Chibwenzi pa Intaneti chimagwirizanitsa ndi chizolowezi chogonana ndi nkhawa (2018)

J Behav Addict. 2018 Aug 29: 1-6. pitani: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.66.

Zlot Y¹, Goldstein M¹, Cohen K¹, Weinstein A¹.

Kudalirika

Mbiri ndi zolinga

Pali ntchito yowonjezera ya intaneti yogonana ndi cholinga cha kugonana. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi nkhawa komanso kuti azitha kugonana ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pa Intaneti.

Njira

Otsatira onse a 279 (128 amuna ndi 151), ali ndi zaka zambiri zogwirizana ndi zaka 25 (SD = 2.75) ndi zaka za 18-38, mafunso omwe ayankhidwa pa intaneti. Maphunzirowa anali ndi ziwerengero za chiwerengero cha anthu, Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Zuckerman Kufunafuna Zambiri, ndi Kugonana Kwachilombo Kuyeza Kuyeza (SAST).

Results

Ogwiritsira ntchito ma intaneti akuwonetsa maulendo apamwamba pa SAST kusiyana ndi osagwiritsa ntchito. Chachiwiri, ophunzira omwe anali ndi zizoloŵezi zochepa zogonana anali ndi nkhawa zochepa zokhudzana ndi kugonana kusiyana ndi omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Panalibe kusiyana pakati pa zofuna zofunafuna pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana.

Zokambirana ndi zolingalira

Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikusonyeza kuti nkhawa za anthu m'malo mofuna kugonana kapena kugonana ndizofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kugwiritsira ntchito intaneti pofuna kupeza anthu ogonana nawo.

ZOKHUDZA: zofunsira; kufuna; chizolowezi chogonana; nkhaŵa zadziko

PMID: 30156117

DOI: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.66

Introduction

Kusokoneza bongo kapena matenda a hypersexual akudziwika ndi chosowa chokakamiza kugonana nthawi yomweyo (Zojambula, 2001). Pali njira zingapo zoganizira za kugonana zomwe zasankhidwa kuti zikhale zovuta zogonana koma sizinatsimikizidwe zasayansi. Kupanda umboni wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi zotsatira za matendawa Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha (DSM). Kafukufuku wamatsenga pa khalidwe lachiwerewere wakhala akuwonjezeka m'zaka zaposachedwa ndipo izi zachititsa chidwi kwambiri kuika chiwerengerocho kukhala chizolowezi chochita chiwerewere (Karila et al., 2014). Kugonana kumaphatikizapo ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo kugonana monyanyira, zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa Intaneti pazifukwa zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi thanzi labwino, komanso zotsatira za maganizo ndi zachuma (Karila et al., 2014). Ngakhale kuti pali chidwi chokhudzana ndi chiwerewere mu kafukufuku ndi kuchipatala, sichikudziwika kuti ndi matenda a matenda a maganizo ndi gawo lachisanu la DSM (DSM-5; Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013). Pali zochepa zofufuza za matenda ndi zochitika zingapo zowunikira komanso ndizovuta kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa chodabwitsa ichi. Kuŵerengedwa kwa chiwerewere kumagwirizana pakati pa 3% ndi 16.8% mu maphunziro osiyanasiyana, pamene mu maphunziro ambiri akuyesa pakati pa 3% ndi 6% mwa akuluakulu ambiri a anthu (Karila et al., 2014). Mu kafukufuku wopenda anthu a 2,450 kuchokera ku anthu onse a ku Sweden, 12% mwa amuna ndi 6.8% azimayi adatchulidwa kuti ndi hypersexual (Långström & Hanson, 2006), pamene ku USA, kufalikira kwa chiwerewere kunayesedwa ngati 3% -6% (Zojambula, 1992).

