Chizoloŵezi Chogonana Paintaneti: Kuwunika Koyenera kwa Zizindikiro za Amuna Ofunafuna Chithandizo (2022)

Introduction

Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazolinga zogonana kwapereka mwayi ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana. Ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti atha kupindula pofufuza zokhudzana ndi kugonana, kufunafuna ogonana nawo, kapena kufufuza ndi kukwaniritsa zofuna zogonana (1, 2). Komabe, zoopsa zingapo zidabuka (3). Chimodzi mwa ziwopsezo zomwe zafotokozedwa kwambiri zalembedwa mopitilira muyeso, zosalamulirika, zovuta, zokakamiza, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika pazolinga zogonana (4, 5). Kaŵirikaŵiri mawu ameneŵa amanenedwa kukhala ofanana. M'mawu awa, timagwiritsa ntchito Problematic Sexual Internet Use [PSIU, (6)] ngati mawu ambulera. Ngakhale kuti chiŵerengero chowonjezereka cha maphunziro ofalitsidwa posachedwapa, mabuku omwe alipo ali ndi malire angapo. Chidziwitso chathu makamaka chimachokera ku kafukufuku wamtundu wa kafukufuku wochitidwa mwa anthu wamba. Tili ndi chidziwitso chochepa kuchokera kumitundu ina yamaphunziro, kuphatikiza maphunziro apamwamba, omwe angayang'ane zovuta zakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazachipatala kapena zachipatala komanso, makamaka, kwa anthu omwe adafuna chithandizo pamakhalidwe awo (5). Umboni wowonjezereka wa kuchuluka kwa anthuwa ndi wofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha mikangano yomwe imatsogolera kuganiziridwa kwa zochitikazo, makamaka ngati ndi momwe chizolowezi choledzeretsa chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazovutazi, kapena ngati kuli bwino kugwiritsa ntchito gulu la zinthu zokakamiza-zokakamiza. za zovuta (7), chomwe chiri chosiyana chomwe chili ndi zofunikira pa njira ya chithandizo. Kuphatikiza apo, kusanthula kwazizindikiro zomwe zanenedwa ndi omwe akulandira chithandizo cha PSIU ndikofunikira kuti amvetsetse bwino za matendawa, kuwongolera malangizo ozindikira matenda, komanso njira zochizira zomwe zimayang'aniridwa bwino.

M'mabuku omwe alipo, pali malingaliro angapo okhudzana ndi PSIU. Izi zikuphatikizapo hypersexual, kuledzera, ndi zitsanzo zokakamiza. Zonsezi ndi mawu ambulera azovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe si za paraphilic, zomwe zimachokera ku zolaula za pa intaneti komanso zapaintaneti, cybersex, ndi kugonana kwa patelefoni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuseweretsa maliseche mopambanitsa kapena machitidwe ena ogonana ndi akuluakulu ololera. Lingaliro la vuto la hypersexual (8) adalandira chidwi chachikulu ndipo adafunsidwa kuti alowe mu DSM-5, ngakhale sizinaphule kanthu (9, 10). Pambuyo pake, International Classification of Diseases inasinthidwa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti avomerezedwe mkati mwa Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder [CSBD; 11] ngati vuto lovomerezeka lomwe lili pansi pa maambulera azovuta zowongolera (11). Mtundu woledzera ndi malingaliro odziwika kwa nthawi yayitali (12, 13) zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pogonana mopambanitsa ndipo sizinavomerezedwe mwalamulo. Komabe, kuzindikira kwa "zovuta zina zomwe zafotokozedwa chifukwa cha zizolowezi" mu ICD-11 (14) zingakhale zosavuta, makamaka pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta (15). Mitundu itatu iyi ili ndi kuphatikizika kwakukulu ndi zosiyana (7). Choyamba, onse amalongosola khalidwe lovuta la kugonana lomwe limabwerezabwereza komanso kwa nthawi yaitali, ndilo vuto lomwe silingathe kufotokozedwa ndi vuto lina lalikulu kapena vuto lina, ndipo limakhudza khalidwe lopanda paraphilic. Chachiŵiri, amavomereza pa kusonyezedwa kwa zizindikiro zazikulu zitatu: (1) kulimba mtima (mwachitsanzo, ntchitoyo imakhala yaikulu m'moyo wa munthu ndipo imasokoneza kukwaniritsa zolinga ndi maudindo, kugonjetsa kuganiza ndi kumverera kwa munthu m'njira ya chidziwitso ndi chilakolako); (2) kutaya ulamuliro or kubwereranso (mwachitsanzo, kulephera mobwerezabwereza kuletsa kapena kuchepetsa malingaliro ogonana, zikhumbo, ndi makhalidwe pamene mukunyalanyaza chiopsezo cha kudzivulaza mwakuthupi ndi m'maganizo kwa inu nokha kapena kwa ena, ndikubwezeretsa khalidwe lakale ngakhale mutadziletsa kwa nthawi yaitali); ndi (3) zotsatira zoipa, mikanganokapena mavuto (mwachitsanzo, chochitikacho chimabweretsa kupsinjika maganizo kapena kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe, ntchito, kapena mbali zina zofunika pamoyo). Pankhani ya kusiyana, zizolowezi zokhazokha ndi zitsanzo za hypersexual zimalozera ku (4) kuwongolera maganizo chigawo, chomwe ndi khalidwe lofuna zosangalatsa lomwe limayesa kukweza maganizo a munthu. Mtundu wokakamizika umawona zovuta zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa nkhawa ndipo samawona ngati kufunafuna mphotho, pa se. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yokhayo yoledzera ndiyomwe ili ndi njira ziwiri zowonjezera: (5) kulolerana (mwachitsanzo, chizolowezi chanthawi yayitali chokumana ndi zochepa kapena zosasangalatsa zilizonse zomwe zimachokera muzochita), ndi (6) zizindikiro za kuchotsa (mwachitsanzo, kusasangalatsa pamene khalidwe silingachitike).

Zina mwa zizindikiro ndi mawonetseredwe a PSIU amafotokozedwa bwino m'mabuku. Izi zikuphatikizapo zotsatira zoipa (16-19), kulephera kudziletsa (20), kusamalira maganizo (21, 22), ndi kukhazikika/kutanganidwa (23). Komabe, pali umboni wochepa wosonyeza kulolerana ndi kusiya zizindikiro, ndi mawonetseredwe awo. Mwachitsanzo, Schneider (24) adafotokoza momwe kugonana kwa pa intaneti kungachulukire komanso kukhala kofala kwambiri. Vinyo (17) adawonetsa kuti mamembala ena a Sex Addicts Anonymous amakonda kukulitsa zovuta zawo akayambiranso. Umboni wina umasonyeza kuti kuvutika maganizo, mkwiyo, nkhawa, kusowa tulo, kutopa, kuwonjezeka kwa mtima, kusokonezeka maganizo, kusokonezeka, dzanzi, ndi kulephera kuyang'ana kapena kuika maganizo - zonsezi zomwe odwala amafotokozera-zikhoza kukhala zizindikiro za kusiya.17, 25). Komabe, zokumana nazozi zidanenedwa zokhudzana ndi intaneti, osati pa intaneti (PSIU), machitidwe ogonana. Komanso, Sassover ndi Weinstein (26) akusonya motsutsa kusowa kwa umboni wotsimikizira ngati malingalirowa atha kufotokozedwa mwa kusiya kapena, ngati akuyimira mikhalidwe yapambuyo ya dysphoric.

Komanso, akatswiri ena (27) amakayikira kukhalapo kwa zizindikiro zosiya komanso kulolerana ndi zizolowezi zamakhalidwe, nthawi zambiri. Kutsutsidwa kwadzutsidwa makamaka motsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoledzera pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika pazolinga zogonana, zomwe zawonedwa ngati zosayenera chifukwa chosowa umboni wa kupezeka kwa zigawo zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyeserera (26, 28, 29). Komanso, maphunziro ambiri [onani30, 31) kuwunika mwadongosolo] anapeza kuti kusagwirizana ndi chipembedzo kapena makhalidwe oipa kungakhudze mmene munthu amaonera khalidwe lake ndipo potsirizira pake kumayambitsa kudzilingalira mopambanitsa kwa vutolo ndi kudzizindikiritsa mosayenera (yekha). Kumbali ina, Gola et al. (32) inanena kuti kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe (ie, kuthekera kwachipembedzo kumbuyo) kumakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe ndipo udindo wake ngati njira yochotsera PSIU ndi yokayikitsa. Kuperewera kwa maphunziro apamwamba pa mawonetseredwe a PSIU m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kungayambitse kusamvetsetsana kwa mavuto omwe anthu ena amafunafuna thandizo.

