaneti kuli kwakukulu komanso kukulirakulira, ndipo gawoli lingalimbikitse kuchuluka kwa ntchito kwa anthu ena. Mwachitsanzo, amuna achidwi akuyang'ana mobwerezabwereza mafilimu omwewo akupezeka kuti akuzoloŵera kukondweretsa ndikupeza zozizwitsa zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azigonana mofulumira, osasokonezeka komanso osakhudzidwa (Koukounas ndi Over, 2000). Komabe, kutulukira kwa gawo la filimu yowonongeka kumapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha kugonana chikhale chokwanira komanso kukonzekera kumayambiriro akale asanakhalepo, kutanthauza maudindo ofunika kuti azisintha komanso kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi. Kafukufuku wojambula apeza njira yeniyeni yothetsera kugonana kwa anthu abwino, monga hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal, occipital ndi parietal (Wehrum et al., 2013, Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014). Izi zowonjezera maukwati, zomwe sizidziwika ndi zochitika zowonongeka, zimapezeka mwa amuna ndi akazi ngakhale kuti amuna amasonyeza zochitika zazikulu kuposa akazi, zomwe zingasonyeze kuti anthu akugonana kwambiri. Momwemo maukonde amtunduwu amachititsa kuti anthu azigonana, komanso kuti azitha kugonana mofanana (Klucken et al., 2009).

Mu phunziro lathu, timayang'ana zachilendo, chidwi ndi zofuna zowonongeka pazinthu zogonana pa anthu omwe ali ndi CSB. Njirazi zimakhala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndipo zingakhale zogwirizana ndi CSB. Zolemba zogonana zogonana pa Intaneti zimakhala ndi zofunikira kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo CSB ndi yofala, yomwe imapezeka mu 2 kwa 4% m'mabuku a anthu komanso akuluakulu a ku koleji komanso odwala matenda a maganizo (Grant et al., 2005, Odlaug ndi Grant, 2010, Odlaug et al., 2013). CSB imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mavuto aakulu, kumanyazi komanso kusokonezeka kwa maganizo. Ngakhale gulu logwira ntchito la 11th Buku la International Classification of Diseases pakalipano likufuna kuti CSB ikhale matenda osokoneza maganizo (Grant et al., 2014), CSB sichidaphatikizidwe mu DSM-5, ngakhale kuti pali vuto lina lililonse (Toussaint ndi Pitchot, 2013), makamaka chifukwa cha deta yochepa. Motero, kufufuza kwina n'kofunika. Kumvetsetsa kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa CSB ndi matenda ena okhudza matenda, makamaka matenda osokoneza bongo komanso kuledzeretsa, kungathandize pa kuyesayesa ndikugawa njira zabwino zothandizira.

Tapeza kale kuti anthu omwe ali ndi CSB akuwonetsa kwambiri ubongo wa chigawo cha chigawo poyang'ana kugonana kosavuta kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kugonana, dystal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) ndi amygdala, zigawo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Voon et al ., 2014). Kulumikizana koyenera kwa makanemawa, makamaka DACC, kunkagwirizana ndi chikhumbo chachikulu chogonana kapena chikhumbo chofotokozera zovuta. Tinaonanso kuti anthu omwe ali ndi CSB, poyerekeza ndi omwe alibe, amasonyeza chidwi choyambirira pa nkhani zogonana (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Chisankho choyambiriracho chinali kukonzedwa kuti chiwonetsere njira zothandizira zomwe zimayambitsa zolimbikitsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira za kugonana. Pano, tikulitsa kafukufuku wathu pakufufuza njira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chidwi chochita chidwi ndi machitidwe awo mu CSB poyesa machitidwe ndi machitidwe achisudzo ku zachilendo komanso zochitika zolimbitsa thupi chifukwa cha zovuta zogonana..

Tinayendetsa ntchito ziwiri kunja kwa scanner kuti tipeze zosankha za buku losiyana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso zosankha zotsatila za kugonana, zachuma ndi zosalowerera. Tinaganiza kuti anthu a CSB okhudzana ndi anthu odzipereka (HVs) angakhale ndi mwayi wokonda bukuli poyerekezera ndi zithunzi zozoloŵera za chiwerewere koma osati m'chikhalidwe chodziletsa. Tinapitiriza kuganiza kuti nkhani za CSB zikanakhala ndi zisankho zogwirizana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana koma osati mu ndalama.

Ophunzirawo adachitanso ntchito yojambula zithunzi (fMRI) ndi kutayika kwa ntchito yomwe ikukhudzana ndi kugonana, ndalama ndi zosavomerezeka. Zochita ziwiri zosaloŵerera m'ndondomeko zinaphatikizana ndi zithunzi zosiyana zogonana zomwe zimasonyezedwa mobwerezabwereza panthawi ya chikhalidwe. Potsatira zotsatira za mkono, neural habituation kwa zithunzi zogonana anayesedwa poyang'ana kusintha kwa zochitika za neural za fano lililonse la kugonana panthawi yomwe ikuyang'ana kuwonetseredwa mobwerezabwereza motero kusokoneza kusanthula kwa chikhalidwe ndi zotsatira zake. Tinaganiza kuti nkhani za CSB zokhudzana ndi ma HV zingasonyeze kuti zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezereka zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zosavomerezeka zomwe zimachitika makamaka ku dACC ndi striatum, zigawo zomwe zakhala zikudziwika kuti zowonongeka pazochitika za CSB (Voon, Mole, 2014). Timapanganso kuti maphunziro a CSB poyerekeza ndi ma HV angasonyeze kuti ndi neural habituation yokhudzana ndi kugonana poyerekeza ndi zovuta zogonana.

njira

akulembedwa

Kulemba ntchito kumatchulidwa kwina kulikonse (Voon, Mole, 2014). Nkhani za CSB zidatumizidwanso kudzera pa malonda ndi Intaneti. Ma HV adatengedwa kuchokera ku malonda ochokera ku East Anglia. Zotsatira za CSB anafunsidwa ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo kuti atsimikizire kuti zizindikiro zogonana za CSB zakhala zikukwaniritsa (njira zowonetsera matenda a Hypersexual Disorder; zoyenera zokhudzana ndi kugonana) (Carnes et al., 2001, Kafka, 2010, Reid et al., 2012), poyang'ana kugwiritsira ntchito mwatsatanetsatane zolaula zolaula pa intaneti.

Mitu yonse ya CSB ndi ma HV okalamba mofananamo anali amuna ndi akazi okhaokha malinga ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Ma HV anali ofanana mu 2: 1 chiŵerengero ndi maphunziro a CSB kuwonjezera mphamvu zowerengera. Njira zopatula zimaphatikizira kukhala osakwana zaka 18, mbiri yazovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (kuphatikiza cannabis), komanso kukhala ndi matenda amisala, kuphatikiza kukhumudwa kwakukulu kwaposachedwa (Beck Depression Inventory> 20) kapena Matenda osokoneza bongo, kapena mbiri ya matenda a bipolar kapena schizophrenia (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) (Sheehan et al., 1998). Zovuta zina zakukakamiza kapena machitidwe ena anali kupatula, omwe adayesedwa ndi wazamisala, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta pamasewera apaintaneti kapena malo ochezera, kutchova juga kwazaka zam'magazi kapena kugula mokakamiza komanso vuto lakudya kwambiri.