Pambuyo pa USA, 45% a ku America amagwiritsa ntchito mafoni pa foni ndipo 7% amawagwiritsa ntchito pofuna chibwenzi (Smith & Duggan, 2013). Olembawo adanena kuti pamene ataphunzira koyamba pachibwenzi pa intaneti, kumasulidwa kwa iPhone kunalibe zaka 2 m'tsogolomu. Masiku ano oposa theka la akulu onse a ku America ndi eni eni a smartphone, ndipo chibwenzi chimapangidwa pa smartphone. Mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti ali otchuka pakati pa anthu mu 20 awo mpaka pakati pa 30's (Smith & Duggan, 2013). Posachedwapa, pali njira yowonjezera yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti pa mafoni a m'manja pofuna cholinga cha kugonana, monga ngati nsanja yokhala ndi zibwenzi zogonana. Tinafufuza maubwenzi pakati pa chibwenzi pa Intaneti ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Chachiwiri, pali umboni wosonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana mofananamo ndi anthu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo akuchita zimenezi pofuna kufunafuna ndi kufunafuna chisangalalo kapena chisangalalo (Fong, 2006; Perry, Accordino, & Hewes, 2007). Choncho, kafukufukuyu adafufuzira udindo wofunafuna pakati pa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pa chibwenzi. Pomalizira pake, nkhawa ya anthu yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa intaneti (Shepherd & Edelmann, 2005; Weinstein, Dorani, et al., 2015). Choncho tafufuza ngati nkhaŵa zaumphawi zimayambitsa kugonana pakati pa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pa chibwenzi. Poona kukula kwa umboni wa kusiyana kwa kugonana pakati pa abambo ndi amai omwe ali ndi chiwerewere (Weinstein, Zolek, Babkin, Cohen, & Lejoyeux, 2015), amuna ndi akazi anaphatikizidwa mu phunziro lino kuti aone kusiyana pakati pa kugonana pakati pa anthuwa. Zinkapangidwira kuti kufunafuna, nkhawa, komanso kugonana kungathandize kuti kusiyana kwa chiwerewere pakati pa anthu omwe amagwiritsira ntchito chibwenzi pa intaneti ndi mafoni a m'manja.

Njira

Ophunzira onse a 284 adatumizidwa ku phunzirolo, koma asanu omwe sanakwaniritse zofunikirazo ndipo sanatuluke. Ophunzirawo sanatengedwe ndi matenda okhudza matenda aumphawi kuphatikizapo mbiri ya vuto la kuchepa kwa matenda (ADHD) lomwe linachitidwa ndi methylphenidate, kuwonongeka kwa ubongo, kumwa mankhwala omwe amakhudza CNS, kuwonongeka kwa ubongo, matenda omwe angakhudze CNS (HIV, syphilis, ndi herpes ), mimba, kapena zaka pansi pa zaka 18. Zowonjezereka zowonjezera zinali zaka za 18-45 amuna ndi akazi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti nthawi zonse. Chitsanzo chomaliza chinali ophatikizapo 279, omwe 128 anali amuna (45.9%) ndipo 151 anali akazi (54.1%). Zaka zambiri zokhudzana ndi zaka 25 (SD = 2.75) ndipo zaka zinali zaka 19-38. Zaka zakubadwa za amuna zinali zaka 25.75 (SD = 2.83) ndipo mwa akazi zinali zaka 24.5 (SD = 2.55). Makumi anayi a omwe atenga nawo mbali adagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu azibwenzi m'mbuyomu komanso pano ndipo 60% sanatero. Mwa amuna, 50.8% agwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu azibwenzi ndipo 49.2% sanawagwiritsepo ntchito. Mwa akazi, 68.2% adagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu azibwenzi ndipo 31.8% sanawagwiritsepo ntchito. Ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali adadzinena kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (89.2%), pomwe 4.7% anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo 5.7% anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Gawo lalikulu lazitsanzo zamakono zinali zamaphunziro kapena maphunziro ofanana (70.2%) ndipo zitsanzo zina zonse zinali ndi zaka 12 zophunzira. Kuphatikiza apo, ochepa pagulu la omwe atenga nawo mbali anali osagwira ntchito (30.1%), ambiri mwa omwe atenga nawo mbali mwina amagwira ntchito zaganyu (48.7%), kapena pantchito zanthawi zonse (21.1%).

Njira

Kayendesedwe

Mafunsowo adalengezedwa pa intaneti pama webusayiti ochezera komanso pagawo zomwe zidaperekedwa kuti azicheza ndi kugonana. Ophunzira adayankha mafunso pa intaneti. Adauzidwa kuti kafukufukuyu amafufuza kuti awone zachiwerewere komanso kuti mafunso azikhala osadziwika.

Zowerengera ndi kusanthula deta

Kuwunika kwa zotsatiraku kunachitika pa Statistical Package for Social Science ndi AMOS ya windows v.21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Kusanthula kwa Kolmogorov-Smirnov kuyesedwa kwazonse kunachitika kuti anthu azikhala ndi nkhawa, kufunafuna chidwi, komanso kuchuluka kwa zizolowezi zogonana. Popeza kufunafuna kwamalingaliro ndi zoledzeretsa zogonana sikunali koyenera kugawidwa, zosinthazi zidasinthidwa. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana, zaka, zogonana, maukwati, mtundu wamoyo, chipembedzo, maphunziro, ntchito, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zibwenzi zinafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ars Pearson's χ² mayesero.