Ngakhale kafukufuku akuchulukirachulukira m'zaka zaposachedwa (5), padakali zokayikitsa pamalingaliro a PSIU (26, 33). Monga momwe anapangira (34), pakakhala kusatsimikizika kwa vuto lililonse lomwe lingakhalepo, njira yokhazikika yamunthu (mwachitsanzo, yabwino) ndiyofunikira kuti mufufuze zochitika zake ndi momwe zimakhalira. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wapano akufuna kufotokozera zomwe amuna adakumana nazo pochiza PSIU yawo. Cholinga chachikulu ndikusanthula ndi kufotokoza mawonetseredwe akuwoneka kwa zizindikiro, kakulidwe kawo pakapita nthawi, komanso zokhudzana ndi malingaliro ndi thanzi. Izi, pambuyo pake, zimatithandiza kuyang'anizana ndi zotsatira ndi magulu omwe alipo m'mabuku-kaya angayankhidwe ngati gawo lachizoloŵezi choledzeretsa kapena ndi machitidwe a hypersexual kapena okakamiza.

Zida ndi njira

Zitsanzo ndi Otenga mbali

Amuna achikulire (okalamba ≥ 18) omwe adakumana ndi chithandizo cha PSIU adaphatikizidwa mu phunziroli. Chifukwa kulibe malo apadera ochitira chiwerewere kapena malo ochizira anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la chizolowezi chogonana ku Czech Republic, tidasaka pa intaneti kuti tipeze akatswiri omwe akugwira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, akatswiri azamisala, akatswiri amisala, akatswiri) moganizira kwambiri zakugonana komanso kuledzera. Pazonse, akatswiri a 104 adalumikizidwa ndikufunsidwa ngati ali ndi odwala otere komanso ngati angawaitane kuti achite nawo kafukufukuyu. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kalembedwe kameneka, tidalumikizananso ndi magulu odzithandizira a Czech ndi Slovakia (chifukwa maiko awiriwa ndi olumikizana chifukwa cha mbiri yakale komanso zilankhulo zolumikizana). Makamaka, maukonde a Sex Addicts Anonymous (SAA) ndi Sexaholics Anonymous (SA) adapemphedwa kuti achite nawo kafukufukuyu. Titaunikanso, tidaphatikiza mamembala a SAA ndi SA okha omwe anali kulandira chithandizo chaukadaulo.

Makhalidwe a zitsanzo akuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1. Zitsanzo zonse zophunzirira zinaphatikizapo amuna a 23 zaka 22-53 (Mage = zaka 35.82, SD = 7.54, Median = 34; 6 mwa iwo anali a dziko la Slovakia, 26%). Chitsanzochi chikhoza kudziwika kuti ndi wophunzira kwambiri, ndi mwamuna m'modzi yekha yemwe ali ndi maphunziro a pulayimale ndipo otenga nawo mbali 15 (65%) adapeza maphunziro a koleji kapena yunivesite. Anthu khumi ndi asanu ndi mmodzi anali okwatirana kapena okwatirana panthawi ya kuyankhulana, asanu ndi mmodzi adasudzulana, ndipo mmodzi anali wamasiye. Otengamo mbali asanu ndi aŵiri anali achipembedzo (Achiroma Katolika), ndipo anayi a iwo anatsimikizira kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumasemphana ndi chipembedzo chawo ( P5, P7, P9, P14; n = 4; 17%). Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali, kupatula m'modzi, odziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Tidafunsanso za kukhala ndi mbiri yamitundu ina ya kumwerekera, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena matenda amisala omwe otenga nawo mbali adavutika kapena omwe adalandira chithandizo. Ochepa chabe mwa omwe atenga nawo mbali (n = 5; 22%) adanenanso kuti palibe comorbidity ndi zovuta zina kapena analibe zovuta zina zachipatala kapena zachipatala. Zomwe zimachitika m'mbuyomu kapena zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano monga comorbidity zimaphatikizanso milandu isanu ndi iwiri yamasewera apakompyuta mopitilira muyeso, milandu isanu ndi umodzi yakumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, milandu inayi ya kugwiritsa ntchito amphetamine kapena methamphetamine, milandu itatu yamasewera a njuga, ndi vuto limodzi la bulimia nervosa. Ochepa okha omwe adatenga nawo gawo adafotokoza za zovuta zina zamaganizidwe, kuphatikiza kupsinjika kwakukulu, matenda a bipolar, schizoid personality disorder, ndi narcissistic personality disorder. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti panalinso vuto lina lomwe silingatchulidwe kuti ndi lachipatala, ngakhale, m'mawu a ofunsidwawo, linali lofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe chawo - makamaka, chinali kusakopa kwawo, manyazi, ndi / kapena kulephera kulankhula molimba mtima ndi akazi (P1, P3, P5, P10, P11, P14, P15, P20, P21; n = 9; 39%). Ataona wofunsayo (katswiri wa zamaganizo wophunzitsidwa bwino), ena mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo adanenanso kuti alexithymia, nkhani ina yomwe imawonetsa kutsika kwa kuthekera kozindikira kapena kulingalira za momwe akumvera komanso kulankhulana nazo. Izi zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa Ophunzira 4, 10, ndi 20 (n = 3; 13%), koma mwina adachitapo kanthu kwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali, nawonso.

MASAMBA 1. Makhalidwe akuluakulu a ophunzira.

Kayendesedwe

Atalandira chilolezo chodziwitsidwa, zoyankhulana 13 zidachitika maso ndi maso ndipo zoyankhulana zisanu ndi zitatu zidachitika pa intaneti ngati mavidiyo. Otsatira awiri adafunsidwa ndi macheza pa intaneti. Kusadziwika kwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo kudatetezedwa ndipo zonse zodziwika zidachotsedwa pazolembedwa zofunsidwa. Mafunso omvera adatenga mphindi 37 mpaka 2 h ndi 13 min. Zoyankhulana ziwiri zojambulidwa kudzera pa Skype chat zidatha pafupifupi 5 h.

Ndondomeko yoyankhulirana yopangidwa ndi theka idapangidwa kuti ipange mapu a magawo atatu. Gawo loyamba linali ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi zomwe ophunzirawo anali nazo, monga maphunziro, banja, kukula kwa kugonana, makhalidwe ena osokoneza bongo, ndi zina zakuthupi kapena zamaganizo (mwachitsanzo, "Kodi munayamba mwamwako mankhwala osokoneza bongo?""Ngati inde, liti/mankhwala ati/kangati?”). Gawo lachiwiri lidaphatikizanso mafunso okhudzana ndi momwe amakhalira zovuta zogonana (mwachitsanzo, mafunso okhudza momwe zimawonekera, momwe gawolo limawonekera, kuchuluka kwake ndi kutalika kwake, zomwe amakonda, zoyambitsa), chiyambi chamavuto ndikukula kwawo pakapita nthawi. (mwachitsanzo, “Munadziwa bwanji kuti muli ndi vuto?”), kukwera kwa vutolo, komanso zomwe adakumana nazo pamankhwala (mwachitsanzo, zomwe zidathandizira kufunikira kwa chithandizo, momwe khalidwelo linasinthira atatengera chithandizo). Maonekedwe oyankhulana adapangidwa kuti akhale osinthika kotero kuti vuto lililonse logonana likhoza kufufuzidwa mozama. Gawo lachitatu (ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri limasakanizidwa ndi gawo lachiwiri) linaphatikizapo mawonetseredwe a zizindikiro za khalidwe la kugonana lomwe likufunsidwa. Tidafunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze zovuta zawo zakugonana komanso momwe zidawonekera (mwachitsanzo, "Kodi kuonera zolaula kukulepheretsani kuchita chiyani?”). Pachifukwa ichi, tidagwiritsa ntchito AICA-C: A Standardized Clinical Interview to Assess Internet addiction (35). Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 2. Popeza AICA-C imachokera pamakhalidwe okhudzana ndi khalidwe (mwachitsanzo, kulakalaka, kulolerana, zizindikiro zosiya, kulephera kudziletsa, kutanganidwa, zotsatira zoipa) koma osaphatikizapo kasamalidwe ka maganizo, mawonekedwe oyankhulana adapindula ndi ndime zomwe zinajambula zizindikiro zoyendetsera maganizo.

MASAMBA 2. Makhalidwe a omwe akutenga nawo mbali pokhudzana ndi zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pakugonana.

Kusanthula Deta

Mu kafukufukuyu, tinagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwamutu chifukwa kumapereka chida chothandizira chosinthika komanso chothandiza pozindikira, kusanthula, ndi kupereka malipoti (mwachitsanzo, mitu) mkati mwa data (36). Popeza mutu wa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika pazolinga zogonana wakhala ukuphunziridwa mozama m'zaka zaposachedwa (5) kudzera m'mitundu ingapo yanthanthi, tidayang'ana kwambiri kutsimikizira ndi kulondola kwamalingaliro awa m'malo mopanga chiphunzitso chatsopano. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yongoyerekeza kapena yochotsera - "pamwamba-pansi" -njira yowunikira deta ndiyofunikira komanso yovomerezeka (37). Mitu ndi machitidwe adatengedwa kutengera kuwunika kwamalingaliro osankhidwa, omwe amaphatikizanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chamakhalidwe chifukwa amaphatikizanso njira za hypersexuality ndi CSBD.