Ophunzira amaliza UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (Whiteside ndi Lynam, 2001), Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al., 1983) ndi Mayendedwe a Alcohol-Use Disorders Identification Test ( AUDIT) (Saunders et al., 1993). Phunziro Loyamba la Kuwerenga Lachikulu (Nelson, 1982) linagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza mndandanda wa IQ.

Mitu iwiri ya CSB inali kudwala matenda opatsirana pogonana ndipo inali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri.

Chilolezo chodziwitsidwa chinaperekedwa ndipo phunzirolo linavomerezedwa ndi Komiti ya University of Cambridge Research Ethics Committee. Ophunzira adalipidwa chifukwa chotenga mbali.

Ntchito za makhalidwe

Masankho makumi awiri ndi awiri a CSB ndi 40 ofanana ndi amuna odzipereka okalamba anayesedwa ntchito yamakono - ndi ntchito ziwiri zokonda zomwe zikufotokozedwa pano, komanso ntchito yowonongeka (ntchito-dot-probe) inafotokozedwa kwina (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Ntchitoyi inachitika pambuyo pa kuyesa kwa FMRI, muyeso yodalirika.

Chikondi chachilendo

Ophunzira ankadziŵika m'magulu atatu a zovuta (zojambula zogonana, mafano osaloŵerera a anthu ndi zithunzi zosalowerera) ndipo kenako anachita chisankho choyesa chisankho, kusankha pakati pa kalankhulidwe ndi zofanana zomwe zimagwirizana pakati pa gulu lililonse (Chithunzi 1A). Pakati pazomwe akudziwiratu, zithunzi zisanu ndi chimodzi zawonetsedwa kwa ophunzirawo: Zithunzi za 2 za amayi osauka (chikhalidwe cha kugonana), zithunzi za 2 za akazi ovekedwa (Control1) ndi zithunzi za 2 za mafashoni (Control2) (zithunzi za 2 pa chikhalidwe). Zithunzi za 6 zinkaperekedwa mobwerezabwereza kwa awiriwa, pamayesero onse a 48 (mayesero a 16 chikhalidwe chilichonse). Kutalika kwa yesero lirilonse linali mphindi ya 5. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mukuchita nawo ntchitoyi, maphunzirowa adalangizidwa kuti aziphunzira mosamala zithunzizo chifukwa amafunsidwa mafunso panthawi yomwe akuphunzira. Mafunso osavuta okhudza mafanowa anawoneka mwachisawawa panthawi yomwe akuyesa (mwachitsanzo, kuti awonetse mkazi yemwe manja ake anadutsa pogwiritsa ntchito mzere wamanja kapena wamanzere: 'Zida zinadutsa'). Funso lirilonse linali logwirizana ndi zithunzi zomwe anaziwonapo kale, motero kuonetsetsa kuti maphunzirowo akuyang'anitsitsa zithunzi zonse.

Chithunzi chojambula cha Chithunzi 1. Zimatsegula chithunzi chachikulu

Chithunzi 1

Zochita zachilendo ndi makhalidwe abwino. A. Chikondi chachilendo: ntchito ndi zotsatira. Ophunzira ankadziwika ndi zithunzi za kugonana ndi zithunzi ziwiri zosagonana zotsatiridwa ndi ntchito yosankha kusankhidwa pakati pa kusankha mwaufulu kapena kachitidwe kameneka (p = 0.50) yogwirizana ndi kupambana. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsera chiwerengero cha zosankha zachilendo pamayesero pamutu ndi zokakamiza kuchita zachiwerewere (CSB) ndi odzipereka odzipereka (HV). B. Kukonza: ntchito ndi zotsatira. Ntchito yokhudzana ndi kugonana ikuwonetsedwa. Pakukonzekera, mitundu iwiri yakuda ndi yoyera (CS + Sex ndi CS-) idatsatiridwa ndi zithunzi zakugonana kapena zosalowererapo. Pakusankha kusankhana, anthu amasankhidwa pakati pa CS + Sex ndi CS- ophatikizidwa ndi zoyeserera zowonera (A ndi B). CS + Sex ndi CS- zoyeserera zimalumikizidwa ndi mwayi waukulu wopambana. Ma grafu akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zosankha zoyeserera pamayesero a CSB ndi HV pazotsatira zakugonana (kumanzere) ndi Zotsatira zandalama (kumanja). * Kuyanjana kwamagulu-ndi-Valence: p <0.05.

Mu gawo la kuyesedwa, maphunziro akuwonedwa maulendo awiri ojambula omwe ali ndi chithunzi chodziwika bwino ndi fano lachifaniziro lofanana ndi chikhalidwe chilichonse. Zithunzi zisanu ndi chimodzi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito: 3 wodziwika bwino, osankhidwa kuchokera ku gawo lachidziwitso lapadera (chimodzi mwa zinthu zitatuzi) ndi mafano atsopano a 3 (buku limodzi la chikhalidwe chilichonse). Zithunzi zawonetsero zawonetsedwa kwa masekondi a 2.5 motsatira ndemanga yachiwiri ya 1 (kupambana £ 1 kapena kupambana kanthu). Chiwerengero cha mayesero a 60 (mayesero a 20 chikhalidwe chilichonse) chinaperekedwa. Mpata wogonjetsa zithunzi zonse zinali zopanda pake pa p = 0.50. Nkhaniyi inalangizidwa kuti asankhe chimodzi mwa zovuta zomwe zimaperekedwa kuchokera kwa awiriwa ndi cholinga kuti apange ndalama zambiri momwe angathere ndi kuuzidwa kuti adzalandira malipiro awo. Iwo adalangizidwa kuti kuyesedwa koyambirira kukanakhala kodzinso koma chimodzi mwa zovutazo chidzakhudzidwa ndi mwayi waukulu wopambana. Choyambirira choyambirira chiyeso chinali chiwerengero cha zisankho za mayeso pamayesero onse. Popeza kuti ziphunzitso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pano zinali zopanda phindu (p = 0.50), zotsatira zake zowonetsera zimangosonyeza zokonda zokhazokha. Pambuyo pa phunzirolo, maphunzirowa adafunsidwa kuti ayambe kukonda maphunziro a akazi pa chiwerengero cha 1 mpaka 10 pambuyo poyesedwa. Nthawi ya ntchito inali ya 8 Mphindi (4 min kwa maphunziro ndi 3.5 min kwa chiyeso).

Kukonda kukonda

Zolinga zinayesedwa pazinthu ziwiri zomwe zimasankhidwa kuti zisamangidwe bwino. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi nthawi yoyezetsa magazi (test condition phase)Chithunzi 1B). Ntchito ziwirizo zinali ndi malingaliro omwewo koma zimaganizira za kugonana komanso zina zokhudzana ndi kugonana.

Panthawi imodzi yophunzitsira, maonekedwe awiri (CS + Sex, CS-), operekedwa kwa masekondi 2, adasinthidwa kukhala fano la mkazi wosavulazidwa kapena bwalo lopanda kulowerera (zotsatira za 1), motsatira. Izi zinkatsatiridwa ndi nthawi yowerengera ya 0.5 ku 1 yachiwiri. Mayesero makumi asanu ndi limodzi adaperekedwa kwathunthu (30 CS+ ndi 30 CS-). Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito ikugwira ntchito, maphunzirowa adalangizidwa kuti azindikire kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe adawona malo ofiira pafupi ndi chifaniziro chotsatira, ndipo adalemba nambala iyi kumapeto kwa maphunziro.