Ubale pakati pa kuda nkhawa pakati pa anthu ndi zikhalidwe zogonana unasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kosiyanasiyana ndi nkhawa zambiri zakumagulu zomwe zidagawidwa m'magulu anayi azinthu, monga kusachita zachiwerewere, kuzolowera kugonana zazing'ono, chizolowezi chogonana pakati, komanso chizolowezi chachikulu cha kugonana. Kutsatira pambuyo kwa hoc, t-Miyeso idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa nkhawa komanso kusaka chidwi pakati pamagulu onse.

Ethics

Phunziroli lidavomerezedwa ndi Institutional Review Board (IRB, Helsinki Committee) ya University of Ariel. Onse omwe adasayina fomu yovomerezeka.

Results

Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zinali zoyambira pakati komanso zosavuta (kutanthauza = 1.84, SD = 0.5), koma zambiri pakufunafuna chidwi (kutanthauza = 55.52, SD = 6.14) ndi chizolowezi chogonana (kutanthauza = 4.59, SD = 3.72) mafunso anali osakwanira ndipo anali mizu yosinthidwa kuti igawidwe bwino.

Panalibe zoyambitsa jenda [t(1, 282) = 0.75, p = NS], mulingo wamaphunziro [t(1, 277) = 0.68, p = NS], ntchito [t(2, 279) = 1.28, p = NS], mtundu wamoyo [t(1, 280) = 0.19, p = NS], kapena zaka (r = −.10, p = NS) pazambiri zakugonana. Kuphatikiza apo, kunalibe kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa ma SSS omwe amathandizira kupha tizilombo (M = 14.4, SD = 2.4, r = .07, p = NS), zosangalatsa komanso kufunafuna zosangalatsa (M = 15.5, SD = 2.95, r = −.10, p = NS), ndi chidwi chofuna (M = 15.18, SD = 2.11, r = .04, p = NS) yokhala ndi zambiri za SAST. Komabe, kulumikizana kwabwino kunapezeka pakati pakukhudzidwa ndi kusungulumwa (M = 13.16, SD = 1.71) ndimaphunziro onse a SAST (r = .10, p <.05).

Zambiri pa Mafunso Othandizira Kugonana zimawonetsa kuti ochita nawo 28 (10%) sanawonetsetse zogonana, omwe anali nawo pa 101 (36.2%) adawonetsa kuchepa kwa kugonana, omwe anali nawo pa 52 (18.6%) adawonetsa kuchuluka kwazakugonana, komanso omwe ali nawo 98 (35.1 %) adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa njira zotsatirira pogonana zomwe zidafotokozedwa ndi Carnes (1991). Ponena za miyambo yakugonana, omwe ali nawo pa 24 adawonetsa chidwi, otenga nawo mbali a 9 adawonetsa kutaya kwa kuwongolera ndi kusokonezeka kwa ubale, ndipo ochita nawo 50 adanenanso zosokoneza. 90% ya omwe anali nawo pagululi sananene kuti anachitapo zachiwerewere m'mbuyomu. Mwa akazi, 17.9% adanena zachiwerewere paubwana kapena unyamata, pomwe mwa amuna amuna omwe akazi anali ochepa kwambiri (0.8%).

Kuyerekezera kwa kuchuluka kwamankhwala ogonana pakati pa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chibwenzi (ndikutanthauza = 5.15, SD = 3.49) ndi iwo omwe sanagwiritse ntchito (zikutanthauza = 4.21, SD = 3.83) adawonetsa kusiyanasiyana pakati pagulu pamankhwala osokoneza bongo [t(1, 277) = 2.086, p <.05]. Chachiwiri, omwe anali ndi zizolowezi zochepa zogonana anali ndi nkhawa zochepa kuposa omwe anali ndi zizolowezi zambiri zakugonana [t(1, 228) = −3.44, p <.01]. Gome 1 ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa nkhawa zamagulu ndi malingaliro omwe akufuna pokhudzana ndi vuto logonana.

Gulu 1. Zambiri zodandaula za anthu [amatanthauza (SD)] ndi kufunafuna [SD)] pokhudzana ndi vuto logonana

Zindikirani. SD: kutengeka kwakukulu.