Asanalembe zoyankhulanazo, magulu omwe amakhudza momwe anthu amavutikira kwambiri [mwachitsanzo, (38, 39)] komanso chizolowezi chogonana makamaka [mwachitsanzo, (40)] zinakhazikitsidwa mu Excel spreadsheet. Kulembako kunachitika ndi wolemba woyamba ndipo kuyang'aniridwa ndi wolemba wachiwiri. Tidayang'ana kwambiri pakulemba zochitika zomwe zingafanane ndi kulakalaka, kulolerana ndi zinthu zogonana zomwe zimadyedwa, komanso zizindikiro zosiya (mwachitsanzo, Ndinayamba kunyenga; fufuzani malupu; kudziletsa kumayamba nditatha kukumbukira zolaula”). Komabe, njira ya "pansi-mmwamba", yomwe imalola kupanga ma code ndi mitu yochokera ku zomwe zili [mwachitsanzo, (36)], idalandiridwanso kuti iwunikenso deta. Izi zinapangitsa kuti mitu yatsopano izindikiridwe komanso kupanga ma code atsopano. Mabuku awa adawerengedwanso kuti akhazikitse mitu yomwe ingachitike (mwachitsanzo, kukhudzika kwa akazi - "ndikamakwera zoyendera za anthu onse ndikumakumana ndi azimayi osiyanasiyana pa tram ndikuyamba kuwalozera m'njira yogonana”). Mituyo idasanjidwanso ndikukonzedwanso kuti ikhale yosiyana komanso yogwirizana (mwachitsanzo, sitepe iyi idatsogolera kufotokozeredwa kwa njira zomwe chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi zizolowezi zoipa chingawonetsere, monga kuchuluka kwa nthawi kapena kuchulukira kwazinthu zogonana) , pamene zizindikirozo zinaloledwa kuphatikizidwa mumitu ingapo nthawi imodzi. Pomaliza, mitu yoyambira pansi idawunikidwanso molingana ndi momwe amachitira chizolowezi (mwachitsanzo, kusagwirizana ndi kugonana kudayamba ngati gawo lazizindikiro zosiya). Gulu lonse la olemba lidachita nawo gawoli.

Results

Mtundu wa Vuto

Mwa onse omwe adatenga nawo gawo, machitidwe ogonana osalamulirika anali okhudzana ndi intaneti ndipo panalibe chisonyezero cha kugonana kosalamulirika pa intaneti (komabe, anthu asanu adanena kuti amapita kwa ochita zachiwerewere kapena kusakhulupirika kwanthawi zonse - P3, P8, P10, P17, P18). Chomwe chinayambitsa vuto lawo chinali kuseweretsa maliseche komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti-makamaka zolaula zapaintaneti, ngakhale ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo adawonetsa kuyendera masamba ochezera a pa intaneti komanso kugonana pa intaneti kudzera pamacheza ndi makanema. Makamaka, kugonana kwa pa intaneti kunathandizira kukulitsa zochitika pamene zolaula zokha sizimawonedwa ngati zosangalatsa komanso zopindulitsa mokwanira, makamaka kumapeto kwa gawo (ndiko kuti, pamene adafunidwa kutulutsa umuna). Panali zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula (mwachitsanzo, zolaula pa foni yamakono pamodzi ndi kuseweretsa maliseche komanso kutulutsa umuna mwamsanga m'chipinda chosambira, mobwerezabwereza kangapo patsiku). Komabe, mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wamakhalidwe ovuta, muzosangalatsa komanso mawonekedwe owononga, anali gawo kumene munthuyo anali yekha, akuwonera zolaula, ndi kuseweretsa maliseche, komabe akuyesera kuchedwetsa kutulutsa umuna kwa maola angapo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo chinali kulephera kukana chiyeso chokhala m'malo osangalatsa kwa nthawi yayitali (mwachitsanzo, kusadziseweretsa maliseche mwachangu). Ponena za mawonekedwe amavuto, timawona kuti zitsanzo zathu ndizofanana.

Kukula kwa Vuto

Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula poyamba kunali kuyankha ku zilakolako zogonana. M'kupita kwa nthawi, idakhala chinthu chodziwika bwino komanso chosavuta kuposa machitidwe ena aliwonse ogonana. Malinga ndi theka la omwe adatenga nawo gawo, kalambulabwalo wamavuto awo anali kuseweretsa maliseche kwambiri paunyamata (P3, P4, P9, P10, P12, P13, P14, P16, P17, P19, P21, P22). Komabe, vutoli linayamba / linayamba ndipo linadziwika bwino pambuyo pake, makamaka m'zaka khumi zachitatu za moyo wawo (Mage kuzindikira vuto = 26.05, SD = 5.39, Median = 25). Ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali adaganizira za kuyambika ndi kukulira kwa vutoli mzaka zoyambirira pambuyo pa kusekondale, pomwe adakhala ndi nthawi yochulukirapo. Makamaka amene anasamukira ku yunivesite ananena kuti kuphatikiza (1) nthawi yopuma yochuluka kwambiri, (2) ndandanda ya nthawi yosalongosoka, (3) kufunika kokhala pa kompyuta nthawi zonse, (4) kupanikizika kwambiri, ndiponso (5) ) kukhala ndi mayanjano osayanjanitsika, zonse zidapangitsa kuti azikonda zolaula pa intaneti komanso zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Pakapita nthawi, ophunzirawo sanadziwe zomwe angachite kuti agwiritse ntchito nthawi yawo yopuma kapena kuthana ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana, monga kunyong'onyeka, kupsinjika maganizo, ndi kusungulumwa.

“Mayeso asanafike, ndidakhala ndi nkhawa, kupsinjika, kupsinjika, mukudziwa? Ndiyeno nthawi zambiri sindinkatha kutchera khutu, maganizo anga anali odzaza ndi chilakolako. Ndiye ndinali kuwonera zolaula [ndi kuseweretsa maliseche] kwambiri, kotero ndinali wotopa mwakuthupi ndi m'maganizo. Ndipo izi ndizovuta chifukwa zimangoyambitsa kupsinjika, manyazi, kukhumudwa… Sindikutsimikiza ngati ndinakhalapo ndi zokonda zilizonse. Chifukwa chake, kunali kupsinjika ndi kunyong'onyeka m'nthawi za koleji, amenewo anali magwero ”(P3).

Chitsanzo china, ngakhale sichinali cham'mbuyomo, chinali cholumikizidwa ndi kusowa kwa bwenzi lapamtima komanso kusachita bwino pamsika waukwati (P10, P11, P21, P22).

"Nthawi zonse ndinali wamanyazi kwambiri, zimanditengera mphamvu zambiri kuti ndithane ndi zopinga zanga zamkati kuti ndilankhule ndi amayi. Mpaka 30 sindinali wolimba mtima kuti ndiyambe kuyesa chilichonse ndipo ndinalibe kugonana, mpaka 30 ndinkangoyang'ana zolaula "(P11).

Anthu anayi adayambitsa vutoli limodzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo-awiri kumwa mowa (P13, P8) ndi awiri pogwiritsa ntchito methamphetamine (P15, P23). Khalidwe lawo la kugonana linalimbikitsidwa ndi kuyesa kwawo kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo anakhalabe ofunika ngakhale patatha zaka zingapo akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

"Kupita patsogolo kunali kotero kuti ndinali ndi vuto ndi zonse ziwiri, zolaula ndi mowa, ndiyeno mkazi wanga sanafune kukhala nane. Ndinkafuna kugonana koma iye sanafune. Koma sindinathe kugonana moyenera [nkhani yotulutsa umuna msanga ndi zovuta za erectile]. Ndinali ndi situdiyo yaing'ono kumene ndinkadziseweretsa maliseche tsiku lililonse ndikaweruka kuntchito kwa maola angapo. Ndipo ndinali ndi mantha kuti mkazi wanga adziwa. Ndipo ndinagonekedwa m’chipatala, ndinali kumwa kwambiri. …Nditatha [kusudzulana ndi kuchiza bwino chidakwa] ndinali ndi zolaula zokha” (P15).

Pankhani ya chitukuko cha khalidwe la kugonana kosalamulirika, vutolo linali lapang'onopang'ono ndipo linkayimira nkhani ya nthawi yayitali yomwe inayamba, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, muunyamata wachikulire komanso wokwera ngati moyo kwa zaka zambiri.