Maphunzirowa anatsatiridwa ndi chiyeso chimene CS + Sex ndi CS-stimuli aliyense anali nacho ndi zojambula zatsopano (mwachitsanzo, Chithunzi A kapena Chithunzi B). Ophunzira adafunsidwa kuti asankhe chimodzi mwazovuta kuchokera pazithunzithunzi (mwachitsanzo CS + Sex kapena Image A; CS- kapena Image B; nthawi 2.5 masekondi), zomwe zatsatiridwa ndi mayankho a win £ 1 kapena kupambana kalikonse (nthawi 1 yachiwiri) . The CS + Sex ndi CS- ili ndi mwayi waukulu wopambana (p = 0.70 kupambana £ 1 / p = 0.30 osagonjetsa kanthu) pokhudzana ndi zolemba zapamwamba zopangira (p = 0.70 kupambana / p = 0.30 kupambana £ 1). Zolinga zinayesedwa pa mayesero a 40 muyeso (mayesero a 20 pachikhalidwe) ndipo adauzidwa kuti cholinga chake chinali kupanga ndalama zambiri momwe angathere komanso kuti adzalandira malipiro awo. Iwo adalangizidwa kuti kuyesedwa koyambirira kukanakhala kodzinso koma chimodzi mwa zovutazo chidzakhudzidwa ndi mwayi waukulu wopambana.

Pa ntchito yachiwiri yophunzitsira ndi ntchito yoyesera, ntchito yofananayo inagwiritsidwa ntchito potsatira zotsatira zachuma: zosiyana zowonetseratu zinayikidwa (CS + Money, CS-) ku chithunzi cha £ 1 kapena sikosi yosiira. Ophunzira adauzidwa kuti adzapambana ndalama zomwe adaziwona. Gawo loyesa ofanana linatsatira.

Pamene CS + ndi CS-stimuli zinkakhudzidwa ndi zowonjezereka za kupambana, tinayesa chisankho chotsatira cha kuyesedwa koyambirira kuti tiyese makhalidwe oyambirira komanso momwe nthawi zambiri CS + ndi CS-stimuli anasankhidwira pa mayesero onse kuti aone ngati Chosankha chachitsulo cha chidziwitso pa maphunziro a chida. Ntchito iliyonse idatenga pafupifupi 7 maminiti (4 min kwa maphunziro ndi 2.5 min kwa magawo oyesa).

Kujambula ntchito

Masewera makumi awiri a CSB ndi 20 ofanana ndi ma HV anayesedwa kugwira ntchito yokhazikika komanso yotaya (Chithunzi 3A). Pazigawozi, zithunzi zisanu ndi chimodzi (zojambulajambula) zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zovuta zowonongeka (CS +) zogwirizanitsa ndi chithunzi chosakondweretsa (US) chachikazi (CS + sex), £ 1 (CS + ndalama) (CS-). Zachiwiri CS + zinapangidwa pawiri pamapeto. Zithunzi zisanu zosiyana za akazi osakwatiwa zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zogonana ndi mobwerezabwereza nthawi 8 pazochitika. Nthawi ya CS + inali 2000 msec; pa 1500 msec, US inakulungidwa chifukwa cha 500 msec ndipo yatsatiridwa ndi ndondomeko yowonongeka, yomwe inachokera ku 500 mpaka 2500 msec. Kuti mukhalebe ndi chidwi pa ntchitoyo, nkhaniyi inakanikizira batani lakumanzere kuti ipeze zotsatira za ndalama, botani yolondola kuti munthuyo apindule, komanso batani kuti musalole zotsatirapo pa nthawi yothetsera. Ophunzira ankawona mayesero onse a 120 (20 pa CS + kapena 40 pa chikhalidwe) mu nthawi yoyenera. Zinthuzo zinaperekedwa mosavuta. Pakati pa kutayika, CS + iliyonse inawonetsedwa kwa 2000 msec popanda US chifukwa cha mayesero onse a 90 (15 pa CS + kapena 30 pa chikhalidwe) potsatira tsamba lokonzekera (500 kwa 2500 msec). Choncho, pa 1500 msec, anthu akuyembekezera zotsatira, zomwe zinasokonekera mwadzidzidzi. Asanaphunzire, maphunzirowa adaphunzitsidwa kunja kwawunikira pamayesero a 20 ofanana ndi a CS ndi mafaniziro a akazi, ndalama ndi zinthu zopanda ndale kuti aziyankhidwa pamagetsi. Pazochitikazo, maphunziro omwe amawonedwa maonekedwe a akazi ovekedwa koma anauzidwa kuti mu scanner, akhoza kuona zovuta. Ntchito zonse zinakonzedwa ndi E-prime professional v2.0 software.

Chithunzi chojambula cha Chithunzi 2. Zimatsegula chithunzi chachikulu

Chithunzi 2

Chiyanjano pakati pa zokonda zosankha ndi chisamaliro chakudutsa m'magulu. Grafu yakumanzere ikuwonetsa chidwi choyambirira cha zovuta zakugonana motsutsana ndi ndale (ziwonetsero zambiri zikuwonetsa kukondera kwakugonana motsutsana ndi zosakhudzana ndi ndale) m'mitu yomwe imakonda CS + Sex poyerekeza ndi CS- ngati chisankho choyamba m'magulu onse awiriwa. * p <0.05. Chithunzi choyenera chikuwonetsa chidwi choyambirira pakugonana motsutsana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azisangalala poyerekeza ndi zomwe amakonda.

Chithunzi chojambula cha Chithunzi 3. Zimatsegula chithunzi chachikulu

Chithunzi 3

Ntchito yojambula zithunzi ndi habituation. A. Kulingalira ntchito. Pazikhalidwe, maphunziro ankawona mizere isanu ndi umodzi yotsatiridwa ndi chigololo, ndalama kapena zandale. Kutha kwatha kunatsatira, pomwe panthawiyi chiwonetserocho chinkawonetsedwa popanda kuponderezedwa kosavomerezeka. B. Kuzoloŵera. Kuzoloŵera kusokoneza khalidwe lachiwerewere (dACC) pochita zinthu zolimbitsa thupi (CSB) motsutsana ndi odzipereka odzipereka (HV) kuti abwerere mobwerezabwereza Kugonana ndi Zosagwirizana. Chithunzicho chimasonyeza kufanizirana kwa theka loyamba ndi lachiwiri la mayesero. C. Kutsetsereka ndi kusokoneza chizolowezi cha DACC. Ma grafu akuwonetsa kutsetsereka kapena kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi (chojambula chakumanzere) zamakhalidwe a beta a DACC mwa CSB ndi anthu a HV komanso kulowererapo kapena zochitika zoyambirira za CSB motsutsana ndi HV (graph yolondola) ya Sexual - Neutral (Sex) ndi Monetary - Neutral ( Ndalama) zithunzi. * Zotsatira za Valence ndi Gulu-ndi-Valence p <0.05; ** Mphamvu ya Valence p <0.05.