Kukambirana

Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logonana pa intaneti. Panalibe kuyanjana pakati pa malingaliro ofunitsa zamverera ndi kukonda kugonana. Pomaliza, sitinapeze kusiyana pakati pa kugonana pakati pa zitsanzo zathu, mosiyana ndi zomwe tidaphunzira m'mbuyomu zokhudza cybersex ndi zolaula (Weinstein, Zolek, et al., 2015).

Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa ma psychor ena omwe ali ndi vuto logonana, kuphatikizapo mavuto azisangalalo, kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa (Garcia & Thibaut, 2010; Mick & Hollander, 2006; Semaille, 2009), nkhawa za anthu, dysthymia, ADHD (Bancroft, 2008), zimakhudza kusokonezeka (Weiss & Samenow, 2010) komanso matenda osokoneza maganizo (post-traumatic stress disorder)Zojambula, 1991). Kusokonezeka maganizo ndi nkhawa zimakhala zofala ku zizolowezi zina zamakhalidwe, monga kutchova njuga (Ma Lorraine, Cowlishaw, & Thomas, 2011), kukakamiza kugula (Mueller et al., 2010; Weinstein, Mezig, Mizrachi, & Lejoyeux, 2015), Kuledzera kwa intaneti (Kaess et al., 2014; Ko et al., 2014; Weinstein, Dorani, et al., 2015), ndi kuledzera (Weinstein, Maayan, & Weinstein, 2015). Sindikudziwika bwino ngati zizoloŵezi za khalidwe ndizovuta kugonjetsa kupsinjika maganizo kapena nkhawa kapena kuti vuto lachisokonezo ndi nkhawa liripo chifukwa cha zizoloŵezi za makhalidwe. Kugwirizana pakati pa nkhaŵa, kuvutika maganizo, ndi kuledzera kwa intaneti kwa amuna a ku South Korea kwakhazikitsidwa (Cho, Sung, Shin, Lim, & Shin, 2013) ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kupsinjika maganizo, chidani, ndi nkhaŵa zaumphawi pokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chosokoneza bongo pakati pa achinyamata akudziwika (Ko et al., 2014). M'malo mwake, kupsinjika maganizo, chidani, ndi nkhawa za chikhalidwe zinachepa mu njira yakukhululukira. Sitinapeze kusiyana pakati pa kugonana pakati pa zovuta zogonana pakati pa chitsanzo chathu, mosiyana ndi zomwe taphunzira kale pa Intaneti ndi zolaula (Weinstein, Zolek, et al., 2015). Ndizomveka kuti pakati pa chibwenzi pa Intaneti, pali kusiyana pakati pa abambo ndi amai. Ndizomveka kuti zochitika zogonana, zomwe amuna amakhulupirira komanso kugonana, sizowimira mbadwo wachinyamata womwe ndi wofanana komanso wolowa manja.