Chithandizo Cha Chithandizo

Panalibe ndondomeko yomveka bwino ya khalidwe lofuna thandizo. Ophunzirawo adalumikizana ndi akatswiri potengera kupezeka kwawo, osasiyanitsa maphunziro awo (mwachitsanzo, psychotherapy, psychology yachipatala, psychiatry, sexology). Chifukwa chake, omwe adatenga nawo gawo adasiyana pamtundu wawo wamankhwala. Ena adapatsidwa mankhwala oletsa kupsinjika maganizo a serotonin (P2, P12, P14), ambiri adalandira chithandizo chamaganizo, chomwe, katatu, chinali njira zazaka zambiri (P17, P19, P23). Amuna awiri sanazindikire vutolo ( P4, P6 ); abwenzi awo sanakhutitsidwe ndi moyo wawo wapamtima chifukwa amunawa ankakonda zolaula kuti azigonana nawo ndipo anakumana ndi mavuto a erectile. Nthawi zambiri, vuto la kugonana silinali lolunjika pa chithandizo chifukwa otenga nawo mbali nthawi zambiri amapempha chithandizo cha kupsinjika maganizo (P2, P12, P14), erectile dysfunctions (P9, P12), komanso chithandizo chamankhwala osokoneza bongo (P5, P8) , P13, P15, P18), osati chifukwa cha kugonana kosalamulirika, pa se. Palibe mankhwala omwe, mwa mawu a otenga nawo mbali, adatchulidwa kuti ndi opambana. Pamene ophunzirawo adatchula momveka bwino momwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula, opereka chithandizo chamankhwala adawoneka kuti sakumvetsa bwino za nkhaniyi kapena kupereka chikhalidwe kapena nkhani zomwe zingalimbikitse wophunzira kuti afotokoze zambiri za vutoli:

“Ndinachita manyazi kufotokoza zakukhosi, koma katswiri wa zamaganizoyo anawoneka wamanyazi kwambiri kuposa ine. Ndikuganiza kuti samayembekezera zomwe zingachitike. Ndipo chithandizocho chinalephera kwathunthu "(P7).

Monga chitsanzo chosiyana, Wophunzira 9 adadodometsedwa kuti wofufuza za kugonana sanaone cholakwika chilichonse ndi kuseweretsa maliseche mopitirira muyeso monga "sikuvulaza wina aliyense kotero kuli bwino kupitiriza."

Ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali anali ndi vuto lodzikayikira, kusungulumwa, komanso kusawoneka bwino. Psychotherapy nthawi zambiri imayang'ana kuthana ndi mavutowa ndipo samaganiziranso za kugonana. Malinga ndi otenga nawo mbali angapo (P5, P8, P13, P15, P18) psychotherapy yawo idapambana pothana ndi zovuta zina (mwachitsanzo, mowa, kugwiritsa ntchito methamphetamine, kutchova njuga); komabe, chifukwa chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikunathetsedwe, vutolo pambuyo pake linakula monga cholowa m'malo. Mwachitsanzo, Wophunzira 10, yemwe adayesa kuthana ndi vuto la zolaula potaya kompyuta yake adayamba kuyendera ma pubs, kumwa mowa, kuyesa ma amphetamines, ndikutchova njuga kuti akwaniritse zolaula zomwe zachitika pambuyo pake. Khalidwe latsopanoli, komabe, lidalembedwa ndi omwe amamupatsa chithandizo ngati "chovulaza chenicheni" ndipo adamuuza kuti agule kompyuta yatsopano kuti azikhala kunyumba ndikusangalatsidwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ayambirenso chizolowezi choonera zolaula komanso zomwe zidapangitsa kuti azisewera mopitilira muyeso.

Milandu iyi ikuwonetsa kuti akatswiri ena sanakonzekere kugwira ntchito ndi nkhaniyi chifukwa amapeputsa zomwe zimasokoneza bongo, monga kuyambiranso. Komabe, otenga nawo mbali adatsimikiza kuti sakumva bwino kutsegulira nkhani zokhudzana ndi moyo wawo wogonana komanso chiwerewere. Izi zinali, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kukhudzika kwa mutuwo (ie, kumverera kwamanyazi), chikhumbo chosunga zolaula m'miyoyo yawo ngakhale kuti anali ndi mavuto ambiri omwe amachititsa, komanso chifukwa chakuti nkhani zina, monga kumwa mowa, ngakhale kuti zinali zazing'ono, zidawoneka ngati zovulaza kwambiri panthawiyo.

Chiwonetsero

Zizindikirozi zinaphunziridwa m'njira ziwiri: pogwiritsa ntchito kuyankhulana kwachipatala kwa AICA-C komanso kulola ophunzira kuti akambirane zomwe adapeza kuti ndizofunikira komanso momwe zizindikirozo zimasonyezera. Mu AICA-C (pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 1-5 ndi 5 yomwe imayimira zochitika zamphamvu kwambiri za chizindikiro pamene 1 ikuyimira chizindikirocho kulibe konse), chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri chinali kutaya mphamvu (chiwerengero cha 3.95), chotsatira mwa kutanganidwa (3.52), kulakalaka (3.39), zotsatira zoyipa (2.91), kulolerana (2.69), ndi zizindikiro zosiya (2.08). Zotsatirazi zimagwirizananso ndi ndemanga zomwe ofunsidwawo adayankha; komabe, kusintha kwa maganizo (osaphatikizidwa mu kapangidwe ka AICA-C) kunali kofunika kwambiri komanso kofala.

Mphamvu

Mulingo uwu (mwachitsanzo, kunena za kusokonezedwa kwa ntchitoyo pokwaniritsa zolinga ndi maudindo ofunikira, kugonjetsa malingaliro ndi malingaliro a munthu m'njira ya kutanganidwa kwachidziwitso ndi kulakalaka) kumawonekera m'njira zingapo. Choyamba, otenga nawo mbali adalankhula mozama za zomwe adakumana nazo ndi a kutanganidwa kwachidziwitso ndi malingaliro ogonana ndi malingaliro ndi chilakolako. M'nkhani zawo, kulakalaka ndi kutanganidwa kwachidziwitso sikunasiyanitsidwe. Ena amafotokoza momveka bwino zinthu zoyambitsa zilakolako zomwe zinayambitsa chilakolako ndi kulolera—makamaka kuona akazi m’misewu, kuntchito, m’malo ogulitsira zinthu, kapena pongotsatsa malonda ndi pazikwangwani (P1, P3, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P12, P14, P15, P16, P17, P18, P19, P20, P23):

"... m'nyengo yachisanu ndi chilimwe, kuyenda mumsewu kunali ngati kusakatula zolemba zolaula" (P23).

Amuna ena, komabe, adayang'anizana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana mosasamala kanthu za kusowa kwa malingaliro ogonana komanso opanda ndondomeko yeniyeni (P1, P5, P7, P8, P13, P14, P20, P22, P23). Ngakhale kuli tero, ena ‘anasefukira’ maganizo awo mwadzidzidzi ndi malingaliro akugonana m’mikhalidwe yosasonkhezera imene inatchedwa “nthaŵi zachabechabe”: mikhalidwe imene anali okha, otopa, ndi kuchita ntchito yobwerezabwereza (P2, P3, P6, P7, P9) , P10, P11, P14, P16, P20, P21) kapena kupsinjika, kukhumudwa, kukhumudwa, kapena kutsika pansi (P3, P6, P9, P10, P11, P16, P17, P18, P20). Salience nayenso adalumikizana mwambo. Kuwonera zolaula pa intaneti kunkayembekezeredwa ngati chizolowezi asanagone, pambuyo pa ntchito, komanso nthawi yaulere (P9, P17, P19). Mikhalidwe yoteroyo inakula kukhala zilakolako zoyambitsa zilakolako, monga momwe tikuonera m’chitsanzo cha mmodzi wa otenga nawo mbali amene nthaŵi zonse anali ndi malingaliro ogonana ndi zilakolako pa ola lomaliza la tsiku la ntchito:

“Ndinkangoyembekezera nthawi yoti ndiyambe kuyatsa intaneti. Ndinkangoyembekezera ndipo sindinkatha kuchita kalikonse, palibe chatanthauzo "(P9).

Kwa ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali, zochitikazo zidawalamulira moyo ndipo adayimira njira yokhayo yomwe adatha kuthera nthawi yaulere (P1, P2, P7, P8, P10, P12, P13, P14, P15, P16, P17, P18, P19, P21, P23).

Ntchito zina zonse zidaperekedwa nsembe (P12, P13, P17, P21). Mmodzi yekha yemwe adatenga nawo mbali adatchula kuti adatha kusinthira ku zosangalatsa zina (P22) pomwe angapo adanenanso kuti (nthawi zonse) samavutitsidwa chifukwa chinali chosangalatsa (kotero kuti amachiyembekezera) (P1, P10, P11) , ndipo ena awiri adayanjanitsidwa ndi khalidweli (P4, P9).

"Ndinkaganiza chifukwa chake ndimakonda kwambiri pamene ndikudya nthawi. Koma ndinazindikira kuti chinali chosangalatsa ngati china chilichonse. Mumawononganso nthawi imeneyo ngati mumakonda usodzi. Ndi njira ya moyo” (P1).

Kuwongolera Maganizo

Mwinamwake chifukwa chofunika kwambiri kapena chilimbikitso cha chifukwa chomwe ophunzirawo adayamba ndikupitirizabe machitidwe awo ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula anali wofuna zosangalatsa. Kwenikweni, onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali adazindikira kuti kuchita chiwerewere pa intaneti kumawapatsa malingaliro abwino (ngakhale nthawi yayitali) monga "kumverera bwino," "chisangalalo," "chisangalalo," "kuthawa mwangwiro." kuchokera ku zenizeni," ndi "kumverera kosangalatsa kokhala mu whirlpool":

"Zili ngati, mwachitsanzo, ndikagona m'bafa yotentha ndipo ndimakhala womasuka pamenepo ndipo ndimakhala pamenepo nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe ndimafunira poyamba" (P1).