Onani Chithunzi Chachikulu | Tulani Masewero a PowerPoint

Kusanthula chiwerengero cha deta ya khalidwe

Makhalidwe amitu adasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero odziyimira pawokha kapena Chi Square. Zambiri zidayang'aniridwa kwa ogulitsa (> 3 SD kuchokera pagulu kutanthauza) ndikuyesedwa kuti igawidwe bwino (mayeso a Shapiro Wilks). Zosankha zomwe zidasankhidwa pamayeso onse pazinthu zachilendo komanso zantchito zinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosakanikirana za ANOVA ndi zomwe zili pakati pa Gulu (CSB, HV) komanso zomwe zili mkati mwa Valence (Sexual, Control1, Control2; CS +, CS-) . Zosankha zoyeserera koyamba zidasanthulidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a Chi-Square. P <0.05 imadziwika kuti ndi yofunika.

Neuroimaging

Kujambula chidziwitso cha deta

Ophunzirawo anajambulidwa mu 3T Siemens Magnetom TimTrio scanner, ku Wolfson Brain Imaging Center, University of Cambridge, ndi chophimba chachikulu cha njira ya 32. Zithunzi zamagetsi zinapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi cha COMPNAGE cha T1 pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya MPRAGE (TR = 2300 ms; TE = 2.98 ms; FOV 240 x 256 x 176 mm, kukula kwa voxel 1x1x1 mm). DMRI data inapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito magazi okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa magazi (BOLD) ndi zithunzi zosiyana siyana: EP 39 s, TA 2.32, TE 2.26 ms, 33mm .

Kusanthula kwa deta kunkachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM 8) (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm). Kukonzekera koyamba kunaphatikizapo kukonzanso nthawi, kukonza malo, kugwirizana ndi mfundo za 'T1 zojambula zojambulajambula, kuimika, ndi kuunika kwa malo (zowonjezereka kwa 8 mm). Magawo oyambirira a 4 a gawo lililonse adatayidwa kuti alole zotsatira za kulinganirana kwa T1.

Kujambula kusanthula deta

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chogwirizana (GLM) momwe zimakhalira ndikukhalitsa mapepala onse okhudzidwa ndi zotsatira zosiyana pazinthu zonse za 3. Zigawo zowonongeka zinaphatikizidwa kukonza zoyendetsa zoyendetsa. Nthawi yoyamba ya zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kutayika kwa ntchitoyi inali 1500 msec pambuyo pa kuyambitsa (kapena nthawi imene zotsatira zake zikanayembekezeredwa mu gawo) ndi 500 msinkhu.

Pa chikhalidwe chilichonse, zovuta zowonjezera (CS + Sex, CS + Money, CS-) zinayesedwa pamayesero payekha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha ngati mutayesedwa komanso mukutha. Zolemba ziwirizo zinali zofanana mu chikhalidwe chomwechi. Mu kufufuza kwa msinkhu wachiwiri, tinagwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwathunthu (ANOVA mobwerezabwereza) poyerekeza Gulu, Valence ndi Kuyanjana kwa mayesero osiyanasiyana. Zigawo zosiyana za ntchito yojambula ndi kufotokozera zofufuza zikuwonetsedwanso Chithunzi 4.

Chithunzi chojambula cha Chithunzi 4. Zimatsegula chithunzi chachikulu

Chithunzi 4

Chitsanzo chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi, chizoloŵezi ndi kutayika. Chiwerengerochi chikuwonetsera magawo a ntchito yojambula yomwe chikhalidwe chawo chimayendera limodzi ndi zotsatira (CS + kugonana yosonyezedwa apa; CS + ndalama zowonongeka ku zotsatira zachuma ndipo zotsatira zotsatila zazandale zinasinthidwa mosavuta sizisonyezedwe) ndi kutha kwa gawo lomwe lingaliro lokha limangosonyeza popanda zotsatira. Mac CS + osiyana pa mtundu uliwonse wa zotsatira kapena CS- anali atayesedwa pa mayesero a 20 chifukwa cha kuyambitsa. Zithunzi zisanu zosiyana zogonana (zomwe zasonyezedwa apa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithunzi chachitsime chachikazi) zinali zogwirizana ndi zigawo ziwiri zosiyana zogonana zogonana komanso zinawonetsedwa nthawi 8. Kwa kafukufuku wa chizolowezi, kusintha kwa nthawi ya zotsatirazi mobwerezabwereza kunali kusanthuledwa.

Pazosanthula kwazomwe zakhala zikuchitika mgawuniyi, tidapanga ma regressor theka loyamba ndi lomaliza la zotsatira Zogonana ndi Zosalowerera Ndale pakuwunika koyambirira. Omwe adawonetsedwa 5 zithunzi zosiyanasiyana zogonana kasanu ndi kawiri pamayeso onse a CS + Ogonana. Chifukwa chake zithunzi zachiwerewere, theka loyambirira limafananizidwa ndi zithunzi zoyambirira za 8 pazithunzi zosiyanasiyana za 4 ndipo theka lomaliza, zithunzi zomaliza za 5 zogonana pazithunzi zonse za 4. Pakusanthula kwachiwiri, pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwathunthu, tidafanizira zochitika mu theka loyamba ndi lomaliza la zotsatira Zogonana motsutsana ndi ndale posankha zochitika zapagulu, komanso zomwe zili mkati mwa Valence ndi Time. Pazosanthula zonse pamwambapa, gulu lonse laubongo lokonzekera FWE p <5 limawerengedwa kuti ndi lofunika.

Pomwe tidazindikira kulumikizana pakati pa Gulu x Valence x Nthawi mu dACC, tidagwiritsa ntchito SPM Toolbox, MarsBaR (MARSeille Boite A Region d'Interet), kuti tipeze zoyeserera za beta pamayeso-a-kuyesa kwa aliyense amene akugwiritsa ntchito chigawo chapakati cha DACC ndi utali wozungulira wa 5 mm. Pakuwunika koyamba, tidapanga ma regressor kuti awone kusintha pamayeso-ndi-mayesero. Mwachitsanzo, ma regressor a 8 adapangidwira zotsatira zakugonana zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana zakugonana zowonetsedwa nthawi 8. Tinawerengera kutsetsereka ndikulanda mfundo pazotsatira zitatu za munthu aliyense. Malo otsetsereka ndi olowera kenako adalowetsedwa m'magulu osakanikirana a ANOVA poyerekeza Gulu ngati chinthu chapakati pamitu ndi Valence ngati chinthu chamkati. P <0.05 imadziwika kuti ndi yofunika.

Momwemonso, kuwunika kwa psychophysiological-kulumikizana kunachitika ndi mbeu yomweyo ya DACC ya chidwi (ROI) poyerekeza kuyerekezera koyambirira motsutsana ndi zotsatira zakugonana. Pazosanthula zonse, zoyambitsa pamwambapa zolakwika m'banja (FWE) ubongo wathunthu zidakonzedwa p <0.05 ndi 5 voxels zophatikizika zimawonedwa kuti ndizofunikira. Tinapanganso magawo owunikira omwe amayang'ana kwambiri a priori zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito WFU PickAtlas kukonzanso kwakung'ono (SVC) FWE-kukonzedwa ndi kuwongolera kwa Bonferroni kwamafanizo angapo a ROI (p <0.0125).

Results

Makhalidwe a CSB ndi ma HV amavomerezedwa Gulu 1.