Zomwe zimakhalapo pachibwenzi ndi zosavuta komanso zowonjezereka kusiyana ndi dziko lenileni ndipo liri ndi mwayi watsopano kwa anthu osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi chidwi choyanjana ndi cholinga cha kugonana kuphatikizapo omwe ali ndi chiwerewere. Mwachitsanzo, chimodzi mwazochita zogonana zimathandiza wosuta kupeza ogwiritsira ntchitoyo pamtunda wapatali ndipo zomwe zingakhale zothandiza ngati mukuyenda pa sitima kufunafuna bwenzi la kugonana. Kusokoneza bongo pa intaneti kumaphatikizapo kuwonerera, kukopera kugula zinthu zolaula pa Intaneti, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zipinda zogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a masewera ndi masewera akuluakulu (Cooper, Delmonico, Griffin-Shelley, & Mathy, 2004; Weinstein, Zolek, et al., 2015; Achinyamata, 2008). Intaneti ndi malo otetezeka a kugonana komanso kugonana komwe kuli kotetezeka kuposa kugonana mumoyo weniweni (Griffiths, 2012). Anthu okonda kugonana amakhala ndi zovuta poyang'anira zofuna zawo ndipo nthawi zambiri amadziwa mbiri ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mowa, ndi nicotine (Karila et al., 2014), omwe ali ndi zotsatira zoipa pa moyo wawo wa banja ndi wa banja (Schneider, 2003; Manning, 2006). Zolemba (2001) adanena kuti intaneti ya omwe ali ndi vuto logonana ili ngati crack cocaine for psychostimulant abusers. Cooper et al. (2004) omwe anali amodzi mwamagulu apainiya ofufuza za chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti adapeza kuti osokoneza bongo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito 11 hr pa intaneti sabata iliyonse ndikukumana ndi zovuta zina pamoyo wawo. Ena sanapeze mgwirizano pakati pa zovuta zamasiku onse ndi nthawi yomwe amakhala pa intaneti. Pomaliza, kutenga chiopsezo chogonana (Bancroft et al., 2003; Bancroft & Vukadinovic, 2004; Kalichman & Rompa, 1995, 2001) ndi kufunafuna chisangalalo chogonana (Kalichman & Rompa, 1995; Zuckerman, 1979) nthawi zambiri amagwirizana ndi chilakolako chogonana (Hoyle, Fefjar, & Miller, 2000). Zomangamanga izi zagwiritsidwa ntchito ku machitidwe okhudzana ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana, kukhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri, kugonana kosatetezeka, mimba yosakonzekera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Hayaki, Anderson, & Stein, 2006; Justus, Finn, & Steinmetz, 2000; Lejuez, Simmons, Aklin, Atsikana, & Dvir, 2004; Teese & Bradley, 2008; Chisindikizo & Agostinelli, 1994). Zotsatira za phunziroli zimasonyeza kuti palibe kugwirizana pakati pa kufunafuna ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito chibwenzi. N'zotheka kuti galimoto yaikulu mwa ophunzira athu ndiyo kuchepetsa nkhawa za anthu m'malo mowonjezera chisangalalo kapena kufunafuna. Kugonana pa chibwenzi pachibwenzi kungakhale kuyesayesa kukhala ndi chibwenzi ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto apamtima kusiyana ndi kukondwa. Zikuwoneka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti ali ndi chiopsezo chotere komanso osaganizira kwambiri za chiopsezo chogonana kusiyana ndi amene amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso zachiwerewere.

sitingathe

Phunziroli linagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa pa Intaneti omwe ali ndi mbiri yambiri koma akulamulira kukhulupirika kwa mafunsowa. Ndizomveka kuti chifukwa cha kusokonezeka ndi chiopsezo cha anthu, ophunzirawo sanakhulupirire kapena kutseguka pa mayankho awo. Chachiwiri, sitinayambe kugwiritsira ntchito chizoloŵezi cha chibwenzicho ndipo izi zingakhale zosokoneza.

Mawuwo

Phunziroli likuyesera kuwonjezera ku chidziwitso chathu chomwe chiripo pa chizoloŵezi chogonana, zokhudzana ndi zochitika zamakono za zaka zamakono zomwe zikulowetsa mapulogalamu pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito mafoni. Zakawoneka kuti nkhawa ya anthu m'malo mwa kufunafuna chinthu ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kugonana pakati pa anthuwa. Palinso nkhani zomwe ziyenera kufotokozedwa monga chibwenzi pa Intaneti pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi zibwenzi zambiri kapena okonda, anthu, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, achiwerewere ndi anthu osiyana nawo, komanso anthu omwe amachitira chithandizo chogonana monga kugonana kosadziwika. Nkhani zina zomwe zimachokera pa phunziroli zimakhala zovuta ndi zochitika zina zamaganizo, monga mavuto a umunthu (m'mphepete mwachindunji, ndondomeko yotsutsana ndi anthu, ndi ena). Mosiyana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mowa, zimawoneka zovuta kupeŵa kugonana monga chitsanzo cha mankhwala mwa kudziletsa; chotero, chithandizo cha chizoloŵezi chogonana chiyenera kulingalira zovuta ndi kufunikira kofunikira kukwaniritsa kugonana pakati pa anthu amasiku ano.

Zopereka za olemba

Anthu onse kuphatikizapo olemba a phunziroli athandizira kwambiri njira ya sayansi yomwe imatsogolera ku kulemba kwa pepala. Olembawo athandizira pulogalamuyo, kupanga mapulogalamu, kufufuza ndi kutanthauzira zotsatira, ndi kukonzekera zolembazo kuti zifalitsidwe.

Kusamvana kwa chidwi

Olembawo alibe zokonda kapena zochitika zomwe zingawoneke ngati zomwe zimakhudza kafukufukuyu (mwachitsanzo, chidwi chachuma pakuyesa kapena njira ndi ndalama zoperekedwa ndi makampani azachipatala). Sanena kuti pali kutsutsana pazokhudza kafukufukuyu.

Zothokoza

Phunziroli linaperekedwa ku msonkhano wa 3rd ICBA ku Geneva Switzerland mu March 2016.

Zothandizira