Ntchito ina yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazolinga zogonana inali kulimbana ndi kunyong'onyeka. Ichi chinali chifukwa chotchulidwa kawirikawiri cha zolaula zomwe zisanachitike chiyambi cha khalidwe lovuta. Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ophunzirawo sanadziŵe mmene angagwiritsire ntchito nthaŵi yawo yopuma. Ophunzira ena adalongosola momveka bwino kuti pakhoza kukhala mgwirizano wamagulu awiri pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso ndi nthawi yosakonzekera, chifukwa zonsezi zikhoza kukhala zotsatira ndi chiyambi cha wina ndi mzake. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kusamalidwa bwino kwa nthawi kuwonjezera pa kuzengereza kungathandizire kukulitsa khalidwe losadziletsa.

"Ndinalinso ndi nthawi, nthawi yambiri yopuma, ndipo pakanakhala njira imodzi yokha yodzaza. Chifukwa ngakhale nditakhala 2 h ndi zolaula, ndiye ndinali ndi 10 h ina pomwe nthawi zambiri ndinalibe chochita ... kutengeka” (P4).

M'kupita kwa nthawi, chilimbikitso chabwino cha khalidweli chinayamba kuphimbidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ngati njira yothanirana ndi vutoli pewani maganizo oipa.

“Kenako ndinali wokhumudwa kwambiri ndi moyo wanga, madzulo aliwonse ndinkamva choncho. Chifukwa chake ndimayembekezera kuthawa, kuti ndikakumane ndi china chake chabwino ”(P15).

Ambiri omwe adatenga nawo gawo adavomereza kuti adagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ngati kuthawa kupsinjika (P3, P4, P12, P13, P14, P16, P20); monga njira yothetsera mikangano ndi abwenzi ndi ogwira nawo ntchito kuntchito (P2, P6, P9, P11, P12, P15, P17, P18, P20, P21); monga njira yochepetsera maganizo oipa ndi kusakhutira kwa moyo wonse (P3, P6, P5, P8-19, P21); monga njira yothanirana ndi kusungulumwa (P2, P4, P7, P20). Komabe, owerengeka adapeza kuti iyi ndi njira yosagwira ntchito komanso yopanda phindu chifukwa adamva zoipitsitsa pambuyo pake (P1, P3, P5, P13, P22):

"... ndipo patatha maola atatu kapena anayi [owonera zolaula] maganizo okhumudwa amayamba chifukwa chakuti ndinadziwononga ndekha ndi chirichonse ... kulephera kwa moyo” (P22).

Kulephera Kudziletsa

Kulephera kudziletsa kumayimira khalidwe lofunika kwambiri la khalidwe lovuta. Kupatula Ochita 2 ndi 6, omwe amakhulupirira kuti amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso, onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali adanena kuti nthawi zonse "adzalephera." Panali njira ziwiri zazikulu za kutayika kwa ulamuliro. Choyamba, panali a kutaya chidziwitso cha nthawi ndi kudzikonda Pamagawo, chizolowezi chokhala ndi zolaula nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe timafunira poyamba, komanso kumizidwa kwathunthu (P1, P3, P5, P7, P10, P11, P12, P13, P19, P20, P22, P23):

"Ndinangotsegula kompyuta, kuti ndiwerenge maimelo, kenako ndinakhala usiku wonse ndikuwonera ndikudziseweretsa maliseche, ndipo pamapeto pake, sindinadziwe kuti izi zinachitika bwanji" (P10).

Otenga nawo mbali ena anatchanso chizoloŵezichi “misala,” “mkhalidwe wamisala,” ndi “kutengeka maganizo kotheratu” ndipo anawona kufunikira kosalamulirika kwa kuchita zimenezo mochuluka momwe angathere (P4, P7, P8). Nthawi zambiri ankavutika kuti atsegule kompyutayo, koma ankadziwa kuti akakhala ndi maganizo amenewa, palibe njira yowakanira. Chizoloŵezi cholimbana ndi cholinga chinangowonjezera chilakolako ndi chilakolako (P19, P20, P21). Ndipo ngakhale ndi cholinga "kungoyang'ana" iwo adatha kuyang'ana zolaula momwe angathere, pokhapokha ngati zinthu zakunja, monga banja, sukulu, udindo wa ntchito, kapena ndondomeko ya nthawi yokhazikika sizingalole. Zinthu zakunja (mwachitsanzo, banja, sukulu, ndi ntchito, ndondomeko ya nthawi) zinali zofunika kwambiri; Apo ayi, otenga nawo mbali adawona kuti sangathe kudzisamalira okha:

“Sindinkakonda kwenikweni Loweruka ndi Lamlungu. Kuyambira Lolemba mpaka Lachisanu, ndinali kusukulu, ndinali ndi mathayo ena, ndipo ndinalibe mpata wowonera zamaliseche, kuseweretsa maliseche, kapena malingaliro amtundu wina. Kenako ndimangochita mantha kumapeto kwa sabata” (P14).

Mtundu wachiwiri wa kutayika kwa ulamuliro unali a kubwereranso mu khalidwe pambuyo pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wachibale. Zinasonyeza kulephera kusiya chizolowezicho bwinobwino. Onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali adakumananso ndi kuyambiranso ndipo ambiri adakumananso ndi kuyambiranso (P1, P3, P4, P6, P8, P9, P10-17, P20-23). Makamaka patapita nthawi yodziletsa, ena adakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yogonana ndipo mwamsanga anabwerera ku zolaula zolimba kuti "agwire" zonse zomwe adaphonya:

“Ndipo pakakhala tsiku limenelo [lobwereranso] kuti muli nokha kunyumba, mukayamba tsiku motere, mutha kubetcha ndalama zabwino kuti tsikulo lidzapita kugahena ndipo simudzachita zomwe mukufuna chifukwa adzayenera kubwereza mwina katatu, kanayi [magawo omwe amatalika maola angapo]” (P32).

Nthawi zambiri, kusiya (kwakanthawi) kwa khalidweli kunali kwachibadwa (ie, zolaula zinayamba kuzimiririka muzotsatira zake), mpaka zinazimiririka mokwanira kuti otenga nawo mbali adayamba kumva kufunika kokonzanso zithunzi zogonana m'maganizo mwawo (ie. , onani gawo lazizindikiro zakusiya). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, ena omwe adatenga nawo mbali adakumana ndi vuto lothetsa khalidweli (mwachitsanzo, Wophunzira 9 nthawi ina adawononga kompyuta yake ndikudula zingwe za intaneti).

Mikangano ndi Zotsatira Zoipa

Ophunzirawo anali omveka bwino za zovuta zomwe khalidwe lawo losadziletsa limayambitsa. Pa mlingo wa intrapsychic, oposa theka la omwe adatenga nawo mbali adalankhula za kudzidetsa komanso kudzidetsa mpaka adasiya kudzilemekeza. Kaŵirikaŵiri, anali ndi malingaliro odzinyansidwa, manyazi, ngakhalenso maganizo ofuna kudzipha (P1, P2, P4, P5, P10, P11, P12, P14, P16, P18, P19, P20, P21, P23):

“Ndinalirira kambirimbiri chifukwa cha izo, ndiyeno sindinadziŵe konse chimene ndiyenera kuchita” (11). Mikangano yamakhalidwe chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo inanenedwanso mwa otenga nawo mbali ena; komabe, iwo sanamvedwe kukhala aakulu monga mikangano ina (P5, P7, P9, P14) ndipo anatchulidwa kokha pamene anafunsidwa mwachindunji ponena za izo.

Kwa ena, khalidweli lidapangitsa kuti ntchito yawo ikhale yopumira (P1, P2, P7, P12, P13, P17) komanso kusakhazikika kwa moyo, kunyalanyaza moyo wabanja, kuphonya mwayi wamoyo, komanso kumva kuti moyo wawo ukuwonongeka (P2, P3) , P8, P17, P18, P19, P20). Khalidwe lopambanitsa (makamaka mu mawonekedwe a magawo) lidayambitsa kutopa kwakukulu, kutopa, komanso kusowa tulo (P3, P8, P9, P11, P14, P15, P18, P22, P23).

"Zinali kangapo patsiku [magawo omwe amatenga 2 h iliyonse] kanayi kapena kasanu patsiku ndiye anali pachimake, ndipo ndinali wotopa, mbolo idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kotero kuti imapweteka kwambiri, koma ndidapitiliza chifukwa ndimafuna. [kuti mukhale ndi zolaula], muyenera kupitiriza, muyenera, koma thupi limati ayi "(P14).