Patsamba 1Makhalidwe okhudzidwa.
CSBHVMzere wa T / ChiP
Number2240
Age25.14 (4.68)25.20 (6.62)0.0370.970
Kudziletsa (masiku)32 (28.41)
EducationSukulu yasekondare22400.0001.000
Yamakono Univ.6130.1820.777
Kalasi ya ku College350.0391.000
Univ. pansi9140.2120.784
Digiri yachiwiri634.4720.057
IQ110.49 (5.83)111.29 (8.39)0.3970.692
Chikhalidwe cha ubaleSingle10160.1730.790
Curr. ubale7160.4070.591
anakwatira580.0641.000
OccupationStudent7150.2000.784
Ntchito ya nthawi yochepa321.4280.337
Ntchito ya nthawi zonse12210.0241.000
Osagwira ntchito021.1370.535
MankhwalaKudetsa nkhaŵa2
Mkhalidwe Wosuta FodyaOsuta fodya01
Mndandanda wa misa ya thupi24.91 (3.64)23.19 (4.38)1.5660.122
Kudya KwambiriBES6.91 (6.46)5.72 (6.17)0.7150.478
Mowa amagwiritsa ntchitoZOKHUDZA7.13 (4.11)6.29 (3.41)0.8620.392
Kusokonezeka maganizoBDI11.03 (9.81)5.38 (4.89)3.0390.004
nkhawaSSAI44.59 (13.19)36.15 (13.29)2.3700.021
STAI49.54 (13.91)38.23 (14.57)2.9710.004
Kusamala kwambiriOCI-R19.23 (17.38)12.29 (11.72)1.8720.067
KusakhudzidwaUPPS-P150.83 (17.95)130.26 (23.49)3.569

Zifotokozo: CSB = zifukwa zokhala ndi chilakolako chogonana; HV = odzipereka wathanzi; BES = Kukula Kwambiri Kwambiri; AUDIT = Kuyesedwa kwa Kusuta kwa Kusuta Kwachidziwitso; BDI = Beck Kuchepetsa Kuvutika Mwadzidzidzi; SSAI / STAI = State Speilberger ndi Mkhalidwe Kuda nkhawa Inventory; OCI-R = Obsessive Compulsive Inventory; UPPS-P = UPPS Makhalidwe Okhazikika

Zotsatira za khalidwe

Chikondi chachilendo

Chifukwa cha mayesero osiyanasiyana a 20, panali chikhalidwe cha Valence (F (1,59) = 2.89, p = 0.065) ndi kugwirizana kwa Gulu-ndi-Valence (F (2,59) = 3.46, p = 0.035) ndi Palibe zotsatira za Gulu (F (1,60) = 1.47, p = 0.230) (Chithunzi 1A). Chifukwa cha kugwirizanitsa, tinayambitsa kufufuza kwapambuyo, komwe kunasonyeza kuti maphunziro a CSB anali ndi chikhalidwe chokonda kwambiri kugonana ndi Control2 (p = 0.039) pomwe HV inali ndi mwayi wokonda kwambiri Control1 motsutsana ndi Control2 (p = 0.024).

Chifukwa cha zosankha zoyenera kuyesedwa koyambirira, ngakhale kuti maphunziro a CSB sankasankha mwatsatanetsatane bukuli poyerekeza ndi zovuta zodziwika bwino (peresenti ya buku loyamba la kusankha: Kugonana, Control 1, Control 2: HV: 51.6%, 58.1%, 38.7%; CSB: 50.0%, 44.4%, 22.2%) panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu kwa gulu (kugonana, Control1, Control2: Chi-square = 0.012, 0.357, 0.235 p = 0.541, 0.266, 0.193).

Mwachidule, nkhani za CSB zinkasankha bukuli popanga zisankho zokhudzana ndi kugonana zokhudzana ndi Zithunzi zosavomerezeka pamene zithunzi za HV zinali zosavuta kusankha chisankhulidwe chosanthana chazithunzi zachikazi zogwirizana ndi zojambulazo.

Kukonda kukonda

Chikhalidwe chogonana

Chifukwa cha mayesero osankhidwa pa 20, panali zotsatira za Valence (F (1,60) = 5.413, p = 0.024) ndi zotsatira za Gulu-ndi-Valence (F (1,60) = 4.566, p = 0.037) zomwe maphunziro a CSB anali ndi mwayi wosankha CS + Kugonana ndi CS- poyerekeza ndi HVs (Chithunzi 1B). Panalibe zotsatira za gulu (F (1,60) = 0.047, p = 0.830). Pomwe panali kuyanjana, tinayambanso kufufuza: Zotsatira za CSB zinkasankhidwa kuti zisankhe CS + Sex vs. CS- (p = 0.005) koma osati ma HV (p = 0.873). Zosankha zoyenera kuyesedwa koyamba, panalibe kusiyana pakati pa magulu (peresenti ya kugonana koyambirira kwa CS +: HV: 64.5%, CSB: 72.2%; Chi-square = 0.308, p = 0.410).

Ntchito yokonzekera ndalama

Chifukwa cha mayesero osankhidwa pa 20, panalibe zotsatirapo zambiri za Valence (F (1,60) = 1.450, p = 0.235) kapena Gulu (F (1,60) = 1.165, p = 0.287). Panali zotsatira za Gulu-ndi-Valence (F (1,60) = 4.761, p = 0.035) (Chithunzi 1B). Chifukwa cha zosankha zoyenera kuyesedwa koyamba, panalibe kusiyana pakati pa magulu (peresenti ya ndalama yoyamba CS + Money: HV: 48.4%, CSB: 66.7%; Chi-square = 1.538 p = 0.173).

Masewera a CSB (chikoka cha 8.35, SD 1.49) anali ndi chidwi chofanana cha zithunzi zonse zachikazi zokhudzana ndi HVs (8.13, SD 1.45; t = 0.566, p = 0.573).

Motero, maphunziro a CSB anali ndi chidwi choposa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana kapena ndalama.

Chiyanjano pakati pa zokonda ndi zokondera

Tinapitiliza kufufuza ngati panali mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa zofukufuku zathu zomwe tazifalitsa kale zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikonda kwambiri zithunzi zachiwerewere (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014) komanso zomwe zapeza posankha zoyamba zachinyamata kapena zachiwerewere za CS +. Pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso odziimira okha omwe tinayeserapo chidwi choyambirira cha kugonana ndi zandale zosiyana ndi zosiyana ndi zomwe anthu amakonda kusankha anthu omwe anasankha Kugonana kwa CS-versus + ndipo amadziwika mosiyana ndi zochitika zatsopano. Pakati pa magulu awiri onsewa, anthu omwe anasankha kugonana kwa CS + poyerekeza ndi omwe anasankha CS- adalimbikitsa kukonda kugonana (t = -2.05, p = 0.044). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu omwe anasankha buku lachilendo poyerekeza ndi zodziwika bwino ndi zofuna za kugonana poyerekeza ndi zovuta zogonana (t = 0.751, p = 0.458) (Chithunzi 2).

Motero, zomwe tinazipeza kale zowonongeka koyambirira zokhudzana ndi kugonana zingakhale zokhudzana ndi zofuna zokhudzana ndi kugonana kusiyana ndi zokonda zokhudzana ndi kugonana.