Kuchokera pamalingaliro ogonana, ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo adatsimikizira kuphatikiza kwamavuto osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kupweteka kwa mbolo chifukwa chodziseweretsa maliseche kwa nthawi yayitali, kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa erectile, komanso kutulutsa umuna msanga chifukwa cha kufooka kwa zilakolako zawo zakugonana, komanso kutaya chidwi kwanthawi zonse. kugonana (P1, P2, P4, P9, P10, P12, P13, P14, P16, P17, P20, P23). Ena mwa omwe anali pachibwenzi kwa nthawi yayitali adanenanso za kusamvana ndi amuna kapena akazi awo, makamaka chifukwa chokonda kwambiri kugonana kwenikweni (P2, P6, P7, P8, P9, P11, P14, P18, P23) kapena chifukwa adapanga kukonda kugonana kokakamiza (P13, P15, P18).

"Ndinali ndi vuto la erectile nthawi imeneyo. Andrologist adandifufuza ndipo panalibe chilichonse chokhudza thupi. Ndinali ndi mnzanga, ndipo ankaganiza kuti si wokongola kapena ndiye vuto lake. Ndipo ubwenziwo unasiya kugwira ntchito. Koma zinali zolaula chabe, ndinali nditazolowera zolaula ndipo kugonana kwenikweni sikunali komwe kukanandidzutsa ”(P9).

Omwe ali muubwenzi adanena kuti zolaula zimawalekanitsa kwa abwenzi awo komanso kuti sakanathanso kukhala ndi chiyanjano ndi chiyanjano mu maubwenzi awo. Chotsatira chachikulu komanso champhamvu kwambiri cha zotsatira zoyipa chinali chakuti ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo adalimbana ndi kuchepetsa akazi kuzinthu zogonana:

“Masiku ano ndimaona zinthu zina zokhudza akazi kuposa zimene ndinkachitira poyamba. Chifukwa [chizoloŵezicho] nthawi zonse amafuna kuwona zinthu zonyansa, kuti ndikuuzeni zoona. Koma lero, ngati kuti ndikupeza bwino, ndazindikira kale zinthu zina za mkazi, zinthu monga maso, kumwetulira…” (P3).

Kukhala wokhoza kuvomereza akazi kukhala ochulukirapo kuposa zida zogonana kunkaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha kuchira ndi otenga nawo mbali.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zotsatira zoyipa zidachitika ngati zovuta zanthawi yayitali zomwe zinali zotheka kuzibisa kwa nthawi yayitali (mwachitsanzo, m'mawu a otenga nawo gawo ngati "zobisika," "chizoloŵezi chosawoneka"). Kuthekera kowononga kwa khalidweli kunamveka kwambiri poyang'ana kumbuyo (monga "moyo wotayika") osati ngati mkhalidwe wovuta kwambiri womwe ungathandize kwambiri kufufuza chithandizo.

kulolerana

Panali anthu atatu omwe adanena kuti palibe kulekerera (P2, P6, P11). Komabe, ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali adakumana ndi mtundu wina wa kulolerana mumayendedwe awo. Izi zinkachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Imawonetseredwa ngati kuchuluka kwa nthawi kuwononga zinthu zogonana pa intaneti (P5, P7, P8, P9, P10, P12, P13, P14, P15, P17, P18, P19, P21, P23). Ofunsidwawo adatalikitsa magawo (nthawi zambiri kuyambira 1 h mpaka kupitilira 8 h) komanso/kapena adaphatikiza magawo ambiri pazochitika zawo zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga m'mawa kwambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonda:

"Ndipo zidangokulirakulira, kotero kuti nthawi zambiri ndimayang'ana mafilimu ena. Pamapeto pake, ndinaika wotchi yanga ya alamu kuti inkandidzutsa 7 koloko m’maŵa kuti indidzutse chifukwa ndinkadziwa kuti ndiyenera kutero” (PXNUMX). Kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi nthawi zambiri kumakula mpaka otenga nawo mbali amakhuta, choncho adasiya khalidwelo kwa kanthawi kuti abwererenso pambuyo pa nthawi yolamulira (nthawi zambiri zimakhala masabata angapo).

Kupanga kulolerana kwa zolaula za pa intaneti kumawonekeranso ngati kukula kwamphamvu kwazinthu zogonana. Izi zitha kufotokozedwa pang'ono ngati deensitization:

"Ndichinthu chomwe chimafunikira nthawi zonse, chifukwa zithunzizo zimasiya kukhala zotentha. Amasiya kugwira ntchito, ndipo munthu amafunikira chilimbikitso champhamvu” (P20). Panali mitundu ingapo ya zithunzi zodzutsa chilakolako chogonana zomwe zinayenera kulowetsedwa m'malo ndi zolaula, makamaka macheza apakanema (mwachitsanzo, cybersex) komanso kulumikizana pamacheza olaula kudakhala konyansa kwambiri. Komanso, zili, tingachipeze powerenga heterosexual kugonana ukazi, sanalinso wokongola. Ndi kuchuluka kwafupipafupi, otenga nawo mbali adasaka malo olaula ovuta kwambiri omwe ali ndi zolimbikitsa kwambiri (P1, P10, P12, P13, P14, P15, P16, P18, P20, P22). Izi zinawonekeranso ngati kutseguka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zogonana ndi zamatsenga, zomwe zimaphatikizira zoophilic, hebephilic, kugwiriridwa, kukakamiza, komanso zinthu zambiri za sadomasochistic (P3, P10, P12, P13, P14, P15, P18, P20) . Komabe, pofunsa za zomwe zili, otenga nawo mbali nthawi zambiri sanafune kugawana nawo ndipo amawona kuti ndi nkhani yovuta. Nthawi zambiri, kufunikira kosalekeza kolimbikitsa kopitilira muyeso kumabweretsa malingaliro olakwika:

"Kotero ndiye kuti ndidanyansidwa ndi zomwe ndimayang'ana, chifukwa zinali zovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri sizimabweretsa zotsatira" (P13). Ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti kupitilira uku (ku fetish kapena kunyanyira ndi zinthu za paraphilic) kudakhala mkati mwa gawoli ndipo sikunasinthe kusintha kwanthawi yayitali pazokonda zogonana. Mitu idafotokoza kuti, panthawi yolaula-seweretsa maliseche, psyche yawo inali yamisala, momwe iwo anali kufunafuna mosalekeza zinthu zatsopano pa intaneti, ndikudina mavidiyo ochulukirapo. Komanso kuti azitha kukodza pambuyo podziseweretsa maliseche kwa maola ambiri, ankafunika kuchita zinthu zamphamvu kuposa masiku onse.

"Inde, zinali kuti sizinali zokwanira ndipo, ndithudi, kuti sindinasangalale, kotero ndinali kufunafuna zambiri zomwe zimandisangalatsa. Ndipo komabe, zowonjezera zinali zochepa kwambiri, kotero ndimayang'anabe zomwe zingandisangalatse ”(P12).

Nthawi zina, kukankhira malire mu kukhudzana thupi komanso yodziwika kuwonjezeka kulolerana. Ena otenga nawo mbali (P1, P9, P15, P17) adakankhira malire pazogonana zomwe amachita, ndipo anali okonzeka kutenga ziwopsezo zazikulu (mwachitsanzo, kusokoneza kusadziwika kwawo pakugonana pa intaneti). Iwo adachita mantha pomwe adventurism iyi ikathera:

"Mumalola zambiri, ndinu olimba mtima kwambiri, mumadzilola kuchita zambiri kuposa momwe munkachitira kale. Ndinkaonera zolaula pamaso pa mkazi wanga. Ndinaseweretsa maliseche pamaso pake, koma, ndithudi, popanda iye kuziwona; ichi sichinthu chomwe ndikadachita pachiyambi” (P7). "Ndinkachita zachiwerewere nthawi zina, koma ndidayambanso kuyendera macheza apakanema omwe sanali olaula, kufunafuna atsikana komanso kuseweretsa maliseche pa kamera" (P1).

Zizindikiro Zotsalira

Phunzirolo linapeza zosiyanasiyana pachimake zosasangalatsa zizindikiro pamene otenga nawo mbali adayenera kuyimitsa ntchitoyi makamaka ngati sakanatha kapena sakufuna kuchita ntchitoyi kwakanthawi. Komabe, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti ambiri omwe adatenga nawo mbali adapeza kuti zizindikirozi ndizochepa komanso zotha kulamuliridwa. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe zimachititsa kuti zizindikilo zachilendo zosiya kusiya ndizoti kuseweretsa maliseche kunapezeka kuti nkwabwino ngati kuli kofunikira ndipo chifukwa chake zinthu zoyipa zimatha kupewedwa (P1, P7, P12, P17, P20, P21). Amatha kuseweretsa maliseche pogwiritsa ntchito kukumbukira kwawo kwa zolaula zomwe zimadyedwa kapena malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi kugonana (makamaka akazi amakumana mumsewu). Kawirikawiri, zizindikiro zinkaphatikizapo kuwonjezereka kwamaganizo, monga mantha ndi kulephera kuyang'ana (P2, P3, P5, P7, P8, P12, P13, P14, P15, P16, P18, P19), komanso kuwonjezeka kwachangu / kukhumudwa (P4, P7 , P8, P10, P12, P13, P14, P15, P16, P18, P22, P23), zomwe zinatuluka pamene sakanatha kuonera zolaula, sanathe kupeza chinthu chokwanira chogonana, ndipo analibe chinsinsi chodziseweretsa maliseche.