Zotsatira zojambula

Momwemo: cue

Tidayesa kaye kuyerekezera kwamayeso pamayeso onse. Panalibe zotsatira za Gulu. Panali zotsatira za Valence momwe kuwonekera pazinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi Ndalama (CS + Mon) ndi Kugonana (CS + Kugonana) poyerekeza ndi zoyeserera za Neutral (CS-) zimalumikizidwa ndi zochitika zambiri mu occipital cortex (malingaliro onse otsatirawa lipoti gulu lonse laubongo lokonzekera FWE p <0.05: tsango lalikulu ku Montreal Neurological Institute limayang'anira: XYZ mu mm: -6 -88 -6, Cluster size = 3948, ubongo wonse FWE p <0.0001), kumanzere koyambirira kwa motor motor cortex (XYZ = - 34 -24 52, Cluster size = 5518, ubongo wonse FWE p <0.0001) ndi ma putamen amgwirizano (kumanzere: XYZ = -24 -2 4, Cluster size = 338, ubongo wonse FWE p <0.0001; kumanja: XYZ = 24 4 2 , Cluster size = 448, FWE p <0.0001), ndi thalamus (XYZ = -0 -22 0, Cluster size = 797, p <0.0001) zochita. Panalibe kulumikizana kwa Gulu-ndi-Valence.

Kutulutsa: cue

Kenako tidawunika gawo lakutha la zomwe zidakonzedwa. Panali vuto la Valence momwe CS + Sex ndi CS + Mon motsutsana ndi CS- kuwonekera kumalumikizidwa ndi zochitika zazikulu za occipital cortex (XYZ = -10 -94 2, Cluster size = 2172, ubongo wonse FWE p <0.0001). Panalibe zotsatira za Gulu kapena Kuyanjana.

Kupeza: zotsatira

Pofufuza zotsatira za chizoloŵezi cha chikhalidwe cha kugonana, ife tayamba kufufuza ngati madera ena ali ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ntchito zokhudzana ndi kugonana mu maphunziro a CSB poyerekeza ndi ma HV poyerekeza ndi gulu x Valence x Kuchita nthawi kwa gawo loyamba ndi lachiwiri la zithunzi zogonana. Zotsatira za ndale zosaloŵerera. Masewera a CSB anali ndi kuchepa kwakukulu mu ntchito yowonongeka ya cortex (dACC) m'kupita kwanthawi (XYZ = 0 18 36, Cluster kukula = 391, ubongo wonse FWE p = 0.02) ndi malo ochepa otsika nthawi (XYZ = 54 -36 -4, Cluster kukula = 184, ubongo wonse FWE p = 0.04) ku zotsatira zogonana ndi zotsutsana poyerekeza ndi HVs (Chithunzi 3B).

Kenako tinachotsa machitidwe a beta-trial-trial-trial omwe akuyang'ana pa DACC kwa zotsatira za kugonana, ndalama ndi zandale. Tinafananitsa mapulaneti (ie, digiri ya chizoloŵezi) ndikutsata mfundo (mwachitsanzo, ntchito yoyambirira) poyerekeza kugonana - osalowerera ndi ndalama - zotsatira zosavomerezeka (Zizindikiro 3C). Kwa otsetsereka, pamakhala zotsatira zenizeni za Valence (F (1,36) = 6.310, p = 0.017) ndi kugwirizana kwa Gulu-ndi-Valence (F (1,36) = 6.288, p = 0.017). Pomwe panali kugwirizanitsa, tinkachita kafukufuku wam'mbuyo: Kulimbana kwakukulu kwa dACC ku zotsatira za kugonana mu CSB poyerekeza ndi HVs (F = 4.159, p = 0.049) popanda kusiyana kwa zotsatira za ndalama (F = 0.552, p = 0.463). Panalibe zotsatira zambiri za Gulu (F (1,36) = 2.135, p = 0.153). Pofuna kutengera mtengo, pamakhala zotsatira zazikulu za Valence (F (1,36) = 11.527, p = 0.002) koma palibe zotsatira za Gulu (F (1,36) = 0.913, p = 0.346) kapena kuyanjana kwa zotsatira (F (1,36) = 2.067, p = 0.159). Panalibe mgwirizano pakati pa zikhalidwe ndi zotsatira zake.

Kutha: zotsatira

Tinayesa kusayera kwa zotsatira pa nthawi yotsiriza ku mayesero onse. Pano ife tinali ndi chitsimikizo chachindunji kuti ntchito yowonongeka yowonongeka inachepetsedwa pa zotsatira zotsalira ku zotsatira zowonjezera zowonjezera zogwirizana ndi kulakwitsa kolakwika. Panalipo zotsatira za Valence zomwe zochitika zochepa zowonongeka zowonongeka zowonongeka zikuwonetsedwa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zotsatira za kugonana ndi zachuma poyerekeza ndi zotsatira zosavomerezeka (XYZ 2 8 -10, Z = 3.59, SVC FWE yothetsera p = 0.036) (Chithunzi 5A). Panalibe Gulu kapena zotsatira zokhudzana. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zotsatira za kugonana ndi ndalama.

Chithunzi chojambula cha Chithunzi 5. Zimatsegula chithunzi chachikulu

Chithunzi 5

Kuthamangitsidwa ndi kugwira ntchito zogwirizanitsa. A. Kutaya kwa zotsatira pamapeto pake. Kuchepetsa zochitika zolimbitsa thupi zolondola m'magulu onsewa chifukwa chosiya mosayembekezereka zotsatira zakugonana ndi ndalama poyerekeza ndi zotsatira zosalowerera ndale (Kutha kwa Valence: p <0.05). B. Kugwirizanitsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Kuyanjana kwa ma psychophysiological a anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana (CSB) komanso odzipereka athanzi (HV) omwe amayerekezera kuwonekera koyambirira motsutsana ndi kuwonekera kwakanthawi pazotsatira zakugonana ndi mbewu yokhotakhota yomwe ikuwonetsa kulumikizana kwazomwe zikuchitika ndi ventral striatum (kumanzere) ndi hippocampus wapakati (kumanja). * p <0.05; ** p <0.005.

 

Kulumikizana kogwira ntchito kwakumangirira

Kugwirizanitsa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito kugonana kwa maganizo pa dACC kusiyana ndi msinkhu woyambirira komanso kutayika nthawi (mayesero oyambirira a 2 motsutsana ndi mayesero omaliza a 2) a zotsatira za kugonana anayesedwanso. Panali kuyanjana kwakukulu kwa ma HV poyerekeza ndi maphunziro a CSB kumayambiriro oyambirira poyerekeza ndi mayesero omaliza pakati pa dACC ndi right ventral striatum (XYZ = 18 20 -8 mm, Z = 3.11, SVC FWE-yodalitsidwa p = 0.027) ndi hippocampus (kumanja: XYZ = 32 -34 -8, Z = 3.68, SVC FWE-yothandizidwa p = 0.003; kumanzere: XYZ = -26 -38 04, Z = 3.65 SVC FWE-yothetsedwa p = 0.003) (Chithunzi 5B). Motero maphunziro a CSB anali ndi mgwirizano wogwira ntchito pakati pa zigawo izi posachedwa pamene odzipereka odzipereka anali ndi ntchito yowonjezera yowonjezera nthawi yoyamba.