“Ndinayesetsa kuti ndisachite [kusaonera zolaula kapena kuseweretsa maliseche]. Chabwino, ndithudi, izi zinadzetsa mavuto muubwenzi wanga. Ndinali kudzimva kukhala wosakhulupilika, monga mkwiyo waukali. Ndipo ndinali kuphwanya zinthu ndipo ndimadzudzula mkazi wanga pachilichonse chotheka…” (P15).

Zizindikiro zosawerengeka zinali mphwayi (P10), zovuta zowona (P9), kudzutsidwa kokhazikika pakugonana (P11), komanso malingaliro osiyanasiyana amthupi (mwachitsanzo, kuzizira, thukuta, mutu, kudwala), mwina chifukwa cha somatization (P19). Komabe, ena amene anafunsidwa anasonyeza kukayikira kuti mayiko amene anthu amasiya kusuta alikodi (P15, P16, P17); malinga ndi iwo, mayiko oipa adakumana nawo chifukwa sanagwiritse ntchito zolaula kapena kuseweretsa maliseche ngati njira zothetsera vutoli.

Kupatulapo kusiyiratu kwanthawi yayitali, omwe adafunsidwa adafotokozanso zakukhala ndi malingaliro / kuzindikira komwe kumabwera chifukwa chodziletsa kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuwonera zolaula zomwe zitha kumveka ngati pre-relapse states. Choyamba, panali chodabwitsa cha zithunzi za kukumbukira, kumene sanathenso kukumbukira zithunzi zenizeni zimene zinali kuwadzutsa, ndiponso pamene ankalakalaka kuyang’ana chinthu chilichonse chakugonana pa intaneti kuti atsitsimuke kukumbukira ( P3, P4, P9, P10, P12 ): “Koma a kumenyera [kudziletsa] kunatenga theka la chaka. Pang'onopang'ono, ndinayiwala mwadzidzidzi momwe zimawonekera, ndikutanthauza zolaula zonsezo. Gehena, momwe iye (amawoneka) wotani, zomwe zinali mu kanemayo ndi chilichonse?… Sindikukumbukiranso pakali pano, chomwe chingandisangalatse, kodi ndidzakhala wosangalala?” (P3).

Ambiri adafotokoza kulakalaka kwambiri - chikhumbo champhamvu chokumbukira zithunzi zogonana ndikufika pokhudzana ndi zachiwerewere (P3, P4, P5, P7, P9, P10, P13-17, P19, P20). Kusakumbukira zakugonana kunapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi khalidwe linalake lobwezera. Pafupifupi theka la anthu omwe adatenga nawo mbali adakambirana za kugwiritsa ntchito kuyang'ana mwachipongwe (P3, P7, P12, P13, P15, P16, P17, P18, ndi P20). Izi zitha kumveka ngati njira yolowa m'malo yomwe imachokera pakusaka mtundu uliwonse wachinthu chogonana (ie, akazi pagulu). Mtundu uwu wa kutsutsa kwa akazi ndi wofanana ndi zomwe tafotokoza mu gawo la salience pamwambapa. Komabe, pamenepa, ndi khalidwe ladala (mwachitsanzo, kuyendera malo osambira, malo osambira, malo ena omwe angayembekezere kukaona amayi):

“Ndimakumbukira nthawi imene ndinalibe zithunzi zolaula. Sindinali mkazi wokongola kwambiri yemwe ine ndimayang'ana pa. Ndinayesetsa kuti ndipindule nazo zonse, kuti ndisangalale nazo. Ndinkafufuza kwambiri chilichonse chomwe ndimakhala pakhonde kuti ndifufuze ngati ndingawone mkazi aliyense pansi” (P16). Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuti, panthawi yodziletsa, maganizo a wophunzirayo anaphonya kudzazidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula. Chifukwa chake, wophunzirayo adayesetsa kupeza momwe angathere kuchokera ku chinthu chilichonse chomwe chingachitike mwachisawawa kuti adyetse zongopeka ndi malingaliro ake.

Kukambirana

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali (1) kupereka chidziwitso pazochitika za amuna a 23 omwe adafuna chithandizo pazovuta zawo zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa kugonana ndi (2) kuti timvetse bwino ngati chochitikacho chiyenera kugwera mu hypersexual, mokakamiza-mwachangu, kapena zovuta zina zosokoneza bongo. Pachifukwa ichi, machitidwe azovuta, mawonekedwe azizindikiro, ndikukula kwa nkhaniyi pakapita nthawi adawunikidwa ndikuthandizidwa, makamaka kufunikira kwa malingaliro okonda chizolowezi.

Vutoli nthawi zambiri limaphatikizapo kuseweretsa maliseche mopitilira muyeso ndikuwonera zolaula kwa maola angapo ndikubwerezedwa kangapo pa sabata kapena tsiku, ndipo nthawi zina kusinthidwa ndi zochitika zina zogonana pa intaneti. Onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali (kupatula anayi) adakwaniritsa njira zonse zoledzera, kuphatikiza zizindikiro za kulolerana ndi kusiyiratu, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti chizolowezi choledzeretsa ndi chothandiza pakumvetsetsa zomwe zachitika. Kupeza uku kukugwirizana ndi maphunziro ena aposachedwa omwe apezanso mfundo zofananira [mwachitsanzo, zotengera zomwe zidawoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi kufotokozera kwazizindikiro zokhudzana ndi PSIU; (4, 41)]. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti kuthandizira kwathu kwamtunduwu sikumangonyalanyaza mitundu ina, kaya hypersexuality kapena CSBD. M'malo mwake, mfundo zazikuluzikulu zamitundu yonse itatu - salience, kulephera kuwongolera (kuphatikiza kubwereranso), ndi zovuta zotsatiridwa - zidakumana mwamphamvu kwambiri ndi omwe adatenga nawo gawo ndipo, kuphatikiza apo, izi zidafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri mu AICA-C. kuyankhulana kwachipatala. Pachifukwa ichi, zitsanzo zonse zitatu zikuwoneka kuti ndizofunikira. Komabe, kufunikira kwa kasamalidwe ka malingaliro kunawonetsa kuthandizira kwa hypersexuality ndi zosokoneza bongo kuposa CSBD. Kupindula kwa malingaliro abwino, kuyambira ku chisangalalo ndi chisangalalo mpaka kuthana ndi kunyong'onyeka, kunanenedwa kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuchita nawo chiwerewere chovuta, ngakhale zotsatira zake zinali zovuta. Ntchitoyi idagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati njira yothanirana ndi vuto la kukhumudwa (mwachitsanzo, kupsinjika, nkhawa); komabe, kufunikira kwa cholingachi kudakula pakapita nthawi chifukwa chakuchita nawo mopitilira muyeso. Kukula uku, kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kuchoka pakugwiritsa ntchito kosangalatsa kwa zolaula kupita kumalipiro - kwafotokozedwa mu I-PACE Model ya zizolowezi zamakhalidwe.42) ndikuthandiziranso kutsimikizika kwachitsanzo choledzera mu phunziro lathu.

Lingaliro ndi kukhalapo kwa njira zochotsera zizindikiro ndi kulolerana zatsutsidwa ndikukayikiridwa muzokonda zamakhalidwe, nthawi zambiri (27, 34), makamaka pankhani ya kugonana mopambanitsa (26). Mu phunziro lathu, zochitika ndi zizindikiro izi zinali zofala. Kulekerera kumawoneka ngati nthawi yowonjezereka yogwiritsidwa ntchito pamavuto, kukulitsa kufunitsitsa kukankhira malire a zomwe zingaganizidwe kukhala zotetezeka, makamaka monga kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zonyansa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zolaulazi nthawi zina zimafika pamlingo woyandikira kuzinthu za paraphilic. Komabe, otenga nawo mbali pawokha sanadzione ngati opunduka kapena kuti zinthu za paraphilic (mwachitsanzo, kudzutsa chilakolako chogonana chomwe chimangoyang'ana ena osaloleza) chinali kukonda kwawo kugonana. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zochulukirachulukira muzochitazo nthawi zonse zimapitilizidwa ndi nthawi ya kuchepa kwa mphamvu zazinthu zokopa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa chidwi. Izi zimatchedwa kukhutitsidwa kwakanthawi (39). Ponena za zizindikiro zosiya, zimawonekera ngati kupsinjika pang'ono-mantha, kukwiya, ndipo, nthawi zina, zizindikiro zakuthupi chifukwa cha somatization. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi zizindikiro zina, zizindikiro zosiya sizinkawoneka ngati zazikulu kapena zosokoneza. Komanso, sizinali zodziwikiratu kuti zizindikirozo zinamangidwa bwanji chifukwa zolaula sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yothetsera mavuto a maganizo. Pachifukwa ichi, kutsutsidwa kwa zizindikiro zosiya kusuta fodya ndizovomerezeka pang'ono (26). Komabe, tinapeza njira ina yochotseramo yomwe sitinathe kuizindikira m’mabukuwo. Munthawi yokhutitsidwa kwakanthawi, zithunzi zolaula zitazimiririka, otenga nawo mbali adayamba kumva kupsinjika ndikulakalaka kuzikonzanso. Ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali, izi nthawi zambiri zidapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi chidwi chofuna kugonana (mwachitsanzo, kufunafuna azimayi ovala movutikira, kuwayang'ana komanso mbali zawo zogonana ngati nkotheka). Izi nthawi zambiri zimayimira gawo lomwe limapangitsa kuti anthu omwe amagonana ndi amuna azikhala pachiwopsezo choyambiranso.

Malinga ndi ofufuza ena, zizindikiro zomwe zimayandikira muzokonda zamakhalidwe zimakhala zovuta. M'malo mwake, amatanthauzira kuledzera ngati (1) kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi (2) kulimbikira pakapita nthawi (34). Zonse ziwirizi zinakwaniritsidwa mu phunziro lathu-mabvuto omwe amadza chifukwa chochita nawo ntchitoyi anali ofala (pamodzi ndi kutayika kwa ulamuliro ndi salience / chilakolako). Ophunzirawo adanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri pa intaneti kumakhudza kwambiri thanzi lawo lamalingaliro ndi thupi, komanso pa moyo wawo waumwini, banja, ndi ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, moyo wawo wapamtima komanso wogonana udakhudzidwanso (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha zovuta za erectile, kutayika kwa chidwi pazogonana ndi okwatirana, kulephera kugawana maubwenzi ndi okondedwa awo). Nkhaniyi idachitikanso kwa nthawi yayitali−10 zaka pafupifupi-kufikira pachimake chauchikulire ndipo pambuyo pake zidakulirakulira. Mfundo yakuti nkhaniyi ikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi moyo wa anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali imasonyeza kuti mavutowa ndi omwe angathandizepo.

Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunikira komvetsetsa PSIU ngati chizolowezi chamakhalidwe. Choyamba, panali kusagwirizana kwakukulu ndi mikhalidwe ina, makamaka ndi zizolowezi zina, kuphatikizapo kumwa mowa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito amphetamine, kutchova njuga, ndi masewera a pakompyuta kwambiri. Popeza kuphatikizika kwa zizolowezi ndizofala (40), mikhalidwe ina (yopanda kugonana) ikhoza kuwonedwa ngati yovulaza kwambiri ndi akatswiri azachipatala, ndipo chithandizocho chinawakhudza iwo m'malo mwa khalidwe lachiwerewere (ngakhale kuti khalidwe la kugonana ndilo chikhalidwe chachikulu). Chachiwiri, zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sizinamvedwe ndi otenga nawo mbali ngati zowopseza komanso zovulaza (mosiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito methamphetamine kapena kutchova njuga) ndipo adapeza zotsatira zoyipa pang'onopang'ono kwa nthawi yayitali. Chachitatu, manyazi ozungulira chodabwitsa ichi angakhale chopinga chachikulu pa chithandizo. Kukhudzika kwa nkhaniyi kudapangitsa kuti otenga nawo mbaliwo asawulule zonse zomwe ali nazo kwa azaumoyo. M'malo mwake, adadikirira katswiriyo kuti athetse vutoli, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizinkachitika, ndikufunsa ngati akatswiri ophunzitsa za kugonana nthawi zambiri, makamaka omwe angathe kugonana ndi zolaula, angawongolere machitidwe awo azachipatala. Ngakhale pali umboni womwe umalozera ku gawo la kusagwirizana kwamakhalidwe ndi chipembedzo pakuwonetsa zabodza za kugonana ndi zolaula (30), phunziro lathu linasonyeza kuti maganizo a manyazi angakhalenso ndi chiyambi chosiyana. Malingaliro oyipa amachokera ku kuchulukira kwa khalidwe komanso kuuma kwa zinthu zomwe zimadyedwa (mwachitsanzo, kugonana kwa anthu ndi nyama, kugwiriridwa). Popeza paraphilia nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati njira yopatula (8, 11, 14), kupezeka kwa paraphilic kapena pafupi ndi paraphilic kumatha kukhala kosokoneza pakuzindikira matenda ndipo kuyenera kufufuzidwanso. Kafukufuku wina adanenanso za kupezeka kwa zinthu za paraphilic komanso kuledzera kwa zolaula (19); komabe, zimenezo kawirikawiri zimafotokozedwa ndi malipiro a malingaliro ogonana osakwaniritsidwa (43). Mu phunziro lathu, izo zinali zogwirizana ndi zotsatira za kulolerana ndi deensitization.

Zolepheretsa zina za phunziroli ziyenera kuzindikiridwa. Choyamba, zomwe zapezazo zimachepa ndi zomwe ophunzirawo adagawana nawo zokhudzana ndi moyo wawo wogonana komanso zomwe zili pa zolaula zapaintaneti. Ophunzirawo sanafune kuyankhula za zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso sanali omasuka kukambirana za momwe amachitira. Chachiwiri, chitsanzocho chinaphatikizapo omwe anali mamembala a Sex Addicts Anonymous ndi Sexaholic Anonymous, omwe nkhani zawo zankhani zawo zikanakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi machitidwe oledzera, omwe ali pachimake cha pulogalamu ya 12-step.44). Chachitatu, chitsanzo chathu chinali ndi amuna okha. Ngakhale zolemba zikuwonetsa kuti chodabwitsachi ndi chofala kwambiri mwa amuna (45), pali maphunziro omwe adazindikira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kugonana mwa amayi (46). Momwemonso, zitsanzo zathu zimakonda kuphatikizira amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomwe zosagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zadziwika kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugonana kwamavuto (47). Nthawi zambiri, azimayi ndi omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu PISU sanafufuzidwe ndipo maphunziro amtsogolo akuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kuti akwaniritse kusiyana kumeneku. Chachinayi, kuyankhulana kwachipatala kwa AICA-C sikunagwiritsidwepo kale ndikusinthidwa m'chinenero cha Czech ndipo zolemba zake zidachitidwa ndi wofufuza m'modzi yekha, motero kudalirika kwapakati sikungayesedwe. Potsirizira pake, chitsanzocho chinaphatikizapo ophunzira omwe nthawi zambiri anali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mitundu ina ya machitidwe ogonana pa intaneti monga kugonana pa intaneti ndi kuyendera malo ochezera zibwenzi zinali zazing'ono mu phunziro lathu ndipo zovuta zogonana zakunja sizinapezeke. Chifukwa chake, phunziro lathu limagwira ntchito kokha (1) kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti osati pamitundu ina yogonana, ndipo (2) kugwiritsa ntchito ndikokwanira kotero kuti ophunzirawo adaganiza zopempha thandizo la akatswiri.

Timavomereza kuti kutsutsidwa kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu oledzera mokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zafala kapena zovuta zowoneka bwino zitha kukhala zomveka (mwachitsanzo, 28); Komabe, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti, pankhani ya amuna omwe akufuna thandizo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta, njira yoledzera yamalingaliro omwe alipo inali yothandiza kwambiri pofotokoza momwe zilili pachitsanzo chomwe chilipo.

Statement Yopezeka ndi Data

Zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zalembedwa m'nkhaniyi ziperekedwa ndi wolemba, popanda kusungitsa mosayenera.

Chikhalidwe

Kuunikanso zamakhalidwe abwino ndi kuvomereza sikunali kofunikira pa kafukufukuyu kwa anthu omwe adatenga nawo mbali molingana ndi malamulo amderalo ndi zofunikira zamabungwe. Odwala/otenga nawo mbali adapereka chilolezo chawo cholembedwa kuti achite nawo kafukufukuyu. Chilolezo cholembedwa chinapezedwa kuchokera kwa munthu(anthu) kuti afalitse zithunzi kapena data iliyonse yomwe ingadziwike yomwe ili m'nkhaniyi.

Zopereka za Wolemba

AŠ idachita zoyankhulana ndikuyang'anira kusanthula kwa data. LB idachita kusanthula ndikulemba zolemba zoyambirira. LB, AŠ, MD, KŠ, ndi KW anamasulira zotsatira ndikukonza zolembazo. Olemba onse adathandizira nkhaniyi ndikuvomereza zomwe zatumizidwa.

Kusamvana kwa Chidwi

Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Wolemba Wolemba

Zoneneratu zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi ndi za olemba okha ndipo sizikuyimira mabungwe omwe amagwirizana nawo, kapena za osindikiza, okonza ndi owunika. Zogulitsa zilizonse zomwe zingawunikidwe m'nkhaniyi, kapena zonena kuti zitha kupangidwa ndi wopanga, sizikutsimikiziridwa kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi wosindikiza.

Maphunziro ambiri okhudzana ndi zolaula angapezeke pa athu tsamba lalikulu lofufuza pano.