Kugwirizana pakati pa zotsatira za khalidwe ndi zojambula

Tinafufuza ngati pali mgwirizano pakati pa dACC chizolowezi (chotsetsereka) cha zotsatira za kugonana ndi zokonda zogonana - Control2 pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wa Pearson. Ponseponse, zithunzi zokonda zithunzi zogonana ndi Control2 zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chithunzi cha zithunzi zogonana (r = -0.404, p = 0.037). Motero, kukonda kwambiri zachiwerewere kunkagwirizana ndi malo otsika kwambiri kapena dACC kachitidwe kawiri.

Kukambirana

Timasonyeza kuti maphunziro a CSB anali ndi mwayi waukulu wosankha zithunzi zogonana ndi zolemba zogonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi ndalama zowonetsera poyerekeza ndi odzipereka odzipereka. Nkhani za CSB zinakhalanso ndi chizoloŵezi chochita ntchito ya DACC kuti iwonetsedwe mobwerezabwereza ndi kugonana. Ponseponse maphunziro, chiwerengero cha dACC chizoloŵezi chokhudzana ndi kugonana chinagwirizanitsidwa ndi zokonda zogonana zogonana. Phunziroli limapanganso pa zomwe tapeza kale zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azisamala kwambiri (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014) komanso kuyanjananso kwabwino (Voon, Mole, 2014) poyang'ana zogonana mu CSB zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ya dACC- (ventral striatal) yamamgdalar. Pano, tikuwonetsa kuti chidwi choyambirira cha kugonana choyesa kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito dotted-probe chinagwirizanitsidwa ndi makhalidwe akuluakulu omwe amayenera kugwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zogonana koma osati zosangalatsa. Motero, zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti njira zomwe zingatheke kuti anthu asamachite zachiwerewere zomwe zimapezeka m'mabuku a CSB zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chokhalira ndi chizoloŵezi choyendetsa chizoloŵezi chogonana. Ngakhale chikhalidwe chokonda kukondweretsa kugonana chimathandizidwanso mu maphunziro a CSB, khalidwe ili silikugwirizana ndi kuwonetseratu zochitika zoyambirira. Izi zikusiyana ndi phunziro lapitalo kwa odzipereka omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino, zomwe zimasonyeza mgwirizano pakati pa zofuna za kugonana ndi kufunafuna kugonana (Kagerer, Wehrum, 2014). Izi zikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi mphamvu yowonongeka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda.

Kukonda zokakamiza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazogonana kapena phindu la ndalama

Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotsatila zikhalidwe zomwe zimapereka mphoto (kugonana ndi malipiro a ndalama) zimasonyeza kuti maphunziro a CSB ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka kapena kuwonetsetsanso zotsatira za kugwirizanitsa pakati pa zizindikiro zofanana (Mazur, 2002). Chodabwitsa ichi chikugwirizana ndi khalidwe lachidziwitso choyendetsa bwino lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga masewera olimbikitsana pakati pa zokopa ndi zolimbikitsa zomwe zimapindulitsa, monga kugonana komwe kumaphatikizapo kupanga njira za dopaminergic (Fiorino ndi Phillips, 1999, Frohmader et al., 2011). Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira zoterezi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zizoloŵezi zina zomwe sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga kutchova njuga ndizofunikira monga momwe maphunziro oyambirira amachitira kusiyana ndi njira zowonetsera zachitsulo kuti ndalama ndi zogonana zitheke m'madera ambiri (Sescousse et al., 2013).

Ngakhale takhala tikugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti habituation kuti tifotokoze kuchepa kwa ntchito kuti tigwirizane ndi kugonana mobwerezabwereza, monga izi zikuyankhidwa pa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana komwe nthawi zina zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira zake, njira imodzi yofunikira ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira za kuphunzira kusonkhana poyambira chitukuko chomwe ntchito ya dopaminergic ku mphoto yosadziŵika ikusunthira ndi chikhalidwe chake ndipo imachepetsanso pakapita nthawi kuti ntchitoyi monga zotsatira za mphoto zidzakwaniritsidwa panthawi yambiri (Schultz, 1998). Komabe, monga (i) timagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za kugonana za 5 mobwerezabwereza nthawi zam'mbuyomu 8 pa zochitika ziwiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana; (ii) sitinaone mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa kuchepa kwa ntchito ya DACC kuti tikambirane zofuna za kugonana mobwerezabwereza ndi machitidwe okonda kugonana, (iii) panalibe kusiyana pakati pa kagulu pa zotsatira zoganizira zochitika zomwe zilipo komanso palibe umboni (iv) Mitu ya CSB inali ndi zokonda zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi ndalama zapadera, tawonetsa kuti njirayi ikhale yogwirizana ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana.

Timawonetsanso kuti kusowa kosayembekezereka kwapakati pa kugonana kapena ndalama kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito yochepa yoyenera yogwira ntchito pazochitika zonse. Kutembenuza chiwerengero cha mphutsi ndi maphunziro a anthu kumasonyeza kuti phasic dopamine imaphatikizapo cholakwika cholosera ndi chitsimikizo chotsimikizirika ku mphosa mosayembekezera ndi chinyengo chosaneneretsa chosayembekezereka chosowa mphotho (Pessiglione et al., 2006, Schultz, 1998). Izi zimachepetsanso ntchito zozizwitsa zowonongeka kapena zosayembekezereka zomwe zingakhale zogwirizana ndi zolakwika zowonongeka, zomwe zikuwonetsa njira zofanana ndi zomwe zimapindulitsa pafupipafupi ndi zoyambirira, zomwe zingapangitse zosankha zomwe zilipo.

Kukonda zochitika zogonana zowonongeka ndi kusokoneza cingulate habituation

Kufunafuna zachilendo komanso kufunafuna chidwi kumalumikizidwa ndimatenda osokoneza bongo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo fodya, mowa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Djamshidian et al., 2011, Kreek et al., 2005, Wills et al., 1994). Kafukufuku wamankhwala amawonetsa gawo lofuna kukonda zachilendo monga chiopsezo pamakhalidwe ofunafuna mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Beckmann et al., 2011, Belin, Berson, 2011), chimodzimodzi, kufunafuna chidwi chachikulu ndikulosera zakumwa moledzeretsa kwa achinyamata koma osati zamavuto akudya (Conrod, O'Leary-Barrett, 2013). Momwemonso, mwa odwala a Parkinson omwe amakhala ndi machitidwe owongoletsa chidwi pa ma dopamine agonists, kufunafuna zachilendo kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonjeza mphotho monga njuga zamatenda ndi kugula mokakamiza koma osati mphotho zachilengedwe monga kudya kwambiri kapena CSB (Voon et al., 2011). Mu kafukufuku wathu wapano, panalibe kusiyana pakati pa nkhani za CSB ndi ma HV, kutanthauza gawo la zokonda zachinsinsi zomwe zimaperekedwa ku mphotho koma osati zowonjezera zatsopano-kapena zofunidwa. Zomwe tapeza zikhoza kukhala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika zowoneka bwino pa Intaneti, zomwe zingapereke chitsimikizo chopanda pake, ndipo zingakhale zosiyana kwambiri ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo momwe chikhalidwe chosasinthika chingakhale chosavuta.

Timawonetsanso kuti maphunziro a CSB anali ndi chizoloŵezi chofulumira cha DACC kuti aziwonetsanso zithunzi zogonana mobwerezabwereza zokhudzana ndi mafano a ndalama. Kupeza kumeneku kungawonetsere mobwerezabwereza zowonongeka zosavuta kuwonetsa, zomwe zikufanana ndi kuwona kwa kuchepa kwa ntchito zochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zooneka bwino pa intaneti kwa amuna odzipereka odzipereka (Kuhn ndi Gallinat, 2014). Pakati pa maphunziro onse, kukonda kwambili zojambula zogonana mobwerezabwereza kunanenedweratu ndi chizoloŵezi chachikulu cha ntchito ya DACC ku zotsatira za kugonana. Posachedwapa tawonetsa ntchito yowonjezereka ya DACC muzochitika za CSB ku mavidiyo omveka bwino (Voon, Mole, 2014), ndipo dACC yakhala ikuphatikizidwa muzochita zokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Kuhn ndi Gallinat, 2011). Mu phunziro lapitayi, mavidiyowa anali okhudzana ndi kugonana ndipo ayenera kuti anachita monga momwe amachitira ndipo anawonetsedwa mosavuta, motero mwina sangakhale nawo pafupipafupi. Chizoloŵezi sichinayankhidwe mwachindunji. DACC imalandira zowonjezereka kuchokera ku midbrain dopaminergic neurons ndipo ili bwino kwambiri ndi maulumikizano angapo a cortical kuti iwonetse kusankha kosankha. DACC imathandizira pakuzindikira ndikukonza zoyenera zoyenera kuyankha pa zochitika zofunikira pazomwe zikuchitika mosavuta (Sheth et al., 2012). Momwemonso, dACC imaphatikizidwanso muzochita zokhutira mphotho, makamaka kuneneratu za mphotho zamtsogolo komanso zolakwika zowonetsera mphoto (Bush et al., 2002, Rushworth ndi Behrens, 2008). Choncho, udindo wa dACC ukhoza kukhala wogwirizana ndi zotsatira za ulesi kapena mphotho zosadziwika.

Kufufuza kwachilendo kumaphatikizapo kufaniziridwa kwa chidziwitso chomwe chimabwera ndi kusungidwa komwe kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi polysynaptic hippocampal- (ventral striatal) - (ventral tegmental area loop) yomwe imaphatikizidwa kuti iphatikize mfundo zatsopano, luso ndi zolinga (Lisman ndi Grace, 2005). Kuwona kwathu kwa dACC- (ventral striatal) -hippocampal kulumikizana mu maphunziro a CSB mobwereza mobwerezabwereza ku zokhudzana ndi kugonana ngakhale kuti kuchepa kwa ntchito ya DACC kungawonetsere intaneti yomwe ikuphatikizidwa mu chikumbumtima chodalira chikumbukiro cha hippocampal kuti iwonetsedwe mobwerezabwereza.

Phunziroli liri ndi mphamvu zofunikira. Uku ndiko kufufuza koyamba pa zochitika zachinyengo za njira zachikhalidwe ndi zachikhalidwe zatsopano mu CSB, ndi kufufuza kumaloleza chidziwitso ku mbali zina za khalidwe ndi neural correlates za njirazi. Timayesa zomwe zimachitika kuchipatala kuti CSB imadziwika ndi kufunafuna, kukhala ndi chikhalidwe komanso kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana pakati pa amuna. Komabe, zolepheretsa zina ziyenera kuvomerezedwa. Choyamba, phunziroli linakhudza amuna okhaokha omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ngakhale kuti mbali imeneyi ikhonza kuwonedwa ngati mphamvu mwa kuchepetsa kugonana, zingakhalenso zoperewera pazomwe zimachitika kwa amayi, magulu ena a msinkhu komanso anthu ena omwe ali ndi chiwerewere. Chachiwiri, ophunzira a CSB ambiri anali oda nkhawa, opsinjika mtima, ndi opupuluma ndipo adawonetsa chizoloŵezi cha zovuta zambiri. Ngakhale kuti sitinapeze zotsatira zachindunji za zotsatirazi muzotsatira zathu, sitingawononge kuti mwina zakhudza zomwe zapeza. Chachitatu, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zojambula zojambula, kutayika, kutha kwa zotsatira. Zomwe timaganizira zokhudzana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere zimathandizira zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la kugonana koma sitinazione zochitika zowunikira pofuna kuthandizira zomwe zamasulidwa. Zitsanzo zazikulu, zithunzi zowonetseratu, kapena kuwunikira kuyanjanitsa ndi kuyesedwa kwotsatira zikuimira zofunikira pa maphunziro a m'tsogolomu zomwe zingachititse zotsatira zosiyana. Chachinayi, phunziro ili linagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zomwe zingawonedwe ngati zokondera m'malo momangogonana. Maphunziro ena ogwiritsira ntchito zida zogonana angasiyanitse pakati pa zochitika zomwe zimakhudza ndalama ndi zovuta zogonana.

Timakamba udindo wowonjezera chisankho cha kugonana ndi kukulitsa chikhalidwe chokwanira kuti tipindule mu maphunziro a CSB okhudza dACC habituation. Zomwe zapezazi zimatithandiza kuona zomwe masewera a CSB ali nazo zokhudzana ndi kugonana komwe kumagwirizanitsa ndi DACC, ventral striatum ndi amygdala (Voon, Mole, 2014) komanso kuonjezera chidwi chokhudzana ndi kugonana (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Timatsindika gawo lopangitsa kuti anthu asamangokhalira kugonana chifukwa chokonda kwambiri zachikhalidwe. Zotsatirazi zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri ngati intaneti imapereka chitsimikizo chachikulu cha zolemba zatsopano komanso zowonjezera, makamaka pa nkhani zogonana. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kufufuza momwe zotsatirazi zikugwirizanirana ndi zofunikira zokhudzana ndi CSB, zonsezi ndi zofunikira. Zomwe zapezazi zikusonyeza kuti pali njira yowunikira njira zosamvetsetseka zomwe zimachitika pa chithandizo cha chithandizo cha CSB.

Zopereka za Wolemba

Zimalengedwa ndipo zinapanga zoyesayesa: VV. Anayesa zotsatira: PB, SM ndi VV. Kusanthula deta: PB, LSM, SM, VV. Papepalali analemba: PB, NAH, MNP ndi VV.

Ntchito Yopereka Chithandizo

PB imathandizidwa ndi Portuguese Foundation for Science ndi Technology (chiyanjano cha munthu aliyense: SFRH / BD / 33889 / 2009). Dr. Voon ndi Munthu Wopambana wa Wellcome Trust ndipo phunziroli linadalitsidwa ndi Wellcome Trust (WT093705 / Z / 10 / Z). Channel 4 inathandizidwa pakuthandizira ndi kuitanitsa mwa kuika malonda ovomerezeka ndi chikhalidwe cha maphunziro pa intaneti. Zotsatsazi zinapereka ndondomeko yolumikizana ndi kafukufuku wa ochita nawo chidwi.

Mikangano ya chidwi

Zolembazo ndizofukufuku wapachiyambi, sizinatululidwe kale ndipo sizinaperekedwe kuti zifalitsidwe kwinakwake. Olemba PB, LM, SM, NH, MNP ndi VV sakunena zofuna zachuma.

Zothokoza

Tikufuna kuthokoza onse omwe adagwira nawo phunziro ndi ogwira ntchito ku Wolfson Brain Imaging Center. Timavomereza Channel 4 kuti tithandizire anthu olemba ntchito komanso a Portuguese Foundation for Science ndi Technology komanso Wellcome Trust ya ndalama.

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